= a ea oo EMBEDDED SYSTEM (15 Ec. Weak Popes D ‘What is an lid ieita soMeN eH SS (3-S- BALATE Lin andi ey i on ‘hotel mechani designed t - rae ae 8 ad ica combinabion cy bith hardavase and mies waht). — Lic wigu, and the hatdwwate 4 well ad the finnware ic highly g eatited 5 the application domain lke iantes, telecommunicalion, madical equipment» industsial cont vl, Conuumer poses ate. Tretia Gol mp Sple General Rapose Cmptig SY tmbeddod Syston 1) A systin which ica Combination o D) A syslom which isa combinakion ) a special purpase Jardwove and embody) hoddwadt gda genial pipe os fr executing a specific set o Opeatng st a executing a vaiely applications ah applications. Qo cain i 1 Purpose out ogi ete) | ed aw ce the ended aysin |? Applications Ae altesable 0° is pre progrannen i wable| programaale by the Wie “4 MY) Applistiom ~4 ic. vequinermenls A) Performance js the hey see bike, perfprmane per reguivonsal, fortor In the selection a ysl manor eucge tte the kay | aang Foal te Batter iding actors: 3 Ee atte dona | £08 ot pile toni ache saying junds suppnited veduced operat power rpulre ments, byte hardware. ond the operating aie for diferent lel d) power i . yao fine requivonont highly 8) Rape regrets are not catia pr Bae ventain cali90”4 Hime. critical, ombedded ayslora (ike mtston entical upton , \ ®Freiution Behavior ic dteominictic Gevaiak, Repose poling ai. for catain types 6} om 1) Weed not be daterministic n trys like ard Real time! execution behaviour syplene: ry) ig es, jpaterte Paves, bst,| 9) Differentiating pata: Speed, coat ja) Run icabiona mown | ee aipaseonpeeiil Or Camumunanl ee cea fly yoo | rp }7yo~ lo) End- user programmable 1) Reapomne reguironinls ove rot ea : timer aritial- vatiour ic dleberminitic! 12) Exegubion behasiou® te to) Nat end caer prgroron bl mayor 1) Response Fire requirement I=Aeene} yol critical. 2) Exewution fe rok diferminis- Classifcation Seed Syria Ebel yplina con be clwified 'n? fad Soa ged inl type Tage 2. Bawea on Complexity 0” formance 04 Based rm sp SE bas oF 4, Booed o biggest | Based _m Goneration —() Ft Gomalion, L, Bhit mtcropnassors “kn B08S and 780 and bit ric controll WOE ied 5 built carly embedded ays: : > Sinple hardwoate avout with fre? pe doreloped in cosembly code Digital telephone pode, Stepper motor Conbo) unib ef: uiremenly Example - 6. ti) opondl fjonstabion_ > |b bit iemprouse® Sor Whit rice controllers were uned by built imbedded ie il sat [cont wll Frytruction Spiele muuch more canplt and > To prraasors/ Pes and alsoExample Dale jain (ii) Ting Goneaion ypisition Sysling, — CADA expshinas L-> with advances in fedno logy, jure ent ya aa a dink pllta Uke DiPcand oy app heation and demain Wpgeifte pmonor y ee ree geretng sys |, The Instruction sok oh proses hocame more lonplx and powerpel and the contepl ch instruction pipelining hor aloo ouolved- L>Proomsor like Tatel Portivm » Motorola bek gained attention in high porformance | ent requirement. 7 Example Lolotin, Media, Tidustsial procs control, networking eke (W) | Fourth Generation Du fourth qauation embedded aygtoma ave mati) Jagh peopprman nal tine embedded aperating ape heir sho ar a b> ain 4 Sptins Chips (SoC), rrewonfiqueable procsasors and mulficore procasces ave beinging high per mance, tight ine vation and sriingaozati Info tHe ad? Se > SoC technique inline tad ptm on Hy inlesaab different functional fa with a preuser rt Op et a: _ Srost plant duicu, mobile internet duvide (MID9).de 2 Conspiotin, booed © amply an Pere 7) Soul-scaonbalel wp « > Embedded oylone sich are simple n application rool ond whore the perprmone coquivernants care rok time citial att cate embed pl 2 sucebly builé arvund Lao pexprnarceat tno cot & 7 [6 bit Fon peso [ricrod and may 07 not Contain an gpevating cylin fol joni -7 Exompl. — fn abetronic toy. ®ii) Medium. Scale Srbelded line — fled sysline vhich are tl lac er Cotas) sequivemen ts pl oe th og haa ah <5 medium scale embedded syplins ae uuselly built aavund medium fesemanc, Iow cost U6 or 32 bit rricnprocatrs [micro controll or digital cignal procasis , contain’ an embedded gporating.systin (Uke genaal purpose or goal. time operating ysl) fbr fanctinng- Wt) Large seule tmbedded sys Aystin AL Oa STN GREE eS I & Cy highly Comp or th reguiremunls urdu. thir cali gory. and wed ih mission cnitical applications Load high perprmance- L, Thue systins ade Commonly built around high perform: ante 32 or b4 bit hase prrewsers [tant ols or fiona ae dip agi inulEi- core poocessors and progranmable logic cevicws Bb tonlainia high peafprmance Kaal Tine D rating Syclon (RTOS) for fuk ‘clo natin 3 haan ee Tt clio tntaina mubiple pocasoes/ emntrallers and to-unila [hardwease accelerators er decoding [encoding 4 medd, emploqrpie foretion itmplanentalion and OL examples ir Eloading he roca aequareneels from the ain paso Ae ayn duterministic behaviour 3 Bued 0 > tmbedded ayslona Pased on Betesninistic Jehariour 14 applicable for jak exoculin pohavioer, " pogk-Tine’ appli - Baod cyplicabion 0 begamnistc: ae classified inte ‘Hoad ik can be eit deterministic °” ron, ce K+ Bowed on exceution behaviour, Real fime plone od ‘Coe ceah time spline” oad, time Aysbina Pr Loved om tigging => tmbeddad suplens odich ae "pectin aie core clusifed based Rogotive srplina ton be thr byork triggered or time. tniggened. onthe trigger examples - Industyial Contwol ayplicalions ®Liojor applications areas Enbedlded Exlins eae hos acquired a niw dimension 1% fist i i che A dnc tomputes Tore ait dl La to with i car enter tainmtnt (infotainnatnt) tech A ion ggsttn pason bad "Snot ning ses lath by ‘ls A ipl 208 -> The application areas and the products inthe ombedded domain are listed bolow- — 4 , ws, Washing machine, Rep ; 5 fe sain dss oe : yi Rete dation berm, dosed cireuit Ulvision Camera, fre Ba ue are 4 ae a Sait gene Gagne engine contol, ignition 5* Telecomm ~ Cellalar telephones, teaphone witches, handset toda sppheations tt: 6 Computer poriptale - Rintors, Scanners, fbx machine, ebe- [Computer aborking pins - etna outers, Hille hubs, prowl, ce # Westone Dyer! et dh scanners, EG, €C6 mathines che rnontation - Digitol smuticmeters #gital CPA Faxed, 1 a Dobe jc antly Zers PLC sylansy ote. toe Bankin & Pétail — ful matic pile. machints (atm) and cusverty Counters, pat 4 ls (ro). by. Gord, Reade ~ Povtods, smart nnd vecders, hand fuld dui, oe. Fuspose 4 brbedded Slims - fach an bedded) sagtin | olnigned b sowe the, purpose qo ay a tom bination 4 we plening tooks- Dak dollectim/ Stor | Representation hy. Monitor 2. Data desist 5. (ont ol 3 Data signal) poocasing, 6 Application Spesifc Woe. Titer}ace| Data. fe [Requivernenls 4 oe systins te peor jsition ne fom te So strani th 4 debs lbeie bpala collection is usually done pr ine manipulation and tranamésia, Toliaeade or a (i Dt op all kind =? Date ton be elluh ani Of in mation, URL text, voice , images video, ebvclrical signal and any oho. mensurable quantitiel eee yen y data py hi talleck clata clinectly 7 Gnbedded & nena mechanism converts The analog aoe Ti wi B digital (apd) converte sn us try me gen een P The collected data. gh seh ve Pe ts) ney be donated tanomnitted B Some_ofas syttems 07 oe pa 4 ple or it may be deleted inatonlly after qi ng A nag spdtis diqued for pore for pe teas! appleabona val Ts wed in tortbol ond instoumentation domain , Collacke ‘data and gives a meabis fl fakion Qh the collected data by meane 4 gape 9) 54 ial 9epres atic nguartity ce en data is doleted be run av data covines athe dete collection ym + Pralog, and Di (Kos without storage manory ave typical exany iol aoa anime id inte ved iain ae poithout storage fundt ality. b> Enbaded yet store the tpllected data fo pesing and analigis: St rats 4 built-in [plug-in storage mebery jor stoving the ture dota. ¥ anette ation d) the ollucted data hye visual -n pucdible meant waing di play Uni (LO, LO cle), beeen instruments wih a memory and ton! ving Exanpln ~ "eta patmument © wih ge mam ory wed in fe ae a) P dijifal camera 184 Vie omy enbedded tpt with data may be stored win the ee Troga are ih cee ey nono qu a se bre wet trougha gaphiew, wo 2)| Data Communication — {> Embedded dokn Communication gyplins ave in applcatie ranging oom Complex oxbdllile itt f nde by ey communication cyilana b simple home -P collecte an enbeddad terminal ‘ . came ' ober Some oe pice nl emt Te > The tranamssion is achieued eth. bya wire ling rredlix’ or bya wire ~ las medum- pip. i padi es the ebbnrest men chai? abl oon days and a» technology ic changing, wwe. inediarn hetoning the de-facto standord for Lomrmuritalion in emi Aplin: =P) wwtroliss media apes cheaper Connectivity qplutions and make the Lommurication cause om the hassle Bi binds mane > Pula conde oifhte transmitted by analog rear ov by AG Eiccnp lo - porelus modules ~ Bluetooth , Ag Beer Wi-Fi, EDGE, GPRS He ~» (ortain embedded dyin aly aoa : ie porto ie wording ond sve ceiving pore errs es dota paoketizing encrypting 2” engpng: Network Iubs, yor, switehts, ele. - S toa no mediators in ate omarion and provide veviourpeatire hike’ data security » monitoring 2: (igual) Poousitg:— i iy ab ontities) tollected by embedded dyplns my be ws procs th al ah * S timbadded 2ystin 0! signet Pee Leg apach laing, 8 ie, pn ee se a audio vi ag 0 ein onbidded cyst mployng ingpvoes the haaving capaity A honing ® Gomple- igh eosng « ax Monitoring rage > tmbedded Nae ane specifically Aaigntd ae lie ch Lyn Pie aati je ep ee meted day a Ls hic ted & determine The Abale - Ye Et camel imps ok Se an some variables wing input sensors Eronple - i) Eteotso, cardiogpoun ([Ell)machine Jor munitving the heartbeat a patient: Zt cnet ‘impose donk over the heat bak the sanoors used in ECG an the dijpront electrodes comected te pit a 2) tubedded Piel with monitoring fenctiont he measicting. instruments like Digital y digital rubtimelers, ‘pi analyze wed in Ontol& Insteumantation Appliabiors- eicter Thne ote weed b monitor variable (ike cusvenk, voltede ate - Toy cannot contol the variably $) fontrol — = > Embeddeal syslims with contol functionalities impose ental over some vaviabla ace b changes in inpuk variable. b+ Asyclin with convo! functionality tontaing both senwore ard achialas. L> Sonos are connected ® the input port for cap tring te Changes "” Frjron mortal vonabla op meaguust vasiah la: L> the Actuators connected t the oukput port o3t tontwlled gee the ino variablo te pul an iinpact on te dont olling vasiable im a controlled variable the Apecifed vary. > Beample- fir conditioner syplin is woed Conta] The 0m Enpoolite ony al l (0. ba ee pot re element (snes) Like tarmistr- Td onde ot feneted & centval om mnugh A wirelos link or a uired link tH campresar adkt 00 A ach © controls the current TH cade dutoed Emporatetse, Sot 4 and wathO)) Applicaticr ieee zr cel ta. le Tiber face a ca bi tomar With apphcation dpec, Pa pe one A art goa Erample — vie woe vat Inberface is provided thigh te keypad, graphic LCD modide, syslin spoke, vibolio alekete | Elaments oan Embedded ln Bibeddd Frvennate FPGA /AS cee nico proansor Liontall Ip nb me) pohich ots ante mals bain op teduplor Soc te. ee dint chip controller. Micro conteollet, FPGA, PELC, DSB K requlalca cor, Mi ae ave an duigned fi variable or & rmanipibale sel i duis by bysending tonkl dig oly (6 “he Actuator ecm net i the Yea ‘in ch os bh ip a prided a lonnected le the ee ie aap - . slips: eps, L Led ee mn alactric buzzer he 3 ag commen wor inter jus pratt end wha a ic peopoaible . holding he tanto alae and othe 7 The numory itportant tnfquabon dubai: Be) te4 Regen, nel vali aunilable for the end uaer — The homo: doaing te algorithm oy oh on data he dca fe - is Read Only (om) and rs ro Inodifications andl is ticted from wnwantid user ‘interaction. Ge OTP, Prom, UvErkoM, EEPROM and FLASH: aljo Calltdaa Mamcy te Te systim requires tomporary ngs perfprming, ovihmelic aperakions or contol ith cui ae eg en ee hoiaw ype of RHO Uke SRO, DRA, ond NveaM. Depending arha controll application, “he memory S122 May Yer jeuiyts b Sly é ey aT love d the Embedded dplon Tho core the Embeddoal Syslin are clanified in follocng cabtgoriar 1+ Goneral Purpose and. Punain Sedfic Procuskors: I Micropincasors 12 Microcont volley 13. pial Signal. Pease i Sntigialid Civeulo (Aste) 5 jcahion a a ic (PPD ta, Commercial Af - she shelf Com panes 1 Gea Rare and Soin Spee. Pen the Mnicrmprocasors wtic a sili chip veproenting 4 Cortal procsng wait (cPu), which &s capable 4 performing _anith melo an well as logical operations according bo predesjned sok a) inatructiono- > The (Pu containg the prittmatic and Logic Unt (AL, contro! unit and woorblg vogistos. ; 3 Apis diyordenk vail which require ‘he Combination ff of harduoete like mumory, tine unlt y and internapt controle ett pr pp functioning (aots). See ——E a4 PIntel duelyped Ae i wt ne pe pest bnicropn taser uk Intel AG4 g Hbik Paapcer = eh adaka manciry, a[2bit pagram counter and 4K sixtain AbIE gemual perpase sugicters and AG instouctions RAY: Pt works with a clock sped A Thokltz. This wed in Cabeubotors. bin April 19H, ntl tounched first bit, the Intel 8080 with logit addess bu and prgren counter andl coven @bit vagi-sters (0-6, th; Bo Dead HL ae U6 bit vegistey) pei 080 was the mort Commonly wed prousers for industrial contaland oe orbedded application in the (775 Tr Nvtonta aly eedered introduced a cessor-Metovola 6800 with different archite chute and inst ruction a nee t a &080- to Tn (476, Intel ep cane with the aded visind e080, Intel 85S with two new! ‘dled instruction, Tee en tea ae ‘orialT/a. +9 Oleck generator and lua contoolla. cireaily quele built-in ard the powee supply part waa modified bb a single +5¥- supply. 1? dr ily (916, Zilog inbo deed a Z80proesor with the original #08 ae and indtruction cok with an @bit daka hus and albbit addres PE ay two. os index regitan for flexible duign and algo includes 9 move mewinstnetions and He neH Concept of register Lanking bydouhling er the vogister set. b> dt is capable dQ) exeouting all & eratruction GF G08 procs ate baud on Baers arcectade, Conteh apinale b10es, for progam winery and dake memory,» while ao prroeussors an Von- rournann arthitectuse shares A single bao 44. bus for pogrom and dala ymamory- ‘ |, peel Marvardl avchitectote and Von- Neumann architectue are the ‘avo Common hypltin architectoX pr pomuer duign > )| Generod phon Peuwsor (GPP) vs Fae REN ae ba GPP ia pronior duigned for qeasted dompulatioal tasks. example * Penbum [AMD Pthlon eke « ale produ d in Gage yo luna and tangeting the markek pswre 24 the per unit cose fra chip is hw Compared f& ASICS Gt ‘contain faithmatic Fegic Unit (ALU) ancl Control Unit (CU), -L psaps are procusers with architecke and anptructio cel optimised ect fie clomoin/ application weguivermtnle like neburk prowsingy Tote ce media application, digit signal pote control bat pu Ane spectnum bobver GPPs and ASIC. The need for ASIP arises when dhe traditional (PPave arable & most she increasing applicalion need - 15 Lt incorporalis a pwousor d m-chi Noha ale, dumandedl fa application Micwcontwollos dis a highly integralid chip chat containo a CPU; soxatch pad AM, Special ad general purpose registert am on chip Rom / FLASH memory fpr prgrom storageytimer and internat contr! wig and dedicalid To poh It can be coniidised © 09 2 4 set of Micoprcusers 20 it containg all inthe embeddid domain, &, “= i ee noos function Yorks pr indepen worlein > Dis cheap, cost effective and ave readily gunilable inthe market |, Texan Cistrements Tins (000 i consided 44 te overld fort micro contol - > Ts to00 hast 4090, Hbit procascr duign and added done amount RAM, program Aforage rnenory (om and Ljo cupport ma single chp. tehkety which dimiealed —. inulfiple harduale chit fr Se jnctini kr tn 480, Titel. @ hit MicrocontroWx domain, the 8051 ferly which it the hott pepelar and poraer ful micmumtolld. onde The family mcs 54. se ptt mt cx tein al Cm bedded application i” fhe PIC arity iis controls from here chp Frnologies- we ©12 Pp Ttisahyh a : 2 Ti Pepinands KEG mit onli, empl gy eT res’ ; bs the tsbruction sek awehitechite qa micwtortyll can be either RIL a” ase. t) microcontollua are aleined [pr ete ential poapose applicalion cugpiremirt (fo gonad pape ttl) a7 olomain cpecifie applization requirement (pplication pe abe instruction sek proceso”) joroprocucor Wat VS_ Micoocontro lier Pre pace nlerntont ret 1 PSilicanchip smsenting a conbval — | A Morcontnalles isa highly integrated chip thakeontaine a CP, casing unit (pu) wshich is capable a per fpini anithnetic a0 well a alt Ram, special prea sets ee pops ins on PLASH raunto) 0: {ove co itl ) cal oe Ja. Deis a dependent unit y this a tlh contadned at 3 Te equiva fhe tombinationh ott DE chosnlt neguire external pntesrigt chips like timers, rogpeve dakar cont voller, timer UART EtG, porte pnamory, chips, inberrupt tontvol ls, functioning ete. ad functioning. J. Most d) the ime gonal porpase 4. Mostly application evjented in daign am domain Apedfic- 5 Be doesn't tontaing built -0 & Dt Contaira nulla ple bec built To pot To porls- 6- The: J{o port jenctinay pedo 6 Top can be operated a0 a fo implmented pith the hulp qertenal Bor lbor 2bit pot 7% programmable posplusal | co Chips individual port pina: embed dd moskel vO |" a cl hh and market pphee Targeted ‘i i 7 [ave at age k a 1 robso caitical- Ljpntt gash imu oot gf Sree lo power sting eliewt 7 Bia Sia Pets {B5P.) + DSPs are power jal se B/I6] 82 Lit micw procasors Asi Specifically f 4 LE ccatn! 