ZoningWithInverterDrivenMiniSplitHVACSystems ThomasGrunstra

Zoning with
Variable Speed
Mini-Split Systems
Fujitsu Service Training

Copyright © 2012 Fujitsu General America, Inc. Material is provided for instructional use only for education facilities. Created for the HVAC National Trainers Convention
Welcome - Thank you for attending
– Did you know?
• In 1940 only 42% of homes in the US had central heating
• In 1970 20% of homes had central Air conditioning
• Today, more than 70% of homes in the US have central A/C
Standard High
Efficiency Efficiency
• The HVAC industry and consumers have always been a little

slow to adopt to new technology.
• Consumers have invested in what’s “fun” and not in saving $
• However, the way we heat and cool our homes is changing.
• Why?
• COST – fuel and delivery costs are skyrocketing
• Value vs. Payback
• Environmental conscience
HVAC Technicians
• Have been conditioned to accept things the way they
are… even if they “ideas” are “outdated”
• Furnaces and boilers – are what we use to heat.
• Home Air-conditioning – is made up of:
– A box outside tied with refrigerant pipes to a box inside.
– It needs to be bigger than the space really needs…
(just in case)
Oversizing will reduce the efficiency

and comfort of an HVAC system.
HVAC Technicians
• If a teacher tells you:
– it needs to be sized correctly by measuring and calculating…
– It needs to be a matched combination with correct refrigerant pipes…
– The ductwork has to be sized and insulated properly…
• for its length and the cfm required for the room(s)…
• It needs to be installed based on the installation instructions
• With a shrug of your shoulders,
you may say:
• It Is What It Is…
What else is often heard…
13/14 SEER is still

high efficiency
Really?
Or is it just…
It IS What It IS? Fujitsu General America, Inc. Copyright 2010
It IS What It IS? Really?
• SEER Energy Saving by the percentages
- - - - - - - - - - - Potential Losses - - - - - - - - -
-32%
+48%
- - - - - - - - - - - Potential Savings - - - - - - - - -
• HSPF Energy Savings by the percentage
- - - - - - - - - - - Potential Losses - - - - - - - - -
-38%
+30%
- - - - - - - - - - - Potential Savings - - - - - - - - -
www.eia.gov Government heatcalc.xls
Fuel Price Fuel Heat Fuel Price Per Type of Effiency Approx. Fuel Cost Per
Per Unit Content Per Million Btu Efficiency Rating or Efficiency Million Btu
Fuel Type Fuel Unit (dollars) Unit (Btu) (dollars) Heating Appliance Type Rating 4 Estimate5 (%) (dollars)
Fuel Oil (#2) Gallon 3.84 138,690 $27.66 Furnace or Boiler AFUE 78.0 78% $35.46
Electricity KiloWatt-hour 0.12 3,412 $35.17 Furnace or Boiler Estimate 96.0 96% $36.64
Air-Source Heat Pump 6 HSPF 6 12.5 366% $9.60
Geothermal Heat Pump COP 3.3 330% $10.66
Baseboard/Room Heater Estimate 100.0 100% $35.17
Natural Gas 1 Therm 2 $1.12 100,000 $11.25 Furnace or Boiler AFUE 95.0 95% $11.84
Room Heater (Vented) AFUE 65.0 65% $17.30
Room Heater (Unvented) Estimate 100.0 100% $11.25
Propane Gallon $2.81 91,333 $30.79 Furnace or Boiler AFUE 78.0 78% $39.47
Room Heater (Vented) AFUE 65.0 65% $47.37
Wood 3 Cord $200.00 22,000,000 $9.09 Room Heater (Vented) Estimate 55.0 55% $16.53
Pellets Ton $250.00 16,500,000 $15.15 Room Heater (Vented) Estimate 68.0 68% $22.28
Corn (kernels) 3 Ton $200.00 14,000,000 $14.29 Room Heater (Vented) Estimate 68.0 68% $21.01
Kerosene Gallon $4.17 135,000 $30.91 Room Heater (Vented) Estimate 80.0 80% $38.64
Coal (Anthracite) Ton $200.00 25,000,000 $8.00 Furnace/Boiler/Stove Estimate 75.0 75% $10.67
http://www.eia.gov/
Zoning
Have you seen this?
Can homeowners save money on utilities by using an electric heater ?
YES… BUT…
They have to turn OFF their central heat…
and ONLY heat the room they are IN!
An Inverter Mini-split heat pump can be
3-4 times* more efficient than an electric heater
* Based on Heat pump COP or HSPF calculations and region.
So Zone The Ductwork Right?

