UNIT IV Introduction to landscape architecture. And role of landscaping design in the built environment. Types of natural elements - stones, rocks, pebbles, water forms, plants and vegetation. Elements of interior landscape. INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURI “LAND” means both a place and the people living there. “SCAPE” means “to shape", and also mean association, partnership. Landscape Architecture is the art and science of planning and design of outdoor open spaces, to meet the physical, economic and socio-behavioral needs of the users, respecting and in harmony with the existing contextual natural and manmade environments. Landscape Architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The art of arranging or modifying the features of a landscape, an urban area, etc., for aesthetic or practical reasons. Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of Botany, Horticulture, Fine arts & Architecture, Industrial design, Geology earth sciences, Environmental psychology, Geography and Ecology. Landscape is an essential part of the environment. Landscape, which includes topography, vegetation and associated plants and soil, water bodies, and their spatial configuration, is one of the most visual needs of people. They add that human-nature interactions lead human beings to have contrasting preference on the surrounding landscape and environment because a pleasing landscape can bring mental and physical benefits to people. Landscape architecture covers a huge spectrum, as achieving a balance between the built and natural environments. It requires a multidisciplinary approach involving environmental science, art, ecology and much more, sometimes leading to extraordinary results such as restoring endangered wetlands, securing govemment and other buildings and removing toxins from rainwater. Landscape architecture is a formal process of study, design, and construction by which new landscapes are created to meet the aspirations of the people concerned. It involves framing proper planning projects, more particularly those affected by changes and the badly damaged areas, like for example suburbs, urban, industrial and coastal areas. Landscape architecture is concerned with landscapes of all types both urban and rural, and at all scales from the smallest open space to the whole region. As a result, people enjoy attractively designed gardens, public parks, playgrounds, residential areas, college campuses, shopping centers, golf courses and parkways. Landscape architects design these areas so that they are not only functional but also beautiful and harmonious with the natural environment. They plan the location of buildings, roads, and walkways, as well as the arrangement of flowers, shrubs and trees. A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems, that cool buildings with extra thermal mass and evapo-transpiration. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. There are two types of green roofs based on the depth of growing medium. An intensive roofs, which are thicker and has more than six inches of growing medium and tends to have greater plant variety and diversity, as well as higher weight(heavier), and requires more maintenance. An —_--——_——extensive roof, which are covered in a light layer of vegetation and are lighter than an intensive green roof. No single type of green roof works for all buildings, climates and client needs. Green roofs are categorized as “intensive” or "extensive", based on the depth of growing medium. An extensive roof has Ginches or less of growing medium. It also has lower weight, plant diversity, costs and Maintenance. Energy-efficient landscaping design techniques include: 1. Planting trees for the purpose of providing shade, which reduces cooling costs. 2. Planting or building wind breaks to slow winds near buildings, which reduces heat loss 3. Wall sheltering, where shrubbery or vines are used to create a wind break directly against a wall, landforms as windbreaks What is Interior Landscaping? Interior landscaping is the planning and installation of plants, water features, rocks and other natural elements to create an attractive, relaxing indoor atmosphere. Designers balance elements like color, texture, shape, and light to create ornamental installations that complement a building's layout. When you think of landscaping, you probably think of the outdoors - taking existing land and making changes by adding flowers, plants or various structures to enhance the appearance of an outdoor space. Indoor landscaping, also known as “plantscaping" or “interiorscaping,” does the same thing - but inside. Similar to the great outdoors, indoor environments have plains, angles and horizons that can be altered or enhanced to become a true work of art It's no secret that people find nature to be serene and visually pleasing, so it only makes sense to bring that tranquility inside, Using artistic designs and arrangements of living plants, you can use interior landscaping to create a natural, feel-good environment that appeals to the senses while adding aesthetic value to your space. Next time you walk into an atrium, mall, hotel lobby or office building, look around and notice the decor and greenery displayed. The possibilities are truly endless. Interior landscapes enhance a business’ brand and personality. You can add color and texture to a corporate space with office plants and decorative containers. If you've considered sprucing up your large atrium or lobby, indoor plantings and living walls are great for this type of space. Most people are surprised at how greenery can reimagine a professional space - whether residential, hotel, retail, hospital or office. Function of Interior Landscapes: First and foremost, interior landscapes contribute to the overall aesthetics of a building. Such landscapes work to create natural, pleasant spaces using greenery, color, and light in a man- made environment. The Biophilia hypothesis, or humanity's attraction to nature, plays a substantial role in our desire to bring greenery indoors. Indoor landscapes contribute a variety of health benefits! Green spaces have been proven to reduce stress, improve mood, and increase productivity in the workplace. Most employees spend 90% of their workday indoors, and the air inside buildings can be heavily polluted with mold, chemicals, and carbon dioxide. Interior landscaping improves indoor air quality by releasing oxygen and fittering out harmful pollutants. Incorporating plants shows support for green initiatives and represents a commitment to green building practices. The shift toward environmentally-friendly structures built from sustainable Ss *_omvoaVovus—«_materials has been gaining momentum in recent years. Interior landscaping helps reduce noise levels in open spaces and maintain temperature levels, which reduces energy costs. Types of Interior Landscaping: You'll see interior landscaping in a variety of commercial applications, from restaurants, schools, businesses, and offices to hospitals, lobbies, and atriums. There are lots of ways to integrate plants into your home as well, such as living walls for herbs, small fountains or potted plants in living areas, entryways, on sun porches, and in bathrooms. Interior landscaping is broken down into a few different installation types: Green Gardens/Horticulture: These interior gardens can be made up of trees, shrubs, flowers, herbs or vegetables. They often incorporate a variety of elements, including water features, stonework, seating, and fireplaces. It's important to consider a variety of factors when planning an interior garden, such as humidity, available