5 ie ard ae tke oubedded audio, video and bomm unications application caevord ommputl goal time cabewablony ke sale pa ane area feat forien Gamefpr™n (FED), Sum dy Product ( SoP) calealatiny Convolution, piccoete. Furien tana fom ete.Q RisC vs “Cls@ — Froeucors / Cont less RISC (Reduced Instruction Sot CISC Clomplex Tnatruction Sot Computing) Computing) Is lecer no-o} inatwuctiona 1. Greeti no-0) inatenctiona 2. Gutmctin pipelingng and increayed 2. Ghenttally ho instruction pebingng leatule execution Speed i Bs Ith artho qoral ing auction so 3 Ath ran-onthogenal iatection Soe fe albws qpsation tobe popomed on vagisterod or munory de penal h beeen feed inst ruction. VY. Tt alllons each trstenction to opera om ome register and we any addvessing mode, 5 A large number 0) wegisters ate 5 Limiled m0 - al pus pose aileble ” we ah gennad perp 6. Pronmer cede kK wnlt mortcede 6 Lurbuctiono ave like macms in fy eve cult a. Yak Since the instructions Cia je ne ckinality with care Simpl. ons asi feieriae Te gpl i ing meres? io jot pean 7. Single, pred length innbruction —°7. Viable. lngth inatauchicna el ‘ili 4 pincount — & Plone ciicon UA inte mo as ciliton usage an fi adda ducodte lee crap tb jmoploment the complex instruction decedii 4. with Hard amohitechae MGI aovie or Vor-Naemant 5 fydhlecboe D) teed ve Von- Neumann Processor / Controle prchitecbne Harvard — anchifectuXe Yn Nexmann_, Ariki tectuae Oy Bn Pinaalon_ Freie Single Shared bus ae I Pere, PaHarvard grrcbite chute Va ae Vo Neumann , ar chtecbite 2. Sepatali buses for instruction and Si haved i i M doth avd bua jr inoteuetion and Ma 13 Eaoier '5 pipeline, So highper formance 3+ Low Lom paved b= a Te ige 4. Deis comparatively high cost 4. Dk ic bow cat. Die, Rerun Abit 5: It allous self, modifying codes bles ie data, homory ond G. Dela mimo Prumony a9 tha ply be id) hay The ne co, ip 17. Thuke 18 ho chances for accidontal 7. Tae is chantes for eeidenfol Corruption 1} program memory. torvuption cb progean mentor. i) Big fidion vs bitte Endion_ Poootor ¢ ontoolleu Endinness Specifies the order in which he data is fore in the memory by prnasor gperation ina tnullipy le siyplim (procators twhoce word Sits i) Little endian mom the lower -ordet byte of tee data ic stored in memory Tattha lowest aadveas , and the higher ordi byle at the high adds > Tu. little end tomas fist Lor example- o,Fbyle, bong integer By? Bye Bylid byled willbe stored inthe Framwory as Shev0” bolo w: ox 20000 (Baye addvess) Que Address tO — Byle Pare Adbestl — Bye 4 | ey 4 | ox20001 (Bue address +) Rye Addest2 pyle 2 |B 6x200 02 (Bae address t2) Rue PMduct3 — Byle 3 oxpo002 (Bose addses + 3) Biey-endion panne thigh soda. byt the dat ic ctored in memory at the lowat adverse ad We lower- orb byte ab the highest address >The by end tomes fr.for cxample, a A byte long integer byl? Bye 2 KL Byid wi cher ny a pl nga Ss Re > Be Adds to Bye | Bue Adda +1 Byte? | Byler Base Pdiros +2 py tet | Byte Bove bddves +3 Byke © 0 Bye 2 | 0x20000 (ure addvess) ox20001 (Bare addrast+D ox2000 2 (Bue addvess-+2) oxdooo3 (Bae address +3) | 9) Load Store Operation and Snstructin Pipelining th RISC prcasor, the memory access vilated cperation owe BNO id odie. eo >I operand i specified 70 raomory location, the content gp it ichaded f avegister wing the _load, instruction. «The instouction stone ches data fim a Apetified ister be 2 Lpecified memory locabion. Load Sore Arehiteckse 40 shonan in pique, =) i V load B2, 4? @ I Le 10 2 ALY ) odd RERVEE — us af leet j 2 | she 23,22 D Ro wotlaolle wy — ac > ard Z AML heations and & add the contents 4) tardy Sapp tn loedon 2. Using te load shre archifeduse!$ achiewed ict RL uth the Content g with A instruction. b> The five inbraction load R4,% brat the. monary location , he second instruction load R2,Y dyntonk of money location y. > The add 23, RA, R2 addo the tontent 4 registers bt and R2. and Soma the moult In register R3. 2 To next instruction store £32. stores th Content of rapist R3 jn mnumory location. © Irado R2 with Thepae intogralia rie Dutnuctin Pipe lining ” re rte overtapped execution inatsuctiono. yohene the hermal exewlim flow Indicalia tb fetch the raxt instruction bs execute, tile decoding and vag execulin A) the dosent inafruction ic tn progress Depending on he slags tnvobied in aan insfuction (fetch, read register and duode , execution instruction, Actes’ an operand in daba memory, toile betck tre volt bb register, e:) there Con be multiple laels o instruction pipe lina ? the boncept A Spatruction jipe bing, br Single siege pipelining Clock pubes | Cock pull | Clnod jpulves ey LPL LLL tycle . machine Machine cyte? Fah (po | V%® Pe tee Oe) Execute (POT Fetch (Pct) | ea Pet | Application Specific Tnlagratad Cirasle (AS1CS) Application Gecific valid Creuite (ASLO) fh ierochip dui epee Spee ole poo suet 4 iped cemonk U5 conventional genesol a pee bie chips tims inte a ingle chip and reduces the systin dwelp- Ibis wed ao monk Cost: Te consumes & very small area in dosigqne a smaller aplins with high cage capabilities special appltation (7) custom fabaicalid te total ayslin and hefpe th the [funclionalitier Pe pricaltd +> Je can be a Ee a ge a ve-uoable ‘building Bock: dbrary a by wing he ae pr ratio customer application.Ly psic baved syilim axe profitable roductionn whe its le 4 Ag toler Garmcal ee requires anon vefurclble hribial fr he proms technology and Configuration ae a aN confi qu apense ic a one-time Investment aloo called ao Non Recuvwna tngincor' Charge (nee) fuel op df itic borne bya third par > ABIC is reforsud ao Application Specific ‘standard ‘Product (Asse) is made sporty hs in the ket markol: cp MSP is marketed be multiple customers al duck fut ta smaller n0-c) Customers moe cif opt. Example — ADE TI60 Energy mobre ASIC Aavelopedby alg bes pr Frgiammable Logie Devices — erp rete cpplicelions. ~> Logie dwica povide speetpic fretione , including dwice le dwiee interfacing data lommunication, dh ceasing, data display, tining and contvol operations, and other poncho a syn rust pr rm. > Dr canbe classified inf two caltgries - fired and poo garrabie ic dice. > fixed logic doview ae civoul hs which cannot be changed They perpen 28 n one rmonagectored , se cannot be changed Ls Ronrammabl, logic Aiea (LDS «ide range 4 lic. opal, bry A oo vollage oe fe and date ae om ong. me cit oy Lena) he. opti smnned in U6 2 AUICL phute it bases A eo quickly pega lp, Snel a a thr wilh anon and fixed logic feo pe! Ls Gp will be mod for poole typing the same PLD ag the final puch aa a network a DSL odin, ducti L ipmont in 1D ply ord oe hid or" Aylin.Ls No NRE cosls and -final dwign iS completed much Wi than hat Da custom, erg hdl” i 1 pemelp dherat 0) using PLDs, dusing ‘the desi ee Yorsea iy as alten as adh, Migs Ly Pls ale ee ae ae rnemony technology 2 change he Aan, He dejite I imply repeogpammed- CPLDs_ and FPGAs “We major types types of Boge caromrable, loge dovices are fidd Programmable Gabe teva Nera io Conpler Frogrammable Logic Deviets (CPLPS) bs FPG pe hers the highest Amount logie donsity, the most fates, and the highust peojermanct. 1? Ok abo features guchas built-in. hardwoived procasors ( — TBM Rower py eet arnaunks d memory, clock enk Suppost an pe -b- device signal tml es on L> FPGAs ave ewe tn a wide ey 4 cabins vanging Som data procssng and Soeges & instru jong eae jor, and digital signal preacing. 1? Ce ase expecially popular ing ASIC duigns whee the dosignes can te ie me id dig. by + ade I ka into an ites ex period ch ea OP pb ii a ea OE fiin pb ++ CALDs ee much ‘shill ar OB about (0,000 gab. lable ine) a a itis ideal for Ld apr Bale hr applications Beomple - Xilinx tes tamer™ nequite extremely low amounli. proex Pa. veoy inexpowuive ; and @\ ie mobile phone and Ly DL is ideal & coat. senoitive, bale Sa a a ; oe ers wustomers much more footy dusing the deaign cycle. 2) beta sequive lang raat lad Himes fer pols types or production is 3) B donot require cuttomers poy for lage NRE costs and purchase expensive mask sets Oe colt bm re Bd sar st ier plate dite be Me “penelea le. ment is bi Commi | zy pees fed est ae ae wed ‘a0- aa aa in such away existing syslie bo ct is a b&b x eooy integeation ard inkeropesability. 10 Compment > & moy be anit around a general purpose oF domain specif{e aso or an ion sfaje olgut circuit or a preomrnable Logie device. Ly The major advantage is tat thy ave weatlily availeble inthe mavkely am totatt and a developer can cuk down his [her development time ba extent. > It reduc te time b marke yur embedded systems & ~~ ee ag Lin module auaibble pe various tures like ‘WT Znet, ‘Fresca’, D re eke = bi hardware unit ave wemole te cont ltd H tonton] nibs Incbudlng the RE circuit wt, “hig hb frequency mies wave oF 40 Peak ADG re ard components eloctoories (2- ae ation ak very hig high ay lect optic IR imaging 20H ara Nie uy] Ie Dokeckrrs. ep Lt vomnectivity 16 the ayslin > Network in module gives dasa : OF sip 1 al ho nied (6 design and voile the oohich p (ap poocol and cata ‘tranaf0r. t rea fr the T ®ae wonders supply | Cote for the same apption Hanlon pie Blas ait the end wer tte ae a. cand inn facing te major cbonback Com wsed in erbedoad is that Manufoctuter- Athi COTS vornpanent ray via es ov dicéontinue ‘he gprrduction when there is a tapi lors occur. and it, adversely affects a ered inl pte 4 embed aykent > Tican important part cusor | conta > Prous (eno as ds: page ce pein | on-chip memory - Loca rok. cntin ony enioy, iit the ip and oops tbe Connected with nila [pecs be ee Shi t “Ge Qf chap memer led dala i) Read Only Mereny (Ror) (x) Rograr Stage Marty Pee (ody, Atorage ‘moray d} 0” enbeMled syster chores the La ebvine i tontoiz een after tue power Bibs tuaned dp. tis Kroon go pon- vee volatile numor'- 1 , . js Ty ove classified in the fpusning. types duparding on the felafcation, ereuing and) pragrarnengy ® imaokedeon (MOND — ogtsa me ti lie Avice. Oe ener hardwi Atechno sin dal ti eet in Bik storage rien pl inc is armed by nao king and mutallisation prowas atthe timed, porduction per dota. povided by ond woe > Tepe advantage 55 low Coat pr high volume producer Psy Or hoot ae type fy slid able mney. 22'Tha linktabion 16 the inability ' modify the device firmunse against Homie (3) pandlss-j Pier muchani(me o3l wed fr te rasking, procas Gh tae_ KOM, lke \) Creation chan enhancement or dapltion pode bemniie.