c
   c





   



  

 
 
 

 



  Edward III, king of England, asserted
c
 that he in fact had a superior claimed
to the throne because his mother was
Philip the Fair's daughter. This, then,
was one of the primary causes of the
Hundred Years' War. Another cause of
the Hundred Years' War was clearly
economic conflict. The French
monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes
from towns in northern Europe, which
had grown wealthy as trade and cloth-
making centers. Dependent as they
were on English wool, these towns
through their support behind English
and Edward III.

!c

 The causes of the French Wars of Fought between French Catholics and
 
 Religion can be put under four Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict
headings. The monarchy; its financial
weakness, its structural weakness and
its weak personalities. Calvinism and
the Roman Catholic Church; some of
the leading Calvinist were also
members of senior aristocratic
families. Factional rivalry between the
major families of France; the most
important families in this issue were
the Montmorency, Guise and Bourbon
families. Economic depression; France
was badly affected by the economic
repercussions of the Habsburg-Valois
Wars which had only ended in 1559.
The war, fought entirely on French
soil, raged off and on for more than
100 years. English victories were
followed by French victories, and
then a period of stalemate would
ensue, until the conflicts again rose
to the surface. During periods of
truce, English and French soldiers --
most of whom were mercenaries --
would roam the French countryside
killing and stealing. After the battle of
Agincourt in 1415, won by the English
under Henry V, the English controlled
most of northern France. It appeared
that England would shortly conquer
France and unite the two countries
under one crown. At this crucial
moment in French history, a young
and illiterate peasant girl, Joan of Arc
(c.1412-1431), helped to rescue
France.
The Peace of Longjumeau was
signed on March 23, 1568 by
involved the factional disputes
between the aristocratic houses of
France, such as the House of Bourbon
and House of Guise (Lorraine), and
both sides received assistance from
foreign sources.
There wasn͛t a point of non-
violence during this time period.
However, both France and
England faced Peasant Revolts
that greatly threatened their
stability and for the time being,
the international war ceased.
The Battle of Saint-Denis was fought on
November 10, 1567 between Catholics
Charles IX of France and
Catherine de' Medici. This accord
officially ended the second phase
of the French Wars of Religion.
Overall, the treaty confirmed the
Edict of Amboise, which granted
significant religious privileges and
freedoms to the Huguenots. The
treaty expired in August of 1568.
The Battle of Agincourt was a major
English victory against a numerically
superior French army in the Hundred
Years' War. The battle occurred on Friday
25 October 1415.in northern France.
Henry V's victory had a crippling effect on
France and started a new period in the
war, during which Henry married the
French king's daughter and his son was
made heir to the throne of France. The
Battle of Poitiers was fought between the
Kingdoms of England and France on 19
September 1356 near Poitiers, resulting in
the second of the three great English
victories of the Hundred Years' War:
Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt. The Siege
of Orléans (1428ʹ1429) marked a turning
point in the Hundred Years' War between
France and England. This was Joan of Arc's
first major military victory and the first
major French success to follow the
crushing defeat at Agincourt in 1415. The
outset of this siege marked the pinnacle
of English power during the later stages of
the war.
The Edict of Nantes, issued by
Henry IV of France, granted the
and Protestants during the French Wars
of Religion in Saint-Denis near Paris,
France. Anne de Montmorency with
16,000 Royalists fell on Condé's 3,500
Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly
held on for some hours before being
driven off. The Protestants were
defeated, but the Catholic commander
Anne de Montmorency was mortally
wounded. The Protestants fell back to the
east to link up with German mercenaries.
The Treaty of Brétigny was a
treaty signed on 8 May 1360,
between King Edward III of
England and King John II (the
Good) of France. It was ratified as
the Treaty of Calais on 24 October
that Year.[1] The treaty was signed
at Brétigny, a village near
Chartres, and marked the end of
the first phase of the Hundred
Years' War (1337ʹ1453), as well as
the height of English hegemony on
the Continent. The Treaty of
Troyes was an agreement that
Henry V of England and his heirs
would inherit the throne of France
upon the death of King Charles VI
of France. It was signed in the
French city of Troyes on 21 May
1420 in the aftermath of the
Battle of Agincourt. It forms a part
of the backdrop of the latter
phase of the Hundred Years' War,
in which various English Kings
tried to establish their claims to
the French throne.
Calvinist Protestants of France
substantial rights in a nation still
considered essentially Catholic.
The Peace of Alais, was a treaty
negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu
with Huguenot leaders and signed
by King Louis XIII of France on 27
September 1629. It confirmed the
basic principles of the Edict of
Nantes, but differed in that it
contained additional clauses,
stating that the Huguenots no
longer had political rights and
further demanding they relinquish
all cities and fortresses
immediately. It ended the
religious warring while granting
the Huguenots amnesty and
guaranteeing tolerance for the
group.
!
 A major cause of Dutch discontent was United Provinces, England, German, On January 6, 1579, prompted by The Dutch Revolt or the Revolt of the The Peace of Münster was a treaty
"!#$$ the heavy level of taxation the
population was required to pay, while
support and guidance from the
government was hampered by the size
of the empire. At that time
Protestants, Huguenots, France
versus Spanish Empire
the new Spanish governor Don
Alejandro Farnesio, the
later Duke of Parma, and upset by
aggressive Calvinism, some of the
Southern States (Hainault and the
Netherlands was the partially successful
revolt of the protestant Seventeen
Provinces of the defunct Duchy of
Burgundy in the Low Countries against
the ardent militant religious policies
between the Dutch Republic and
Spain signed in 1648. It was a
landmark treaty for the Dutch
republic and one of the key events
in Dutch history; with it, the
 the Seventeen Provinces were known so-called Walloon of Roman Catholicism pressed by both United Netherlands finally became
in the Habsburg empire as u
 
