Module B - Short Circuit Analysis PDF

  Transmission System Analysis
  Capacity Building to Bangladesh Power

Sector
  Module A – Short Circuit Analysis
  07/09 February 2017
Short Circuit Analysis - Session 5
Table of Contents
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector
 Short Circuit Analysis

 Fault Current Contribution
 Modelling of Transmission System
 Accurate Short Circuit Simulations
 IEC Short Circuit Calculations
 PSSE Short Circuit Analysis Examples
Project undertaken by a consortium led

2 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
2
Introduction to Short Circuit Analysis (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Short circuits incidents

- Power transmission system is composed of a wide range of equipment
- Failure of equipment due to a fault or short circuit on network elements is unavoidable
- Many factors can cause a short circuit fault, such as a lightning strike, a falling object on
equipment, or mal-operation, etc.
Effect of short circuit

- Undesirable large fault currents
- Voltage drops at the faulted point and around the faulted network
- Damage equipment due to large amount of fault current
- Excessive transient over-voltages during the period of fault clearance
- Hazardous to personnel nearby

3

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Mitigation of short circuit current impact

- Designing and operating the system to reduce the likelihood of short circuit occurrence
- Detecting short circuit conditions as quick as possible by protection devices
- Managing the magnitude of the short circuit currents
- Isolating the portion of the system around the faulted area as small as possible
Short circuit analysis:

- As necessary for any power system as other fundamental power system analysis, such as
power flow and transient stability analysis, etc.
- A vital approach to understanding fault current patterns and designing mitigation
solutions to short circuit in the system
- Undertaken in system planning, design and operation

4

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Purpose of short circuit analysis:

- Verification of the adequacy of interrupting equipment
o Checking adequacy of existing equipment
o Sizing adequacy of new equipment
- Determination of settings for protection devices
o Calculation of maximum fault currents
o Calculation of minimum fault currents
o Determination of settings for protection relays
- Determination of effects of fault currents on system components
o Fault ratings and fault withstand capability
- Assessment of the effect of various faults
o Retained voltage profiles for various faults
o Impact on system stability

5
Requirements of Short Circuit Analysis

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Short circuit analysis involves

- Application of faults at various points on the network
- Calculation of the resulting fault current flows.
Short circuit analysis in planning stage

- Help to finalize the transmission system layout
- Identify transmission system voltage levels, and
- Size cables, transformers and conductors
Short circuit analysis in operation stage

- Identify impact of adding new generators and large motors onto the system
- Verify adequacy of existing circuit breakers and other equipment
- Check impact of network reconfiguration
- Rearrange protection equipment
- Duplicate the reasons and system conditions leading to a system failure

6
Types of Short Circuit Faults

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Symmetrical faults
- Three phase fault (<5%)
o Solid three phase fault
o Fault via impedance
Asymmetrical faults
- Single phase to earth fault (up to 75%)
- Phase to phase fault
( 15~20%)
- Double phase to earth fault
- The fault could be solid or via a fault impedance

7
Short Circuit Fault Level

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Short circuit (SC) fault level:

- Shows severity of a potential fault in the system in terms of MVA rather than Amps
- Makes it easier to compare faults at different voltage levels
- Is normally represented in Amps, kA, kVA or MVA
- SC level is related to the fault location
SC level varies inversely with

- The Thevenin equivalent impedance seen at the fault point
- If SC is large, the network is ‘strong’, if SC is small, the network is ‘weak’
Factors influencing the fault level:

- Proximity to generators
- Number of generators connected to the system
- Network topology
- Transformer vector group

8
Impact of Topology on SC Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
jX’’d jX’’d
Z TH  ( X / / X )  X d''
X
jX jX   X d'' jX jX
2
Z TH  ( X / /3 X )  X d''
jX jX jX jX
3
 X  X d''
4

9
Extent of Short Circuit Analysis

Bangladesh
Power Sector
3-phase symmetrical short circuit

- Usually the most onerous fault current case
- Balanced RMS fault currents
- Necessary to calculate the make current (IEC 10ms) and break current (CB
operating time values)
- Make current needs to include the decayed DC current component
- Positive phase sequence network data used for the fault current calculation
1-phase or two phase asymmetrical short circuits

