Retrouver ce titre sur Numilog.

com

$YDQWSURSRV

/HVRXGDJH
OLDLVRQSHUPDQHQWHHQWUHGHX[FRUSVVROLGHV

H
&¶HVW XQH ORQJXH KLVWRLUH TXH FHOOH GX VRXGDJH  1p j OD ILQ GX ;,; VLqFOH GDQV
O¶HVSULW GHV VFLHQWLILTXHV LO HVW SDVVp UDSLGHPHQW GDQV OD PDLQ GHV WHFKQLFLHQV WRXW
G¶DERUG DYHF OD WHFKQLTXH R[\DFpW\OpQLTXH SXLV DYHF FHOOHV GX VRXGDJH j O¶DUF HW GX
VRXGDJH SDU UpVLVWDQFH '¶DXWUHV SURFpGpV QRXV QH OHV FLWHURQV SDV WRXV GDQV FHWWH
H
LQWURGXFWLRQ VRQW DUULYpV HQVXLWH HW OH ;; VLqFOH V¶HVW WHUPLQp DYHF OH VRXGDJH ODVHU
Qp GDQV OHV DQQpHV 

,O Q¶HQ UHVWH SDV PRLQV TXH OH VRXGDJH Q¶HVW YUDLPHQW GHYHQX PDMRULWDLUH FRPPH
SURFpGp G¶DVVHPEODJH TXH GHSXLV OHV DQQpHV  OH ULYHWDJH pWDQW OH SURFpGp
G¶DVVHPEODJH OH SOXV HPSOR\p MXVTXHOj

(Q IDLW DSUqV DYRLU pWp TXHOTXH SHX GpODLVVp SDU OHV VFLHQWLILTXHV FHX[FL RQW
UHSULV OD PDLQ GqV OHV DQQpHV  (Q )UDQFH j O¶pSRTXH $OEHUW 3RUWHYLQ H[SRVDLW
/HV EDVHV VFLHQWLILTXHV GH OD VRXGXUH DXWRJqQH HW XQ HQVHLJQHPHQW GH WURLVLqPH
F\FOH GpEXWDLW HQ  j O¶,QVWLWXW GH VRXGXUH 7RXMRXUV GDQV OHV DQQpHV  GHV
UXSWXUHV GH SRQWV LPSOLTXDLHQW GHV VWUXFWXUHV VRXGpHV QRWDPPHQW HQ $OOHPDJQH HW
HQ %HOJLTXH SXLV SHQGDQW OD VHFRQGH JXHUUH PRQGLDOH VXUYHQDLHQW OHV FDVVXUHV GH
/LEHUW\ 6KLSV FRQVWUXLWV HQ JUDQG QRPEUH JUkFH j OD WHFKQLTXH GX VRXGDJH 3OXV WDUG
G¶DXWUHV UXSWXUHV FDWDVWURSKLTXHV RQW DIIHFWp GHV DSSDUHLOV j SUHVVLRQ &¶HVW GDQV FH
FRQWH[WH TX¶DSUqV OD JXHUUH HQ  HVW Qp O¶,QVWLWXW LQWHUQDWLRQDO GH OD VRXGXUH
,,6,,: ,O UpSRQGDLW DX EHVRLQ GH FROODERUDWLRQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOH QRWDPPHQW HQ
WHUPHV GH VpFXULWp HW GH UHFKHUFKH H[SULPp SDU OHV GLIIpUHQWV LQVWLWXWV QDWLRQDX[ HW
SDU WRXW OH PRQGH GH OD VRXGXUH GHV VFLHQWLILTXHV DX[ XWLOLVDWHXUV $XMRXUG¶KXL
HQ  O¶,,6,,: HQ HVW j VD FLQTXDQWHTXDWULqPH DVVHPEOpH DQQXHOOH  VHL]H
 Retrouver ce titre sur Numilog.com

16 0pWDOOXUJLH HW PpFDQLTXH GX VRXGDJH

FRPPLVVLRQV GHV VRXVFRPPLVVLRQV HW GHV JURXSHV G¶pWXGHV FRXYUHQW O¶HQVHPEOH GX
GRPDLQH GX VRXGDJH GH OD FRQFHSWLRQ j OD WHQXH HQ VHUYLFH HW j OD VpFXULWp HQ
SDVVDQW SDU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW HW OD UHFKHUFKH &¶HVW GLUH O¶LPSRUWDQFH GH FHWWH
FROODERUDWLRQ HW OD ULFKHVVH GH VD SURGXFWLRQ