Flanders located in what is now Charles I and son Phillip II of Spanish independent from the Spanish

  

 , and in French

France left the alliance agreed Empire. The religious 'clash of cultures' Crown. The treaty was a part of



  ("those lands around upon by the pacification of Ghent built up gradually but inexorably into the Peace of Westphalia which
there"). In practice this meant that the and signed the Union of Utrecht, outbursts of violence against the ended both the Thirty Years' War
Dutch the provinces were being expressing their loyalty to the perceived repression of the Spanish and the Eighty Years' War.
continually criticised for acting Spanish king. This meant an early Crown. These tensions led to the
without permission from the throne, end to the goal of united formation of the independent Dutch
while the latter was not practical since independence for the 17 Republic and marked the beginning of
any request for permission sent to the provinces of the Low Countries theThirty Years' War.
throne would take at least four weeks on the basis of religious
for a response to return. This unrest tolerance, agreed upon only
was further amplified by the presence three years previously.
of Spanish troops brought in to
oversee the order in these provinces.
!

c
 German was Fragmented and
decentralized; each region had own
tariffs, money. Land travel and trade
was hard. Religious conflict= internal
and international conflict
Catholics between protestants and
Lutherans. Lutherans secured land to
pray on Catholic lands but not vice
versa- Catholics angry. Catholics
demanded for everyone turned
Lutheran to give up title and
belongings but Lutheran͛s ignored this
Religious strife between liberal and
conservative Lutherans and Lutherans
and Calvinists.
%
&$' c
 From the 1660's onwards, Louis XIV
aimed at expanding French territory
by force of arms. He thought in this
The protestants did not like their new
king, an international war started
Spain sent troops to Ferdinand. Other
Alliances include Maximillian of
Bavaria and John George I of Saxony
Battle of White Mountain- Ferdinand
II victory. Re Catholicized Bohemia
Danish Period
The Swedish Period
Swedish-French Period (13 yrs)
The ease and rapidity of Louis XIV's
invasion so alarmed the English and
the Dutch that they ended the
Edict of Restitution=
proclamation that dramatically
reasserted Catholic safeguards of
Peace of Augsburg. Mad
Calvinism illegitimate. Made
Protestants Panic. Issued by
Ferdinand and Wallenstein.
Peace of Prague= compromise
with Ferdinand
Outlawed Jansenism
Revoked Edict of Nantes-
guaranteed toleration for
Protestant nobility in Prague responded Peace of Augsburg was being put
to King Ferdinand of Bohemia by throwing into use which allowed for
his regents out the window. Even known religious diversity- the main fuel
as ͞defenestration of Prague͟ for the war
Ferdinand later became Holy Roman Treaty of Westphalia- brought all
Emperor. Bohemians deposed him and hostilities within the Holy Roman
chose Ferdinand V. Empire to an end
Battle of White Mountain- Ferdinand II
victory. Re Catholicized Bohemia
Swedish King won victory at Battle of
Breitenfeld. Most powerful army.
Battle of Lutzen, Gustavus, Swedish
Military Genius, died while fighting
Wallenstein͛s forces
War of Devolution - With the marriage Treaty of Utrecht- Restored
alliance with Marie Theresa, she claimed balance of power by allowing
Spain as her territory unless they payed a Philip V, Louis͛s grandson, to
way to acquire m (glory). Another
war aim was giving France a defensible
frontier - especially "the line of the
Rhine" in the East. Louis XIV did not
doubt his right to "reunite" with
France the territory once held by
Charlemagne.
trading war in which they were
involved. In May 1668, they joined
with Sweden to form the Triple
Alliance against France. Equally
alarmed by French aggression, Spain
made peace with Portugal.
The Holy Roman Empire and Spain
also allied with the Dutch in the
Grand Alliance of The Hague (1674).
Denmark joined the alliance and
attacked Sweden - France's only
remaining friend. In June 1675,
Sweden sent a poorly-equipped army
against Brandenburg, but it was
defeated at Fehrbellin (near Berlin)
Hugenots and made Catholicism
Mandatory
Dowry, which they failed to do. remain on Spanish throne so long
Unsuccessful at seizing Spanish as France and Spain were never
Netherlands as part of feudal claim ruled by the same monarch
Invasion of Dutch Rhine land - Revenge Armed with this secret treaty,
for the dutch role in defeating France in Louis made the "generous" peace
the War of Devolution and an attempt to of Aix-la-Chapelle (May 1668) by
seek France͛s ͞natural boundary in the which he kept many of his
west͟ UNSUCCESSFUL conquests in Flanders but
Seizure of Luxumburg and attempt to withdrew from Franche-Comté.
annex Alsace- Lorraine - France retained
Luxembourg, but Louis͛s ambition were
frustrated by The League of Augusburg (
an alliance of Holland, Spain, Holy Roman
Emperor, and England)
War of Spanish Succession - Louis
threatened to upset the Balance of Power
( theory that no single state should be
predominant on continent) in Europe by
laying claim to the Spanish throne for his
grandson.
 !c
 James IV of Scotland offended Between Parliamentarians and Petition of Rightš Demands of No formal treaty to end the war
parliament. When he died, Parliament Royalists the Parliament that Charles had but rather the execution of
was determined to assert their claims. to accept to maintain his subsidy Charles and Cromwell becoming
Parliament wanted a bigger say and the Lord Protector and starting the
more power. Charles wanted to unite Puritan Republic.
England, Scotland, Ireland and
parliament became suspicious and
afraid that combining these lands
would reduce English traditions.
Participated in 30 years war-raised tax
burden on people. Charles I avoided
calling parliament ͞eleven years
tyranny͟. James II gave impression of
trying to impose Catholicism.