- Phase to earth and line to line with and without earth
- Positive, negative and zero sequence network data used for the fault current
calculation

10
Maximum System Fault Levels

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Maximum system fault level calculation

- To size equipment
- To verify fault withstand capability of existing switchgear and equipment
Assumptions made to calculate maximum system fault level

- Intact network topology
- Interconnection with the neighbouring AC system
- Maximum demand scenario
- All generating units and motors in the system potentially switched on
- Solid fault without fault impedance

11
Minimum System Fault Levels

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Minimum system fault level calculation

- To meet protection setting requirement
- To confirm connection compliance of new generators and loads onto the system
Assumptions made to calculate minimum system fault level

- Network may not have the intact topology
- Interconnection with the neighbouring AC system may be switched off
- Minimum load demand scenario
- The number of generators switched onto the system is minimum
- An actual operational scenario, in which the fault level could be the minimum case

12
Fault Level Terms

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Peak fault current

- Maximum instant current value normally at 10ms after the fault
Symmetric fault current

- Fault current AC RMS component (excluding DC component)
DC fault current
- DC fault current component only
Asymmetric fault current

- Instant DC + symmetric fault currents

13
Fault Current Component Calculation

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Initial peak fault current
I peak  2 I sym  I DC
Asymmetric fault current
I Asym  I DC
2
 I sym
2
Worst case asymmetric fault current
I Asym  2 2  I sym

14
DC Current Component vs XR Ratio

Bangladesh
Power Sector
These graphs are the

exponential decay, or DC
decay
These assume that R and

X are constant

15
AC Components of Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
The ac component consists of:

- Sub-transient ac component (around
1~2 cycles) characterised by sub-
transient reactance Xd” and short
circuit sub-transient time constant Td”
- Transient ac component (around 5~6
cycles after the sub-transient)
characterised by transient reactance
Xd’ and short circuit transient time
constant Td’
- Steady state ac component (after
completion of the transient decay
(characterised by synchronous
reactance Xd)

16
DC Component of Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
The dc current component decays

exponentially according to:
- Where:
- Ik’’ = initial symmetrical short circuit
current (RMS) (kA)
- τ = decay time constant (s)
- t = time since fault inception (s)
- The time constant τ, is dependant on the
system reactance, X and resistance, R and
at frequency f is given by:

17
Fault Current Waveforms

Bangladesh
Power Sector
For a fault, the abc three phase fault current waveforms differ due to phase
angle at the fault instant

18
Table of Contents
Bangladesh
Power Sector


19
Fault Contribution
Bangladesh
Power Sector
Fault contribution sources

- Only components or devices with energy storage contribute to fault current
- Generators (and other rotating machines) contribute bulk of fault current
- Induction motors contribute small amount of fault current
- Grid infeed contribution fault current without considering ac component decay,
representing an equivalent system far away to the fault point

20
Synchronous Machine Fault Contribution (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Symmetrical three phase fault

- A fault occurs near generator terminal
- Fault currents have both AC and DC components.
- Fault currents could be divided into three periods:
o The sub-transient period
o The transient period
o The steady state fault current, i.e. the transient is largely over.
- The initial total fault current is dominated by Xd”
- The initial total fault current ac component will decay in accordance with the short circuit
time constant Td” and Td’
- The dc component will be determined by Xd” as well, but decay with a time constant Ta.
- X/R ratio of the generator plays an important role to the dc component decay.

