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5.2 Crack Control# PDF
5.2 Crack Control# PDF
© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd
Eurocode 2 - Contents
1. General 7. Serviceability limit state
2. Basis of design 8. Detailing – general
3. Materials 9. Detailing – particular rules
4. Durability 10. Precast concrete
5. Structural analysis 11. Lightweight concrete
6. Ultimate limit state 12. Plain concrete
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Serviceability
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Crack control
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Minimum reinforcement areas
0.26 f ctm b t d
As ,min 0.013 b t d Exp (9.1N)
f yk
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Minimum reinforcement areas
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‘Decompression’
UK NA to
EN 1992-2,
Cmin,dur when tension face is NA.2.2
not in XD or XC condition
100 mm
Tension face
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© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd
Crack width calculation - basis
Section Neutral axis
(h - x)
Slab soffit
s kt
f ct ,eff
p, eff
1 Es/Ecm p,eff
s
sm cm 0.6 Exp (7.9)
Es Es
kt factor dependent on duration of load
= 0.6 for short term, = 0.4 for long term
s r ,max 3.4c 0.425 k1k2
p,eff Exp (7.11)
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Crack width calculation
p,eff is the effective reinforcement ratio, As / Ac.eff , where As
is the area of reinforcement within an effective tension area of
concrete Ac.eff .Where hc,eff = Min{2.5(h-d);(h-x)/3;h/2}d
hc,eff
Effective
tension area Effective Figure 7.1
for this face tension area
d Effective for this face
h tension area
hc,eff
hc,eff
Beam
d
Effective h
tension area
Member in tension
hc,eff
Slab
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Difference in concrete and
reinforcement strain (εsm - εcm)
εcs ≤ εcult
Crack
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Movement and cracking in
concrete
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History:
• CIRIA R91
• CIRIA C660
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Early-age thermal effects
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2a: Early-age
contraction stress,
allowing for creep
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Autogenous healing
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Design process
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Cracks in concrete
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Crack width limits for water-
retaining structures
Tight Requirements for leakage Suggested measures to meet the EN 1992-3
‐ness requirements Table 7.105
class
0 Leakage of liquids irrelevant Structure may be designed to
or some degree of leakage clause 7.3.1 of BS EN 1992‐1‐1
acceptable
1 Leakage to be limited to a Width of any cracks that can be
small amount. Some expected to pass through the full
surface staining or damp thickness of the section should be
patches acceptable. limited to wk,1
2 Leakage to be minimal. Cracks that may be expected to
Appearance not to be pass through the section should
impaired by staining. be avoided, unless special
measures are incorporated
3 No leakage permitted. Special measures will be required
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0.25 EN 1992-3
Cl.7.3.1(111)
0.2
0.15
wk1
0.1
0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40
Hydrostatic pressure/wall thickness
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Crack width limits – notes
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Calculation of crack width
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Define the affect of restraint
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Restraints
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External restraint
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Crack-inducing strain
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Edge restraint
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Edge restraint
C766 Complimentary expression
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End restraint
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End restraint crack inducing
strain
1
0.5 e k c kf ct ,eff 1
e
sm cm EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1)
Es
where
αe = Modular ratio Es /Ec
kc = 1.0 for pure tension
k = 1.0 for thickness h < 300mm
= 0.65 for h > 800mm
fct,eff = mean tensile strength when cracking may be first expected to
occur
= fctm
ρ = ratio of reinforcement area to gross section area of concrete in
tension
Es = Elastic modulus of reinforcement (200 GPa)
Ec = Elastic modulus of concrete at age under consideration (This
can be established using Exp(3.5))
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Internal restraint
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Minimum reinforcement
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Minimum reinforcement
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Minimum reinforcement
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Table 6.2, ξ
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Effective
tension area
hc,eff
Slab
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Minimum reinforcement in
pre-stressed members
Cl. 7.3.2(4) specifically notes that no minimum reinforcement
is required in pre-stressed members provided that the tensile
stress in the section is below fct,eff (=fctm)
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Minimum area of reinforcement
C766 Complimentary expression
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Proposed change to BS EN
1992-1-1 crack spacing
calculation
• The crack spacing is very sensitive to bond and for cracking
at early age, the risk of poor bond should be considered.