- Added material cost $$$
- Added labor $$$
Will ducted zoning save money on the utilities?
Not like you want it to:
- Added duct loss $$$
- Bypass losses $$$
- Equipment cycling $$$
In fact California is currently expected to eliminate Zoning Bypass as an option
Duct loss is minimal
Really?
Or is it just…
It Is What It Is?
What statistics are available?
• Central Air • Ductless
– DOE says 25-40% – Under 5% cooling
duct loss. Worse if loss in 230’ of
ducts are in hot or insulated
cold attics refrigerant lines
– SEER doesn’t – SEER includes up
account for duct to 25’ of insulated
loss. Delivered refrigerant lines in
Efficiency is what ductless and
you really pay for. central systems
What Variable Speed Zoning with
HFI
Mini-Splits Does for Efficiency
• Why cool spaces your not using?
• Heat or Cool up to 8 individual spaces
100%
90% Wasted Energy from an On/Off
Condition only
80% Controlled Central Air System those areas
70%
60% being utilized
50%
40%
while saving
30% money
20%
Quality Variable Speed DC Inverter
10% Multi-Zone and Flex-Zone Systems
0%
Save up to
Kitchen Living Bed-1 Bed-2 Dining
30% or more
What’s not in the SEER?
AHRI 210/240 Quad-Split
• Variable speed “unloading” SEER Test Performance
means True Inverter Mini- 100% 100%
split products are more
efficient than the SEER 75% 75%
label indicates
• SEER is tested at 100%, 50% 50%
75%, 50% and 25% or 4
parts unloading.
• A quality Quad Multi Split 25% 25%
has unloading in
increments down to about
7% of it’s total capacity 7%
What’s not in the SEER?
AHRI 210/240 Quad-Split
• Variable speed “unloading” SEER Test Performance
means True Inverter Mini- 100% 100%
split products are more
efficient than the SEER 75% 75%
label indicates
• SEER is tested at 100%, 50% 50%
75%, 50% and 25% or 4
parts unloading.
• A quality Quad Multi Split 25% 25%
has unloading in
increments down to about
7% of it’s total capacity 7%
THE WRITING IS ON THE WALL
Are You Up to Speed On Variable Speed?
Cooling Solution
Provided by the homeowner
• Split systems to address 2nd floor

• (2) Mini-Splits “deliver” 25 SEER into the space
• Abandon attic ducting / 2nd floor zone
• Tripled to quadruple cooling efficiency
Heating Solution
Provided by the homeowner
• Doubled heating efficiency

• Offered zoned solution
• 15RLS on main floor
• Furnace used as backup heating <20 degrees
NEW systems - higher SEER than ever before!
• 16.1 EER
• 27.2 SEER
• 12.5 HSPF
Slim Designs Combined With High Performance
High Performance Heating
• High Heating Capacities at low outdoor
temperatures
• Many units are designed to operate in heating and

cooling down to -5º F
A 12,000 Btu Model Actual Heating Capacity Ratings
17,500
14,000 Btu’s
Btu’s at
at 23
-5 FF
Indoor Target Temperature

70 F
TC=Btu
Outdoor Temperature
Common Multi Systems (2,3,4 indoor units)
Multi Systems Mix-n-Match Combinations
2,3,or 4 units can connect with refrigerant pipes directly to one outdoor unit
Multiple pairs of
service valves
Flexi- Multi Systems (up to 8 indoor units)
Flex Systems Mix-n-Match Combinations
2-8 units can connect with refrigerant pipes through Branch Boxes
to one outdoor unit
What’s New?
Classic Multi New
Flexible Multi
80 - 130% capacity
39,000 to 62,000 of indoor unit
connectable capacity.
Indoor unit capacity The unit is rated for 48,000 Btu.
cannot exceed the
rated capacity of the
outdoor unit
• The capacity of the combined
indoor units can be greater
than the systems capacity
• System planning required
careful unit & pipe layout
Flexible Multi Systems
Install in limited spaces Wall Mounts Compact Cassette Slim Duct Units
• Compact and light-weight design

