IMMUNIZATION STATUS

(COMPARISON OF VACCINATION STATS BETWEEN LOCAL AREA OF VILLAGE AND TOWN)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is based on the fact of immunization status of two area (in a town and
a village). It is mainly on the purpose of spreading mass awareness about the fact.

This project is done based on a survey and information via some sources and
completely done by the student (AMARJIT GHOSH).

THERE BY MAY THIS PROJECT STAND UP ON THE EXPECTATION OF THE

SPECTATORS AND TEACHERS.

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INDEX

A. WHAT?? (TOPIC DETAILS)

B. WHY??

C. SURVEY.

D. OBSERVATION

E. ANALYSIS

F. CONCLUSION

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What ??

Now immunization today leads to an important term called vaccines. And since this project is
based on immunization we need to completely understand the term vaccines. What are they??

Coming to the point-let us discuss about vaccines..

VACCINE--
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing
microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or
one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the
agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms
associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can
be prophylactic (example: to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural
or "wild" pathogen).

The efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors:

• the disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others)
• the strain of vaccine (some vaccines are specific to, or at least most effective against,
particular strains of the disease)
• whether the vaccination schedule has been properly observed.
• idiosyncratic response to vaccination; some individuals are "non-responders" to certain
vaccines, meaning that they do not generate antibodies even after being vaccinated
correctly.
• assorted factors such as ethnicity, age, or genetic predisposition.

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HERE IS A DISCUSSION ON COMPONENTS OF VACCINE..

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After vaccines comes vaccination..

Vaccination..
The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective method
of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely
responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such
as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The effectiveness of vaccination has
been widely studied and verified; for example, vaccines that have proven effective include
the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. The World Health
Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five
different preventable infections.

No w here is an IMAGE based on vaccine production ( just short conceptual image)….

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HERE IS A LOOKOUT OF THE VACCINES..

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WHY??

I mainly chose this project to spread mass awareness on the issue of immunization as well as
to know myself how the status of vaccination is for village and a town area.

Two-thirds of children in India do not receive their vaccinations on time, prolonging their
susceptibility to diseases and contributing to untimely deaths, say University of Michigan
researchers.

New research by U-M’s School of Public Health found that only 18 percent of children are
vaccinated with the recommended three doses of DPT vaccine, while about a third receive the
measles vaccination by 10 months under the government-supported immunization program.

This is the condition of India and thus I want to draw out a conclusion via this project..

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SURVEY

Since the survey is based on the vaccination stats , here is an overview of the vaccines from
birth to 18 years..

Birth

• HepB: Hepatitis B vaccine. Ideally, the first dose is given within 24 hours of birth, but
kids not previously immunized can get it at any age. Some low birth weight infants will get it at
1 month or when they're discharged from the hospital.

1–2 months

• HepB: Second dose should be given 1 to 2 months after the first dose.

2 months

• DTaP: Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine

• Hib: Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
• IPV: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine
• PCV: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
• RV: Rotavirus vaccine

4 months

• DTaP
• Hib
• IPV
• PCV

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• RV

6 months

• DTaP
• Hib: This third dose may be needed, depending on the brand of vaccine used in previous
Hib immunizations.
• PCV
• RV: This third dose may be needed, depending on the brand of vaccine used in previous
RV immunizations.

6 months and annually

• Influenza (Flu): The flu vaccine is recommended every year for children 6 months and
older:
o Kids younger than 9 who get the flu vaccine for the first time (or who have only
had one dose before July 2018) will get it in two separate doses at least a month apart.
o Those younger than 9 who have had at least two doses of flu vaccine previously
(in the same or different seasons) will only need one dose.
o Kids older than 9 only need one dose.
• The vaccine is given by injection with a needle (the flu shot) or by nasal spray. The flu
shot is preferred for children of all ages because it has been shown to be safe and effective.
Although the nasal spray was not used in recent years, a changed version of it is now
recommended (for the 2018–2019 flu season) for kids who may otherwise not get a flu shot.
The nasal spray is only for healthy people ages 2 through 49. People with weakened immune
systems or some health conditions (such as asthma) and pregnant women should not get the
nasal spray vaccine.