light, and temperature of the enclosed space. Living Walls/Vertical Gardens: These green installations are planted upright for aesthetic, environmental, or space saving purposes. Living walls started as part of the “green movement” but have solidified their place in modem landscaping, and can contribute to a building’s LEED (Leadership in Environmental Energy and Design) criteria. They often incorporate hydroponics, drip irrigation, climbing plants, and are popular for kitchen herb or vegetable gardens. Vertical gardens are functional, highly customizable and can be tailored to the building's needs or your personal preferences. Waterscaping: Water features are popular for both homes and businesses. These features can be incorporated into other interior landscaping elements, or stand alone as an attractive addition to any building Water features can include pools, fountains, waterfalls, man-made streams, and fish ponds. Soft Landscaping & Hard Landscaping: The term soft landscape; is used by practitioners of landscape design, landscape architecture, and garden design; and gardeners to describe the vegetative materials which are used to improve a landscape by design. The range of soft landscape materials includes each layer of the ecological sequence: aquatic plants, semi-aquatic plants, field layer plants (including grasses and herbaceous plants) shrubs and trees. The corresponding term hard landscape is used to describe construction materials. ROLE OF LANDSCAPING IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: = Planted area cooler in summer = Reduce noise pollution by 50%, = Reduce dust pollution by 66%. = Reduce wind velocity by 63%. >= Cut off 69% sun's heat from the ground = Trees play tremendous role in conditioning environment. = Single tree with large structure and thick foliage: - Produces 4.8 tons of oxygen per day. - Consumes 6 tons of CO2 per day. Extensive greening with trees saves world from global warming, = Functionally suitable trees are essential for all places. As buildings have a direct relationship with their surrounding environment, it is important to consider their effect on each other. A well designed garden will improve not only the outdoor experience of a place, but has significant influence on indoor comfort. Gardens can be designed using similar principles to those applied in architectural design. Making the best use of sun, wind and rainfall to supply the energy and water needs of occupants or user is the ideal outcome. environmentally sensitive, passive solar design Passive solar design refers to use of the sun's energy for heating and cooling of living spaces. Its principles can be applied to both architectural and landscape design, creating user friendly spaces. Passive solar design takes advantage of natural energy characteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun. Passive systems are simple, have few moving parts, and require minimal maintenance and require no mechanical systems. Passive design is practiced worldwide and has been shown to produce buildings with low energy costs, reduced maintenance, and superior comfort Key aspects of passive design include appropriate solar orientation, the use of thermal mass, and appropriate ventilation and placement of key elements such as windows. The most effective designs are based on specific understanding of a site's wind patterns, terrain, vegetation, solar exposure — the key is an effective site appraisal and analysis. The majority of the principles of architectural passive solar design below can be applied to garden design = northern orientation (providing warmth in winter) = opening windows (allowing cross ventilation) = low energy use light bulbs = thermal mass (masonry and water that can store heat energy for extended periods) = thermal chimneys (exhaust hot air on summer evenings) = green or bio walls (positioned on hot westerly walls add a layer of cool vegetation) = rainwater tanks (lessen dependence on public resources and save you money) = composting toilets (to eliminate water use, sewerage costs and create useable organic compost) = grey water re-use (bathroom and laundry water for the garden) Other practical techniques that can be implemented in the garden that will have a significant impact on both indoor and outdoor comfort include = installation of wing walls (vertical exterior wall partitions placed perpendicular to adjoining windows to enhance ventilation through windows) = use of water features positioned under floor length windows in the path of prevailing breeze to facilitate indoor cooling * the creation of cool zones and mini oasis = use of shade structures around buildings to keep the building envelope cool = use of appropriate ‘hard-scape’ materials that don't reflect or absorb heat (such as reconstituted sandstone paving) a= use of green, foliage covered roof and walls = sheltered paths and walkways to create shade Environmental Value: Trees provide a variety of environmental values, including screening of unpleasant odours, absorption of noise and reduction of pollution and temperatures in the cities as described below : - Air Quality : Trees are an efficient and cost-effective way for a community to improve its air quality and reduce pollution. A mature tree absorbs between 120-240 pounds per year of small particles and gases, like carbon dioxide, which are released into the air by automobiles and industries. In addition, a single tree produces nearly three-quarters of the oxygen required for a person; and a canopy of trees in an urban environment can slash smog levels up to 6%. Water Quality : Trees help anchor soil and reduce storm water runoff, saving the high costs of drainage ditches, storm sewers, and other “engineered solutions” to storm water management. A street lined with 32’ tall trees can reduce runoff by almost 327 gallons, allowing cities to install smaller and less expensive water management systems. Reducing runoff also decreases topsoil erosion and the amount of silt and other pollutants washed into streams, rivers and lakes. 2 Lower Heating and Cooling Costs : Trees have demonstrated the ability to reduce heating and cooling costs and counteract the “heat island” effect in urban environments. Urban areas with little vegetation can experience temperatures of up to seven degrees higher than those with tree cover. This translates into significantly higher energy costs to cool buildings. Properly planted trees can cut heating and cooling costs by as much as 12 % and reduce overall power demand. f Reduced Noise Pollution : Noise pollution is an often overlooked problem. Excessive or unwanted sound has negative physical and psychological effects. Noise can come from many sources, especially roads and highways. Trees can play an important role in deadening unwanted noise. Sound waves are absorbed by a tree's leaves, branches, and twigs. Studies suggest that belts of trees 100’ wide and 45’ long can cut highway noise to half. Ecological Value : Plants provide significant values to all sectors of natural environment in cities. The loss of vegetation cover adversely affects the soil, Air & Water balance. One of the major values of plants is improving of urban soil conditions. Urban soils are often buried beneath the sidewalks, streets and buildings. However, a significant portion in many urban areas remain exposed to environmental conditions which helps in improving urban soil conditions by building the Soil with roof system, by checking the loss of surface particles, by increasing the organic material contents in soil and retaining the water for longer period, to increase the ground water table. Soil