21
Synchronous Machine Fault Contribution (2)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Fault Current:
- Sub-transient component Sub-transient
- Transient component Transient
- Steady state component Steady-state
E q"
i 
"
X d"
E q'
i' 
X d'
Eq
i steady _ state 
Xd
Simplified Fault Current Calculation

1 1 1 −t 1 1 −t 1 −𝑡
ia = 2E sin ωt + θ + ′ − e T ′d sin ωt + θ + − e T "d sin ωt + θ − 𝑒 𝑇𝑎 sin 𝜃 − 𝜑
Xd Xd Xd Xd" Xd′ 𝑋𝑑"
( X d"  X q" )
Ta  - E is the terminal no-load voltage
ra
- Td”,Td’, short circuit time constants
- Ta, dc component decay time constants
22
Synchronous Machine Parameters

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Key machine parameters in fault calculation

- Sub-transient reactance Xd’’ and short circuit time constant Td”
- Transient reactance Xd’ and short circuit time constant Td’
- Synchronous reactance Xd
- Time varying reactance values used to represent fault at different time periods
o Xd’’ and Td” for sub-transient AC component immediately following the fault
o Xd’ and Td’ for transient AC component, a few cycles (10-20ms) following the fault
o Xd for steady state AC component, approximately 100-200ms following the fault
- The saturated values of Xd”, Xd’ and Xd used for fault calculation
- X2 and X0 used for unsymmetrical fault current calculation
o X2  XdX
" "
q applicable to sub-transient, transient and steady state unsymmetrical fault
calculation
o X0 normally provided by generator manufacturer

23
Motor FL Contribution
Bangladesh
Power Sector
Fault contribution composition: R  Rs

XmXr
X'  Xs 
- AC component with a decay time constant T’ Xm  Xr
(Xr  Xm) X' X'
T 
'
  ,
- DC component with a decay constant Tdc Rr ( X S  X m ) Rr
X'
Tdc 
E ' t / T ' E '  t / Tdc Rs
iac  ' e , idc  2 'e ,
X X
Fault equivalent circuit:
R X’
Isc
E’

24
Grid Infeed FL Contribution

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Fault Current:
- No sub-transient and transient
components
- Steady state component equals
to initial AC component
- DC component decay in
accordance with time constant
calculated based on X and R
- Applicable to a fault far away
from the equivalent Grid Infeed

25
Table of Contents
Bangladesh
Power Sector


26
Positive Sequence Network

Bangladesh
Power Sector
All elements are represented by positive sequence impedance

- Synchronous machines
o Ra+ jXd” for sub-transient period
o Ra +jXd’ for transient period
o Ra+jXd for steady state
- Induction motors
o R+jX”
- OHL and cable circuits

o R1 + jX1, jB1
- Transformers
o R1+jX1 with off-nominal tap ratio
- Shunt capacitor banks and shunt reactors

o The equivalent R1, X1 based on the given MVAr capacity and shunt losses.

27
Negative Sequence Network

Bangladesh
Power Sector
All elements are represented by negative sequence impedance

o Ra+jX2, X2  X d" X q"
- Induction motors
o The equivalent X”
- OHL and cable circuits, equal to their positive sequence impedance

o R1 + jX1, jB1
- Transformers, equal to their positive sequence impedance


o The equivalent R1, X1 based on the given MVAr capacity and shunt losses.

28
Zero Sequence Network

Bangladesh
Power Sector
All elements are represented by zero sequence impedance

o Ra +jX0, X0: zero sequence reactance provided by machine manuifacturer
- OHL and cable circuits

o R0 + jX0, jB0
o Rm0+jXm0 mutual impedance between two or more circuits
- Transformers
o Winding group

o The equivalent R0, X0 based on the given MVAr capacity and shunt losses
o Phase connection type and neural earthing conditions

29
Transmission System Sequence Network

Bangladesh
Power Sector

30
Three Phase Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Z0
I0
E1
If 
Z1
Z1
I1
E1 Key Note:
- Only positive sequence current
- No negative and zero sequence currents
Z-2
I2

31
Single Phase to Earth Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Z0
I0 3E1
If 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2
Z1
Key Note:
I1 - Equal positive, negative and zero sequence
E1
currents
- Equivalent to connecting the three sequence
circuits in series
Z2
I2

32
Two Phase Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Z0
E1
I0 If 
Z1  Z 2
Z1
1
Key Note:
I
E1 - Equal positive and negative sequence currents
- No zero sequence current available
Z2
I2

