Grade 10preparatory Book

GRADE –X
CONTENTS
SECTION-I- GENRAL SCIENCE (20 MCQs)

(PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY)
1. • LIFE SCIENCE:
1.1 Life Process.

1.2 Control and Coordination.
1.3 How do Organisms Reproduce?
1.4 Evolution.
1.5 Natural Resources.
2. • PHYSICAL SCIENCE:
2.1 Light – Reflection and Refraction.

2.2 Electricity and its types.
2.3 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current.
2.4 Sources of Energy.
2.5 Light.
2.6 Sound.
3. • CHEMICALCAL SCIENCE:
3.1 Chemical Reactions and Equations.

3.2 Acids, Bases and Salts.
3.3 Metals and Non-Metals.
3.4 Carbon and its Compounds.
3.5 Periodic Classification of Elements.
SECTION-II- ASTRONOMY ( 30 MCQs)

(Earth Science)
4. • EARTH SCIENCE:
4.1 History of Astronomy.

4.2 Overview of Solar System.
4.3 The distribution and orbits of Planets.
4.4 Physical Characteristics of Planets.
4.5 Earth and its Motion.
4.6 Moon.
4.7 Terrestrial Planets.
4.8 Jovian Planets.
4.9 Smaller Bodies in Solar System.
4.10 Asteroids, Comets & Meteoroids.
4.11 Stars and Galaxies.
4.12 Lunar & Solar Eclipses.
4.13 Hubble‟s law.
4.14 Cosmology.
NATIONAL ASTRONOMY & SIENCE OLYMPIAD GRADE-X
ASTRONOMY BASED –SYLLABUS QUIZ
1. Which one of the following planets has no moons?
A. Mars
B. Neptune
C. Venus
2. Which of the following men was the first to make systematic use of a telescope in astronomy?
A. Copernicus
B. Kepler
C. Galileo
3. The Magellanic cloud is a____________?
A. Nebula
B. Galaxy
C. Super nova remnant
4. In kilometres, the earth's average distance from the sun is roughly which of the following
distances?
A. 250 million
B. 91 million
C. 150 million
5. The gravity on the moon is what fraction of the gravity on the earth?
A. 1/3 B. 2/3 C. 1/6
6. What is the motion called when a planet seems to be moving westward in the sky?
A. Retrograde
B. Parallax
C. Op centric
7. With which one of the following astronomical objects are meteor showers associated?
A. Asteroids
B. Comets
C. Planets
8. In what year did Galileo first use an optical telescope to study the moon?
A. 1492 B. 1611 C. 1212
9. A device which would not work on the Moonis:___________.

A. Thermometer
B. Siphon
C. Spectrometer
10. Geocentric means around_____________.

A. Jupiter
B. The Earth
C. The Moon
11. A comet's apparent size does which of the following as the comet gets closer to the Sun?
A. Decrease
B. Remain the same
C. Increase
12. Approximately how many times could a beam of light travel around the earth in one second?
A. 3 times
B. 7.5 times
C. 15 times
13. The diameter of the earth is approximately:
A. 5,000 kilometers
B. 13,000 kilometers
C. 18,000 kilometers
14. What is the approximate age of our sun?
A. 1 billion years
B. 2 billion years
C. 5 billion years
15. Which of the following planets has the lowest density?
A. Mercury
B. Venus
C. Saturn
16. What are Saturn's rings composed of?
A. Completely connected solid masses

B. Billions of tiny solid particles
C. Mixtures of gases
17. Of the following, which is the only planet which CANNOT be seen with the unaided eye?
A. Jupiter
B. Mars
C. Neptune
18. The age of the Universe in billions of years is approximately________.

A. 2.1 B. 3.5 C. 18
19. The first and largest asteroid discovered was_________.
A. Pallas.
B. Juno.
C. Ceres.
20. Which of the following saturnine satellites is known to possess an atmosphere?
A. Tethys
B. Titan
C. Dione
21. The atmosphere of Venus contains mostly_______.
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
22. On the celestial sphere, the annual path of the Sun is called________
A. The eclipse path.

B. Ecliptic.
C. Diurnal.
23. Which of the following has the greatest density?
A. The sun
B. Venus
C. Mars
24. Mercury and Venus are said to be inferior planets because:
A. They are smaller than the other planets that circle the Sun.
B. Their orbits are slower than the Earth's orbit.
C. Their orbits are inside of the Earth's orbit.
25. What is the most distant object in the sky that the human eye can see without
optical instruments?
A. The Horsehead Nebula

B. The Andromeda Galaxy
C. The Sagittarius Constellation
26. Galileo made many astronomical discoveries. Which of the following was NOT one of his
discoveries?
A. The phases of Venus

B. Mountains on Venus
C. Moons of Jupiter
27. Which of the following planets is NOT a terrestrial planet?
A. Earth B. Jupiter C. Mars
28. Which one of the following planets has less mass than the Earth?
A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Pluto
29. A Star like object with a very large red shift is _____.
A. Neutron star. B. Nova. C. Quasar.
30. A coordinate system based on the ecliptic system is especially useful for the studies of ?
A. Planets B. Stars C. The Milky Way
31. When originally discovered, how were planets such as Pluto distinguished from the
multitude of stars in the sky?
A. The planets appear to be bigger than stars

B. The planets are brighter than most stars
C. The planets move relative to the stars
32. What is the name of the spacecraft that recently used Jupiter's gravitational field to redirect
its course toward the Sun's Polar Regions?
A. Magellan B. Ulysses C. Galileo
33. What process produces a star's energy?
A. Hydrogen and oxygen combustion

B. Nuclear fusion C. Neutron beta decay
34. On which planet can one find the solar system's largest volcano?
A. Earth B. Neptune C. Mars
35. Name the planet that has the greatest number of known
moons: A. Earth B. Saturn C. Jupiter
36. What is the HOTTEST region of the sun?
A. The photosphere B. The chromospheres C. The corona

37. On a clear, dark, moonless night, approximately how many stars can be seen with the naked
eye?
A. 300 B. 1,000 C. 3,000
38. What is the most common element found in stars?
A. Hydrogen C. Sodium
B. Helium
39. What are circumpolar stars?
A. A star the suddenly becomes brighter B. A collection of stars
C. Stars that never go below the horizon

and therefore are always visible
40. What are constellations?
A. Recognizable groups of galaxies and the regions of space surrounding them.
B. Apparently fixed, recognizable patterns of stars and the regions of space

around them.
C. Patterns of stars and galaxies that can be identified with color spectra.
41. The big bang occurred
about_______. A. A billion years ago. B. 5 billion years ago.
C. 14 million years ago.
42. What is a star?
A. Very large and bright object in the

night sky
B. A n observed change in the C. A ball of gas that gives off energy

frequency of a wave in the form of heat and light
43. What is a white dwarf?
A. A cold, extremely expanded core of matter left after a star collapses.
B. A hot, extremely dense core of matter left after a star collapses.
C. A cold, extremely dense core of matter left after a star collapses.

44. What is a light-year?
A. The distance light travels in a year B. The time it takes to travel to a star
C. The speed of light in a year
45. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
A. Elliptical. B. Irregular.
C. Spherical.
46. What is a galaxy?
A. Stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.
B. Debris, dirt, and trash bound together by gravity
C. Air, gas, and rock in the universe
47. What are binary stars?
A. Stars like the sun and Earth.
B. Pairs of stars held motionless by gravity.
C. Stars with two poles.
48. What color are the coolest stars?
A. Orange
B. Blue C. Red
49. Stars appear to move in the sky because?
A. The sky is rotating. C. The universe is expanding.
B. Earth is moving.
50. A star moving away from the Earth has a spectrum that is______.
A. Losing its color. C. Shifted toward red.
B. Shifted toward blue.

