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Exam 3 Study Guide
Exam 3 Study Guide
somatic cell-
zygote-
c. Define: haploid-
Diploid-
Triploid-
Tetraploid-
polyploid-
d. Spermatogenesis-
Oogenesis-
1. Which one creates four haploid cells and which one creates one haploid cell?
2. Why is only one haploid cell formed in once case? Ans: more cytoplasm for egg. Only
eggs pass on mitochondria, etc. to zygotes.
9. Spermatid-
10. Spermatozoa-
9. When does each major stage of oogenesis occur in the female lifetime?
9. When does each major stage of spermatogenesis occur in the male lifetime?
1. Define: mutation-
crossing over-
segregation-
independent assortment-
b. Karyotypes
1. How is a karyotype produced?
2. Be able
3. Why are triploid fish sterile?
4. What is nondisjunction? How does trisomy 21 occur? How is trisomy 21 different than
triploidy?
b. How can crossing over at this gene locus lead to an XX male and a XY female?
c. Explain how the gene on the Y chromosome leads to changes on the inside and outside
of the embryo to determine biological gender.
Gonadal-
Phenotypic-
When do each of these play role in gender determination? Y Chromosome, SRY region, TDF, MIF,
Testosterone, and Androgen Receptor.
2. The following cells are found in the seminiferous tubules. What is the function of each of these
cell types?
1. Spermatogonium-
2. Sertoli cell-
3. Leydig-
e. There are three types of glands associated with the male reproductive tract that contribute to
semen. (A) What are their major secretions (choices: fructose, prostaglandin, clotting factor,
mucus, and alkaline pH neutralizing agent) and (B) what are the functions of those secretions?
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
glands
Male Gametes
1. Spermatogonium-
Spermatid-
Spermatozoa-
b. Spermatozoa (sperm)
1. Head contains haploid nucleus
2. Midpiece contains _______________which generate ATP energy for the flagellum.
3. Tail is a flagellum which is not activated for swimming until what?
4. Why are oviducts (fallopian tubes) lined with cilia and contain smooth muscle in their walls?
Female Gametes
1. Oogonium, oocyte
1. Which of the cells above is/are a diploid cell(s)?
c. How many follicles typically ovulate an egg during each monthly cycle?
g. During a pregnancy, once a placenta forms to make estrogen and progesterone, the ______ is
no longer necessary.
h. Why was Diethylstilbestrol (DES) prescribed in the 1030s-1970s? What was it’s damaging long
term effect?
m. Endometriosis-
Parthenogenesis
1. parthenogenesis-
2. Which species have been shown to use parthenogenesis?
3. Syphilis-
b. Viral STDs - describe symptoms and treatment for each. Which have vaccines? Other ways to
prevent? Why are these more serious than bacterial STDs?
Herpes-
1. HPV-
2. HBV-
3. HIV
b. Other STDs - what organism causes these?
1. Pubic lice-
2. Trichomoniasis-
3. Candida albicans-
b. How is pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy related to chlamydia?
Plant Reproduction_____________________________________________________
2. sporophyte generation-
2. Transgenic-
3. For what reason(s) have crops (plants) may been genetically modified?
5. There is some controversy about genetically modified foods and their effect on human health
and the environment. What are the concerns and are they warranted?
10.4 Genetically Modified Humans
1. Describe the science behind, and significance of, stem cells and gene therapy.
2. What is a genetic clone? How and why does cloning occur? What is a nuclear transfer?
3. Stem cells are undifferentiated and can potentially be used to replace damaged tissue. Define
Differentiated-
Undifferentiated-
4. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, but their use is restricted in the United States by the
federal government.
1. Totipotent-
2. Are adult stem cells totipotent?
b. Gene therapy has been successful in some cases but also carries unknown risks. (Figure 10.18)
What is somatic cell gene therapy?
Contraception_____________________________________________________________________
2. How many sperm are ejaculated and how many sperm reach the vicinity of the egg?
3. Where are the sperm that didn’t make it to the egg?
6. What barriers are around the egg membrane and how does a sperm penetrate them? Do other
sperm in the vicinity play a role and if so what is it?
10. Review meiosis stages for the oocyte. When does meiosis II complete?
13. Can sex two days after ovulation occurs result in pregnancy?
17. As rapid cell divisions take place between zygote stage and implantation, are the cells getting
smaller, bigger, or staying the same size?
18. Is cleavage of pre-embryonic cells through mitosis or meiosis?
19. Describe placentas for dizygotic and monozygotic twins.
20. Describe different types of ectopic pregnancy. Which kind of ectopic pregnancy may lead to a
viable offspring delivered by c-section?
21. What are the three primary germ layers? Which two layers are found in the pre-embryo?
Which layer is added during gastrulation?
The corpus luteum makes progesterone and estrogen to support the endometrial lining for
implantation. The implanted embryo causes a new hormone ______ to be produced. This new
hormone is detected by pregnancy urine tests. This hormone supports the corpus luteum.
However, later the placenta will form and take over the production of progesterone and
estrogen. The corpus luteum will degenerate (atresia) and the ovary will be dormant (no
activity). Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the hypothalamus (GnRH) and pituitary (LH, FSH) so
no more ________ will develop in the ovary during the pregnancy.
23. Following implantation (1 week), the pre-embryo rests lightly on the endometrium and is easily
dislodged. True/False
23. The primitive streak defines the embryo’s head/tail, left/right, and back/tummy. True/false
Embryo to Birth
1. What are trophoblasts? What hormone do they produce upon implantation?
5. Differentiation-
6. In which trimester
1. are all of the organs formed, but merely growing and maturing for life outside the
womb? ____
2. is the fetus most vulnerable to stress, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies? ____
3. does the fetus look human with a head, eyes, ears, arms, hands with fingers, legs, and
feet with toes? _____
b. Which hormone causes the uterine contractions of labor?
1. TCE is a solvent used to remove grease. What effect does it have on sperm?
5. What is cryptorchidism?
6. DEHP and BPA are found in some types of plastics. How can you protect yourself from exposure
to these?