| tanned implant 2) em the momory ch either wing a standatdl trawittr pee Yoalld toate Fart re ral, The supply wllage wepived bb tom OW the Aravoistor’ ig abawe the normal Kom Ic qperating allege: <> Ieonaomn pat the tranistor aluys OFF and he premory tall 8 dents (oTP) aban, lg Gi) Programmable Read Orly Memory (Peon) / Ona Tne One Tne Prpanabe ery 9 One Tine fogetn Menor (ow) o7 | Peom fs am it not prepopammmed by the mnanafectur Te ic suponoible tr progiamsing the dale — Ok hus non wires amanged ina mabiix» Decay be foncionally viewed “ fet mci prdacin onda ng OP is a itis oot goluim and the code if finalited- > Ge canmat be vepngye med : — Programmer ran selectively burning the fue according jE Be be sto ek oe + blu / burned repens a logic "4" whee ale burned repre alogic " is aptali IS logic “3 ST (Git) Eran _| Era Po a Read one ee ares es it ba on fe poe > re stoves he bit infomation 9 oharging he floating ing Pi te be ape cf J en ante ae the steel information ; te UVa Cah der ora fied een 490 4 9 40 be 0 renulia , oe momo will be evaed- yi a tite amant pres fue inthe dupeloprant on FET. adkis ate(wv) Electrically Exaoable Pogiamrable keod Ik . only Menai c - fe altered by wing cacbrcal tinal a (EP - Shean be exaved and wp a rejister/ Syle lua induce a chij etl in-cirewit whue ie the chi Le vill pe odin, and aN sano inn orn pce oe ees es ign (me il “ (hf keels) alee FLAsH > Gis tte lata Rand mat popular Kom techve Db tombinw the ve-pngra TT Rai standard ROMS. pogeeney q e and the high capacly 4 ~ kis onpprised ge goctors (bhockdor pages Bh fre. inoatin in a array of foeng A) md SF T Tacs b? The everosing 4 monary On be dont af "Uf ded on pegs vel without affecting the oth. Socloss 7 page bach sector pag dod be ered ne. prog annaing- The typicat emsable canuty 4 Fest 1000 cy Read Wrilé Imemory Randorn Aecers Mena (at) Li Jp ic the. dale or working nur Gt, dnboller [pra e807 ohne, # con Contras Powussors an vee os wll prmit- <5 This volatile mom when the pec tuned llthe, Colin ok datroyed- L, rant tsa direct access mamo ry which isin contract be We Seguanticl Aecets he dysived memory bocation is accessed bi eitno traversing svigha ‘tet nilted Ptomory (saa), whe Oe aah Meee NY ox throug 5 at ic csified inl Cac. am (sx014), Pyrande: Rit fee (opAM) and non wplaile RAM (uve). > Read] urateban WSR. hurd he tramictorc mumory coll and two capabilitin Bit tine B\ Git) Dypemie, RAN » he disadyontaya L cans fakin epeaton de santas. ins (orig 37 AD add aera Word tn = fr reading the dds the. Word bie 4 a te major limitationa 4 SK ‘stor dat, inthe pong Merge Static RAM (SRAM) Ly Tt be i ata the date. in the frm voltage Ty a5e made uy dip. Hops botic che fastat formed. RAM qual jaila ble. fe cull" ic wealised ming six tranolctors (or SMOSFETS. gas wed for building the latch (Sdp- fr sntvbing the oA aoa fy ouls tive network ing and guitehing pennies SRAM Coll Read, gRpM cell inplonentaton 5 pitline’ ne [rent a Conkol eo , Data = nee wobich tonkrola the access Gransiston lin te bit nee B &B\. inveFtia with de, mamory ol epg a et te il ae (att word tra High) acer boy B andl B\ BE panict tama tn Teese ie "pate mae al and high tosk- and a rade “pA wpa ole som pasecl SRAM lake dy with AM ase low capactty meas ty Tim, stoned aa chaige Tt gels Is infos ‘A b& berelhed portodlically fi, @) time and b prevent “hisDLAIN CL implementation ee Bitline B ey at Tote Ls Grecia cireuils calleol DRAM controls ate used forthe han i ae > The refresh operation is done pentcdically in milli seconds inkewvab. Ly the MOSFET acts 20 he gal porte incoming and outgoing dala. whe ab the capacttor acts as the” bit storage unit. Comparison SRAM coll vic DROW ell DRAM coll SRAM ll DRAM (- mode up 6 cmos tromisfors (MOPED | Made up of a MOSFET anda Capacity « Doeantt vegulire nepouking 2. Roypliras vs 5 Low capatity (ess olirse) 3. Highly capacity Highly dave) 4. More exponaive 2 4. Les expel 5 Fook ingperation. Typical Actes 5. low In qparation du to mefoeh time i¢ (ono eguivermints Topica aceess time 6 oo peoatin és purmtion an NVeAM — (on-wolatile Kam ic a random access momo with battery ackup- SE via Sakic RH boyed memory and @ minullé ny fpr proving Supply b the memory inthe absence of ta external prver supply. = The mumorg and batter are packed tbgelhir. ina ingle pach dic wed is the non-tlatile storage 4 vanltso) eae oe th po } ie is ones around CogentMenary according dpe Te Be hye op Titer - L> The interface J} mumony a pc il een ndbidiy tke a poll interject (rhute data dinus G (00-01) iran SbiF me proses lontrells will be connected ty DO-D7 A the muntry), Gr) Co cine sesibl interface). “he interface may be aserial interface like Z°Cy, SPL (240 line sates whe’ Srandeb ine, Bal no SPT cltie inthe ays) > Je can albe a single juine interonnection (1-Wire inlerfpe) Ly Seal tuber face is Comm only owed for data storage name Uke EEPROM. phe ope a ity Ran aedial mamory ws asually expressed interne a kilobib 0 a paral interface mennory is expressed interno dp kiloby Exanple- Atowl PTLNCHIZ has sotial memory with Capacity, 5 kilobib and ‘wire interface Memory Shadowing Ly Donal the execution ofa prgram OY a configuration froma Read bly om) is vey Alo fod 260m) Compated b= the execution fom radon access monary ("20 Tons) |, Kamaccess ts about thee times ad jot, ay ROM access- p> Shadowing memory tc a technique adoplid fp solve the execution sped problem "in proaus « baned syptins P dn loingute syslina, jpae ‘nillbe a confiqueation holding Kom called Baoic Spee O1 Conggunation rom (on) Sinply AIDS. BIOS shme dhe hardware confiqusadtion information ike the address signal ausigned fpr veniow soial ports and ron plug ‘n play olevies etc. > Ibic vexd eperation and the aaplin is confi qured ace bp it desing tan boot This time Conduit | P te an rhs holed a kam Behind he ical layer BIOS at isan caletvas aoa shadow hk the B108 ond the firt ic Bi copy the B08 & ite prolacting the 70M When clxabling the BIDS ding , during the book up- {ee mi i peer -ll be auceased maka neat acest7 fora en. Rem is volatile and it cannot ho configuration ich | fF ‘apiedfrom 105 whon he pasoriyply Es switched Af. Onlya om can fold te @& pomarerk ly.Memory Selection, for Enbedded Syelins PEnbelded Lustoms vequire a program mueme olds o as, data r eel ding tak exeution, ot bs tling mo Wiebe Gar wie. nodlif able. by, the. applica ng ron- vottvolaile hich "ab nal ole be he we ai )pograin riomeny ushichis non-velabile mp ea se weed no ae mn Lash /E ee ast fEeRONY/NveAM) 1c cependint on the type oft Finbedded ip i oe a} ping SoC o @ micrncontnlla. sith on-chip Ral ard Kom Cl leak ey a onthe application | peody “tae on- chip neh Oe Da be ant for'dv Y nn he ere +> Pic anole thumb, “antl fe Aplin set paved om te ed porte, dow ™ ee dacisin on nit the dn chi mero nk or external memory is requ Feomple - a simple dechrvic toy duign vdiug, a he amply egsrenee are ws and data memon ciremont ost, wchetdiet. a Microeont olla. pith a few bys 5 ae ed internal Bethea feu Re ah Plast and 4 fe ah. cEPROM Is owed for duigng apie ce which “tt Tlo and memory require contain arnt) A PIC microcont” ments Cah be Se the imi is is SMe ina spon volatile etre. — Lam sed ae non- Com ty During The ei 9 te duit , a "ps "Es sopicd a detom prused ihre ne Inmory imate. onthe run time pan KAM ie MHA for execution. a Supp! e ee ee rnugh and pane monary Hegroma pr the Rl{ u L 4 i ob the bam EEPROM te tke 512 G6, 1k hit, 2k bib, hy ott Menor chips Danes in wandald Siw Uke 572 Lh , (024 bylay 2ong byle, (2 kilo by) , Lake, Bkb, lok enh Lagan 512kb, lor" Kb (t mage byla)ete , O56 Dh tase Meybedded syslon req requires sly 7 boli Kath, Hae is no i a rome’ chip vst size 4 75D ei okt he Sip whe foe cl etc wv see poh eng ena 1 it The bateption echile 7D Bi yh 1 yw ae Wy A byl sat Padriemuon So in the populos choice cp Kom UY nutnidy) andis a a rumor fpangcon earl ak a apes solid eh OR: technology por mobile ae duics and oti Consumer applicalt Te haa too types INAND FLASH and Tk FLASH rao FLASH 1s.a high domity botocost hon-valatile tr Nok FLASH is lus duve 4 slightly expensive ad ibe he Eyeute in Place (XZP) technique for program execution nm BOM The IP ae a the execution he rey itself lino POM. Wend Flash chat, ypert med fed toring progsam Code a DRAM Gan be ee “dg efor even exe Sly gi and 2 XIP mndit fe gs memory fpr Dpotloader on Stoing om plle. pregrewn aod ae dala ator Ps srl ao eel aval ene a Us poe [robo ‘phe dai ‘al ‘inkerjace data eit A ‘and re ‘ ant haw havea seunl EEPROM chip adssas Ths tofat lary Lhe sat - f ye expres ed in bibor kilobia ©ol SENSORS AND ACTUATORS Sensors A Soncov isa tranducer device that converts energy from one fovm 6 another fpr ang measuvement 6% contwol purpose. Petuators Actuator lea form oh transducer device (mechanical ov electrical) which, pruents ae 6 corresponding piegieal action (motion). It acts as an The, Ho Subsystem The Lo Subeystem J the embedded syetem peeilties the intevachion 4 the embedded system with the oxtesnal world actuators tonnected It ic the interaction happens ‘through tthe Sensors and fo the thpuk and output ports igen eee > The senmors pot be direct inter] behe ? it ports, instead they may i algnal conditioning arc] ae bo inber faced through translating like ADC, oplocouplers, eee & fF Gitams,\ Saas, 20d, Actual mage Ort oe Hp. aie af vest “ie interaction 2 embaddad systems al werk world. with extern Lig iT EMITTING DIODE (Lev) es > LEDis an hag aiee output dotice for views indication nn embedded cystem : Loe gan be daed aa an indicator fpr the gtatus dj various signals ov signal exam plat — “Device ONS ‘pottery lew or ‘Charging battery sn! embedded clovicet. 