BIOLOGY SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Life Processes
1. In Photosynthetic process, atmospheric carbon di oxide is _______ to carbohydrates?
a) Oxidised b) Reduced
c) Neutralised d) Burnt
2. When water enters the guard cells the stomata____________?
a) Opens b) Closes
c) Open or closes d) No effect
3. On seeing good food our mouth waters. This fluid is actually?
a) Water b) Hormone
c) Enzyme d) None of the above
4. The enzyme Pepsin is inactive in stomach without the presence of______?
a) Nitric Acid b) Hydrochloric acid

c) Acetic acid d) Butyric acid
5. Ville present on the inner lining of the intestinal wall________________?
a) Secretes enzymes for digestion

b) Secretes hormones
c) Decreases the surface area for absorption
d) Increases the surface area for absorption
6. During cellular respiration one molecule of glucose is first broken down into
two Molecules of ________?
a) Acetic acid b) Pyruvic acid

c) Lactic acid d) none of the above
7. Rajib was absent in the class because of muscle pain which he claims to be due
to excess physical exercise he had done yesterday. This pain is due to_________?
a) Formation of lactic acid b) Formation of acetic acid

c) Formation of Pyruvic acid d) Formation of Hydrochloric acid
8. Right part of the human heart contains?

a) Oxygenated blood b) Mixed blood
c) Deoxygenated blood d) No blood
9. The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation and it

occurs in the part of the vascular tissue called___________?
a) Xylem b) Sclerenchyma
c) Phloem d) Collenchyma
10. In human each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called ___?
a) Neutrons b) Neurons
c) Neptune d) Nephrons
Control and Coordination
1. Gustatory receptors will detect ______?
a) Light b) Taste
c) Smell d) Touch
2. The gap between two neurons is called _____?
a) Synapse b) Synthesise
c) Dendron d) Axon
3. Involuntary actions including blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are controlled
by the __________ in the hind-brain.
a) Medals b) Cerebellum
c) Medulla d) Cerebrum
4. A potted plant kept in a room tends to bend towards the direction of light. This
movement is called____________?
a) Photographism b) Photonastism
c) Photoperiodism d) Phototropism
5. ____________ is a growth inhibiter hormone in plants?
a) Auxin b) Cytokinin
c) Abscicic acid d) Gibberellic acid
6. The endocrine organ present in human female but not in human male is?
a) Testis b) Ovary
c) Pituitary gland d) Thymus
7. If there is a deficiency of growth hormone the child becomes _____?
a) Blind b) Mentally retarded

c) Giant d) Dwarf
8. People living in coastal areas suffer less from goitre. This is because __________?
a) They eat sea food b) They drink sea water

c) They bathe in sea water d) All of the above
9. The upward or down ward movement of shoot and root respectively is influenced by
gravity. Such movement is called____________?
a) Gravity movement b) Gravitytropism

c) Geotropism d) Gravitism
10 The direction of impulse in a typical neuron is ______________?
a) Axon to Dendron b) Dendron to axon

c) Both a and b are correct d) Both a and b are wrong
How do Organisms Reproduce?
1. An animal which can reproduce by budding is____________?
a) Bryophyllym b) Yeast
c) Hydra d) All of the above
2. Male reproductive organ in flowering plant is_________?

a) Carpel b) Stamen
c) Corolla d) Ovary
3. A fertilized ovule develops into a _____ in an angiosperm plant?
a) Seed b) fruit
c) Flower d) cotyledon
4. Where are sperms formed in the human body?
a) Vas deferens b) Prostate gland

c) Ovary d) Testis
5. Copper T and Loops are_____________?
a) Contraceptive devices b) Conventional devices

c) Conducive devices d) Contaminating devices
6. An unisexual flower_____________?
a) Do not have carpel b) Do not have stamen
c) Has either carpel or stamen d) Has either petal or sepal
9 _______ is a common tube for urine and sperm in human male.

a) Urethra b) Uterus
c) Ureter d) None of the above
10. Eggs start developing in human female_________?
a) When she attains puberty b) Only after her birth

c) After the first menstruation d) when she is in her mother‟s womb
Heredity and Evolution
1. The F2 phenotype ratio of a monohybrid cross studied by Mendel is____________?

a) 1:1 b) 2:1
c) 3:1 d) 4:1
2 If T is for tallness and t for dwarfness, what shall be the genotype of a tall pea plant
According to Mendelism?
a) TT b) Tt
c) Either TT or Tt d) tt
3. A Yellow and Round seeded pea plant has genotype YyRr. The gametes produced shall
be __________?
a) Yy, Rr b) YR, yR, Yr, yr
c) YR, yr d) Y, y, R, r
4. If in human a sperm (22+Y) fertilizes an egg (22+X), the sex of the foetus shall be ____?
a) Male b) Female
c) Either male or Female d) None
5. Forelimb of frog, lizard, bird and man has some evolutionary relationship. This are?
a) Hand relationship b) Missing links

c) Analogous organs d) Homologous organs
6 The number of autosomes in a human body cell is_______?
a) 44 b) 46
c) 22 d) 23
7. The theory of Natural Selection was proposed by_________?
a) Lamarck b) Darwin
c) Mendel d) Haldane
8. How life might have originated on earth was experimentally shown by________?
a) Urey and Miller b) Oparin and Haldane

c) Watson and Crick d) None of the above
9. Surgically removing tails of mice over several generations‟ do not yield mice
without tails. This proves that_________?
a) Cutting tail does not cause genetic change. So it not inherited.

b) Acquired characters during one‟s own life are not inherited.
c) Neither a nor b is correct
d) Both a and b are correct
10. A random change in the frequency of alleles in any population over

several generations due to errors in the gametes is called________?
a) Gene flow b) Genetic Drift

c) Genetic error d) Genetic crash
Our Environment
1. Only ____ % of the energy can be transferred from one tropic level to the next tropic
level.
a) 1 b) 5
c) 10 d) 20
2. Accumulation of non- biodegradable pesticides in different tropic levels is called?
a) Biological degradation b) Biological magnification

c) Biological concentration d) Biological deposition
3. The UV radiation from the sun is likely to cause _____________ in human.
a) Skin cancer b) Lung cancer

c) Liver Cancer d) Brain Cancer
4. Replacing Plastic cup by paper cups for selling tea on train may be preferred because?
a) Paper cups are bio degradable
b) Paper is cheap
c) It is recyclable.
d) it is e-green.
5. World Environment day is celebrated on______?
a) July 1 b) July 5
c) June 1 d) June 5
6. Which one of the following is a non- biodegradable substance?
a) DDT b) Manure
c) paper d) Cotton cloth
7. In a terrestrial ecosystem the biomass of ____________ should be the most?
a) Herbivore b) Carnivore
c) Producer d) Any one of the above
8. Identify the proper food chain?
a) Grass ----- frog ---- insect ----- snake

b) Grass---- insect ----- frog ------ snake
c) Insect --- frog ---- grass ---- snake
d) Grass --- frog ---- snake ----- insect
9. Food web is___________?
a) Food served through websites

