GEN BIO - Carbon Impression in Sedimentary Rocks

TRACE / ICHNOFOSSILS (ex: Trackways, Toothmarks)

EONS – Largest Unit - Record the movement.
ERAS – Eons divided into Eras

PALEOZOIC ERA SIX WAYS OF FOSSILIZATION

(Early) -- Ancient life – Explosion of Life UNALTERED PRESERVATION
300 M. Y. – Pangea forms – Age of Fish - Small organism or Part trapped in Amber

MESOZOIC ERA PERMINERALIZATION / PETRIFICATION

(Middle) - Middle Life – Age of Reptiles - Organic content of Bone and Wood are replaced with
180 M. Y. - Dinosaurs Ruled the earth silica calcite or pyrite.
- Pangea Separate
REPLACEMENT
CENOZOIC ERA - Hard parts are dissolved and replaced by other
(Latest) - Recent Life materials
65 M. Y. - Age of Mammals
CARBONIZATION
PERIODS – Eras divided into Period - Other Element are removed and only the carbon
remained
EPOCH – Period divided into Epoch
RECRYSTALIZATION
PRE-CAMBRIAN – Longest part of the earth history - Hard part are Converted to more Stable minerals or
- 4.5 Billion Years small crystal turn into large
- Invertibrates (no backbones)
AUTHENTIC PRESERVATION
PHANEROZOIC – Spans within past 541 M.Y. up to the - Molds and Cast are formed after most of organism
present. have been destroyed
HADEAN – Older Eon.
ARCHEAN – Still not much clear among geologist due to 1. RELATIVE DATING
few fossils. - Based upon the study of Layers of roots
PROTEROZOIC – Presence of oxygen in the atmosphere
2. ABSOLUTE DATING
- Determine the Actual age of fossil
FOSSILS
FOSSILS – Are the organism that lived in the past.

TYPES OF FOSSILS
MOLDS (ex: shells)
- Impression made in substrate.
- Negative Image of an Organism.

CASTS (ex: Bones & Teeth)

- When Mold is filled in

PETRIFIED (ex: Petrified Trees)

- Organic material is converted into stones

ORIGINAL REMAINS (ex: Wolly Mammoth)

(Amber from the Baltic sea region)
- Preserved wholly (Frozen in ice, Trapped in tar pits)

CARBON FILM (ex: Leaf, Impression on the rock)

ABNKKBSNPLAKO! by Bob Ong
-experience of the author from his previous life

Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas

-He made it because he want to express his feelings for
Maria

Peter Pan by James Matthew Barre

-It is inspired from the author's big brother and the
Llewelyn Davies boys that he met and kept his
company.

Dekada 70 by Luwalhati Bautista

-It is based on martial law

The Naked Civil Servant by Quentin Crisp

-It is based from the author's childhood to middle age,
including troubles he faced by refusing to hide his
homosexuality and flamboyant lifesyle in the time when
it was criminalized in U.K.. and also his various jobs such
as book designer, nude model, and prostiture.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angeline

-It is based from her experience of racism

Long Walk of Freedom by Nelson Mendella

-The book is about the author's early life, coming of age,
education, and 27 years in prison before becoming a
President.

Coup de Grace by Noel Moratillia

-It is based on the corruption that happen in their
community

Da Vinci's Code by Dan Brown

-Dan Brown loves is interested in puzzles, secrets,
cyphers, and codes this is why this novel is deeply
engaged with christian theme and historical facts

MacArthur by Bob Ong

-It is about the struggles of Filipino youth in dealing with
the problems of today and show realistic scenes about
how Filipino involves in drugs