4 diode wheve iE contains an anode anda cathode. —p risa pn Junction liode > ‘he LED inkrieing cenit eh ¥ Te anode terminal chould be Connected to ve terminal db the supply volkage and R % cathode terminal. should be Comected te -ve tesminal df the supply voltage * he cursent flowin through the LED must bo limited t a vide below the maximnen cursent. thak it can cond uct: x fr maistor ic used in sovties between the the cursent theough the LED. power supply and the LED fe lindtLEDs can be’ inter] te he = bis in 2 ce ue pe eli +? Tnthe fret methods the anode is divectly co ected te Eel and ee pin dives the LED. er a we le * Thihis approach, the t pin ‘gources' current & the LED. the port pin is ak lage High (logics eae =p nthe Second method, the cathode dire LEP is connected tothe port pin dsinet G3 the cathenete yo cusor/eontrollin and the anode bo the cupply voltage through a cusrent limiting resistor. * She LED is turned oN whan the port pin is ak Logie ‘Low! Qogic '01)- tere the port pin ‘inks’ cuvsent. [Te saent, LED Display — Dic an cukpuk dovice displays S alpha numeric chamaclers- bE contains tong ea at ie a ipa special {port pose wed tor citplayi alpha numeric characters amd Lis wed fpr ctecimmed seprecenting ‘decimal, peint’ in decimal | humber clisplay- 7 “itis po Bee sire : low cest embedded applications Tepe =e pe Tole | tite, ruc teiphone Col Piglay monitosing devices, point 3 — «| 4 Je racer gale terminal, ete DP >The LED saqments orf named hts G and the docimalpoint LED gegment ic named ao DP. OE shouldbe lit accordingly bo display numbers and chavackers. = for example ~ fr displaying the number 4, the segments 5G,B and C awe lit: > Ptl thae & LED segments neod ban connect ane port A the wcsot /pont voller dheplayi a numeric digits. P ie F aptot "doiiduvation = Cmbran ove and > Jeic available in 2 Common lathode-2 = te Common anode Ctonh oe . cathode con figuration cathode line. Opto couplor > Irie a solid stale dove > IE combines an LED and a (pockage)- Jlo Tnterfae Lob is used fr suppressing connected Common! the & LE segments shave a Common | circuit isolation, high voliag Common Coftodle LED Display Common Anode Leo DP GF € DCBA Display ttt ¥ RE Ee Ss bDeBA 2, dl vation, the anodu dine © segments whore ar inthe Common te icolalg two ports Ga circuit. & photo tramistor ina single owing ‘hn epeupin die. inkesjenence ip data Communication, 2 separation, simubkaneous separation | and sig nal inkers fication, ele. ut eiseulls ov in outpul coeila. une can be cused in eithes inp' ireuit and oubpub circuit dan 7 Oplocoup! | gris wed tp isola ce input ciroot | embedded system with a micsoconkaoller a4 the egstim wre. | Voe Opte couplt —__—!_— * le mc12M. mn Opts coupler “| AT8qC51 Ie mct2M eee | __} 1 Post pin <<] | LED 2p I | wlerpee | TS f [Prot tranoitoy Oplsteuplen in Shpu ard Output area: Fert pin Phots- transistor, aaa aeerey an olectso- mechanical clevice which comlaine a velay coil made ingulled wine ma metalcore anda motal armature | with one or more contacts ~ Tacks as dynamic path selectors fpr signals and power 7G works on ebickrmagnetic principle . lohen a volkage is applied t hel Bi a the relay coil, currents flows through the coil, which gent magnetic field > The magnetic fjeld attracts the armature tore and move the conlack poink. es) wont ch the contact point ‘ a Q oo pe Changes the power/signal flow Relow ton fiquretions, In Keome Single Pole Single row wore a7 ne Sngle Fale Srgle ingle pole Single Single pole double throw a throw, throw r i normally Gpen. 6. Relay eal” oy i encagised) > The Single Pole Single Treow conkiqusation hao only one path be Information ‘flow ‘The path is either epen or dlosed in normal. i Condition. > For Single Blo Double Throw relay, there are two paths ker information flow ond they are selected by energising o de-enerising the relay. Truistiy based Relay diving creat “ee te is non controlled wing” [iy ian me eat! connected t6 q es | post pin R the poocessor /tonkaolles. L> P tnamictor 1s used for building |-the deiver civauit. i ae iepA free_whelng diode Te uned for [oud wheolb = pea eae Mat he ey a Bt dandiefnd ‘Ekternal Driving piezo buzzer! supports the generation 4, ditforent toner. The tere can be varied by applying a variable pubbe train te the piezo olectwie buzzer. b> A Piezo buzzer can be dive interfaced te the port pin G the cusor / cont voller usin a Me baoed Ee alt (like incase a Roloy) dependi onthe driving. cuvvent urements. 4 om Reed E ii Push Button Suite, — S Ob te an input duit fl) ban qwiteh Cor haa to confi ss , Push Heo... i SSN ne toa an 2 ; aq cirwit Contact cohen itig pushed or sed. stat and it makes We (ee kee 5th Push 1 Break? confi ration the switch is nosmally in the closed ctale and it breaks the civoult onteevie itis pushed or prased. guaation| 06 {Ste h button i or salt a pe by stays inthe ‘closed! ‘open’ lona ay it ic kept in the pushed stale and it breaks /makes the cirduit Crd tonnection when it is veleaved. ~P Hic wed ao wet and stark switch and pute genciaton. Tic algo wed pe gentating a momentary pulte. Pah button suitch Configurations Vee o , ee Low pulse ; [ “git pute eR q Fert pin gensator cessouf L> ay i ae ae comected te the port pin A the host +> Based on the infenface blw the h button cwitch aad it can genesalt other a ‘HIGH pulse Oro town pubbe-- rt pin the conbaellen, Gornavnicationt INTERFACE ical > kis ascential fpr com ng embedded system “and with the external wr — Com munication nterfce aan be. chaos fred jo ee Cees init cormmanieation tarak PEM 5 1 Dovice [board Con board Communication Interface) Commmuns cation Taterface ii) oduct lel ( Extesnal Communication Interface) => tbe produck ica. comblnalion inbeface of cypent types 4b ma Wel rt beard P08), Compononts Vey ([deview) avranged channel. which intortonnects the yore inter connects 6 20 On board Communication > Te. tommunication within an ambodded ct 7; Ahad 2 nterfeoe like Sauk ntorfpe Uihe I2C) SPL, VART, + wire Parallel bw wie inker}ace- ®7 External Communication Cnterface (Proche i is : (Prduc lel Communicabion Tate is responsi ble data trance, between the embedded ie oth, lps ‘vad © a Ae > Dean be vither a wired olin ine loss ic i ee me ae ora wirelus media and it canbe a Ls Taivaned (Ik), Bluetoth (BT), Wireluc LAN (Wi-FD, Radio frequency coats (RP), GPRS, oe. ae exam plo pr wireless Lommunication inter face. > RS232/Rs-02/ RS-485, USB, Etaank TEE (344 port, Parallel Parts CE-Z. interface, SPO, PemczA , ete, are exampla for wired inberfaces- Onboard Communication Ttefpil > & clean communication channel [buses inkeconne cli? he rw Satpal crit and othe ae sinh Sh ebiethed © st Sree ald Cre E20 Ba > tisa synchsonous bidirectional half duplex (ine directional Communication aka aiven point 4 time) two wise sovial interface bw. 5 wa daeloped by “Phils stmitenductons’ in (9808; [6 poovide an easy 0304 a connection between mmicrapsvenser [microce oo Ue, spin and the poriphual chips in telovision gots. ; > GD comprise A two bua linea ~ @rlal Chook- So and Sorial Pata~SPA. Sch lane ic saapamible pr agenavating cynchvonicabton clock putes ad pA te rreepmeible F transmitting the sealal data acwts daices L120 bus ic a chated bua syslin bb which many number d £2C dwiiee an be connected sohthe it thas aithys. ‘Master’ descr ov Clave’ dei. 2 ‘he Master! davice, te vecponui ble contaolling the communication by initiating | texriratin data trams, necuta yn lation clock pubes > lave’ davicas walt for the channels commands fromthe mmaatey and respond upon swcsiving ‘he Commande: 5 !Maoter’ ahd ‘Slave? Aevicns can aobt ad other Tronomitter or Recoive-T supports 3 difpink volt Standad ride (Bala Yale wi © lovkbitgeee* (loo Kbps), Fast mode (bata vale up's Aovkbitskee oie ae High Speed mode (Data valé upls 3:4 Mbits/xec (3-4 Mbps) Pp The sequence A, operabions ial Gommunicaking with an I? slave device iSMraster. avin pula “te cece dine €t) othe bun 02" HGH) 2) hoster device lls the data line (tba) ‘Low’, When the SCL Lhe Is ak loge Stig’ (teat condition 2) The Mooter duvice senda the address (7bit ox lobit wide) A the ‘clave! duce te vohich it wants tb Communicate over the SDA line 2) Tu Mavtes divice sends the Read ov Write bit (Bit value = 1 Read operations Bik wlio =O Won't operation) accord te the aequivement Stl. 4 ee 1 se. [ Saud, 20 Due eq. SERIAL SDA PRON Slave 2 | _} 12¢ Davie SDA 5 re pu ce oil the acknow! tom the Slave he bus So ih Ed ot 5) The Master dui dovice whose address is sen jon Command ls vial yt oN device with the press master eo 0 di ‘at (Bit value =4) over the SPA line. we. Sending an acknowled) %) enok oat bi, the muster davice cords the Sbitdoba | 6 the a the dave dutice over SPA lines if the mages apesation is writes davice » GHD ste doe cds dat to rovter ever he SPA ne whew the vegusted ration is Rend yom Devior ; Fag em te hme 8 o it aur Pee ee (4) Te mast duvice terminal the tranfe. Swe doce a cation‘ y .