b) Display of different food items
c) Interlinked food chains
d) Using food items for a fashion dress
10. The best way to dispose waste is by_________________?
a) Making a paste of all domestic waste and putting them in a river

b) Separating biodegradable & non- biodegradable waste before disposing in bins
c) Throw the waste on road side
d) Dumping all domestic waste in litter bin
Management of Natural Resources
1. The three Rs to save the environment are_____________?
a) Remember, Reduce, Reuse b) Recall, Reduce, Refund

c) Reduce, Recycle, Reuse d) Reduce, Refund, Reuse
2 Biodiversity hot spots are?
a) Areas where large number of different species are found

b) Hot Areas where large number of different
c) Areas which became hot due to large number of different species.Species are found
d) Areas where large spot has been created due to death of number of species
3. Chipko Andolan is associated with_______________?
a) Protesting against pasting of posters on walls

b) Saving money
c) Using more postal stamps
d) Saving forest
4. Stake holders of our forest are __________?
a) People who live in or around forests are dependent on forest produce

b) The industrialists – from those whose „tendu‟ leaves to make bidis to the ones
with paper mills.
c) Forest Department of the Government which owns the
land.
d) All of the above.
5 Amrita Bishnoi lost her life while saving forest having ____ trees?
a) Teak b) khejri
c) Bamboo d) segun
6. Wild life includes___________?
a) Wild animals only b) Wild plants only

c) Wild plants and animals d) All plant and animals
7. Ganga action plan has been initiated to__________?
a) Dredge and make the river better for water transport

b) Increase fishery in the Ganges.
c) Clean excessive pollutants in Ganges water
d) Make Ganga Holy River.
8. A local system of canal irrigation called kulhs is practiced in a___________?
a) Himachal Pradesh b) Arunachal Pradesh

c) Andhra Pradesh d) Madhya Pradesh
9. Indira Gandhi Canal has brought greenery to considerable areas of ______?

a) Gujarat b) Rajasthan
c) Haryana d) Uttar Pradesh
10. Conservation of Wildlife includes_____________?
a) Preventing poaching of animals

b) Construction of National parks, Sanctuaries
c) Ban On trading endangered species
d) All of the above.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE-SYLLABUS QUIZ -X

Light – Reflection & Refraction
1. Coin placed in a bowl when seen from a place just disappears. When water is
poured into the bowl without disturbing the coin, the coin________?
a. Will not be seen

b. becomes visible again
c. Appears above the water surface
d. Appears very much deep inside the water
2. Nature of the image formed by a convex mirror is___________?
a. Real, inverted, diminished

b. Real, inverted, enlarged
c. Virtual, erect, diminished
d. Virtual, erect, enlarged
3. The focal length of a concave mirror is 10cm. The position of the object that is
useful forgetting an enlarged image which can be caught on a screen is__________?
a. Placed at a distance of 5 cm. From the pole of the mirror

b. Placed at a distance of 15 cm from the pole of the mirror
c. Placed at a distance of 35 cm from the pole of the mirror
d. Placed at a distance of4. 5 cm from the pole of the mirror
4. The power of a lens is -3.5D. The lens is_____________?
a. Convex
b. Concave
c. Plano-convex
d. Plano-concave
5. Formula to find the refractive index of a medium is_________________?
a. n=speed of light in the medium/speed of light in air

c. n=speed of light in the air/speed of light in the medium
b. n=1 /speed of light in air
d. n=1 /speed of light in the medium
6. In case of refraction through a glass slab__________?
a. Incident ray is parallel to the refracted ray.

b. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction.
c. Incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray.
d. Angle of refraction is equal to the angle of emergence.
7. Mirror that can be chosen to view a tall building in a small mirror is__________?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. Plano-Convex mirror
8. Mirror formula is____________?
a. 1/v-1/u =1/f
b. 1/v+1/u =1/f
c. M=v/u
d. M=h/h‟
9. The mirror used by ENT specialist‟s is_________?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. Plano-convex mirror
10. A student obtained a blurred image of an illuminated distant tower on a screen by

using a convex lens In order to obtain sharp image of the tower on the screen ,he must
shift the lens______?
a. towards the screen

b. away from the screen
c. away from the lens
d. either towards away or near the screen
11. An object AB is placed in front of a convex Lens at its principal focus The image
will be formed at__________?
a. focus
b. beyond C
c. Between F & C
d. infinity
12. When an object moves closer to a concave lens, the Image formed by it shifts_____?
a. Away from the lens

b. First away and then towards the lens
c. Towards the lens
d. First towards and then away from the lens
13. When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a rarer medium which angle
is greater______?
a. angle of incidence
b. angle of refraction
c. both
d. none
Electricity
1. 30 electrons are flowing through a electric wire in a time of 3sec. Then the amount of
current flowing through the wire is__________?
a. 1.6 X 10-18A
b. 4.8 X 10A
c. 9 X 10-18A
d. 9 X 10-19-19A
2. A current of 0.5A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10 minutes. The

amount of electric charge flowing through the bulb is___________?
a. 400C
b. 500C
c. 300C
d. 600c
3. Current flows through a wire only when there is ___________between the end of
the wire?
a. Potential difference
b. Work is done in moving a charge
c. Potential difference at one end is more than at the other end
d. All of the above
4. The SI unit of Potential difference is_______?
a. Volt
b. JC
c. JA-1
d. s-1
5. The amount of work done in moving a charge of 2C across two points having potential
difference of 24 V is_________?
a. 50J c. 24 J
b. 48J d. 54
6. The resistance of the wire when the length of the wire increases two times_____?
a. Becomes 2 times c. Becomes 3 times

b. Becomes 6 times d. Becomes 4 times
7. Resistance of the wire is given by______?
a. R= V/I c. R= I/V
b. R= IV d. R= I2 V
8. The resultant resistance when three resistances 2ohms, 4ohms, 5ohms ,

when connected in series is_________?
a. 12 ohms c. 11ohms
b. 13 ohms d. 15 ohms
9. Potential difference in a circuit in which components are connected in series_____?
a. Remains the same across each component

b. Gets divided across each component
c. Gets distributed equally
d. Potential difference does not appear
10. The resultant value of resistances each of value r ohms when connected in
parallel is x, when these resistances are connected in series the resultant resistance
is___________?
a. nx b. x/n
c. n2 x d. x/n2
11. Electric fuse is connected with____________?
a. Live wire c. earthling

b. neutral wire d. parallel to the line wire
12. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors, when connected in series,
the correct way of connecting ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit is_________?
a. Both ammeter and voltmeter in series

b. ammeter in parallel and voltmeter in series
c. Both ammeter and voltmeter in parallel
d. ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel
13. While performing the experiment to study the dependence of current on potential
difference,if the circuit used to measure the current and voltage is kept in on position for
a longer time ,then__________?
a. Voltmeter reading will change

b. The resistor will get heated up changing the value of “R”
c. Ammeter reading will change
d. d All of the above
14. In a voltmeter there are 20 divisions between 0 to 0.5 the least count of voltmeter is?
a. 0.0020 c. 0.050
b. 0.025 d. 0.250
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
1. SI unit of magnetic field strengt is___________?
a. Oersted c. Volt
b. Ampere d. Ohm
2. Inside the magnet the field lines run_________?
a. From south to north c. From north to south

b. Away from north pole d. Away from the south pole
3. The magnetic field strength of a solenoid can be increased by inserting________?
a. A wooden piece into it c. A glass piece into it

b. An iron piece into it d. Paper roll into it.
4. Strength of the magnetic field at a point in the space surrounding the magnet
is measured by__________?
a. Thickness of the magnet c. The number of lines crossing a given point

b. The resistance of it d. Length of the magnet
5. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is__________?
a. Non uniform c. same at all points

b. Variable d. Zero
6. An electron enters a magnetic field at right angles to it. The direction of force acting
on the electron will be_________?
a. To the right c. To the left

b. Out of the page d. Into the page
7. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit?
a. Reduces instantaneously c. Does not change

b. Increases heavily d. Vary continuously
8. Device used to test whether the current is flowing in a conductor or not is_______?
a. Ammeter c. Galvanometer
b. Voltmeter d. Battery
9. The process of Inducing current in a coil of wire by placing it in a region of
changing magnetic field is_____________?
a. Electrical effect c. Magnetic effect of current

b. Heating effect of current d. Electromagnetic induction
10. The frequency of power supply used in India is___________?