benefits from trees, as their far reaching roots hold the soil in place, preventing erosion. Trees improve soil quality as their leaf litter makes perfect compost. Some trees, for example acacias, have bacteria living in their roots. The bacteria convert nitrogen from the air into nitrates, which the tree can use to grow and reproduce, whilst the soil is also enriched. — Plants also help to control the extreme fluctuation in temperature and reduction of pollution level in urban atmosphere >Plants have a useful effect upon the climate e.g. a comparison of the temperature difference in summer, between a planted area of urban landscape and built-up central area is likely to be 2-3°C lower with a 5% increase in relative humidity. During the process of photosynthesis all green plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. Primitive plants were responsible for converting the poisonous atmosphere of early Earth into an oxygen-rich atmosphere that supports animal life. Trees help to maintain low levels of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing the greenhouse effect which threatens to make the Earth uncomfortably warm. — Trees provide nest sites for birds. The leafy branches make good hiding places and are difficult for most predators to reach - even non- breeding birds roost in trees at night Health Value : There is mounting evidence that stress and noise have an impact on our physical and psychological health. Trees and vegetation can affect our mood and help relieve stress Economic Value : Trees are a major economic asset to a community, building a positive community image which is a key factor in attracting residents, businesses, and visitors alike. The attractively tree-lined public areas are more desirable than those areas without trees. The landscaped areas enjoy higher occupancy and rental/lease rates than identical properties that lack landscaping. Shelter : The shade of trees is welcomed by man and beast alike, providing essential shelter in the hottest climates. Trees are often used as windbreaks to shelter sensitive crops. Aesthetic Value : Trees provide a variety of aesthetic values and accentuate the architectural design of buildings. For all their values to which a price tag can be attached, trees have one more contribution to make: their beauty and variety of form. Some species are tall and thin, others flat- topped and spreading, leaves come in every shape and size, flowers and fruits are frequently decorative. These qualities make trees ideal for beautifying gardens, cities, and even industrial estates. Planting is much more than a cosmetic treatment to be applied to in different or insensitive architecture and engineering etc. It plays a major role in integrating structure into environment, providing a setting and reducing their visual intrusions within the functional requirement of any single area. Plants are growing, ever changing, interacting organism and plant communities are in a constan state of flux. Plants, whether trees, shrubs, climbers, groundcovers have to be placed at suitable location so that the desired purpose is served. ‘The Benefits of interior Landscapes: Aside from creating beautiful sites, indoor landscaping provides physical and mental health benefits. The reason plants and trees are important to our ecosystem is because they remove carbon dioxide and produce oxygen rich air. Adding plantscapes to your interior enhances your indoor air quality by removing toxins and filtering air. Additionally, plants can save energy by increasing humidity and keeping the air temperature down. Including plants in your office building is extremely beneficial for the effectiveness of your business. It has been proven that being surrounded by nature reduces stress, increases —_-—__productivity, and generates happiness in employees. Research found that patients in hospitals rooms that are exposed to nature recover faster than those who are not! Plants also absorb sound; therefore, background noise in your building can be reduced. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE: The components which are used in a landscape design have a number of qualities or characteristics which need to be considered when trying to achieve the principles of design. These qualities can be controlled by the designer not only in the selection which is made of the components, but also in the way those components are used. These qualities are sometimes referred to as design elements. By applying a mix of the principles and elements used for outdoor plant design, including thoughtful placement and attention to form, texture, color and proportion, you can easily create an invigorating indoor landscape with houseplants, whether you have only a windowsill to work with or an entire light-filled room. 1, Proportion: It's all about scale, Take in the size of your room before you head to the nursery. Choose a plant that fits not only the size of the room but where it's being placed. An excessively large plant can overwhelm a space, while a tiny plant can appear insignificant if placed out of context, The bird-of-paradise in this image appears at home in the room, with its high ceiling and large windows. Tip: Choose a plant that relates to any plants growing just outside the windows for a cohesive look that helps create a connection to the outdoors For a windowsill garden, try a single narrow planter that can hold several small plants (in this case succulents) or a row of small pots at varying heights. Tip: Use a planter or container that captures the water that flows through the drain hole at the base to prevent damage to your windowsill hell ee2. Form: The three-dimensional shape of the plant. Take into consideration the shape of the plant and how that shape fills the space. Examples of different plant forms include weeping, columnar, round, pyramidal and vase shaped. Form is the outline or three-dimensional shape of an object. Tip: Consider the ceiling plane that a plant can create, Here a vase-shaped palm gently arches over a sideboard in the comer. Plants with different forms create different effects 3. Texture: How coarse or fine the plant’s surface looks or feels. Think strappy, fuzzy, spiky or bold and how that texture provides contrast and interest. If you have a long panel of windows, try mixing different foliage textures to help create an interesting passage through the space. Texture refers to the patterning of the components of the landscape: coarse or fine, rough or smooth, etc, Texture is significant when considering scale, particularly in more intimate, smaller areas. There is texture in plants, wood, stone, gravel, and even in water as the wind blows over its surface. Tip: Use pots that are all the same color to help play up the different foliage types. 4, Color: Can be a landscape’s most conspicuous element. Color has the power to pull a landscape together or throw it into chaos. The same holds true for indoor plants and the vessels we put them in. If you're not afraid of color — and there's no need to be — choose a bold shade that echoes a color found elsewhere in the room. In this case the mustard-colored pot echoes the color of the nearby chair. Colour can be used for harmony or contrast. Generally (but not always) designers use contrasting colours sparingly. In general pale, cool colours (blue, green, white, silver and pastel shades) create a relaxing atmosphere in the garden, while hot, vibrant colours (reds, yellows, orange, bright pink) demand attention and subconsciously encourage activity. 