33
Two Phase to Earth Fault Current

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Z1
I1
E1
E1
If 
Z1  Z 2 // Z 0
Key Note:
Z0 Z2
- Negative sequence and zero sequence circuits
I0 I2
are connected in parallel

34
Table of Contents
Bangladesh
Power Sector


35
Accurate Short Circuit Calculation

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Detailed model of the transmission system

- Detailed modeling of all network components in the system
o Network topology for positive, negative and zero sequence current paths
o Sequence impedance of generators, motors, transmission circuits and transformers
o Transformer winding connection and phase angle difference between HV, LV and TV windings
o Neutral earthing point and impedance
o Neutral connections of generators, transformers, and shunts
- Pre-fault network operating condition

o Pre-fault load flows
o Loading currents in network components
o Pre-fault voltage at a faulted point
- Conversion of load flow case may be necessary depending upon fault calculation
requirements

36
Short Circuit Simulations (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Applying a fault
- Based on the constructed sequence network, apply a fault at the concerned bus
- Fault type could be three phase, single phase to earth, or phase fault, etc.
Calculating equivalent sequence impedance at the fault point

- Equivalent positive sequence impedance
- Equivalent negative sequence impedance
- Equivalent zero sequence impedance

37
Short Circuit Simulations (2)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Calculating fault currents across the network

- Total fault current flowing through the fault point
- Sequence fault current on network components
- Phase fault current on network components
Calculating retained voltages across the network

- Retained sequence voltage at buses across the network including at the neutral of
transformers and generators
- Retained phase voltage at buses across the network

38
Table of Contents
Bangladesh
Power Sector


39
IEC 60909 Fault Current Calculation (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
IEC 60909 short circuit calculation

- Applicable to low voltage three phase AC system
- Applicable to high voltage three phase AC system below 550 kV
- Applicable to both balanced and unbalanced short circuit cases
Assumptions made for IEC 60909 short circuit calculation

- Only an equivalent voltage source is introduced at the faulted point
- The impedance of the transformer is referred to the tap-changer in main position.
- All line capacitances and shunt admittances and non-rotating loads, except those of the
zero-sequence system, are neglected

40

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current

- Defined as the AC symmetrical component of a prospective (available) short-circuit
current applicable at the instant of short-circuit.
Peak short-circuit current

- Defined as the maximum possible instantaneous value of fault current reached in a
phase following the short –circuit, including the dc component.

41

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current

- Defined as the r.m.s. value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical ac component of the
prospective short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole to
open of a switching device.
Steady state short-circuit current

- Defined as the r.m.s. value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of
the transient phenomena

42
Pre-fault Voltage
Bangladesh
Power Sector
- IEC defines a voltage factor to be

used as the pre-fault voltage for the
voltage source in fault current
calculation.
- The voltage source is the only active
voltage in the system.
- All network feeders and synchronous
and asynchronous machines are
replaced by their internal
impedances

43
Far-from-generator Short Circuit

Bangladesh
Power Sector
- A “ far-from-generator” short-circuit is defined as a short-circuit during which the

magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of the prospective current remain
essentially constant
- No ac component decay

44
Near-to-generator Short Circuit

Bangladesh
Power Sector
- A “ Near-to-generator” short-circuit is defined as a short-circuit to which at least one

synchronous machine contributes a prospective initial symmetrical short-circuit current
which is more than twice the machine's rated current, or a short circuit to which
asynchronous motors contribute more than 5 % of the initial symmetrical short circuit
current without motors
- ac component decaying

45
Motor Fault Contribution

Bangladesh
Power Sector
- Synchronous motors and synchronous compensators contribute to initial symmetrical,

peak make, rms break, and steady state fault currents.
- asynchronous motors contribute only to initial symmetrical, peak make, and rms break
fault currents.
- Low-voltage public motors in public supply systems would not contribute any fault
currents and can be neglected.
- Some low-voltage motors which are connected through a two winding transformer can be
neglected as well if their capacity is relatively small
- Low voltage motors, if their fault contribution considered, can be grouped together as
an equivalent motor