a. 70Hz c. 60 Hz
b. 50Hz d. 30Hz
11. Which of the following property of proton will change while it moves freely in a
magnetic field?
a. Mass c. velocity
b. speed d. Momentum
12. Which one is correct among the following?
a. Red insulated wire is called live wire

b. Green insulated wire is called earthling
c. Black insulated wire is called neutral wire.
d. All of the above
13. The magnetic field lines inside a solenoid is in the form of_____________?
a. Curved line
b. Zig -zag lines
c. circular lines
d. d parallel straight lines
14. The core of electromagnet is__________?
a. Soft iron
b. magnesium
c. steel
d. copper
GENRAL SCIENCE PRACTICE QUIZ
1.While performing the experiment to study the dependence of current on potential

difference, if the circuit that is used to measure current and voltage is kept „on‟ for a
long time, then?
a) The voltmeter will start giving wrong readings.

b) The ammeter‟s zero error will change.
c) The resistor will get heated up changing the value of „R‟
d) The potential difference of the cell will change.
2. In an experiment on finding the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected

in series, student connects the terminals of the voltmeter to?
a) One terminal of each of the two resistors and these terminals are not interconnected.
b) One terminal of each of the two resistors and these terminals are also interconnected.
c) Both the terminals of each of the two resistors.
d) Both the terminals of one resistor and one terminal of the other resistor.
3. Materials which allow a free flow of current through them are called?
a) Insulators b) semi-conductors c) conductors d) alloys
4. Joule/ coulomb are the same as____?

a) Watt b) volt c) ohm d) ampere
5. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit?
a) Reduces substantially b) does not change

c) Increases heavily d) vary continuously
6. The device used for producing electric current is called a_________.
a) Galvanometer b) generator
c) Ammeter d) motor
7. The slope of a VI GRAPH is called___________?
a) Resistance b) resistivity
c) Conductivity d) none of these
8. In a circuit, a voltmeter is always connected in_________?
a) Parallel b) series
c) Parallel or series d) none of these
9. The readings of the ammeter and voltmeter are 4A and 16V respectively. The
value of Resistance R is__________?
a) 4 ohm b) 2 ohm
c) 0 ohm d) none of these
10. The current in a wire depends upon______?
a) Only on the potential difference applied b) only on the resistance the wire
c) Both of these d) none of these
11. Where should an object is placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of
the size of the object?
a) At the principal focus of the lens b) at twice the focal length

c) At infinity
d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus
12. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is
likely to be__________?
a) Plane b) concave
c) Convex d) either plane or convex
13. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?
a) Water b) glass c) plastic d) clay
14. The image formed by a mirror is virtual. The mirror is___________?
a) Concave b) convex
c) May be concave or convex d) none of these
15. Light travels fastest in ___________?
a) Vacuum b) air c) glass d) water
16. Which statement is wrong?
a) A convex mirror can produce a virtual image.

b) A concave mirror can produce a virtual image.
c) A concave mirror can produce diminished virtual image.
d) A convex mirror can never produce a real image.
17. When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air _________?
a) Its speed increases b) its speed decreases

c) Its frequency increases d) its wavelength increases
18. When an object is at infinity from a concave mirror, the image will be formed?
a) At F b) at C c) between F and C d) at infinity
19. The bending of light as it passes from one medium into another is called?
a) Reflection b) refraction c) dispersion d) rarefaction

20.With increase in focal length, the power of the lens?
a) Increases b) decreases c) remains same
d) Sometimes increases, sometimes decreases.
21. A student took solid quick lime in a china dish and added small amount of water
to it .He would heard_______?
a) Pop sound b) a cracking sound

c) A hissing sound d) no sound at all
22. A student tested the ph of distilled water using ph paper and observed green colour.
After adding a few drops of dil. NaOH solution, the ph was tested again the colour
change now observed would be________?
a) Blue b) Green
c) Red d) Orange
23. A fruit juice is tested for its ph value what could be its possible ph if the colour is
changed to red?
a) Less than 3 b) more than 8

c) 7 d) between 6.5 or 7.5
24. Four drops of red litmus solution were added to each one of the following
substances which one turns red litmus solution blue?
a) Alcohol b) distilled water

c) NaoH d) Hcl
25. An ammeter can read current up to 5A and it has 20 divisions between mark 0 and
mark 2 on its scale. The least count of the ammeter is?
a) 0.02A b) 0.01A
c) 0.2A d) 0.1A
26. Cover slip is put on the slide gently to avoid?
a) Entry of air bubbles

b) Crushing of the material
c) Oozing of glycerine
d) None of these
27. A student was asked to prepare mount of stomata from a leaf. He should select?
a) Tip of the leaf b) mid rib of the leaf.

c) Upper epidermis d) lower epidermis
28. In the experimental setup to show that Co is given out during respiration KOH
is kept in the conical flask to?
a) Create partial vacuum in the flask.

b) Absorb moisture in the flask.
c) Provide O.
d) Keep the flask tight.
29. A student added some copper sulphate crystals in water in a beaker and observed
the colour of solution obtained. The colour of the solution observed by him must be?
a) Green b) blue
c) Yellow d) pink
30. A student took solid quick lime in a china dish and added small amount of water
to it .He would heard?
a) Pop sound b) a cracking sound

c) A hissing sound d) no sound at all
31. Four drops of red litmus solution were added to each one of the following
substances which one turns red litmus solution blue?
a) Alcohol b) distilled water

c) NaoH d) Hcl
32. In a mill ammeter, there are 20 divisions‟ between 400mA mark and 500mA mark.
The least count of mill ammeter is?
a) 0.5mA b) 5mA
c) 10mA d) 50mA
33. The function of KOH in the experimental setup to show that CO is released
during respiration is?
a) To enhance respiration
b) To release O for respiration
c) To remove water vapour from the flask
d) To absorb Co2
34. The melting point of acetic acid is__________?
a) 273 K c) 290 K
b) 391 K d) 373 K
35. Glacial acetic acid is________?
a) 5-8 % acetic acid. b) 50 % acetic acid.