* f ae by pulling “the SDA hia vokun Hie clock tine SCL isk logie was? Landiticn)s iis syn bus: and > Tt ita ¥ Sonial 4 Serial Pesipheral interface (EPI) Bue = ahronous Eflvatinal A 7 suas inbroduced rs pur wire serial interface ingle maoter- mull Slave cyclin, wtue devite can be mastes provided the “condition only one master duyice ic active ak any aiven ink d) time Ls Te guquives four signal lina br communication. They ae semester Oat Stove In (Moz): Signal line cxrsying the data from masa —— claws dovice . De'ie aloo Known 20 ‘Clave Input / Stave Pate In (Stlso0) Rites bh Staue Ook (hazs0): Signal line caornyins the dala fromslave er be martes dwice. Ltic alo known 40 Slave Outpt /' “Clave Daka Out (S0/$00) Clook’ (SCH)? Signal tine carrying the lock signals ¥ Slave Soluck 6) : Signal line P slave device colect. fis rosy 2" tite BB ‘signal. [2 Mizso 7 Master Not Saws, e ia ast cesial C€ PEON : - ssl\ Most Slave 2 8s2\\ Mise spe Device SPL, Gus . ‘ > Te most, dwie i ve pn bl generating the clock signal. B clock cigni scleoks the aeguived chue davice aacosting the corresponding slave dovice’s lane select signal “Lon! 2 Tr woke mate principle 4 Cotain épecial shift negicter { the shift copier ic duiee dependant and Hica multiped 8. “hift vegister’ De master and clave davies fx te chla 5 tranomit or receive . Ws Pec -toana micsion A data is fully ot a and conkaina a in Gok jsters holdi those 1qura tions Y ae ae iden 0} Soual ph iphoto hide confi pasate ike outer Fhe duic ‘ohectiln, (baudall. olahicn fot communication, control ete.-~ he Sls veqictor holds the 4 tranamiscion EP i se A. vaoiowus Conditiona Pe => Dusing Tranamission fom he magter te Slane, the daka inthe, master’s chifte gisted ic shifted cuk [8 the MOST pin and Yt enters. the shift register the dow dovice trough the MOST pind the ‘aie dete. Lhe come fine che shift out dab bit rom the seve cade tiff ister enters the shift segister A the mater dpuita through MISO pir. Universal Rsynchonous _ Recuiver “Warenitter (Uap) Ly Sic an aoynchwnous yprm sonal claka tranamision and doesnot oequire a deck si al 'te synchonize the tanamittting ed el necuiving ond br trgnimi sion. : be cthe caial Communication settings (Bowdrati, numberot bitsper bytes aeity, nod} start bits and top bit and How Contsol) for both thanmitter_ and aectiver chovld be sot ao identical. coThe start and stop communication ic indicated ol interting spacial Bits th the data stream while _dodinga bg y, date , sinart bikis added fest and aatop bit ie added atthe onda the Lit stream 1, the ‘start? bit Informs the recaver that a hata > % ic abouk baviive. | he receiver device chaste petting ity Cvecoive bind” 2a per the budrati settings: Ws, TxD? Transmitter Le Rud? Recui ver line > Bh powity 1 enable. Commusication, UART, Tana mitting Javier adds a th (on a Ped bt trem, B= ad nod “icbiteD, enna 6 L she UART Aine pézeiving device calculate the parity athe ike vecetved Gompavea ik with the ived ee bit erm checking. Fa Recsirer discatde the “Chav 4 top! a ‘proity! bit fromthe recoived Bit stra ond ha, rested seiltnta, & a work: Dee hardware hand aking a pr controlling the serial 2Ay] 4: Wire Gkerface tocol. t 42 tach diavice eal >The sequonce ey Te addresses the Gommanicakion « The mater davi dui: Ly Te allows “the power ‘interface ne be The | ft Supports a sing dovicw on the bus: cottaing ot joballly anpaske Unique bebit y thy intemal memory or Nef n) the mooter’ inihates a Read dake] waite data ponte dunce or be he +> Tb ic an asynch Son ; 4 yONOU) hab duplae Commtnization portacel devel, by Maxim Pallas Remiconductr and alto Knownas Pallas 1-wire Lrvare Bus comists a Snale slqmal line Cie) cabled Communi cation and pul he master slave ee ea ao well. te be sent along ‘the signal uive 4-78 De F Stave -2 d-wire dovice SeniabeepRom lL mater and one oF move slawe jentification number ctored within te. i , L the identifier hao avts- an abit Y Code, 048 bit hi er and thoee an Sbit CRC Comp ation fr Communicating witha 1 plac the 1 wire bus. om the fest 66 bik. 4-wire clave 1) The mater dovice conde a ‘Rook 2) We she dovice(’) peconte a Tht ina ond witha “Presence pulre. 2) Te master device sen ty a ROM command ( Gebit adds the Aovice) clan dovice (2) be which ‘te wants tp wit a ve condoa. read [unili. 4unction comand 3 0ead [nite acter Q tne Slave duvice.a it divides a timeslots A 60 bs. The Rese’ pube glots. 7? for starting a tommonicalion, the master axerts the reset pee polling the 1- wire bus ‘Low fpr atleast & time slots (480/49) P The slave cloves weapondle with a ‘Presence’ fue by peli bus ‘Low’ for a minirum 0) 4-time sot (bo}Ls). favallel citorface. - b Ttis normally wed are merory imapped te the host o the system. 1 he host prowssor [controller Q the embedded systen contains a povalicl bus Mand te clwice which supports parallel bus can livectly Connect 6 this bus soptem. Ls The Communi cation though the pavalldl bus -20n diise ig controlled by the Control signal interface fotueen the dice ard “the hort. : pow babes S, : Buvice direction oj cata twans i (thst & eh L sie lina for Read? an 4 be entra ie" Dice, apa wots’ Cont voli +> The dice i¢_ memory mapped rc asiqned Ip it. ‘ , 2 Pn Ries decoder civeuit i wed for generating | en jc within igned cted by he proaucor IC within Be wange assign Vee wh ls de Cait acinar te chip ake tne and ‘reve by the duvice becomes active. @® Tea 13 The Communication over the 1-wire bus is initiated by moster and d occupies S time ing the 1-wire communi cating with penphral dunceg eshich dA nile’. bthe host poocasor and a wange of addres te chip select signalie covrespinding control dine (RD\ and WR) rapectively). proausor andthe cavvesponding intery ab the width of the parallel interfpce ic cletermineel by the data h bus aaa the hat procuiser: It can be Abit, bit, \bbit, =P Te parallel bea interface hw width supported by the dwice chould be some as that 4 the host proves: External Communication Interface Tia wefer bo the different com embedded system 5 Communicale with DREIBAC ond RSNBD ~ Is duueloped up | gr RO 232C (Re commended Standaad numb mm the Electoonic Thostey Ass ‘al communication interface. wised, aoynchrenous Ori Ly aE extends the VART cammunicalion signals jor extern it. tranamiss ion cohort loge the external world. EIA in eoily 19604 represented with voltage rte} ith vollnge potween ~S and ~25¥. i. Gace! and Logic + aw > tn EDA standard , logic (GP je Known ao > Fh support too difgerent typag connectors namely — ee and DB -25825 pin connect”. <> Tk cojinss various Tadhg ond apart fom the Cqranamit” ani Receive signals pr lsgs232 - DBF — apin conneclo® pi? dutailo a- RXD ~ Receive Pin, 8- 5. Ie DTRe Data Terminal Ready, 8 CTS- Chat 65 Sod TRIE Requsst 6 Send, - Pie ves (Cease and corto signala pe Communicakion sa carmanusndcabion —{ he soe thea can read + or walt = Lom o6 the dwice by asserting We L, r 5 +> The Tntervupt line of the duite is tonnected to the internupt line the t ic enabled inthe host processon B2bit or munication channels [owes Caen by He 3, 232, pexsimpevisian C ociation is a legacy, pt duplex, al data communication, ‘0’ ic p dt follows “he ETP standard fb hotucen 13 and 725V and dagie W ic 1—- ped (bata Garvie Dotect), Txo- Tranomit Pin, GNO ~Signal Grounds & PSR: Data Sob Ready, 9- RI -Ring Sadioaley+ Bic a point- be —peink communication i ae ete ae P58 the crite involed in Dae a i Equipment ' (bce). coms Oe @ RXDpin DCE should be connected ts TKD ph ‘ i pei a aa pind DTE and viee vetsa > The control signals ave implemented mali modem Co) ‘cab cal (and come «4 hum may not be eluant ae type des) i 1 The Requast Be Send (ers) and Cleat % Sond (619) signals to ordlinale the Communication hot ween DIE and DCE. > oheneud de DTE has a dota bo sand, tt activates the RTS line and ie the DCE is t6 aceat te data, it activate: te CTS Une. P <> Tae Data Tesmiral Ready (TR) signal ts activaled by DTE whinit ks ready fo occept data. - Te Data Su Ready (PSR) i activated by DCE whan it is wwady fpr eatablishing a Communication dink Te "shoud be In te actinted stale before the activation d B&R. > Te Data Carsier Detect (DCD) contol signal Ic cued by the DCE 6 indicale the DTE thok a lgnal ic’ boing reameal ing ator (9 i wos Pte signal Une for indenting an Indoning tall on the tebphone line. tnivesal Sonal Bua (Use) 3 & ka wird high g serial bus ppr data commenicall > USB 4.0 woo pened i and was created by the USB oe aor members Omneisting 4 qatel, Micioso}t, IBM, Compog.