4 Different spaces with aferent dominant cofours5. Repetition: The repeated use of elements (plants) to create a pattern or sequence.Applying repetition with respect to houseplants is greatly dictated by a person's individual aesthetic. If your tastes lean toward modern, try filling a windowsill with a row of identical plants for a clean, simple look. a If you're not interested in using the same plant multiple times, you can use plants with a similar form (in this case round) but in varying sizes and textures. It’s less obvious but achieves a similarly pleasing effect 6. Focal point: A plant that demands attention due to its size, color, texture ete. If you have an area of the room that you want to designate as special, in this case a cozy comer with two chairs, try placing a large specimen plant, such as a fiddle leaf fig (ficus lyrata), nearby to draw the viewer in, Tip: A large indoor tree will most likely need lots of natural light, Place the tree near a south-facing window if possible. 7. Balance: Equal plant material on either side of a centerline. Doors and windows present the perfect opportunity for symmetrical plant placement. Identical plants flanking a doorway act not only as a frame for the door but as a link to outside. However, just because a design is asymmetrical doesn't mean it's not balanced, For a more informal or relaxed look, place plants of various sizes on either side of that imaginary centerline. As long as you have approximately the same total plant mass and visual weight on each side, you're good! Tip: Size and shape play an important role here too. A grand entry can accommodate large plants. Line: Line can be either fixed or moving. Examples of fixed lines are borders of paths, fences, walls, the outline of a building, the shape of a statue and the edge of a lawn. Examples of moving lines are the edge of a shadow and the outline of a fast-growing plant. Mass: Mass is the degree of solidity of forms. Heavier, denser or darker foliage will create the effect of greater mass Se‘Mass of plants varies. Some have dense foliage and some more open. Deciduous plants have more mass when in leaf and less mass when leaves drop. Space: Space is the volume defined by physical boundaries such as walls, trees, shrubs, ground surface and the sky or canopy of plants above. Tone: Tone is the relationship between colour, light and texture. Consider that gardens change as shade changes throughout the day. Living elements such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly referred to as gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape. Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water. Human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material objects created and/or installed by humans. Abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions. Softscape Element: Trees, shrubs, and ground cover Plant varieties can create a visually pleasing scene characterized by contrast, proportion, scale, and balance Mulch, grass, or ivy Use ground-cover alternatives to add texture to a garden. For unused sections of the yard, the low-maintenance options of mulch, pine straw, and ivy may be preferred Flower gardens Many homeowners incorporate both perennials and annuals into the garden design. eee reGo——Hardscape Elements: To cater needs not accompanied by soft landscape elements. To provide complimentary effects and to enhance the beauty of soft landscape. Hardscaping allows the erection of man-made landscaping features. Some compensate for large amounts of human traffic that would cause wear on bare earth or grass Based on functions of hardscaping elements, 1. Separating elements Planter box/ Flower pots Fence, walls/ retaining walls 2, Special surfaces Paving 3. Linkages Bridge Steps 4, Furnishings Seating Dustbins Signage Lighting Terraces: ‘Terraces provide a seamless way to turn an unwanted slope into a series of beautiful steps or step gardens. Terracing can be accomplished with landscaping timbers or retaining walls. Walkways, benches, and gazebos: Not only do these elements add architectural detail, but they are often the most used features of a landscape. Walkways, benches, and gazebos are available in a wide variety of designs and materials. Decks and patios: Combined with an outdoor fireplace, a cozy deck or patio is great for entertaining Garden ponds: Self-enclosed systems can include waterfalls, bridges, fountains, and even fish. Lighting: Use spotlights or fixtures to draw attention to particular aspects of both the landscape and the home. Fences: Not only do fences provide security and privacy, they can substantially improve the attractiveness of a landscape. Planter box! Flower pots: The design is determined by the plant used and its surroundings. Drainage holes are essential. In close proximity to sufficient light, absorb noise, purify air or bad odour. Not placed making pedestrian route narrow. Material used should be easily available, cost- effective, vandal- proof and durable with aesthetic value. = Used when soil is unsuitable for planting. >= Helps in subdividing spaces into different areas. = Can be arranged to show access or directions. = Provide scale of surrounding landscape. CONCRETE han Corer oes NCH Dic Cas Banc) eve ae tod Eom aa are containers Galvanized Lucha er Perla en ean eae ie teelgs) 1-10 Crean ei re) sean eee RCL bir ce Preaag Cue with a reservoir aac arg holds water for hath GeMnCe sin eng fret Brod Ve as Ee geal aes ferro ai due limited strength Sire! Fence, Walls/ Retaining walls: = Provides spaces or divide areas of ownership. Helps to block unpleasant view and odour Gives security from intruders Prevents soil erosions TSArchitectural image normally relates to design objectives, concept of landscape or existing building Material should be easily available, water proof and durable. ‘Types of Materials Used For Retaining Walls: There is a wide variety of many different retaining wall materials. The most important and most common factor all retaining wall materials have is that they are enhance with resistance to; fire, water damage, impact resistance etc, Proper drainage is also important for the wall material Timber is available in treated and enhanced types to ensure that the material will not rot, be infested with termites and bugs. Timber is a relatively simple product to install and work with. This wall material can be painted or left in its natural state. One of the beauties of timbers and woods is that some types have a natural resistance to termites, rot and other common wood occurrences. Ensuring that the timber used for the retaining wall is properly treated will help lead to a long lasting application whether it is for functional or decorative purposes. Concrete blocks or units are also a common retaining wall material which has been used for many years. This material is available in a wide variety of designs, types, shapes, colors and textures. Concrete blocks are light weight and suitable for structural or decorative applications. It is also a low cost material which is easy to work with and install. There are many different types of concrete blocks including; interlocking, hollow, solid and half hollow. They are also made in high density and low density styles. Homeowners can customize concrete blocks to best suit the applications requirements Stone Walls are made from a Portland cement mixture therefore they are a man made material. They are produced in shapes, designs and textures which replicate natural stone materials. Stone is most commonly used in applications where a mortar is not required and the dry stack method is used. Most stone applications look just like natural stone walls but at a lower price. This is a great alternate material for natural stone