c) 100 % acetic acid. d) acetic acid of any concentration.
36. The odour of ethanoic acid resembles with_______?
a) Tomato juice b) kerosene

c) Orange juice d) vinegar
37. A few drops of ethanoic acid were added to solid sodium carbonate. The observation
made was that_________?
a) A hissing sound was produced b) brown fumes evolved

c) Brisk effervescence occurred d) a pungent smelling gas evolved
38. Which one of the reagents gives brisk effervescence with ethanoic acid?
a) Sodium bicarbonate b) Sodium carbonate

c) Calcium carbonate d) All the three.
39. Vinegar smells like_______?
a) Ethanol b) Ethanoic acid c) Hydrochloric acid d) Nitric acid
40. Ethanoic acid is a weaker acid than?
a) Hydrochloric acid b) Sulphuric acid c) Nitric acid d) All the three
41. Pick out the incorrect statement about ethanoic acid?
a) It is colourless. b) It is also called acetic acid.

c) It is used for preparing vinegar. d) It is completely dissociated in water.
42. Below 290 K, acetic acid is a___________?
a) Colourless sweet smelling liquid.

b) Colourless Pungent smelling liquid.
c) Colourless Pungent smelling solid.
d) Colourless sweet smelling solid.
43. Budding occurs in____________?
a) Yeast b) Hydra
c) Both (a) & (b) d) Amoeba
44. Name the most common type of asexual reproduction in Amoeba______?
a) Budding b) Binary fission

c) Spore formation d) Vegetative propagation
45. The fungus Saccharomyces is also known as__________?
a) Black mould b) Blue mould

c) Mushroom d) Budding yeast
46. The multi cellular organism that reproduces by budding ___________?
a) Rhizopus b) Agaricus
c) Hydra d) yeast
47. Binary fission and budding are the examples of____________?
a) Asexual reproduction b) Sexual reproduction

c) Heterothallism d) Copulation
48. Name the most common type of sexual reproduction in amoeba______?
a) Budding b) Binary fission

c) Spore formation d) Vegetative propagation
49. Budding yeast is_________?
a) An algae b) A protozoan
c) A bacteria d) A fungi
50. During a binary fission the DNA molecules of parent cell____________?
a) Replicate b) Disintrigate
c) Elongate d) Coil
51. The prokaryotic organism that reproduces by binary fission?
a) Amoeba b) Bacteria
c) Paramecium d) Plasmodium
52. The multi cellular organism that reproduces by budding?
a) Rhizopus b) Agaricus
c) Hydra d) Yeast
Super Scientists
A Z L O O B C W D T T S I G O L O I B E N I R A M
R Z E C R O H T U O N T S I G O L O I B O R C I M
C O P E N T E S V R T R O E T Q X B Q E H J B P U
H Z I A I A M E M T N M Q X H S I H N H E T Y K U
A O D N T N I Q N V S T A A T O I J U A V Y H J C
E T O O H I S F L V H I O M M S T C V W P H I I Y
O S P G O S T V D Z I W G E M T I S I R O E Y G I
L I T R L T F V X Y K R D O A A S G I S K E L T R
O G E A O P R P A M A I O T L U L I O G Y E E A E
G O R P G Q B W M D C E U N S A D O G L O H Z W T
I L I H I Z H I G A N T J H M I R I G O O L P Q T
S O S E S S C F L T S T Y A W E C E O I L R O V J
T T T R T Y M E O I S D S H Y G N I N L S O I C P
G E U J H W N M G I R T G W E T E T S I O T C V E
B P D Q Y G O O G O R M P O P F Z F A Y M G O Y Z
R R D K I L L O L O T I L H T H C A V L H C I W M
S E K N O O L O N S T O T Z S W R K V T I P P S D
Y H E G T O G O I S G S X A G L I I V G K S O U T
X E I A M I M M I I I W T E J S I T U D D T T E R
R S M S S E O G S G N T S I G O L O N A C L O V G
T E I T R N O T O C E T T S I G O L O R O E T E M
H E G O O L Z L B T X A T S I G O L O Y H T H C I
S I U X O M O C E L L B I O L O G I S T L R H Z Q
U J A I V O E U K I A T S I G O L O T I S A R A P
O T B G Z M O J O B J T S I G O L O T N O E L A P
Archaeologist Geophysicist Oceanographer
Astronomer Hematologist Ornithologist
Audiologist Herpetologist Paleontologist
Biologist Hydrologist Parasitologist
Biomedical engineer Ichthyologist Physicist
Botanist Lepidopterist Seismologist
Cell biologist Mammalogist Taxonomist
Chemist Marine biologist Virologist
Ecologist Meteorologist Volcanologist
Entomologist Microbiologist Zoologist
Environmentalist Mineralogist
Geologist Mycologist
th
10 Grades Syllabus
History of Astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest science of mankind, and our records of the movements
of the heavenly bodies date back to prehistoric times. The oldest surviving text
record of astronomical phenomena is a fragment of bone from around 30,000
years ago with representations of the phase of the moon, and the oldest artifact
related to astronomy is the megalithic structure located in the outskirts of
London, England. This stone structure was erected in positions that coincide
with the directions in which the sun and the moon rise and set on the horizon.
Astronomy developed independently in various regions including the Middle
East, China, India and the American continent. In ancient cultures, the
celestial bodies and religion were closely correlated. For example, in ancient
Babylonia, astronomy developed to serve the purpose of astrology. In this
context, the attempt to distinguish astronomy and astrology in ancient cultures
is meaningless.
Pythagoras, who set the foundation of geometry and trigonometry, argued that
the earth is round and that all of the heavenly bodies follow circular orbits.
Plato, meanwhile, argued that since our observations reveal only an incomplete
portion of the cosmos, insights into the mystery of the universe ought to be
pursued through reason rather than through observation. Such Platonic
teachings thereafter remained enrooted as one of the dominant ideas of
Western society for nearly two millennia, up to the time of the Renaissance.
Aristotle was the first to adopt the law of physics and to posit that the features
of the current universe were attributable to the fact that the universe
conformed to this law. He also claimed that circular movement was the only
natural form of movement, and that the earth was the center of the universe.
Aristarchus was the first scholar to argue that the center of the universe was
not the earth but instead the sun, preceding Copernicus‟ heliocentric theory
by 1700 years.
Eratosthenes accurately determined the size of the earth using a very