® Digital and Novhem @lecom La un a Bay topology witha seer USB host at ‘the corre and one or more UCB poriphow! dovies (USB hosts camected 1B it 1p USB host aan aupport tonnections up! 27, including glave periphoal device and other USB hosts: ane 0% chown below ~ bs, + the Pin dotaila tha connectors Fin No. in Name tim 7 2 ves m i D+Te stor - eet aS onneotion Fes he Feil fuiphael dovice L USB hott dua (hub) Peps USB host Wie dovice 4 Chub b> The phil connection betwen a USB peripheral device and master dwice ie tablished with a USB cable Lo ® Te UB cable supports communicabion distance 9 up! 5 mule o tu we standatal wes +o difgorent ty Tie A connector at he ende 4) the twee able - ‘ype a! eee is ws pstreann connection (3494) (connection with host) , and “Type oe Lee ia pr Tor downclwean connection ( tomection with slave device > Ut teonomils data in pocket host controller which ic weapons ible pr contolli in including “hea aes with USBS Ra at ee (5B host contains 2 aE dota, tommuricakion , duvicw, packeltai and {prmatt Ae be apy four Spee pes) cat traf ranily- Contr Dtochwnow and is x ‘nt Tm ic wed by USB Zhisa wired, Isock high bpeed cerial Com ication b tig ‘Parpomance oul Baa (41) ae ern ~ Sk supperts per b-peer conection ond pointe - multipoint Communica- tin allowing i = b be connected ‘te bua ina i Beby |, aay ic a wied oval inkenyjace ard it can Support a cable dingth & fee P inkes connection. i La. o i = pple che’s 3a implementation oh (394 poe col be p known oa Frewire. plementation jem Song compotion and Lynx withe rida ie the (39h Im implentaion fom Bxos inatruments. 7 Kb lh igen seb digh Ae Ht sypposts adata vale Aw & 3200 Mbits/sec. tial data tranojes and the interface cable Supports 6-pin connector (alpha connector), L> Jk uses diffore! 3 typos connectors ~ pin Connect0?, 4 Pin Connector (beta connector). Ls tue ate two Ay val data tran lines Aand B por conne chor. Te hdl He NN eee bracrneted Essa p adtern © OD and oe veia. (ncate PE ce for connecting ombedelod é ie, lar Communication interfa , Ganners b duklop Comput duis (tke tran fo and stovage <>tt can diveotty connect a ccannor witha printer and doesnt veguire a host communicating poten he divi. Te data malt supported 4 path is far highs. tan te me sypprsted ba (4g8 20 mnteopce > Te [244 hardware implementation ie tech costlier than WE Inplonontale”:" Hapoel Ta) Sabie a setlal, half daple, dine dh ght bred wireless technology pr data communication between devices: > the vemole tortwl of g TY, VED a, DVD player, ete poorks gn Tnfrared data Communication ioe a > Tt we inpoaved wawa Of the electromagnetic speckourn for tranomitting a d pnultipar HE s nk pain and point - te- sink communication wil all Fup Pete 3 Apo ave within fine Gig * Desuppats a ical communication range & lOom ts dm. and dataralta ing pom 9600 hibfcecond te 16 Mbps 2 The oped A data tranamission IR canbe classified inl — seSorial IR (SIR) ~ aupports tronmission vols ranging fiom Abovhps te N'5-2lgpbe Kpps - x Medium IR (HA) - supports data rakes dy 0-576 ttbps and HB (152. Mops se Fiat De (FIX) ~ Supports dala rales vp AMept © Voy Feat 2 (VET) ~ supports high data ral up ts lentes dbs Teak TR (WETE) ~ supports way hl caters apts (50Mbpe 7 It involve a Faanumitter ae welt tra data ower ER and a rectiVn for vocoiving a y a Lep ic soun h “ Ps ‘ petodliods gots an the weenie? ce ea sme sepa fpr pidirectional data transfor ane Know ae Ls"Tyja-red Pata tsodakon (arp) ithe vegulolory body awaponible fpr and lansing the specifications TR data Communication. La hs tuocuotl ports a phyead ee ae bs wesponsible tha physical tranomission Re het weon, olwitas supating IR Communication ond prot part is oeapouible fr dig thy vulta Commuricalt PEN ntl teeol contains implmentokiow Phupical Lager (P41), Modia fecas Conkrol (MAC), and Lonical Link Cont (LLO a layer, Afinas the physical Chacroctenistica bot munication like Tangps datan 4 poner ele: @ for tranamitter and atthe secotving ee .,le & > TrDA is a popul: interpat plan ienjace pti exchange and data ti j doves. TBH was the ip Feel mmcdioe ae a a Dofpre Blue boothis exiskenee. »5)| Blue tooth, (61) > Blu Blu tooth 1s a Low cost, low power; Short wivelus tech data ond voile Communication. lo war fisct Trad by pa Sitt in 1124. p? Lopenbs at dagiz AR the fale gay ppechrum and uses the read Spe choo Ct HSS fechnigue {0 pr Communication. ree te or i oe ee ie > Tt supports a bps Maa imately 30 fut fr dota ‘onmunztion a cco th has tivo exentiol pasts; a ical link and a peolecel pat, te pica link _Is mo Pre Waa ission 0 daka between pie ing Bluetooth bo art 1S repmbble pring the, ule Op sunt ip se | fal prolecl aback! on J syports_ print print (dete) Liane ceoneitinle rrultiple device predating) ) wise las vant b> De is the fovouilé choice fpr short vange data Communication in handheld onde ‘davies It is the easiest Communication channel bor ranapesin toned» music files picture, media $4 ate betwen neighboesing Bluetooth mal 1 The lane standoad specifics He minimum requirements — Gonaic facets Pole (9 AP) depinus the requirements & oleteckng a bluetooth dwice and “Gatablishing @ vonnection woith ib ¥Soial (he Pa Pople for Sound dite communenbiy file Trarafe Pale (FE br ‘pr fe , tramp Dobueon clovices » Human Tnterface Devite (wzp) for supperting human inkerface dovica like Koyboard and Mouse eke a es Bluslooth tommunication | olefined id and Mie “Blue lioth Special, ler Tntereat Gaup 624).WEEE or Windlass Fcblity — as fethe popola sion Q dovies- Et follows te Tete 802.11 standard booed Communication is ia identitice ina. mullppaint Communication addrws specific cuvives. for dato Communication Ls thie an dP based dommuni cation wohich ts as unique 15 each dice on the nefwoork bo Jf oequive an interrediolk L» Wirelos vowlit is seppond ble autvicking the acecas 6 Tp addserc b devia onthe network , outing the cata pack clavices on The network ‘ 5 wifienalyled clavices tontaina wireless adaptor [Wifi Radto {or traromitting and veiving L» St opal ak a4 btz or 5GHa with omer ISM band doviets like Bluetooth. WE wte dato wales ¥ preeiet (go21 ania and access (mo L> pif Afters a range tov & 300 1 on finds and es Nation jee alin) 7 7? Sra Wi-Fi nutwor, when ile WiFi wadio Wi-ft notwor In 16 Vicinity and liste out the A) the avai lable nokworks- A ~ Pepa voord is equine bb eonect fa pert poboak is Secuvity enabled. ferent ceounity mechanisms like dubation method. Ae > Wi-fi employs di Binary (wer), twivlls Poteced Pec data ‘ormunication © n 7 woiveledé communication technique for networked tommunicak- > Dis wed for not voark communication and it supports itera role ot (22) & each duie Is identified by an SPaddous, called Whi-Ei soulis (wo rvelus accets poink: anotwesk, assigning els bp the intended data in te for of radio seal foough an antenna. r odio apeckoum and they co-exist ing fom subps 150 Mbp« dperdling onthe nding on the peg jc tuned ON, searches the avai lable Govieo St ‘Tdonkifien (SSID? ay cular SSID pif te Wived tqpivalency asc (WPA) ete al securing the2e 7)| ZigBee - Loa ic a low power, low cost wirelus network Lominunitalic ahdgess IEEE 802. 64 - 2006 stanclard Sea Ac b tric low power, low data vale and secu icahie (wiseleas Personal ee Network’ (WPAN, thd ban Yer > Tt support a apbust megh network Containing mmultipla nodir- (ix noboorki Pe aka ror mae el. by pemiting tons 8 . travel trough a nod) different paths & get fom me vod B avo tho.) > I oporolm ot the caliewed bande cy Rado spectrum mainly at god t 428 MHz ond 8600 668.6 Mie. QHo0 6 24e4GiZ, -> Jp suppots on operating daterce a} ple 19D mebre ard a dotarale A 20 6b 260 Kbps ZED zeD (BT al 2 6 —O—8 ze ZR ee Zighoe Coordinator (Re) - DB dt acts ZR aD pot 0} the Rig bee network , eee 6 ° ke Zighee Router (2K) — His ve moible Jos passing Infrae”? ” Teite 15 aromas duite 0 te ce elf isles pas ls dusie (FFD) | Sinn Ed doc (260) Reduced fiction Povice (RFD) — ae jon oli dala communi cation. a End clwice _contanin roo functionality [pr i e talk on with ae nae ios i have the capability b ack oa i fr ‘tram fing data from one device 6 -_ > +9 Zigher is poi arity tasqekin plicaliona aves like home ¢ ind nia 2 ni se 1 eran cont (ect medical pation? tracking, logistic & ascek tracking and somor nofoorks £ active 0. 5 Putomatic. Meter Reading (ame), Smoke dutectors, wheels tele ) yvac contol, heating conten |, light contol, anvivo mental bete. are oxampls pr ap plcabior rahich can inake Woe 0) The Fighee technology @2 Gowsol Wckok Radio Sduiaa(@PRS) — Lo dt ic @ commusication fechppiben ts ~cation network like ny mie P ieee g dala aver a mobile Commun L> Pata tc sonE ad raokets in GPRS communication. The trav itti Ve splits the data ne Coveral welated. packet At-the receivin ae. a tc peoonatructed by combining the weceived dota packels. 