Natural stone blocks are the most expensive wall material. This material has a very unique and stylish outlook which is hardly matched by any other. Natural stones are available in blocks, units, irregular and regular shapes making them highly versatile for all types of applications. Added features which indicate activities, event and safety like paving (gravel, cobbles, tarmac, bricks and pebbles) and pedestrian walkway Paving Indicates direction by using suitable, comfortable surfaces for pedestrian, compared to surfaces of other area. Differentiates access to vehicles and pedestrian movement by using different surface finishes. At junctions or meeting points, different material or levels can be adopted to indicate danger. Used as a focal point for temporary stopping Paving materials should be cost- effective and easy to maintain, safe and sound, Rough finishes prevent slipping. Some materials with rough finish could reduce and absorb noise sources. >Dark coloured surface finishes absorb light. Design patter should make use of existing related pattem and arrangement. Scale and contrast can be used to differentiate various new patterns PAVING MATERIALS 1. Accommodate intense use 2. Provide direction 3. Suggest rate and rhythm of movement Rhythm of movement, depend on design and layout of pavement CONTROLLED © NERV FORM CF LINEAR PAVEMENT INFLUENCES CHARACTER OF MOVE WIDE | SLOW, CASUAL MOVEMENT — we RAD RECT ROVER ETS ORT _ PAVEMENT PATTERN SUGGESTS PAVEMENT PATTERN IS STATIC. DRECTION AND MOVEMENT. AND HONDIRECTIONAL PAVEMENT PATTERN CAM INFLUBKCE MOVEMENT OF KONMOVEMENT THROUGH A SPACE.DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PAVEMENT * Too much variation cause visual chaos and disorder * One pavement should dominate in a design, for visual contrast ONE PAVEMENT MATERIAL SHOULD DOMINATE IN A DESIG + Selections a paving pattern, should study in both plan and eye level perspective + Plan, visually attractive pattern, coordinative with other + Edge and lines of building, coordinated with pavement + Edge and lines of building, coordinated with pavement PAYEMENT PATERN is EVENT paver COORDINATED WITH BUILDING AND+ Visual characteristic “At THIS VIEW EMPHASIZES THE B= THIS VIEW_EMPHASIZES THE WIDTH OF “HE: SPACE. PEPTH GF THE SPACE ‘Sustainable Pavement materials: Pervious concrete (porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete. Allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge. Made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. Used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses. Seasonal ign Water Small stones: Least expensive and allow water to penetrate Require more frequent maintenance because little stones are easily displaced. Stones are smooth ones and not crushed gravel, which lets water run off instead in the ground, >Grass pavers create a hexagonal shape of concrete around a central pocket where grass can be planted or filed in with gravel. These pavers have less open area that is usually created either at the comers or by spacing the pavers on all sides to allow for infitration. Cannot grow anything in the voids, but is typically filled with gravel Good option for driveways and areas which need more stability. Plastic Grid- Drivable grass Comes in 2' x 2' mats that are much more affordable to have installed than individual pavers. Has a much larger exposed area (61%) for greater infiltration and more room to grow grass or ground cover in. Does not isolate the dual pockets. Allows plantings to remain cooler and receive more uniform watering. Provides superior green parking surface. Edge restraint - pay bo wood, meta, Blasi, or concrete ‘Sol mix with se8d or se pags “Turstone- concrete ge Beating sand graded sand meets ASTM C 33 Moist isshed Concrete Sand Base ayer graded rock cass ior 34 minus mix compacted Coote - ite abric a8 neeced per sto constions CCompacted rate sols Linkages: Linkages or circulation systems are a combination of linear connectors circulation paths, traffic generators and events along the connectors like entrances, bridges, steps and gateways. Bridges: Link access from one place to another. Helps to avoid dangerous or disturbing element and to provide aesthetic value to landscape design. Should be easy to use. Safe to build. Located at suitable areas without causing damages. Design should consider safety and comfort at prime >factors. Material should be durable, weatherproof and vandal proof. An alternative route for users should be provided during maintenance to avoid mischief. Steps: Link areas of different levels and indicate access. Normally use uniform steps and avoid any design that can cause tiredness or discomfort with wellthought safety precautions. Landing should be provided for high staircases. Ramps: An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. = Inclined planes are widely used in the form of loading ramps to load and unload goods on trucks, ships, and planes. = Wheelchair ramps are used to allow people in wheelchairs to get over vertical obstacles without exceeding their strength = Pedestrian paths and sidewalks have gentle ramps to limit their slope, to ensure that pedestrians can keep traction = Inclined planes are also used as entertainment for people to slide down in a controlled way, in playground slides, water slides, ski slopes and skateboard parks. Furnishings: Structures that are added to spaces, to enhance and complete the spaces like seating, dustbin, signage, lighting, sculptures, and kiosk Seating: Attract and highlight some garden design. Used for relaxed viewing the surrounding or reading books or similar such activities. Seating design is normally based on the garden design concept. Comfort is the main criteria in design. Design should avoid intricate comers or spaces. Scale or size should be able to accommodate load as well as relate to the surrounding landscape scale. Materials used should be easily cleaned or painted, Structure of materials should be durable. Construction and maintenance costs should compliment the surrounding construction cost and landscape design. Modern and traditional materials can be chosen based on the context whether they are to be used in an urban or rural area. Seating could be accommodated under big trees (large canopy/ foliage) near covered buildings, next to a wall or plants sheltered from sunlight, and windy areas not obstructed by other landscape elements. 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Located near pedestrian access with other facilities such as toilets and recreation area, Sah ten eres wh oe ees ch ee en ee aewhere people gathers, picnic or relax. Not located too close to each other to avoid bad odour or flies or bad view. Design and material depends on location, method of collection, relationship to the surrounding landscape elements and capacity. Galvanized sheet metal, aluminum, timber, fiber- glass and concrete are normally used. Signage: All signage should have standardized design, colour and lettering. Located at an appropriate place. Should be of suitable size to convey information. Should not obstruct aesthetic value of other elements. Type of information usually conveyed through signage is: preventive, prohibitive, warning, and general. Materials used depends on cost, design, durability, and maintenance. Visitors will be more inclined to interact with plants if they are prompted by clear labeling One approach is to use color coded signage that highlights the different senses associated with each plant. = Braille plant labels placed at accessible locations, such as the backface of a handrail, are typically used in gardens for the visually-impaired = A