• Easier to bring to job site
• Easier to position and hide unit
3-Zone 3-Zone
Primary Secondary
Branch Box Branch Box
Outdoor unit
14.5
36 inch
inch
Separation Tube
38 inch Assembly kit
2-3 Zones
Primary
4-6 Zones
All refrigerant pipes and connections MUST BE INSULATED Separately
Secondary
Primary
7-8 Zones
Secondary 2
Secondary 1
Primary
All refrigerant pipes and connections MUST BE INSULATED SEPARATLEY
Electric Motors and Power
DC Variable Speed
An A/C Motor Turns Due To Electro- Magnetism
• A rotating magnetic field is created by energizing sets of wires
wound around steel cores.
Alternating Current Motor
• Alternating Current supplied to
the windings causes rotation.
• A standard 115 AC motor operates
at 60 cycles (60 Hz) per second.
• The motor must be “wound”
to run at its:
– Frequency
– Voltage
– Speed / RPM
A DC Motor Turns Due To Magnetism & Electromagnetism
• Permanent Magnet Rotor A Direct Current Motor
• DC inverters use special chips
to create DC power pulses.
• A control board controls the
frequency or number of times
per second that the pulses
are sent to the windings.
• The motor can be wired for a
wide range of speeds and
DC voltages
How Does It Work
In simple terms:
Alternating Current (A/C) power provided by the power
company must be converted to direct current (D/C) power.
Cause rotation of the motor by creating pulses of DC power
directly to each winding.
The motor speed / RPM is controlled by varying the number
of times per second power is sent to the windings
How Does It Work
#1 AC “Sine Wave” depicts AC current
Frequency (left to right- 2 boxes = 1/60th of a second) and
voltage (up and down)
#2 PWM Pulse Width Modulation is a “square wave” where the
pulses of DC power are "made to happen" at the required voltage
and frequency to make a motor spin at a given speed. Very
efficient
#1 1/60th of a second
0 Volts
#2
0 Volts
How Does It Work
#3 Three(3) phase A/C power is a sequence of 3 out of phase
equally spaced sets of pulses that create more efficient power to
a motor wound with 3 sets of windings.
#3
How Does It Work
#4 When powering an inverter compressor the controller creates
3 phases of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
#4
Single phase A/C 208-230 power supply
is provided to the equipment
Simulated sine wave

showing 1 phase PAM
Why DC? - Fan Motor Example
DC (New)
FGL AC motor
DC motor
FGL (Old) AC power
power (W)
Drive circuit PCB DC
Fan Motor 200
160
120
Efficiency (%)
80 AC motor
AC motor
40
Input
0
12 14
Torque 18 24
Model range
Why DC? - Fan Motor Example
DC (New)
FGL AC (Old) AC power
FGL
Input power (W)

Drive circuit PCB
Fan Motor 200
160
120
80
40
0
12 14 18 24
Model range
Why is the DC Motor more it efficient ?
DC Motor AC Motor
No extra power required for Power required to electromagnet
magnetization (permanent magnet) the rotor
Higher Efficiency : ◎ Lower Efficiency : △
Rotor slipping does not exist Due to slipping, high rotation loss
Rotating magnetic field and rotor speed match Revolving magnetic field occurs when voltage is
each other. applied to stator. Induction current flows to rotor & it
Higher Efficiency : ◎ rotates. Rotation speed lags behind magnetic field.
Lower Efficiency : △
Easy to tune to proper capacity Not possible to adjust to proper
Motor rpm can be controlled at proper revolution in capacity
order to provide the best efficiency and reduce Due to fixed speed motor design.
losses. Lower Efficiency : △
Higher Efficiency : ◎
Inverter Technology
DC Variable Speed Inverter
• An inverter controls the operating speed of a
DC motor by controlling the frequency and
voltage of the power supplied to the motor.
• Compared to a standard “Hard Start” compressor