46
Comparison with other Approaches

Bangladesh
Power Sector
- IEC 60909 short circuit calculation is based on generic factors and worst-case
parameters
- It provides greater degree of safety when level of data is limited
- Generally IEC60909 produces more pessimistic fault current results than other
commercial short-circuit calculation software packages

47
Short Circuit Analysis Examples - Session 6
Table of Contents
Bangladesh
Power Sector


48
Sequence Network and Data in PSSE (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Positive sequence network data

- Established in the load flow study
- Generator X-source data should use Xd” with saturated value
- Positive sequence resistance and reactance equal to R-source and X-source
Negative sequence network data

- OHL circuits, cables, transformers and other static equipment use the corresponding
positive sequence data as negative sequence data
- Generator use the specified negative sequence data
- Generator negative sequence resistance may differ from its positive sequence resistance

49
Sequence Network and Data in PSSE

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Zero sequence network data

- OHL circuits, cables, shunts use the calculated or given zero sequence data
- Mutual zero sequence impedance between neighbouring circuits need to be considered
- Transformers use the calculated or given zero sequence data including winding group
- Generators use the specified zero sequence data
Sequence data structure

- Strictly follow the order or sequence specified in PSSE user manual
- Creation of the xxx.seq file
Sequence data appended to the power flow case

- Open xxx.raw or xxx.sav case file
- Append xxx.seq file to the power flow case
- Review sequence network model and data

50
Network Sequence Data in PSSE

Bangladesh
Power Sector
0, 32 / PSS®E-32.0 THU, FEB 02 2017 13:10
1,'1 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
2,'2 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
......
0 / END OF POSITIVE SEQ. MACHINE IMPEDANCE DATA, BEGIN NEGATIVE SEQ. MACHINE DATA
1,'1 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
2,'2 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
......
0 / END OF NEGATIVE SEQ. MACHINE IMPEDANCE DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. MACHINE DATA
1,'1 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
2,'2 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
.....
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. MACHINE IMPEDANCE DATA, BEGIN NEGATIVE SEQ. SHUNT DATA
0 / END OF NEGATIVE SEQ. SHUNT DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. SHUNT DATA
5200, 0.00000E+00, 5.00000E-05
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. SHUNT DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. NON-TRANSFORMER BRANCH DATA
100, 387,'1 ', 1.35000E-3, 7.40000E-4, 0.07088, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0
100, 700,'1 ', 1.07700E-2, 8.68600E-2, 0.00742, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0
......
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. NON-TRANSFORMER BRANCH DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. MUTUAL DATA
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. MUTUAL DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. TRANSFORMER DATA
1, 100, 0,'1 ', 2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 4.60000E-3, 1.34590E-1
2, 100, 0,'1 ', 2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 4.60000E-3, 1.34590E-1
......
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. TRANSFORMER DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. SWITCHED SHUNT DATA
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. SWITCHED SHUNT DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. FIXED SHUNT DATA
100,'1 ', 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00
......
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. FIXED SHUNT DATA
51
Study Case – Synchronous Machine

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Generator sequence data

R1 X1
0, 32 / PSS®E-32.0 THU, FEB 02 2017 13:10

1,'1 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
2,'2 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01 R2
......
0 / END OF POSITIVE SEQ. MACHINE IMPEDANCE DATA, BEGIN NEGATIVE SEQ. MACHINE DATA
1,'1 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
2,'2 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
X2
Gen Bus ......
0 / END OF NEGATIVE SEQ. MACHINE IMPEDANCE DATA, BEGIN ZERO SEQ. MACHINE DATA
1,'1 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
Gen Bus ID 2,'2 ', 2.96000E-03, 1.10000E-01
.....
0 / END OF ZERO SEQ. MACHINE IMPEDANCE DATA, BEGIN NEGATIVE SEQ. SHUNT DATA
X0
R0