sensory garden brochure with photographs and a plant list can serve as a guide during the garden visit, and as a take-home educational piece. = Multiple signage within a development should have a standardized format and design for uniformity. = Free standing signs should be no more than five feet in height, These signs should be appropriately landscaped and lt. = Be attractive * Direct to destinations = Be a part of an overall city identity = Provide direction over short distances and at lower speeds = Compete effectively with street, regulatory and storefront signs for attention Lighting: Meant to illuminate dark and insecure areas. illuminates and enhances a focal element or dangerous objects. Provides suitable mood for occasions. Safety and comfort are prime factors in choosing material. Material should be durable, vandal proof and weather proof. Maintenance should be safe and easy. Three types- Roads and highways lighting, Pedestrians lighting, and Decorative lighting So what do you light and what do you leave in the dark? Here are three things to consider: 1. Identify the features in your yard that you like. Maybe it's a pond or a particularly stately tree— highlighting those with light will show them off. 2. Add drama to areas that might not stand out during the day. A simple stone wall can take on a whole new personality at night when grazed with light and shadow. >3. Think about function. A deck with stairs or a meandering pathway need to be lit to ensure that you can can move about your yard without risk of injury. And always consider an inviting and wellit entryway 4. Uplighting for directional viewing Fico eee ali 2. Uplighting for 360° viewing Specs gh seh sn wa estes Sener onsen eg 3. Moonlighting ahs pace ie a 4, Silhouette lighting nue: Tag ec A tas altos aa ys tng rt ede a 8. Spotlighting Ai cent thoeknwnnyortniop Soamem chant6. Spreadlighting tues 7. Pathlighting Fue Treas tb is tam eis ects 8. Step & deck lighting — ‘rae | Grtherecn bene 9. Wall lighting ‘reget tat Garden fixtures create a downlight perfect for planting beds or pathway markers. Wash fixtures create a sof, diffused light ideal for illuminating flat facades, privacy fences and garden walls. Bullet fixtures are versatile and compact. They project a narrow beam to precisely light unique architectural features, garden statues and other focal points Well light fixtures hide inside a waterproof housing buried in the ground. They can be used to brighten the underside of plant foliage or graze the base of a facade or wall Flood light fixtures typically cast a wider beam than a bullet fixture and are brighter than a wash light fixture. They should be used sparingly to light up tall trees or wide house facades. Elements of design and examples: Color- combining colors (je-warms, cools, opposites) from the color wheel. Certain colors have certain psychological effects (ie green is calming) >Pattern- repeated visual images Form- the shape of the plat (linear, hanging, upright, etc.) @ Texture- the surface of objects, it appeals to the sense of touch Space- positive (where there are objects) and negative (open space)- they can create different statements about a room RO Line- what direction the plant is growing (you can have fun with this in the growing process)TYPES OF NATURAL ELEMENTS ~ STONES, ROCKS, PEBBLES, WATER FORMS, PLANTS AND VEGETATION: Stones: Natural stone materials can provide a uniquely rustic, regional accent to a home or landscape that can actually become more attractive over time: Stone represents strength and durability, but even the hardest stones may begin to suffer from wind and water erosion over the years. Unlike cement and asphalt installations which begin to look shabby and unattractive after suffering even minimal wear, natural stone hardscapes begin to take on a weathered look over time, one that can add to their natural beauty and rustic appeal. Patios, steps and driveways can be far more than just a functional addition to a landscaped environment. Hardscapes made of natural stone may be used to provide any number of benefits that may include: + Directing traffic or retaining slopes + Flood prevention and management by using porous stone to capture and filter rainwater on site + Adding a textural highlight to an outdoor environment Stone provides the superior durability needed to construct more durable and lasting landscape additions. Unlike cement or asphalt, replacing individual stones that have suffered damage allows maintenance to be performed piecemeal rather than replacing the entire installation Natural Stone and Porous Handscapes: The porous nature of natural stone means that landscaping additions are less likely to create localized flooding or other runoff management issues. Asphalt, concrete and other solid-surface hanrdscaping installations can channel runoff water in unusual and often unexpected ways Natural stone is a more effective option for homeowners who wish to avoid the problems caused by standing or pooling rainwater. Both beautiful and durable, natural stone comes in a huge range of variations for every taste and aesthetic. Each variation has different characteristics and uses. Considerations For Natural Stone Durability: Natural stone is slightly expensive than some other hardscape materials, but it also lasts for a very long time. Considering that, the price is actually extremely reasonable. In general, however, stone is a strong material. It can ensure a great deal of abuse from inclement weather, making it a good choice for areas that receive a lot of snow or rain. Requires Little Maintenance: As you might guess from its level of durability, the stone doesn't need a lot of help. If you're going to use it near a barbeque you might want to use a sealer to avoid staining. If it gets scuffed up you can repolish it. Other than that, just give it a sweep and clean it with a bit of water and you should be fine Variety: Natural stone is available in a wide variety of colors (like brown, red, grey or black) and textures, everything from smooth to rugged. On top of that, the sheer number of types of stone available is remarkable. Slate, travertine, granite, marble, flagstone, limestone... the list goes on. There are in fact hundreds of varieties. This ensures that there’s a stone out there to match your tastes, whatever they might be eeVersatility: Natural stone can be used in a number of ways, including walkways, driveways or edging Pebbles: If you are aiming to make your garden and walkways look fantastic, you might want to consider stone pebbles. This is a dramatic look that can add great appeal to your garden and other landscaping projects. Various stones are well suited for backyards, front yards, walkways, and areas where a homeowner wants to bring special attention to. Pebbles are not only natural, but they can give your garden, and other outdoor spaces, a nice colour. With the different types of stones that are available, you can be as creative or as basic as you desire. Flagstones: If your goal is to have that perfect patio or walkway, Flagstones are a great addition to any stone pebbles you are using; they are often put on top of sand. These stones come in unique shapes and a wide range of sizes and shades. Flagstones are also very thin and smooth These stones are customisable and adjustable River Pebbles: These help conserve water in areas where less water is available. So not only do they look great, but they serve a very practical purpose. In addition, they enhance the planting of various shrubs and other landscape items. Rocks, Stones, and Pebbles. The great thing about this natural material is that it is very