• Where good bond cannot be guaranteed, BS EN 1992-1-1
clause 8.4.2 recommends a reduction in bond strength by a
factor of 0.7.
• This may be accommodated by adjusting the coefficient for
bond k1 to a value of 0.8/0.7 = 1.14.
• The definition of poor bond should not be taken from Figure
8.2 of BS EN 1992-1-1. Instead it should be applied at early
age only to elements thicker than 300 mm, which also have
a cover ≤ 50 mm.
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Simple method for continuous
edge restraint
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Choice of parameters
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Recording assumptions
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Causes of temperature rise in
concrete
• Cement content
• Type of cement (CEM I, ggbs, fly-ash)
• Other concrete constituents
• Section thickness
• Formwork and insulation
• Concrete placing temperature
• Ambient conditions
• Active forms of temperature control
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Temperature drop, T1
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Temperature drop, T2
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Coefficients of thermal
expansion (from Browne, 1972)
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Restraint
End restraint
Walls or slabs cast as infill.
Large area ground slabs
Edge restraint
Walls cast onto rigid
foundations
Adjacent sections of slabs
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EN 1992-3
Figure L1a &
b
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Restraint factors – EN 1992-3
EN 1992-3
Figure L1c &
d
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ACI (2007) method for edge
restraint
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Adjustment of Rj for distance
from joint between new and old
concrete
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Tensile properties of concrete
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Variation of elastic modulus with
time
Variation of the modulus of elasticity with time can be
estimated:
Ecm(t) = (fcm(t)/fcm)0.3Ecm
where
Ecm(t) = Elastic modulus at an age of t days
fcm(t) = Mean concrete strength at an age of t days
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Points to note
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Concrete Basements
Goodchild and Narayanan
As discussed in Section 9.1.6, it is not generally necessary to
superimpose the effects of bending and direct tension with
tension from restraint. In many practical cases, particularly in
basement walls, stresses and strains caused by imposed
deformation (shrinkage and restraint) will be at right angles to
those caused by loading and therefore they need not be
combined.
However, there are cases where the effects will be additive.
For instance, when there is horizontal bending in a wall due to
lateral loading, the stresses and strains due to imposed
(shrinkage) deformation will be in the same direction and the
effects will be additive. In basement slabs that are designed as
suspended slabs but cast on ground, the stresses due to
restraint effects and loading will coincide and the effects again
will be additive.
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Concrete Basements
Goodchild and Narayanan
Where it is necessary to combine the effects of restraint and
loading, the basic formula for crack width given above may be
used noting that the crack inducing strain will now be the sum
of the strain caused by restraint and loading effects assuming
a cracked section. This approach is largely empirical but is in
accordance with DD ENV 1992-1-1 4.4.2.4(6). It
accommodates combinations of long and short-term shrinkage
and tension stiffening and eccentricities. Adding strains may
be regarded as a reasonable way of estimating crack width
(but it is not a valid approach to calculate moments of
resistance). The outline for a (much) more detailed approach
to find neutral axis depth,stresses and strains is given in
Section B.3.
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Concrete Basements
Goodchild and Narayanan
It will be noted that cracking relieves restraint stresses and
strains in adjacent uncracked sections. Besides combining
edge and end restraint, which traditionally are treated
separately, recent research[61] suggests that the relief of
restraint strain is related to the length of the member and
spacing (and number) of cracks. The formulae for edge and
end restraint strain may be thought to represent extreme
cases of infinitely long members. In members of finite length,
it would therefore appear plausible that the relief of restraint
strain limits the summation of mechanical and restraint
strains. (Note that cracks do not relieve strains in uncracked
sections of the same member subject to tension or constant
moment.) Until this theory has been justified and developed,
prudence dictates that calculated restraint and mechanical
strains should be simply added.
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Speadsheet
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Speadsheet
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Now assess the long-term cracking
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