www. ¢c.edu. hk [it-school [home page (uu! 83 Chemistry 3 ay Mr. Ye QUEEN’S COLLEGE $.3 CHEMISTRY A. What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of various substances, about their nature and the changes which take place among them. Reasons for studying chemistry: a, A basic knowledge of chemistry helps us in many ways in our daily lives: We can become smarter consumers, ‘We can learn something about home safety. We know better how to conserve our environment, b. Weare trained to gain various skills, such as problem solving, communication and decision making. c. Chemistry knowledge is a requirement in many fields of study, Laboratory Rules and Laboratory Safety Students should follow the rules in the laboratory: ‘Never touch or taste chemicals, Never smell gases directly, Fan a little of the gas towards your nose, Never point a test tube at anyone when heating. Wear safety glasses or use a safety screen when performing dangerous experiment. ‘Wear plastic gloves when handling corrosive chemicals. Never eat or drink in the laboratory, Keep inflammable chemicals from flames, SA awa ED Always wash your hands after experiment, 9. If chemicals spill onto your skin or clothes, wash the affected area with plenty of water. 10, When you light a Bunsen bumer, close the air hole first. 11, When you are not using a Bunsen burner, adjust it to give a luminous flame. 12, Ensure that the gas supply is turned off when the bumer is not in use. 13, Tie up long hair, 14. Dispose of chemical wastes properly, according to your teacher's instructions. Q/4 15, Report all accidents and breakages to the teacher at once, ‘page 13 Ofemistry . By He Yu Safety precautions Chemical hazards in general 1. Pay special attention when working with chemicals which are known hazards, 2, Wear eye protection in all circumstances in which there is any risk to the eyes, Fire and burns 1. Be familiar with the location and use of emergency equipment such as first aid materials, sand bucket, fire extinguisher, fire blanket and eyewash bottle. 2. Never place a flammable liquid near naked flame. 3. Never throw lighted match or paper into a waste bin. 4. Place hot objects on a heat-resistant may, not directly on the bench. 5. When you have no immediate use of the Bunsen burner, turn it off or turn it to a small luminous flame, 6. Do not use bare hand to pick up a Bunsen burner which has ' struck back’, 7. Be careful of burns caused by hot apparatus. ‘Take all necessary precautions to prevent shooting out of hot liquids during heating, 9. Never look down heated vessels or point them at any person. ‘Chemical burns 1, Take great care to avoid spillage of corrosive liquids. 2, Handle corrosive solids only with tongs, never with bare hands. Poisoning 1, Do not breathe in vapours of chemicals unnecessarily. 2. Use the fume cupboard for experiments involving toxic gases or vapours 3. Usea pipette filler to fill a pipette, 4, Wash hands before leaving the laboratory. page?5:3 Olenistry Hazard Warning Symbols By Me. Yu Hazard warning symbols are displayed on reagent bottles to show the hazardous nature of the chemicals, ae Vaca wile Examples of chemicals It is a substance which may lexplode if ignited in air or lexposed to heat. A shock or Iriction may also start an lexplosion, |Hydrogen, liquefied petroleum| |gas, old stocks of sodium and ipotassium. Iitis a gas, liquid or solid that imay easily catch fire under lordinary conditions [petrol, ethanol, carbon Imonoxide, town gas, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, It is a substance which may start a highly exothermic lreaction when in contact with leasily oxidizable materials, It Ican create a fire risk. inittic acids, nitrates, [potassium chlorate, potassium Initrite, potassium dichromate, [potassium permanganate IItis a substance which would [benzene, nitrobenzene, = lcause cancer or be suspected |tetrachloromethane, ie {to cause cancer on prolonged |trichloromethane, asbestos ——I jcbntact, Covcinogen lit is @ substance, which if Jbreathed in, or swallowed, or labsorbed through the skin, Imay involve serious health lisk or even death, |carbon monoxide, bromine lvapor, ammonia, chlorine, Initrogen dioxide, mercury and lits compound, ltetrachloromethane, Itrichloromethane lit is a substance, which if lbreathed in, or swallowed, or labsorbed through the skin, Imay involve limited health irisk. lcopper (11) sulphate, iodine, llead compounds, ‘richloromethane tis a substance which would destroy living tissues upon contact, Corrosive [bromine vapour, hydrogen Ichloride, concentrated mineral acids, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, iodine, ‘concentrated ammonia solution, pages53 Ofemistey By Mr. Yu lwhich can cause reddening or potassium dichromate, [ "|i is a non-corrosive substance [dilute mineral acids, inflammation of the skin, [ammonia solution, Ia substance is associated with different hazards of similar nature, then only the highest hazard need be shown. The orders of increasing hazard are: (1) Flammable < Oxidizing < Explosive (2) Harmful < Toxic < Carcinogenic (3) Invitant < Corrosive For example, if a substance is both ‘flammable’ and ‘explosive’, only the ‘explosive’ warning label need be shown. B. Laboratory techniques 1. Handling of chemicals ‘Transferring solids Transferring liquids Teagent bottle spatula 2. Heating a liquid Lowiyl the fest ticbe continously antl-bumping granule paged83 Chemistry By Mr Ya 3. Heating a volatile or flammable liquid / Evaporating a liquid easily changed to vapour state solution i-— evaporating basin beaker — liquid tow-boting (or an oe conse — wat water wre gud ' tripod heat water bath Kes boctie 4. Collecting gases a. Displacement of water — qases ave insoluble in water ef, Oxygen , hydrogen , carbon 4~ collected gas dioride eae 1 test tbe detvery ae ‘trough ator b. Downward