durable. They are a great choice for walls, pathways, garden enhancements, ponds, and small waterfalls. Stones and pebbles can give your landscape an instant appeal, in which the quality is truly highlighted. Once you have created your unique and beautiful stone pebble landscape, you can further enhance it by adding wood or handcrafted granite benches or other decorations. You and your family will surely enjoy these types of enhancements day after day. Expect your visitors to talk about these new and improved house features for days. Special vases and handcrafted sculptures go perfectly with this type of landscaping. Once you start looking at the possibilities, you will find that the designs that can be created with pebbles are just incredible. They can give a look of mystery and wonder, which you cannot achieve if you use other materials. Stone pebbles are natural, and it reflects on the colour combinations, texture, and overall look These rocks and stones can help you completely personalise your outdoor space — a design that is uniquely you. With regard to maintenance and cleaning, there is nothing to worry about because these rocks and stones require minimal attention. Additional Uses for Stone Pebbles: Pots: For both indoor and outdoor pots, you can make them much more decorative by using pebbles, and this will further help the soil from being taken away when heavy rains come. Use as Mulch: Pebbles can make mulch that is permanent. This process has become popular and this mulch can be used for quite a long time. Water Features: Many people want to have water features because they really enhance the landscape. Stones are a great addition to this feature. If a waterfall is connected to your pond, >then it is recommended that you use larger rocks on the outside of the pond and smaller ones to enhance the look of the waterfall. Water Forms: Nothing calms and relaxes you quite like running, trickling water features. Add an assortment of water features for an immediate calming effect. There are many different types of water features to fit any style or preference. Choose from ponds, waterfalls, fountains, lakes, streams, pool bubblers and more. Add a pond to attract the sounds and sights of wildlife- frogs, butterflies, birds, and more. For simpler style, try a tabletop fountain to create a quick and easy, relaxing atmosphere. It was implemented for breaking the monotony caused by the solid materials used by architects or artists. water has been used by landscape architects as a key aesthetic factor. Its a neutral architectural element which cannot be clearly classified as natural or built. Water is a basis of literary and artistic perception of landscape. Its significance in visual and non visual landscapes depends on the perception of the observer Water is a multidimensional object of research which appears in various fields: Environmentally: a natural resource for living Socially: a sensitive basis for developing human activities Financially: it influences tourism, agriculture, fisheries, etc. Culturally: related to folklore, mythology, art and religion Aesthetically: represented as a beauty element of nature. Its capable of producing a wide variety of effects, from that of a still pond, to the excitment of a great cascade. It appeals to all the senses, to all people of all ages. Like plants, water has qualities that change over time and in different light and weather conditions. Water is an important design element. In ancient greece, fountains were considered to be sacred. They were converted from a hole excavated close to the waterpoint into the buildings. The name of each fountain is determined by the position,shape or local tradition. Usually they were a rectangular stone tank on a small pedestal and it had a sculptured human or animal head. Public fountains were existing in ancient rome. Fountains were existing even at rural or forest areas for the needs of travelers. The people were regarding water as an indispensible element of paradise. In byzantium,water was a symbol of life, health and civilisation, It was considered to be an element of multiple beliefs and functions. Water was considered to be a supernatural element. Baths were a sociable place appropriate for meetings, discussions and demonstrations Water related landscape values: = Sound of water or water birds = Movement of rivers, waterfalls or waves = Colours of water and coasts = Reflections on water surface >= Possibility of expanding biotopes of certain species. = Water creates a sculpturing effect Movement of water presents a dynamic and charming character. Water cause memorial and emotional impacts with its tranquil and sensitive properties. Water stimulates the senses Running water in the garden makes a dynamic impression which breaks any monotony caused by extensive green material. Fountain in the garden, natural looking water features such as artificial streams or wildlife pools are usually irregular shaped and lined with flexible waterproof materials. Edging and lining streams ‘Types of Water Forms & Features: A water feature can be as simple as a small reflecting pool or as elaborate as a waterfall cascading into a fish pond with a fountain. With so many options to choose from, it is helpful to recognize the four basic categories of water features; ponds, fountains, waterfalls and streams. Ponds: The four basic types of ponds are, reflecting pools, ornamental pools, water gardens and fish ponds. Each of these may be any size, shape or depth. Reflecting Pools: Reflecting pools are designed to be decorative features usually in a garden as a central feature. They often have formal, geometric shapes with walking surfaces that overhang their edges all the way around. For added artistic beauty these water features are normally located near a decorative landscape feature that is vividly reflected in the glassy surface of the water. Ornamental Pools: Ornamental pools are generally located near a deck or patio. They are designed around an omamental piece like a spouting statue a vertically cascading fountain or a bell fountain. Water Gardens: Water gardens are living water features, replete with aquatic plant life that is full of vibrant colours and textures. Plants, both inside and outside the perimeter of the pond create a lush natural setting Fish Ponds: Fish can be added to almost any type of water feature as long as certain life sustaining criteria are met. Gold fish and Koi are common favorites. They add a splash of colour in motion. Fountains: An almost limitless variety of shapes and sizes of fountains may be added to your water feature. The sound of water tumbling and splashing on itself combined with a refreshing mist carried by the breeze is truly invigorating Waterfalls: Like fountains, waterfalls add sound, motion and vitality to your water feature. Often created with natural stone slabs or boulders, waterfalls bring a vertical dimension. Waterfalls capture your interest from a distance as they dance and flow. Streams: Streams are ideal for meandering along paths, walkways or even pool decks. Acting as natural filters, streams are often designed to flow into waterfalls and cascade into a pond to help sustain the entire ecosystem of a water feature. —_--Plants & Vegetation: Plants with respect to architecture can perform two roles. They can complement and reinforce the existing architecture of the house or structure, and they can create outdoor rooms. Trees, shrubs and ground covers can be used to emphasize the desirable architectural lines and masses of the house. The form and branching pattem of particular trees and shrubs can echo the vertical, horizontal and