6–18 months

• HepB
• IPV

12–15 months

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• Hib
• MMR: Measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles) vaccine
• PCV
• Chickenpox (varicella)

12–23 months

• HepA: Hepatitis A vaccine; given as two shots at least 6 months apart

15–18 months

• DTaP

4–6 years

• DTaP
• MMR
• IPV
• Varicella

11–12 years

• HPV: Human papillomavirus vaccine, given in two shots over a 6- to 12-month period. It
can be given as early as age 9. For teens and young adults (ages 15–26 in girls and ages 15–21 in
boys), it is given in three shots over 6 months. It's recommended for both girls and boys to
prevent genital warts and some types of cancer.
• Tdap: Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis booster. Also recommended during each
pregnancy a woman has.
• Meningococcal conjugate vaccine: And a booster dose is recommended at age 16.

16–18 years

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• Meningococcal B vaccine (MenB): The MenB vaccine may be given to kids and teens in
two or three doses, depending on the brand. Unlike the meningococcal conjugate vaccine,
which is recommended, the MenB vaccine is given at the discretion of the doctor.

Special circumstances

• HepA can be given as early as 6 months of age to babies who will travel to a place where
hepatitis A is common (they will still need routine vaccination after their first birthday). It's also
recommended for kids 2 years and older and adults who are at high risk for the disease. This
includes people who live in, travel to, or adopt children from areas with high rates of hepatitis
A, people with clotting disorders, people with chronic liver disease, homeless people, and drug
users. The vaccine also can be given to anyone who wants immunity to the disease, and is
useful for staff at childcare facilities or schools, where they may be at risk of exposure.
• The MMR vaccine can be given to babies as young as 6 months old if they will be
traveling internationally. These children should still get the recommended routine doses at 12–
15 months and 4–6 years of age, but can get the second dose as early as 4 weeks after the first
if they will still be traveling and at risk.
• The flu vaccine is especially important for kids who are at risk for health problems from
the flu. High-risk groups include, but aren't limited to, kids younger than 5 years old and those
with chronic medical conditions, such as asthma, heart problems, sickle cell disease, diabetes,
or HIV.
• The meningococcal vaccines can be given to kids as young as 8 weeks old (depending on
the brand of vaccine) who are at risk for a meningococcal infection, such as meningitis. This
includes children with certain immune disorders. Kids who live in (or will be traveling to)
countries where meningitis is common, or where there is an outbreak, should also get the
vaccine.
• Pneumococcal vaccines also can be given to older kids (age 2 and up) who have
conditions that affect their immune systems, such as asplenia or HIV infection, or other
conditions, like a cochlear implant, chronic heart disease, or chronic lung disease.

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IMMUNIZATION CARD

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SURVEY..

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OBSERVATION

Through the survey as we can see that the immunization status is now more or less same in
town as well as village area with the ratio of the vaccines

But a mere survey which incorporates 10 families cannot tell the truth.

At a local level we can see that all are vaccinated but there are some backward areas in the
nation where the drops of polio may have not reached . An elaborate discussion about this fact
is provided in the analysis part..

Thus the main observation is that in my survey in both the areas the immunization status is
good .Thus vaccines have played a complete role in immunization status..

Here is an overview of diseases vaccine can prevent..

Vaccine-preventable diseases

2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic

The 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic was declared over in August 2010 by the World Health
Organization. Europe has now entered a new inter-pandemic phase of seasonal influenza.

Cholera

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera of serogroups
O1 or O139. Humans are the only relevant reservoir, even though Vibrios can survive for a long
time in coastal waters contaminated by human excreta.

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Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)

Congenital rubella is the infection of a foetus with rubella virus following the infection of the
mother during pregnancy. ‘Congenital’ indicates that the foetus also becomes infected during
pregnancy.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a disease caused by bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium

ulcerans. It can cause respiratory symptoms or non-respiratory forms that affect other parts of
the body, including the skin.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a liver disease that results from infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is
spread through contact with infected body fluids or blood products.

Human papillomavirus

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer after breast cancer to affect women aged
15–44 years in the European Union. Each year, there are around 33 000 cases of cervical cancer
in the EU, and 15 000 deaths. The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection of
the genital tract by some specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an obligate human pathogen and an important cause of
invasive bacterial infections in both children and adults, with the highest incidence among
young children.