displacement of air ©. Upward displacement of air for gases much lighter Wan airy (for gases much heavier than alr) = gas in airdisplaced out (= sesinwa 22) a depacd ot ~ —denser ‘than air ~ (ess denser than aiy €4, sulphur dioxide , 4: hydrogen. , amon. chlorine pages$3 Chanistry 5. Smelling gases 6. Testing gases By Me. Cu = fawing gases Towards We hose Physical separation and purification not involving chewicat reactions reaction mixture t heat (frecessary) delivery tube Separation and purification of substances are important techniques in chemistry, These techniques include filtration, crystallization, use of separating funnel, solvent extraction, simple distillation, fractional distillation, sublimation, adsorption and chromatography. Which technique we use depends on the particular differences in physical properties of the substances present in the mi Decantation ‘To separate a dense undissolved solid from a liquid, e.g. water from a mixture of sand and water. Filtration To separate an undissolved solid from a liquid, (Slow process) e.g, purification of drinking water, *The liquid collected is called ixture. glass rod ge — la solid liquid | fitrate folded titer paper — residue ‘ter funnel stand page 683 Chemistry By Me. Ce 3. Centrifugation ‘To separate an undissolved solid from a liquid. (Fast process) e.g, mud from muddy water. 4. Crystallization To separate a dissolved solute from its solution. 4 purification e.g, common salt from sea water, a, Crystallization by evaporation — aon setytion oa oi ent Evaporation: (a) with a naked flame (b) using a hot water bath (c) using a steam bath b. Crystallization by cooling hot saturated solution thermometer paca Dold stals ae f crystals off cools sole peatrnes oon ONE a saturated sokton cold solution (el saturate, but small crystals with tse solute dissolved) Gepoxetion, 5, Use of separating funnel —sopoe conwol wir fogtie separating funn ‘To separate two immiscible liquids. ptr (ower dons cg. oil and water water (hahor density) 0p page 73 Chemistry 6. Solvent extraction To dissolve out a component from a mixture with a suitable solvent €.g, heptane to extract iodine from its aqueous solution, 7. Simple Distillation To separate a liquid from a solution of non-volatile solute(s) e.g. pure water from sea water, ting tube soatm shone ston receiver teat be sant-tmping rane ota tbe ond of datvery {be should |_— stove atta By Mr Ye iodine solution. Toding + potassium iodide. — immiscible, — more soluble aurti-bumping granules te prevent vigorous movenoxt of “Liquid — for smooth boiling condensed war ‘aitato} 25 Distillation using *Quickfit’ apparatus sroncep adept water ot to 208) condenser fo condense vapour into liquid ‘thermoweter ~ to measure the te of the oucteowinng vapour setup ‘rene condenser ‘ois warn (oman) 4] {ena water dittete page5:3 Chemistry % 10. By Mr Yu Fractional distillation 4 To separate miscible liquids with widely different boiling points. 8% 28 eg, oxygen and nitrogén petroleum. wetey ond ethanol. — 00% 18" coolest pt ~ glass beads - to re & lage surtace for repented condensation and Vapourizetion orestinn | oteskinn shermameter syow-capadapor frectonating ‘lume stu of mecbie Matas teat (as aceiver | cit water | iste Sublimation A substance changes directly from solid to vapour on‘heating, without going through the liquid state. The change is called sublimation, This method is used to separate two solids, only one of which can sublime, e.g, iodine and sand mixture, Substances that sublime include dry ice, anhydrous iron (Ml) chloride, anhydrous aluminium chloride and some ammonium salts. Adsorption ~ take Ww sometining ow erly ‘aid water evaporating bac oy black shy sbnao of aine Vilt odine vapour isture of one suvface To separate gas or solid impurities from a mixture. e.g, removal of coloured impurities in brown sugar using activated carbon, page953 Chemistry ay Me ie 11, Chromatography To separate solutes (even just traces) in a solution. te e.g. dyes in black ink, breil! 7 — separaction eth pape [ese ~ puvitication cae ~ denti€icotion ! ‘ota tr) ‘Testing the purity of substances chromatogram, 1, Determination of melting point 28 A pure solid has a definite melting point, It JIL thermometer melts sharply within a small temperature range, g 4 The presence of impurities lowers the melting a point, The impure solid melts over a wide range Cee of temperature [rubber bana Jh25 An ice-salt mixture has a lower melting point |_— malting polnt tube than pure ice. |{— test sempie }— parattn ot 28 The melting point of a solid is determined as shown; 2. Determination of boiling point 25 The boiling point of a pure liquid is definite and it depends on atmospheric pressure. Higher pressure increases the boiling point, 8 The presence of dissolved impurities raises the boiling point of a liquid, 4k 28 Addition of salt to pure water increases the boiling point of water. 25 The boiling point of a liquid is determined as shown: emometer water ou hot waterbath fammaie sais snsounpig ft Wanmabie gas condoned) ‘page 105:3 Chemistry yr D. Physical and chemical properties 1. L 2 Physieal properties Physical properties are properties of a substance which can be determined without chemically changing the properties. Example include: appearance, colour and state odour (smell) hardness density solubility melting point boiling point conductivity RRERRRRR Chemical properties 45 Chemical properties are properties that involve the formation of new substances. 46 When magnesium burns in oxygen, a new substance is formed. Burning in oxygen is a chemical property of magnesium. Physical and chemical changes Physical change Physical change does not involve the formation of new substances, ~' Some of physical properties may change, Chemical change Chemical change is a change in which one or more new substances are formed. page 11