diagonal roof and wall lines of a house. Thus, a pleasing, unifies and harmonious appearance can result. Texture, form and size are the physical characteristics of plants that provide interest , variety and aesthetic appeal to a landscape. Plant forms can be divided into three groups — trees, shrubs and groundcover. Trees are distinguished by their large size, their trunks and their canopy. Shrubs are typically medium sized and are characterized by a mass of foliage covering the branches. Groundcover is the smallest in size and varies greatly in form,But the distinguishing characteristic is the way plants are used — to cover the ground. Hence the name “Groundcover’. Deciduous Trees: Deciduous trees are generally thought of as broadleaf trees meaning that they have broad , flat leaves eg. Sycamore Usually these trees take longer to grow, their wood is harder and has good preservative qualities A deciduous forest is a forest made up of trees that will shed their leaves in autumn. These leaves will rot, producing a rich carpet of soil on which plants can feed. Therefore deciduous forests are full of plants and animal life Evergreen Trees: An evergreen or coniferous forest is a forest made up of pine trees that are always in leaf, They do not shed leaves except for a few pine needles to make way for new ones. These fallen needles have very less nutrients and make very poor soil. Not many plants grow in these forest and so fewer plants and animals are found here Form is the 3-dimensional shape of a plant or a plant mass. Overall form is more or less relevant depending on the viewing perspective. For example , the form of a tree can appear quite different if a viewer is standing under the canopy than it does when the viewer is standing in an open field Form and Branching Pattern of Trees: The form and branching pattern of trees and shrubs will determine their appropriate role in a spatial theme. Plants with regular, symmetrical full forms in summer and winter are most effective in reinforcing the geometric pattems of a formal theme Form and Branching Pattern of Shrubs: Several shrubs in their natural state have irregular growth pattern but are ‘forced’ into geometrical shapes.Care should be taken when choosing plants to ensure their tolerance for frequent pruning. Size refers to the overall height and width of the plant and its relative size or scale when compared to other plants, structures and spaces in the yard. + Plants are most often sized by height. + Large plants are trees that grow upto 4-6ft or higher at mature size. Medium plants, typically shrubs, range from 2-4ft in height. + Small plants, typically groundcover and bedding plants, are 2 tall or shorter. >Texture refers to how coarse or fine the overall surface and individual leaves of the plant feel or look ( perceived visual texture). Like form, a variety of textures provide interest and contrast in the landscape. Texture can be found in the foliage, flowers, blades and bark of the plant, as welll as in the plant's overall branching pattern. The size and shape of the leaves most often determine the perceived texture of the plant. A plant can generally be describes as having a course, medium or fine texture. Coarse texture is more dominant than fine and tends to stand out individually, while fine texture is more subordinate and tends to unify compositions. Texture - Fine, Medium, Coarse Functional Uses of Plants: Considering the functional use of plants is a new approach to solving landscape problems. Traditionally, plants have been used for beautification due to their aesthetic qualities. The expression "functional use of plants" helps to explain that plants can perform other functions in the landscape and still beautify. Plants have horticultural characteristics such as height and spread, branching habit, flowers, fruit, and foliage; they have design qualities such as form, colour, texture, and mass and they have cultural requirements for growth in the landscape. Plants as a Noise Barrier: Plants can be used functionally to solve some of the environmental problems the homeowner may have on the property. This may include the need for privacy, protection from glare or direct sunlight into windows, or shade on a patio. A thick row of high shrubs bordering a road can reduce noise and prevent litter from entering a yard, or perhaps screen an unpleasant view such as a shopping center or row of buildings. Plants Used for Climate Control: For climate control, deciduous shade trees might be used to screen the hot summer sun or in winter permit the solar radiation to penetrate to the ground, or to the walls and windows of a building. + Large shrubs can serve as windbreaks to reduce wind velocities. + Changes in solar radiation or light levels are also possible with shading. Use of deciduous plants to direct summer breezes trees controls solar radiation. Architectural Uses of Plants: Plants can be used to form walls, canopies, or floors by taking advantage of their different growth habits and foliage characteristics. A stand of trees or shrubs can create walls to filter or block views, or a canopy of tree branches can provide a sense of shelter. Ground cover planting with uniform foliage and textural characteristics can present the feeling of an architectural floor. Plants can also define a boundary Engineering Uses of Plants: Trees can stop or diffuse light before it reaches the ground. Engineering functions of plants include using them to screen or soften the sun's glare on the water or smooth shiny surfaces, or to block car lights or street lights. An edging of ground cover plants along an entranceway or at comers of a walk helps direct attention and movement of people. Traffic movement along walks and drives can be controlled with shrubs or trees. Plants can add, absorb and deflect sound by the presence and movement of their foliage and branches. Plants are particularly useful in noise control when joined with landforms. Plants can remove and trap pollutants from the air as well as introduce fragrance or odors from flowers or foliage, such as the spicy scented leaves of the bayberry. Pollution Control: Embankments, deciduous and evergreen plantings, and masonry walls are used together. Use of wind breaks to control winter winds. Angles and glare source and respective angles of reflection. Placement of plants between glare source and viewer. ———_——Aesthetic Uses of Plants: The aesthetic functions of plants are the easiest to understand. Plants traditionally have been used for beautification; unfortunately, most people think this is the only reason to landscape with plants. Aesthetically, plants can become a piece of living sculpture. When placed against a plain wall or fence, they create an interesting shadow pattern of branches and leaves. Plants can be used as background for other plantings, or arranged to provide visual coherence to unrelated objects or structures. They provide suitable environments for birds and other wildlife Plants may be used for diverse purposes in the modern landscape. Rarely should plants be simply omamental; rather, they should serve multiple roles, making the modern landscape both attractive and functional. Plants can act as sculpture when placed against a blank wall different forms can be used to make the landscape interesting trees — background shrubs — middle ground groundcover- foreground The role of plants in creating architecture should not be underestimated. You can use covers, shrubs, and trees to create floors, ceilings and walls of outdoor rooms to add unity, balance, and rhythm to a spatial composition and to frame and enhance existing architecture