simple geometric method, and around the 2nd century B.C., Ptolemy improved
upon the epicycle theory honed by Hipparchus, the theory in which planets
were assumed to move in a small circle called an epicycle, to identify the
retrograde motion which served as the basis for Ptolemy‟s own geocentric
theory. For a long period thereafter, there were no significant developments in
astronomy. Upon the arrival of the 15th century, however, Copernicus
espoused his heliocentric theory, and Kepler, based on his analysis of the
observational data regarding Mars compiled by Tyco Brahe, established the
three laws which are known as Kepler‟s laws even to this day. Meanwhile,
Galileo used the telescope to observe the moon and the planets, most notably
the phases of Venus, which allowed Galileo to verify that Copernicus‟
heliocentric theory was correct. Newton established dynamics as an important
field of science, and applied this knowledge to understand the movements of
the moon and planets and induced the law of gravity.
Overview of the Solar System
The solar system was formed when an enormous cloud of gas and dust
contracted by gravity to create a proto planetary disk, which then grew into
planetesimals, which ultimately formed the planets. The solar system consists
of 8 planets, and in general these are categorized into terrestrial planets that
are composed of rocks and metal components on the interior and Jovian
planets (or giant planets) composed of gas on the exterior. This is because the
temperature became lower toward the exterior of the solar nebula. The orbits of
the planets are ellipses that are nearly circular, with the exception of Pluto and
Mercury. Between Mars and Jupiter, there is an asteroid belt with a
distribution of asteroids with rock and metal components, and asteroids exist
in the Kuiper belt outside Neptune. Comets are found all across the solar
system, and are emitted from Oort clouds that exist as a heavy spherical
exterior on the outer boundary of the solar system. The surfaces of planets
have diverse appearances, but almost all members exhibit craters made from
collisions with asteroids or comets. Areas with few craters are where the
surface has recently changed, indicating that the area is a young region. On
inner planets, we see traces of volcanoes and lava flow.
The Distribution and Orbits of Planets
The distance from the sun to a planet is calculated according to the Titius-
Bode Law. This law is astoundingly accurate when applied to the seven interior
planets, but the difference becomes larger beginning with Neptune. Planetary
movement is characterized in revolutions in direct motion counter clockwise
around the sun. Also, the orbital planes of the planets‟ revolutions are all
within the zodiac in a 16 degree range from the ecliptic plane, with the
exception of Pluto. The revolution orbit is all close to a circle, with the
exceptions of Mercury and Pluto. Pluto exhibits a high degree of eccentricity,
and hence there are cases when it enters inside Neptune‟s orbit. The rotational
axes of the planets are around 25 degrees tilted in relation to the rotation
orbital plane in the case of the earth, Mars, Saturn and Neptune, but all other
planets have an axis that is nearly vertical. The direction of rotation is the
same as the direction of revolution for all planets with the exceptions of Venus
and Uranus. Venus exhibits a retrograde motion by rotating in the opposite
direction, while Uranus has a rotational axis that lies on the equatorial plane.
The rotational velocity of Mercury and Venus is very slow, and this is explained
as the result of the combination of rotation and revolution.
The Physical Characteristics of Planets
The mass of a planet can be determined by applying Kepler‟s Third Law to the
satellites that are attached to the planet.
Here, P refers to the revolution period, A to the semi-major axis of the orbit,
and m1 and m2 respectively to the mass of the planet and the mass of the
satellite. In general, the mass of the satellite is extremely small compared to
that of the planet, and therefore we are able to obtain the mass of the planet
using the formula above.
Also, in cases where no satellite exists, we can obtain the planetary mass by
measuring the perturbation effect of gravity that the planet has on the orbital
movement of other planets, asteroids, comets or our space probes. The size of
a planet can be obtained by directly measuring the size of the visible disk of
the planet, by measuring the accurate time intervals at which the planet
obscures stars, its own satellite, or a space probe, or, in the case of planets
close to the earth, by measuring the time it takes for a radar pulse emitted
from the earth to return by reflecting from various points on the planet in
question. Though we are unable to directly explore the interior of the planets,
we can build a model of the estimated interior based on the average density,
chemical composition, oblations, etc., factors that have been determined based
on observation.
From the planet‟s surface, we can obtain information regarding colour,
albedo and temperature.
From the colour, we learn the chemical composition of the surface and the
atmosphere. The oceans and the land on earth makes the earth appear to be a
blue sphere mottled with green, brown and orange, while regions covered in
clouds or snow appear white. The desert regions on Mars make this planet
appear brown, while the surface of Io, a satellite of Jupiter, is observed to be
yellow due to the sulphur emitted from volcanic eruptions. Meanwhile, the
albedo of a celestial body is defined as the ratio of reflected radiation from the
surface to incident radiation upon it. Planets with no atmosphere or very little
have extremely low albedo, and this is because their surfaces are composed of
low rocks that have low albedo. The surfaces of the Jovian planets or Venus
reflect a lot of the light from clouds and therefore have high Albedo.
The temperature of planet surfaces can be estimated based on Stefan‟s law by

assuming the planet to be a blackbody. This law is expressed as , where E
stands for the total amount of energy emitted per unit area per unit of time
from the surface of the blackbody, T for the effective temperature, and s for the
proportional constant. If the total energy received by the planet from the sun is
equal to the total energy emitted by the planet, the planet is in equilibrium,
and we can determine the temperature of the planet by measuring these two
quantities. However, we must take into consideration that we have omitted
factors such as the planet‟s atmospheric circulation, convection, ?the
atmosphere‟s heat conductivity, the existence of an interior heat source, and
greenhouse effects. Also, by measuring the wavelength corresponding to the
maximum amount of radiation according to Wien‟s law regarding blackbodies
whereby λmax=(0.002898m)/T, we are able to determine the temperature.
Also, by applying the escape velocity Ve = (2Gm/R) 0.5 to the planet‟s surface,
we can find out what components are included in the planet‟s atmosphere.
Here, R stands for the radius of the planet.
The Unsolved Questions Regarding the Solar System
There remain many questions regarding the solar system‟s structure and
various aspects of its members, and among these the most fundamental
question is how the solar system originated and evolved to reach its current
state. Meanwhile, the distribution of angular momentum in the solar system
is another issue that is challenging to explain.
The Earth’s Motion
To understand the movement of the earth, we need to apply the system of