An Inverter Controlled Compressor starts slowly
and ramps up to the RPM to provide capacity
with low electrical usage
• When capacity is not needed the compressor RPM

is decreased. This means the input power (amp
draw ) decreases too, saving utility costs
Compressor Motor Transistor Switching
time
This is a typical 3 phase ON
S1
motor diagram with OFF
+ P
S2
a 3S3 pole contactor. S1
S1 S3
S3 S5
S5
UU
S4
MOTOR
Inverters
S5 typically
don’t
S6
have S4
S4 S6
S6 S2
S2 VV W
a Ucontactor!
–V - N
V–W By changing the ON-OFF cycle of the Transistors the
Compressor speed is varied to meet the required load.
They
W – Uuse an:
Inverter Controller • Switches SW1 - SW6 are cycled Open & Closed in
sequence with a DC voltage present at + and -
• Power is provided to the windings
• This provides 3 phase DC power to the compressor
• At the Frequency (speed the switches open and close )
the system requires to control the compressor
speed.
IPM Compressor Motor Transistor Switching
time
S1
motor diagram with OFF
+ P
S2
a 3S3 pole contactor. S1
S1 S3
S3 S5
S5
UU
S4
MOTOR
Inverters
S5 typically
don’t
S6
have S4
S4 S6
S6 S2
S2 VV W
a Ucontactor!
–V - N
They
W – Uuse an:
speed.
IPM Compressor Motor Transistor Switching
time
S1
motor diagram with OFF +
S2
a 3S3 pole contactor. S1 S3 S5
U
S4
Inverters
S5 typically
don’t
S6
have S4 S6 S2 V W
a Ucontactor!
–V -
They
W – Uuse an:
speed.
Compressors
DC twin rotary compressor

Scroll Rotary
DC Twin Rotary
Compressor
Twin Rotary VS. Scroll Compressor
The Compressor is the highest
power consuming component
in an air conditioning system.
A higher efficiency compressor
saves energy.
If fan motors, out of date

metering devices and old
temperature controls are still
in use they reduce system
performance & efficiency!
Electronic Expansion Valve
What is an EEV?
Size comparison
It’s a pulse motor driven

needle valve.
For Comparison:
A TXV is a pressure and

spring adjusted needle
valve
EEV
• The EEV Controls the
Function
refrigerant system pressure differential!
• A TXV Only maintains the differential.
• EEV is controlled by indoor and outdoor?
• Refrigerant pipe temperatures
• Air temperatures! –(Inside and outside)
• Pressures (on some systems)
• Not just on the suction pipe! (TXV)
• Even during low ambient conditions it can keep the
pressure differential high.
EEV Function
• Since the system can control
 Speed of the compressor
 Size of the metering device
 Indoor Fan speed
 Outdoor Fan Speed
It can Maintain
Optimum Sub-Cooling And Superheat !
• And if Each Indoor refrigerant circuit has its own EEV
 Each Zone has independent capacity control!
Zoning with no extra controls or Accessories!
Inverter Mini-Splits Summary
•Faster installation with less materials
•Zoning provides amazing energy

savings at part load operation
•Faster return on investment through

savings summer and winter
•Source of heat that costs LESS than

fossil fuels much of winter
A Full Range Of Top Quality Mini-split Products
www.fujitsugeneral.com
9RLS2 single zone

• 27.2 SEER
• 16.1 EER
• 12.5 HSPF
• ESP Room sensor
• 7day Programmable wireless
Remote control
Take Your Dealership HD
Maker of the:
Flex-Multi 2-8 Zone

ZoningWithInverterDrivenMiniSplitHVACSystems ThomasGrunstra

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Zoning with

Fujitsu Service Training

• The HVAC industry and consumers have always been a little

Oversizing will reduce the efficiency

13/14 SEER is still

So Zone The Ductwork Right?

• Split systems to address 2nd floor

• Doubled heating efficiency

Slim Designs Combined With High Performance

• Many units are designed to operate in heating and

Indoor Target Temperature

• Compact and light-weight design

All refrigerant pipes and connections MUST BE INSULATED Separately

All refrigerant pipes and connections MUST BE INSULATED SEPARATLEY

Simulated sine wave

Input power (W)

• Compared to a standard “Hard Start” compressor

• When capacity is not needed the compressor RPM

DC twin rotary compressor

Twin Rotary VS. Scroll Compressor

If fan motors, out of date

It’s a pulse motor driven

A TXV is a pressure and

•Zoning provides amazing energy

•Faster return on investment through

•Source of heat that costs LESS than

9RLS2 single zone

Take Your Dealership HD

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