NORMALITY

Objectives:

As a result of this laboratory assignment, students are expected to be able to:

1. Acid/base titrations
2. Prepare the standard solutions
3. Standardize the acid or base

Samples:
1. Standard solution

Apparatus and Reagents:

1. Hydrochloric acid solution (0.02N)
2. Sodium carbonate solution (0.01N)
3. Methyl orange or bromocresol green indicator
4. Burette with stand
5. Magnetic stirrer
6. 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask
7. pH meter

Procedures:

1. Fill the burette with standard hydrochloric acid solution (0.02N).

2. Make sure that the sample is stirred constantly during the analysis.
3. Pour 50 mL of the sample in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask using a measuring
cylinder.
4. Add 3-5 drops of methyl orange or bromocresol green indicator.
5. Add hydrochloric acid 2 mL at a time to the Erlenmeyer flask till you reach the
pH in the range 6.0 – 5.0.
6. Continue the titration by adding 0.2 mL of acid at a time till you reach pH
4.5(endpoint).
7. Record the pH and total volume (mL) of acid used after each addition.
8. The end point for methyl orange or bromocresol green indicator are yellow to
orange and green to light pink at pH 4.5, respectively
9. Continue adding acid until pH reaches 4.0.
10. Record the amount of titrant used based on both the color change and the pH.
Calculations:

Normality of acid solution = AxN

V

A = Volume of sodium carbonate solution (mL)

N = Normality of sodium carbonate solution (N)
V = Volume of the titrant (mL)

Analysis of Results:

1. Plot the graph, pH vs volume of the titrant (mL)

2. Determine the normality of Hydrochloric acid based on inflection point near 4.5
and the normality based on color change.
3. Discuss the difference (if any) in the titrant volume required to reach the end
point based on color change and pH.
4. Discuss any possible and probable sources of error.
Table 1: Normality Raw Data

Volume of HCl
pH
added (mL)

Group A Group B Group C Group D

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
22.5
23.0
23.2
23.4
23.6
23.8
24.0
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8
25.0

Table 2: Normality Raw Data Color Change

Volume of HCl added based

on color change (mL)

Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
 Sample calculation:

A∗N
Normality of Acid =
V
50 mL ∗ 0.01 N
Normality of Acid =
23.9 mL
Normality of Acid = 0.210 N
A is the volume of sodium carbonate solution (mL).
N is the normality of the sodium carbonate solution (N).
V is the volume of the titrant added (mL).