52
Branch Zero Sequence Data

Bangladesh
Power Sector
ZERO SEQ. BRANCH DATA

1030, 1050, '1 ', 4.61493E-2, 1.93924E-1, 0.13684, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0
Bus From, Bus To, Ckt ID, Ro, Xo, Bo, ZeroSeq G From, Zero Seq B From, Zero Seq G To, Zero Seq B To
where:
- Ro, Xo and Bo: Zero sequence resistance, reactance and susceptance of the branch
- Zero Seq G and B From: Zero sequence admittance of the line connected shunt at From end
- Zero Seq G and B To: Zero sequence admittance of the line connected shunt at To end

53
Branch Zero Sequence Data

Bangladesh
Power Sector
ZERO SEQ. BRANCH DATA

1030, 1050, '1 ', 4.61493E-2, 1.93924E-1, 0.13684, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0
Bus From, Bus To, Ckt ID, Ro, Xo, Bo, ZeroSeq G From, Zero Seq B From, Zero Seq G To, Zero Seq B To
where:
- Ro, Xo and Bo: Zero sequence resistance, reactance and susceptance of the branch
- Zero Seq G and B From: Zero sequence admittance of the line connected shunt at From end
- Zero Seq G and B To: Zero sequence admittance of the line connected shunt at To end

54
2-W Transformer Zero Sequence Data

Bangladesh
Power Sector
ZERO SEQ. 2-WINDING TRANSFORMER DATA

1000, 1030, 0, '1 ', 2, 1.78559E-3, 6.57938E-2, 1.79000E-3, 7.31000E-2
Bus I, Bus J, Bus K, Transformer ID, CC, RG, XG, R1, X1

Total series
Yy impedance
YNy
where:
- CC: Winding Connection Code (1- Ynyn, 2-Ynd, 3-Dyn, 4, Yy or Dd)
- RG and XG: Zero sequence
Yyn grounding impedance for an impedance grounded transformer
- R1 and X1: Impedance connected to Winding 1 side OR total series impedance, depending on the CC
- R2 and X2: Zero sequence grounding impedance OR series impedance at the Winding 2 side,
YNyn
depending on the CC

Dy
55
YNynyn
3-W Transformer Zero Sequence Data
Bangladesh
Power Sector
ZERO SEQ. 3-WINDING TRANSFORMER DATA

1040, 1030, 1045,'1 ', 2, 0.0E+0, 0.0E+0, -4.37E-3, -3.97E-3, 7.86E-3, 1.54760E-1, 2.627E-2, 3.293E-1
Ydy
Ydyn
Bus I, Bus J, Bus K, Branch ID, CC, RG, XG, R1, X1, R2, X2, R3, X3
Not
considered
in PSSE,
YNdyn so set to 0
where:
- CC: Winding Connection Code. (1- Ynynyn, 2-Ynynd, 3-Dynd)
- RG and XG: Zero sequence grounding impedance for an impedance grounded transformer
- R1 and X1: Impedance connected to Winding 1 side OR total series impedance, depending on the CC
- R2 and X2: Zero sequence grounding impedance OR series impedance at the Winding 2 side,
depending on the CC
- R3 and X3: Winding 3 zero sequence star circuit equivalent impedance of the 3-winding transformer

56
PSSE Fault Calculation Interface

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Fault calculation function

57
PSSE Fault Calculation Models (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Detailed fault calculation model

- Full sequence network model
- Initial operating condition considered
Simplified fault calculation model

- No MW out put from generators
- Loads and fixed shunts neglected in the positive and negative sequence network
- Line charging and line shunts neglected
- Zero sequence shunts and ground transformer winding considered
- All transformers set at nominal tap position

58
PSSE Fault Calculation Models (2)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Special conditions for fault calculation models

- Flat start mode
- Setting special fault voltage case
- Setting classic fault calculation mode
- Setting up IEC60909 fault calculation mode

59
PSSE Short Circuit Calculation Interface

Bangladesh
Power Sector

60
PSSE ASCC Fault Calculation

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Key notes
- Automatic sequencing fault calculation
- Total fault currents at faulted bus
- Fault contribution from branches related to the faulted bus
- Retained voltages at buses in the surrounding network