coordinates. For the celestial coordinate system, we use the horizontal
coordinate system, the equatorial coordinate system, the ecliptic coordinate
system, and the galactic coordinate system, etc. with each having its respective
advantages and drawbacks. We therefore select one that is most convenient
depending on our purpose. The revolutionary and rotational movements of the
earth serve as the standard of time, and the mean solar time that we currently
use has been obtained by eliminating the problems inherent in the use of true
solar time. When the mean sun twice consecutively culminates, then we
consider one mean solar day to have passed. Sidereal time is based on the
vernal equinox, while in the mean solar time, because the transit time of the
mean sun differs according to the longitude, we have established standard
times for each country for our usage. All observation data is expressed in
terms of the Universal Time. One year is the time it takes for the earth to
revolve once around the sun, but depending on the definition of the base point,
the sidereal year, the tropical year, and the anomalistic year are formed. The
calendar that we currently use is the Gregorian calendar that is made to
approximately coincide with the changes of the seasons. The earth‟s varying
seasons occur because the earth‟s equatorial plane is 23.5 degrees tilted in
relation to the ecliptic plane.
The evidence of the earth‟s rotation can be found in the Carioles effect,
Foucault‟s pendulum, and the oblate spheroid shape of the earth, etc. while the
revolution of the earth is evidenced by the aberration of starlight, stellar
parallax, and the Doppler effect, etc. Tidal friction due to differential gravity
reduces the energy of the earth‟s rotation and therefore the length of the day
increases at a rate of approximately 0.002 seconds per century and causes the
synchronous rotation of the moon and tidal evolution, thereby increasing the
distance between the moon and the earth. In the distant future, the length of a
day and one month will become the same, approximately 50 times the present
length. Meanwhile, the differential gravity that exercises on the rise along the
earth‟s equator creates torques and gives rise to precession motion, causing the
vernal equinox to move in 26,000 year periods. As a result, the values of the
right ascension and the declination of celestial bodies change and the stellar
constellations also change, so that around A.D. 14,000, Vega will be located on
the North Pole.
Also since the moon and the sun? move above and beneath the earth‟s
equatorial plane, the torques that are exercised in the rise of the earth‟s
equator cause periodic changes, resulting in notation, a phenomenon in
which the rotational axis of the earth shakes.
The Earth and the Moon
The size of the earth was first determined by Eratosthenes of Ancient Greece.
When compared to the parent planet, the moon is an immense satellite that is
the largest in the solar system. Considering that the mass of the moon is very
small compared to the mass of the earth, we can apply
Kepler‟s Law of Harmonization to obtain the earth‟s mass from the orbit of an
artificial satellite, and the mass of the moon can be determined by observing
the earth‟s movement in relation to the earth and moon‟s center of mass.
Today, we can deduce the distribution of the moon‟s interior mass based on
the orbit of artificial satellites that revolve around the moon, and we can
measure the accurate mass of the moon. The interior of the moon was
investigated by Apollo‟s seismic waves, and we have thus learned that a
mascon exists and that the nucleus is not in the center of the shape but
instead located closer toward the earth.
The elements of the earth‟s motion include its revolutionary motion in relation
to the sun that is the center of mass for the earth-moon system, the earth‟s
rotational movement, the rotational motion in relation to the center of mass of
the earth‟s center, the precession motion of the earth‟s rotational axis,
notation, and the decrease of the earth‟s rotational period due to tidal friction,
etc. The movements of the moon are even more complex. The phases of the
moon are created by an eclipse phenomenon, because the size of the area that
receives sunlight varies when viewed from the earth depending on the
elongation of the moon.
The surface of the moon is modeled by collision craters of varying sizes, and
these have been formed by collision with meteoroids. The surface of the moon
is divided into the highlands and the Maria. The highlands is an area covered
with countless craters that is around 3 km higher than the Maria and aged
approximately 4.6 billion years, making it the oldest area on the earth‟s
surface. The Maria is a large black region, a plain of black basaltic lava that is
nearly circular in shape. This circular basin was been created by lava that
filled the area upon eruption due to the impact of a meteor.
The Earth’s Atmosphere
The earth‟s atmosphere absorbs and scatters stellar light and causes
refraction effects. The atmospheric effects that affect visible light include
scattering, extinction, refraction, seeing, dispersion, etc.
The light scatters when interacting with particles according to Rayleigh‟s
scattering law determined by the wavelength of the light and the size of the
particle. The earth‟s magnetic field is distorted by the solar wind and forms the
earth magnetosphere: the magnetosphere is the zone affected by the earth‟s
magnetic field. Solar winds change direction at the magnetopause and
disappear far away from the earth, but nonetheless many protons and
electrons seep in and are caught in the annular Van Allen belt that is
symmetrical to the earth‟s magnetic axis and here the motions of the particles
follow the Lorentz Force Law, (F = q (VxB)). The light of an aurora occurs when
low energy electrons escape the inner belt and collide with atmospheric gases,
causing them to arise or become ionized and emitted.
Terrestrial Planets
The interior structure of the earth is known from various direct and indirect
evidences. The lithosphere that includes the crust and the upper part of the
mantle is known based on our analysis of the types of rocks, and the lower
part of the mantle and the structure and components of the nucleus can be
investigated through seismic waves. The asthenosphere just below the
lithosphere is zones with sufficiently high pressure and temperature so that
the matter that composes the asthenosphere can have fluidity even in a solid
state. Ultimately, in this zone heat is usually transferred through convection.
The lithosphere is the exterior layer of solids in which convection is impossible,
and the internal heat is transferred through conduction. In cases such as the
earth or Io with high geological activity, the heat may sometimes be transferred
through the processes of volcanic activities or the circulation across the entire
lithosphere. This phenomenon causes the plate tectonics, which is the
movement of the plates. The earth‟s lithosphere is composed of the crusts of
the oceans and the continents as well as the upper mantle. Heat transfer
through convection and conduction can occur to a similar degree in objects
that are mainly composed of rocky matter and ice.
The evolutionary patterns of terrestrial planets are all quite similar.

Primordial heat is the remainder from the early stages of a planet‟s formation,
and is one of the important sources of heat for terrestrial planets and other
similar celestial bodies. Two other types of heat sources are radiation decay
heat and tidal heating. Generally, decay occurs in 235U, 238U, 232Th, 40K,
etc. that are located in the mantle and crust which contain a lot of silicon.
Radiation decay occurred frequently in the early evolutionary stages of a planet
when there was a lot of radiation matter, while tidal heat is a major heat source
with strong tidal effects as in the case of large planets such as Jupiter that
have large satellites. Among terrestrial planets, the amount of heat that the
planet possessed from the beginning of that is continually generated
determines the condition of the planet‟s surface.
Jovian Planets
The internal structure of Jovian planets can be estimated based on factors