c
 () 
 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Spain, England Libson Negotiations; French Capture of Port Bello by British, a Spanish War merged into War of Austrian
English Smuggling Neutrality silver export port Succession
Tight Spanish Control over Monopoly Battle of Cartagena, amphibious attack by Peace with Treaty of Aix-la-
Admiral Edward Vernon Chapelle in 1748

c


  Frederick II of Prussia Invaded Silesia Austria, England, and United
*
 (Austrian territory), which violated the Netherlands vs. France, Prussia,
Pragmatic Sanction (Charles VI had no
son, so to create a stable reign for his
successor, his daughter Maria Theresa,
he gave concessions to neighboring
countries)
Prussia used Salic Law (women can͛t
be rulers) to justify the attack on
Silesia
Ferdinand II also used the Treaty of
Brieg of 1537 under which the
Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg were to
inherit the Duchy of Brieg as a pretext
to invade, and so other rulers also
used similar pretexts to attack
because they all perceived Maria
Theresa as a weak ruler
Maria Theresa was forced to act to
prevent further foreign aggression as
countries might try to take Austrian
lands
*
 c
 Frederick II invaded Saxony as a strike
against the opposing alliance.

  Navigation Acts, Townshend Acts,

Pragmatic Sanction
Kingdom of Sardinia and Saxony, and
the Electorate of Bavaria
Britain, Prussia, Russia vs. Saxony,
Austria, France, Sweden, Russia
British Colonies, France, Spain vs.
Invasion of Silesia- started war
Battle of Dettingen- only time Britain was
Declaration of Independence,
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ʹ
Britain and France dictated the
led by a monarch, George II
Battle of Fontenoy- marked the beginning
of the Pragmatic Army͛s (England and
Austria) retreat from Belgium
Battle of Roucoux- France began to gain a
firm hold on victory as they pushed
further into Belgium and pushed back the
Pragmatic Army
Battle of Lauffeldt- brought further
French victories, some of which were
exchanged for New England possessions
in colonial America
Concurrent with French and Indian War
Indian War,
Battle of Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill.
treaty: Austria recognized
Frederick II's conquest of Silesia,
and renounced parts of its Italian
territories to Spain. France
withdrew from the Netherlands
and received some lost colonies.
France regained Cape Breton
Island, lost during the war, and
returned Madras in India to
England and gave up the Barrier
towns to the Dutch. Maria ceded
the Italian Duchy of Parma,
Piacenza and Guastalla to Spain.
The Duchy of Modena and the
Republic of Genoa, taken by
Austria, were restored. The
Asiento contract, which had been
guaranteed to Great Britain in
1713 through the Treaty of
Utrecht, was renewed. This treaty
however was seen more as a truce
rather than a permanent peace.
Treaty of Paris and Hubertusberg
(1763)
Began the Intolerable Acts
Treaty of Paris (1783)


c
 Intolerable Acts, Quebec Act, Common Great Britain Convention of 1776 Second Continental Congress (1776) Concluded with independence of
Sense by Thomas Paine, Declaration of Independence (1776), American colonies
Saratoga
Battle of Yorktown (1781)