7 dt supports mn preovelical maximum twancfer welt 111-2 bop > Tr GPRS Communication, the wadio channel ts concusvently shared befween coveral wexe instead Oh dedicating a gadio channel 2 cellphone uses Ls Gt divide the channel ints & timeelots and traromils data over the owailable thanodl- Proboool. (EP), Pink Prink Proloced (FPP) and LE Supp X25 protocol pr com munications > Tic manly acd for by, robile onabblid embeddad Aoi ces jor data communi —calion ond supprits “he necusary GPRS hardenare ke GPRS made and GPRS. vedio > Irie an ola technology and ic sephoed hy aw gene data Con figuration techniques like EDGE, High Speed Downlink Packot Recess (goPA) ete. which ayes hight hand vidlhe jos Comme: Cali Finbedded Fismwake ed ik (the ontel abet gaa introns on the Lonfiguatig ae hat an it nae dumps in'é the Code (pager? mono of te embedded 1yshin. his an unavidable port embedded ayn. : = Tbe ae vasiow gyoilable dveloping embedded firmwast- nite tpg fo BG iuel languages tke tebe ClCH wang an Snligoltd prank tivivonmert Wad ‘Ines cotaind an editor compile, linker , dagger, inulator aC). @ Write te program in Assombly Linguege wing the inshvuclions supported by applications target pressor [tontaller @ yation2 The inotouction ‘Sek 7 2 And the progiomnee Pe femty be esd cons eae ike enbedded [C44 ly laguage On high Weel languages Le chould be converted inls a procaasor underctardable machine tode before loading it ints the pingram mover wntten in ether a high lavel language te procs 4 vanuesting the jrogeam or pont fantalle.” spect Pacombly code 1 machine veadable bina pode i called “HEX Fle Gweation’, Ls The methoda wood fpr WEX file eovabion’ ic differnt aparding he pingromning techniquus cued > ‘the. poogiain is alten in Embedded Chet wing an IDE, We canss compile included inthe IDE converts beds it ints covvapendin procusa [anki undoutandable HEX fele! + => Te embedded Stffwate clue lopment prowas in aasembly language is tedious ard time Consuming « > fngron ssitten "in high lavel are rot duttloper Aopen dank. Ary grilled pooner tan tro out functionalities wet Aye proper easily 94 it contains netscar'y ‘om mends and] documenta£ian lina: ~ Stic eoay oleh and the overall Watch dog timer, Reset IC lor Passive Greuit), Bayon ~ ok (ov possve dirouit), kt are exampln a cireutb [TCs whith BL asontiol fpr the proper functioning tection Ie| eek Creat +5 eis otcontial & ensure that the doviee ic Jovel cohite the olive is not quovantetd te +6 Ta rut signal brings the internal wogisters systins A te presr exou tion fon the resetvech” othe muok veclor Cah suppor ting boot lander. L, The reset signal can be othr active hig) oration is eyncheonized & be give time P the SOF be’ wide eno tale stants Ls the woset signal be the procuson can be app a a Mordor Raut IC. =p Micamprocasors is dpnt olloas bor wuquint oxternal wwe cist ry RC booed yosok certult- — ® [tontroller. ta known stale and be relocated fs an addres for A or active love. cater nal pasive vaoek cizeuit: fo” iting a Mh nt from Ma tain built-in crouk civeultry. Jica vuistor Capacitor based not gperating ata voltage erali, during oystto ON. Per he difoedt paul ts The frome procasors eanteolls a clock signal te reset puhe tock secillator Abbilise lied at Paoer ON yhaough an vitor and Reiser or xim Dallas). and tray don't out passive, cireutt pr auive high and low aig : The wow width, can be jjusted by changing the veistonce inlue and Capacitance value C- Vee Vee oh % e x R = - SSA F geackepule 3 a ee 3 _me a Ga oe Gnd Re based passive ok cil KC-bawd posive wvsel eivcult jor active high ton figurodiom for active low tonfiquration-Xe ay Ee, er oe {> Ik preren the pocaser/tont ler fom amcnpcted ee whi thay vol aD, eel sei Plage age b the prowser ‘eonblid, controller falls below a “> Tic exsontial ae Dattery nored duis Sine thee athe greater devices chances for ee baltery viltage ts wp below the required Thoeshold. a a oT predictable if the dapply voltage full below ONG be y; ne Fi REE operating voltage Tey load [i situations like cata Ly J folds the pease [ent soll. in wet stalz, when the operating wwbbage fads sb dhe 8 thocshold, until it vise above the thovsheld wl ag cessor [conbroltou Supp built-in brown- out protection devout which morlko» te Supply yaltoge internally and offers coho doesn't nbeqontt. a Wulli-tn Boyar i Drown -ouk potectin Grok Can be inplmented twing external pasine civeatés (07) Super visor IG brown aut pein rut with etre nw bp A boost potion creat ep bonis G, Zou dod and. Tronistor br procs (tot with active low Reet logic- Tho Zoner dtode Dz and Tonictor 8 form the hoot oh ic civeust. Ly he transistor Conducts always whon the supply voltage Ve te + thon thak Te cur” Oh Vee and Vy (g gam wl eo Te transistor tops conducting hon the ‘ Aap wotoge pl. lv the dun 4 Vgc 7 and Vy. oe te Tot with vequived volloge forslling #2. low threshold Ve ee. ie 4 RA, R2y and RB Can be selected based on te eletrical charactenistia (obsolatc maximum tuo ent and voltage makings) the trantistor in vse @) Vee9) Oscillator wnt = Be “PP Micrpsocasor Jiterocontrolter is adigital dove mode wp digital Combinational ond equontiol oireu' be, + a Mares ai qa microoontolla/ mioroprretssor 06 Cues in -cgne sy Se is ae mt the heartbeat ha a ing cohich synchwonises te execution of life. For a living being, the is responsible fer genation Ate beak wohee a0 the oscillator unit Op the embedded exelin ic responsible for qunwiating the precise clock for the pocusor 1> Certain procusors/[vontvolless mtegpalé @ built-in oscillakor unit and simply wire an external ceramic oamator/quart2. Crystal cing the reussby clock &i ~ A oe, e L> Contain clos may not contain a built-in oscillator unit and vequive he clock pulser lo be eet and supplied externally. > Quartz orystal Osclatr gare quailable in the forma, chips and thay ate tan be wed rating the Clock pulaes isBreoh-a-cases, The 9 dk operation of a procaso? ig poimaily pendent an the clock frequency. Ls Te logical civeuila lying insidle the pea always have an vpper Yoeshold value for the maximum Olock ak te oshich the syslim Can run beymd which ‘the austin hetomes unatable and non functional. % Microcontrolle Cxcilater etveuitry wing ny guastx onystal and _guaotZ, : illator F ‘gene onpptal opcillator G y C be tim ic ot pee ppertional bite 2 Tae poo ose want with ae in chock ene 4 ek signal execution Cependd on the accuracy 4 the olocksiqnal To erent hte crystal pseillakor 07 Ceandic gesonator 1s noomally axpressed interme G +7- ppm (Posts per million) &26 A) Real-Time Cock (RTC) > & isa Yystin tomponent —wesponsible iin. tek A information [ike aaa time ibs ect a whe oS 24 hour format, date, month, yea, day Ah the week, ete. 3 oF bes fae euenin the absence d pouer 4 > Ibis qwailable in ICs from di i raptors like Ta Place, tei > RTC a veer microchip. fer holding the time ond dale vdated information an ening? ink sg ae pete. babtesy ell or jnctioning the absence & power Ls pie Chip intesfaced tothe pireacor or cont Wes of the embedded ays. ing agstin based embedded duces ating sales is Cyncnonising the operation Atte 08 tern. ‘ te 08 Keanel by aasenting the inkernupl Line 0) the prowusor/ b> Ie can inter’ contoller ich te RTC intern line ic Comected. Lc 8 Kernel dates the tere” term of the Diteomypt Rogiatt an internupt conkolltr. and the konel can (TLD) number gontralid by Ls One IKG can be aosigned [othe RIC internapt m mecessoouy cpevetons like aystn dale tre updation managing fla, tee ee. ain an RTC Bi ti tick internypt eccurs bo the KIC con be Configured bs intersupt the procusor a pedal interval (or) fo inforsuyt te sor whan the RIC reais veschns A hycified value: (wed a0 on alatm Internyt) 6)| PCB ond! Masive Components ee Laila oko of evry ombedeed 4 an”, PCB ic fabvicalid after all the cpl ond the ie Matin ong ten, "renal datign °s ovealld meen bedded firmale a> , pant gi ee anelpaasive componsnl on board alirg subs ype a> pdtv sip ce te co-wor bol df embedded hardware pris paper | ee ere vequiator 1C ond Spike. eappessor per porte,Watch Dog “Timer — L>f} Watch Dog timer or Simply a watch Ic a handwase timer monitonini 2 frmnane nn “ P ++ latch Oeg fo monitor The firmuate execution and oie the &yslimn procasor [rmicrocontrolle.. whin the program execution hange up. [> ct is bnplemenlid internally cohse it increment or decrements a fee vuming counter with each otk pale and cee a weet signal to mesct the procuior — the Count reaches 200 fora down counting tnatchdog or the highut Count value for an upcaunting watch i de dan pr firmeare, execution Bop Slam clock. nh “Ht oie A Ls Th the watchdog, counter is in the ennbled tale , the ffemuate ca” : a The) before starting whe ve rapier d cae [obmaing wich is guccyptble t& execution hang wp) and The we dog ae Oe We compl cl To malting withinthe maximum count, the count _ h cessor and) peated trnernegis BA ine cd ae , I; me . ae he ie timer i. ae providia i wd] Watchdog times veqhs fr oti ewe te dog timer It tan be pin 9 [> Be The excern oh aa " ie onsen dl are soyisl-