61
PSSE ASCC Fault Calculation Results (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Short circuit result summary
Key notes
- Fault type: three phase and single phase to ground
- Short circuit capacity in MVA
- Short current in kA
- Equivalent sequence impedance Z and angle in ohm and degree

62
PSSE ASCC Fault Calculation Results (2)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Fault current contribution summary
Key notes
- Fault contribution from other buses connected to the faulted bus
- Sequence fault current and phase fault current contribution

63
PSSE Circuit Breaker Duty Calculation (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Key notes
- Load flow case needs to be converted
- Preparation of bkdy data file for synchronous
machines including sub-transient and transient
data
- Interpreting simulation results

64

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Bkdy file:
1000, 1, 6.6, 0.07, 1.1, 0.1, 1.93, 1.79, 0.24, 0.27, 0.14
1010, 1, 6.6, 0.07, 1.1, 0.1, 1.93, 1.79, 0.24, 0.27, 0.14
1020, 1, 6.6, 0.07, 1.1, 0.1, 1.93, 1.79, 0.24, 0.27, 0.14
1070, 1, 4.7, 0.04, 0.82, 0.06, 1.76, 1.63, 0.31, 0.35, 0.22
1080, 1, 4.7, 0.04, 0.82, 0.06, 1.76, 1.63, 0.31, 0.35, 0.22
0/

65

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Key Notes:
- Z-source for generator
- Loads converted to constant impedance

66

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Immediately after the fault: t=0 seconds
Circuit breaker duty time: t=0.05 seconds

67
PSSE IEC60909 Fault Calculation (1)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
Key notes
- Fault calculation in accordance with IEC 60909
- Additional data, such as transformer name plate
data required to enable the calculation

68
PSSE IEC60909 Fault Calculation (2)

Bangladesh
Power Sector
IEC 60909 fault current results
Fault current calculation comparison

rms break DC current
SC Calculation
Ik" (amps) ip (amps) (amps (amps
Methods
@0.05s) @0.05s)
IEC60909 22098.7 57545.9 21929.4 13725
BKDY 18085.4 49792.6 17137.8 10141.3
Difference (%) 18.16 13.47 21.85 26.11

69
Bangladesh
Power Sector
End of Module B
Thank You !

70

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Transmission System Analysis

Capacity Building to Bangladesh Power

 Short Circuit Analysis

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Introduction to Short Circuit Analysis (1)

Short circuits incidents

Effect of short circuit

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Introduction to Short Circuit Analysis (2)

Mitigation of short circuit current impact

Short circuit analysis:

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Introduction to Short Circuit Analysis (3)

Purpose of short circuit analysis:

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Requirements of Short Circuit Analysis

Short circuit analysis involves

Short circuit analysis in planning stage

Short circuit analysis in operation stage

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Types of Short Circuit Faults

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Short Circuit Fault Level

Short circuit (SC) fault level:

SC level varies inversely with

Factors influencing the fault level:

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Impact of Topology on SC Fault Current

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Extent of Short Circuit Analysis

3-phase symmetrical short circuit

1-phase or two phase asymmetrical short circuits

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Maximum System Fault Levels

Maximum system fault level calculation

Assumptions made to calculate maximum system fault level

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Minimum System Fault Levels

Minimum system fault level calculation

Assumptions made to calculate minimum system fault level

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Fault Level Terms

Peak fault current

Symmetric fault current

Asymmetric fault current

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Fault Current Component Calculation

Initial peak fault current

Asymmetric fault current

Worst case asymmetric fault current

Project undertaken by a consortium led

DC Current Component vs XR Ratio

These graphs are the

These assume that R and

Project undertaken by a consortium led

AC Components of Fault Current

The ac component consists of:

Project undertaken by a consortium led

DC Component of Fault Current

The dc current component decays

Project undertaken by a consortium led

Fault Current Waveforms

Project undertaken by a consortium led

  Transmission System Analysis

  Capacity Building to Bangladesh Power