Invasive pneumococcal disease

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Despite good access to effective antibiotics, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) is still a

major cause of disease and death in both developing and developed countries.

Japanese encephalitis

The Japanese encephalitis virus is present in Asia, from Japan to India and Pakistan, and
outbreaks are erratic and spatially and temporally limited phenomena, occurring quite
unpredictably, even if all conditions appear to be present in a definite place. It is a leading
cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with 30-50,000 cases reported annually. Most human
infections are asymptomatic. On average, one person in 200 infected develops a severe
neuroinvasive illness. The case fatality rate in patients with severe disease is 20- 30%

Measles

Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease capable of causing epidemics. Infectivity is
close to 100% in susceptible individuals and in the pre-vaccine era measles would affect nearly
every individual during childhood.

Meningococcal disease

Meningococcal disease is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium with human carriers as

the only reservoir. It is carried in the nose, where it can remain for long periods without
producing symptoms.

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ANALYSIS

Now as stated at a large level India lacks overall immunization status.

Here is a report here.. by doctor/author Nijika Srivastwa

“This is a systemic problem,” said the study’s lead author, Nijika Shrivastwa, who recently
finished her doctorate in epidemiology at U-M and is now at the South Carolina Department of
Health and Environmental Control. “Immunizing a child six months after the recommended
time period can have dramatic implications for a child’s vulnerability to diseases.”

Shrivastwa also says a lack of good recordkeeping is part of the problem. When a child is born in
India, the parents are given an immunization card to keep track of the vaccines. But, if the card
is lost or misplaced, the record for that child is lost.

Sometimes, it also means a “missed opportunity,” she says. A child may be in the hospital for
one vaccine, but will not get another follow-up vaccination that was also due because there is
no record.

Although India is a leading producer and exporter of vaccines, the country has the greatest
number of deaths among children under 5—the majority are from vaccine-preventable
diseases.

“Every year, 26 million children are born in India—the greatest number by far of any country in
the world,” said Dr. Matthew Boulton, senior associate dean for global public health at the U-M
School of Public Health and professor of epidemiology, health management and policy, and
preventive medicine.

“Adding vast numbers of new children who need vaccination, while the older ones remain
under or unvaccinated because of immunization delays, is like walking too slowly on a moving
treadmill—you continuously fall further back.”

The researchers found that only 12 percent of children are vaccinated with the measles vaccine
by the required age of 9 months, although 75 percent are vaccinated by age 5. This delay in
vaccination can contribute to frequent outbreaks of measles in India.

“Approximately, 95 percent vaccination is required in a population to successfully stop measles

outbreaks,” said Boulton, a senior author of the study. “India’s childhood vaccination rate is

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simply too low to successfully control transmission of disease and prevent measles-related
childhood illnesses and deaths.”

The study looked at the vaccination rate of nearly 270,000 children in the District Level
Household and Facility survey data from 2008, a nationally representative sample. The
researchers utilized a new statistical analysis methodology to examine data from children
without immunization cards, using mothers’ recall of vaccination status.

DLHS was started in 1997 to assess government health care facilities and people’s perceptions
about the quality of services. A new DLHS sample was collected in 2013, but the results have
not been made public yet.

Shrivastwa said the government has the infrastructure to deliver vaccines but motivations for
delivering all vaccination doses decreases over time.

“Interventions like awareness building and follow-up with parents will be key to timely
vaccinations in India,” she said.

India hopes to add rotavirus to its Universal Immunization Program, a free government-
approved vaccination program that was looked at in this study.

“For rotavirus to be effective, it must be delivered on time. Otherwise, the child will not receive
the disease-preventing benefit of the vaccine,” Boulton said.

The researchers agree that if India is able to administer vaccinations on time, it will have a
major impact on the global status of childhood vaccinations and public health.

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CONCLUSION

The main conclusion through this project is that although the condition in India is more or less stable about
immunization but some areas have worst immunization status and the fact is that government must include
preventive measures and new ideas to stabilize those regions.

This is the conclusion here..

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