/D VRXGXUH SHXW rWUH FRQVLGpUpH GH PrPH TXH OD ODQJXH G¶(VRSH FRPPH OD

PHLOOHXUH HW OD SLUH GHV FKRVHV  (OOH SHUPHW HQ HIIHW GH OLHU TXDVLPHQW WRXV OHV
PDWpULDX[ GHV PDWpULDX[ PpWDOOLTXHV MXVTX¶DX[ PDWLqUHV SODVWLTXHV j O¶DLGH G¶XQH
IRUWH FRQWLQXLWp TXL QH ULPH G¶DLOOHXUV SDV DYHF KRPRJpQpLWp /HV SURFpGpV HW GRQF
OHV SRVVLELOLWpV VRQW WUqV QRPEUHX[ HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV W\SHV G¶DVVHPEODJHV j UpDOLVHU
GHV SURSULpWpV UHTXLVHV HW pYLGHPPHQW GHV FRQWUDLQWHV pFRQRPLTXHV j UHVSHFWHU (Q
PrPH WHPSV OD VRXGXUH SHXW rWUH FRQVLGpUpH FRPPH OH PDLOORQ IDLEOH GH OD SOXSDUW
GHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV FDU F¶HVW VRXYHQW SDU HOOH TX¶DUULYHQW OHV GLIILFXOWpV 'DQV OHV
H[HPSOHV FLWpV FLGHVVXV ± SRQWV /LEHUW\ VKLSV DSSDUHLOV j SUHVVLRQ ± F¶HVW ELHQ OD
VRXGXUH TXL j FKDTXH IRLV HVW PLVH HQ FDXVH ± VRXYHQW LO IDXW O¶DMRXWHU OLpH j XQ
PpWDO GH EDVH GRQW OD UpVLVWDQFH j OD UXSWXUH EUXWDOH HVW LQVXIILVDQWH

/HV SKpQRPqQHV PLV HQ MHX ORUV GX VRXGDJH VRQW WUqV QRPEUHX[ HW FRPSOH[HV
(Q SDUWLFXOLHU O¶LQIOXHQFH GH F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV H[WUrPHPHQW UDSLGHV HW j KDXWH
WHPSpUDWXUH VXU OHV SURSULpWpV SK\VLTXHV PpWDOOXUJLTXHV HW PpFDQLTXHV GHV
PDWpULDX[ VRXGpV H[LJH WRXMRXUV SOXV GH FRQQDLVVDQFHV

$XFXQ OLYUH HQ IUDQoDLV QH WUDLWH JOREDOHPHQW GH OD VRXGXUH j FH MRXU /H OLYUH

G¶+HQUL *UDQMRQ OD GHX[LqPH pGLWLRQ GDWH GH  GRQQH OHV %DVHV PpWDOOXUJLTXHV
GX VRXGDJH G¶DXWUHV VRQW SOXV VSpFLDOLVpV GDQV FHUWDLQV GHV GRPDLQHV GX VRXGDJH RX
SRXU GHV PDWpULDX[ VSpFLILTXHV

/D PXOWLSOLFLWp GHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV WDQW VFLHQWLILTXHV TXH WHFKQLTXHV TXL VRQW j

PHWWUH HQ °XYUH QRXV D FRQGXLW SRXU OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GH FHW RXYUDJH j SULYLOpJLHU OH
UHFRXUV j GHV DXWHXUV PXOWLSOHV VH SDUWDJHDQW OD WkFKH /¶LQFRQYpQLHQW HQ HVW ELHQ V€U
XQH FHUWDLQH KpWpURJpQpLWp HQWUH OHV GLIIpUHQWV FKDSLWUHV DLQVL TXH OH ULVTXH GH
TXHOTXHV UHGLWHV 3DU FRQWUH HOOH HQ IDLW pJDOHPHQW OD ULFKHVVH SXLVTXH FH OLYUH
UDVVHPEOH OHV FRQWULEXWLRQV GH QRPEUHX[ VSpFLDOLVWHV IUDQoDLV UHFRQQXV GDQV OHXU
GRPDLQH UHVSHFWLI ,O SUpVHQWH HQ GHX[ WRPHV XQ HQVHPEOH DXVVL FRPSOHW TXH
SRVVLEOH VXU OHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV GLVSRQLEOHV DXMRXUG¶KXL VXU OH VRXGDJH VDQV ELHQ V€U
SUpWHQGUH rWUH H[KDXVWLI SDU H[HPSOH LO QH VHUD SDV TXHVWLRQ GX VRXGDJH GHV
SODVWLTXHV

'DQV FH SUHPLHU WRPH TXL WUDLWH GH 0pWDOOXUJLH HW PpFDQLTXH GX VRXGDJH OHV

GHX[ SUHPLHUV FKDSLWUHV SUpVHQWHQW O¶HQVHPEOH GHV SURFpGpV GH VRXGDJH GHSXLV OHV
SURFpGpV FODVVLTXHV DYHF HW VDQV PpWDO G¶DSSRUW DYHF HW VDQV DFWLRQ PpFDQLTXH
MXVTX¶DX[ SURFpGpV UpFHQWV j KDXWH pQHUJLH IDLVFHDX G¶pOHFWURQV HW ODVHU /H FKDSLWUH
VXLYDQW WUDLWH GH O¶HQVHPEOH GHV SKpQRPqQHV WKHUPLTXHV PpWDOOXUJLTXHV HW
 Avant-propos 17

PpFDQLTXHV TXL VXUYLHQQHQW GDQV OD ]RQH DIIHFWpH SDU OD FKDOHXU GX PDWpULDX GH EDVH
=$& RX =$7

6RQW SUpVHQWpHV OHV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV GH SKDVH ORUVTX¶HOOHV RQW OLHX DYHF WRXWHV
OHXUV FRQVpTXHQFHV VXU OHV VWUXFWXUHV HW OHXUV SURSULpWpV DLQVL TXH OHV SKpQRPqQHV GH
ILVVXUDWLRQ HQ SDUWLFXOLHU OD ILVVXUDWLRQ j IURLG TXH O¶RQ UHWURXYHUD VRXYHQW DX FRXUV
GH FH OLYUH

/H FKDSLWUH  HVW GH PrPH QDWXUH PDLV LO FRQFHUQH OD SDUWLH PpWDO IRQGX GH OD

VRXGXUH DYHF G¶DXWUHV SKpQRPqQHV GH ILVVXUDWLRQ PLV HQ MHX

/HV GLIIpUHQWV W\SHV GH SURGXLWV G¶DSSRUW VRQW HQVXLWH DERUGpV HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV
SURFpGpV PLV HQ °XYUH /HV SURJUqV UpDOLVpV GDQV OD IDEULFDWLRQ GH FHV SURGXLWV DILQ
G¶DPpOLRUHU OHV SURSULpWpV GHV VRXGXUHV HW OD UpVLVWDQFH j OD ILVVXUDWLRQ VRQW PLV HQ
pYLGHQFH

/HV GHX[ FKDSLWUHV  HW  LOOXVWUHQW OHV SUREOqPHV GH UXSWXUH HQ VHUYLFH GHV

FRQVWUXFWLRQV VRXGpHV O¶XQ VRXV O¶DVSHFW GH OD UpVLVWDQFH j OD IDWLJXH DYHF OHV
VROXWLRQV SURSRVpHV WDQW SRXU OHV PDWpULDX[ TXH SRXU OH SDUDFKqYHPHQW GHV VRXGXUHV
O¶DXWUH VRXV O¶DVSHFW GH OD UXSWXUH IUDJLOH DYHF DSUqV O¶H[SRVp GHV PpWKRGHV
G¶pYDOXDWLRQ GH OD WpQDFLWp HW GH O¶pYROXWLRQ GH OD QRFLYLWp GHV GpIDXWV GHV
SURSRVLWLRQV TXDQW j OD TXDOLWp GX PDWpULDX GH EDVH OD TXDOLWp GX PpWDO G¶DSSRUW HW
O¶LPSRUWDQFH GHV FRQGLWLRQV GH VRXGDJH

)DLVDQW VXLWH j FH WRPH FRQVDFUp DX[ DVSHFWV JpQpUDX[ GX VRXGDJH XQ VHFRQG HVW
FRQVDFUp DX[ 3URFpGpV HW DSSOLFDWLRQV LQGXVWULHOOHV GX VRXGDJH < VRQW DQDO\VpV
VXFFHVVLYHPHQW  OH VRXGDJH GHV W{OHV PLQFHV HQ DFLHU QXHV HW UHYrWXHV
SULQFLSDOHPHQW XWLOLVpHV GDQV OH PDUFKp GH O¶DXWRPRELOH  OH VRXGDJH GHV SLqFHV HQ
DFLHU GHV RUJDQHV PpFDQLTXHV GDQV O¶LQGXVWULH DXWRPRELOH  OH VRXGDJH GHV
FRQVWUXFWLRQV PpWDOOLTXHV  OH VRXGDJH GHV DSSDUHLOV j SUHVVLRQ j SDUWLU GH O¶H[HPSOH
GHV JURV FRPSRVDQWV GHV FKDXGLqUHV j HDX SUHVVXULVpH GH O¶LQGXVWULH QXFOpDLUH  OH
VRXGDJH GHV DFLHUV LQR[\GDEOHV  OH VRXGDJH GHV DOOLDJHV G¶DOXPLQLXP 8Q FKDSLWUH
HVW pJDOHPHQW FRQVDFUpH DX[ pYROXWLRQV GH OD QRUPDOLVDWLRQ HQ VRXGDJH VRXV O¶DVSHFW
GH O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ JpQpUDOH GH OD TXDOLWp HW GHV QRUPHV GH FRQWU{OHV QRQ GHVWUXFWLIV

1RXV WHQRQV j UHPHUFLHU O¶HQVHPEOH GHV DXWHXUV TXL RQW DFFHSWp GH FRQWULEXHU j
FHW RXYUDJH HW QRWDPPHQW FHX[ TXL WUDYDLOOHQW GDQV O¶LQGXVWULH HW RQW ELHQ YRXOX
SUHQGUH VXU OHXU WHPSV OLEUH DILQ GH FRQWULEXHU j FHWWH V\QWKqVH GHV VDYRLUIDLUH HW
UHFKHUFKHV HQ FRXUV GDQV OHV GLIIpUHQWV GRPDLQHV GX VRXGDJH

5pJLV % /21'($8