that have been determined by observation, including their density, gravity,
gravitational field strength, radiation and the chemical components of the
atmosphere. The surfaces of Jupiter and Saturn are thought to probably lack
clear liquid or solid states. According to a theoretical model, their interiors
form five layers. The two layers near the center comprise the nucleus of rock
and ice matter, and their nuclei are surrounded by hydrogen and helium,
which constitutes the majority of these planets‟ masses. The hydrogen near
the nucleus is believed to be in a metal state. The central zones of Jupiter and
Saturn have high temperatures, exceeding 15,000K in the case of Jupiter.
Uranus and Neptune also lack surfaces of clear liquid or solid states, and
are believed to have rocky nucleus. The results of the most recent model
indicate that the rock and ice matter remain incompletely separated. The
mantle that is mostly composed of ice matter surrounds the nucleus, and the
mantle is surrounded by a layer composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Overall, compared to Jupiter and Saturn, the roles of hydrogen and helium are
significant in Uranus and Neptune, and the layers are chemically separated to
a lesser degree. Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune exhibit an excess heat
phenomenon, whereby they emit more energy than they receive from the sun.
In the case of Jupiter, the excess heat is caused by the continuing emission of
heat that remained from the early formation period in addition to the heat
arising from radiation decay, and in Saturn, it is believed that the heat is
caused by helium droplets sinking after separating from metallic hydrogen.
The magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn are thought to be created in the
metallic hydrogen layer that is in a liquid state, while in Uranus and Neptune,
the magnetic field arises from the layer of ice matter in a liquid state
containing ions such as H3O+, OH-, and NH4+. The atmosphere of a Jovian
planet is mostly composed of H, H2, and helium, and other molecules include
CH4, NH3, etc. The majority of molecules contained in the atmosphere are
detected through ultraviolet and infrared spectral observation. The Galileo
spacecraft was equipped with a mass spectrometer and was able to research
the relative content of molecules in the region upon entering the atmosphere.
The cloud layer at the outermost of Jupiter and Saturn is ammonia, and in
Uranus and Neptune, methane clouds have been detected. In Jovian planets,
the atmospheric layer can be divided into two according to the changes in
temperature along depth: in the lower troposphere, the temperature drops
when moving upward, but in Uranus, the drop in temperature occurs more
slowly. ?In the upper zone known as the thermosphere, the temperature
increases when moving upward.
The wind velocity on Jovian planets is identified by observing the movements
of spots such as clouds. The value obtained by this method includes the
planet‟s rotational effect, and therefore we must subtract the rotational speed.
In Jupiter and Saturn, we verified the evidence that convection cells exist in a
series in a deep location, based on the patterns of the observed wind velocity.
In Jupiter, the major change in wind velocity occurs at the borders of bands
with alternating colors, but this does not apply to Saturn. Jovian planets all
have large scale spherical magnetic fields, and the overall appearance is
similar to that of the earth. In Uranus and Neptune, the rotational axis and
the magnetic axis differ significantly, and therefore there appear changes in
the strength of the magnetic field over the course of time.
Small Solar System Bodies
The ring of Jupiter is composed of minute particles, and was formed by the
influx of gas erupting from a volcano on Io, the nearest satellite. This differs
markedly from the ring of Saturn, which is composed of chunks of ice that are
tens of centimeters in size. The ring of Uranus is presumed to have been
formed in the early stages of the solar system‟s creation. Among the planets, an
object of our keenest interest is Europa in Jupiter, where we have recently
discovered the existence of an ice sea, making Jupiter emerge as the most
promising site in the solar system in terms of searching for potential life forms.
Meanwhile, Miranda, located in the innermost area of Uranus, shows large
regional variations in surface features, leading to questions over its origin.
Computer simulations on Pluto and its satellite Charon have indicated that
they were originally the satellites of Neptune, but escaped due to the
gravitation perturbation by a third celestial body.
Asteroids
Asteroids are widely distributed across the asteroid belt between Mars and
Jupiter, and the location of the Trojan Group has been identified as one of the
Lagrangian points. The majority of asteroids follow orbits with large
inclination angles and eccentricity and in terms of their composition;
asteroids are categorized into the C type containing a lot of carbon and the S
type which contain a lot of silicates or stony matter. Recently, we have
identified asteroids that approach the earth as NEO (Near Earth Object) and
are conducting international monitoring campaign for early detection of
potentially hazardous asteroids.
Comets
Comets consist of the nucleus, the coma, the hydrogen cloud, the dust tail and
the ion tail, and can be categorized by the orbital period with a criterion of 100
years into long period comets and short period comets. The ion tail interacts
with the solar wind, so that it extends in the direction opposite to the solar
wind. Originally, the orbit of a comet is a hyperbola or a parabola and leaves
the solar system after once approaching the sun, but in cases where the comet
has approached Jupiter, its orbit changes and it becomes a periodic comet.
Comets are dirty chunks of ice and are believed to come from the Oort cloud.
Research into comets began in earnest when an exploration satellite was able
to observe Haley‟s comet when it approached in 1998 and we learned that the
nucleus of the comet is peanut-shaped and that the nucleus is made of the
darkest matter in the solar system.
Meteoroids
Meteoroids include all celestial bodies that exist in the interplanetary space of
the solar system with the exception of planets, satellites, asteroids, and
comets. Meteors are those that are drawn by the attractive force of the earth
and emit light due to the friction with the earth‟s atmosphere, and meteorites
are parts that remain without burning off entirely and end up falling to the
surface of the earth. Meteorites are categorized into stony meteorites, iron
meteorites, and stony iron meteorites, and they provide important information
that allows us to explain the age and origin of the solar system.
The Origin of the Solar System
The nebular hypothesis and the collision hypothesis have been presented as
models for explaining the origin of the solar system, and ultimately the validity
of these models are determined based on how well they are able to explain the
information that we currently know about our solar system. Currently, the
models accepted to be the most plausible are the proto-nebular hypothesis or
the planetesimal hypothesis, which claims that planetesimals are created
through an accretion process. The sun was created through the process of star
formation, and many hypotheses have also been presented regarding the
origin of the moon, including the fission hypothesis, the capture hypothesis
and the binary accretion model, but currently we have obtained calculation
results of quantitative simulations based on the giant impact model.
Galaxies
A galaxy is the most basic of the celestial bodies that compose the universe,
and our own galaxy is one among numerous galaxies that exist in the cosmo
In English, our own is written with a capital G as “Galaxy,” to distinguish it
from a “galaxy” which refers to other ordinary external galaxies. The sun is
ocated around 8.5 kpc away from the core of the Galaxy, and is rotating at a
velocity of 220 km per second.
The Components of Our Galaxy
The major components of the Galaxy are stars, interstellar matter, and dark
matter. Interstellar matter are categorized into gases an dust, and the dust
occupies around 0.6% of the total mass of interstellar matter, exercising a very
significant impact on our observations despite being very small in quantity. The
identity of dark matter cannot be directly observed, but they are known to exist
based on gravitational effects. It is estimated that around 90% of the total mass
of our galaxy is composed of dark matter, indicating that the majority of the
mass exists in the form of dark matter. In addition, there are magnetic fields in
our galaxy, and though these are not matter, they do affect the dynamics of
gases. Also, cosmic rays which move at an extremely high velocity are also an
important factor that determines the balance of interstellar matter.
Interstellar Matter and Interstellar Clouds
Interstellar matter does not exist consistently dispersed through space and
instead exist mostly in cloud formations that are referred to as interstellar
clouds. There are many types of interstellar clouds, ranging from enormous
molecule clouds with high density, mass, and size, to clouds with relatively
small density and mass. The volume of interstellar clouds occupies only a few
percentage of the total volume of our Galaxy, and the remaining space is filled
with thin gases with low density but very high temperature. It is believed that
stars are created within interstellar clouds with high density, and there are
many clouds in which we can directly observe the actual activities of star
creation.
Observation of Interstellar Clouds
The existence of gas is difficult to detect since gas absorbs almost no light in
the range of visible rays. Hydrogen, which is the most common element in the
universe, emits radio waves with a wave length of 21cm when in a neutral
state. Therefore, with the development of radio telescopes, we came to know of
the existence of interstellar gas. Interstellar clouds also contain many
molecules such as hydrogen molecules, carbon monoxide, water vapor, etc.?
The majority of these molecules also generate emission lines in the radio wave
zone and therefore we observe them using radio telescopes. Based on the
observation of emission lines, we are able to measure the motion, temperature,
density, etc. of the interstellar clouds. However, because hydrogen, the most
common molecule, does not give out any radio emission lines, it is difficult to
observe directly. Recently, we have been able to use emission or absorption
lines from hydrogen molecules that appear in the infrared zone.
Interstellar Dust
Interstellar dust comprises a very small portion of the total of interstellar

matter, but they have the function of absorbing or dispersing stellar light.
Interstellar dust is generally known to be composed of silicate compounds and
carbon, and some heavy molecules that exist within the galaxy, such as
calcium, aluminum, and silicon, are mostly captured within the dust and
therefore almost none of these remain in the interstellar gas. The size of
interstellar dust is approximately less than 0.1 microns, and since light with
shorter wavelengths are more easily absorbed, light that has passed through
clouds including interstellar dust changes in color to red. This phenomenon is
called interstellar reddening. Due to interstellar reddening, the existence of
dust has been known to us far earlier than the existence of gas. Dust is
thought to be created by stellar wind coming from the surface of late type stars
or by substances emitted at the time of a supernova explosion.
The Distribution of Stars and Interstellar Matter in the Galaxy
Our Galaxy is a spiral galaxy, and the majority of our stars and interstellar
clouds are located in the very thin circular disk. Among the stars, early type
stars that are very young in age have are very thin in their distribution along
with interstellar matter. By contrast, very old stars form much thicker disks.
Many of the stars are included in stellar clusters, which are groups of
numerous stars. Stellar clusters that exist in our Galaxy can be broadly
categorized into globular clusters, open clusters and stellar associations.
Globular clusters are groups in the shape of spheres composed of hundreds of
thousands of stars, aged 10 billion years or more. Globular clusters are not
limited to the disk of the Galaxy, and are found distributed evenly across the
entire spherical galaxy. In the early 20th century, the American astronomer
Harlow Shapley observed that the distribution of globular clusters tended to
be concentrated toward the Sagittarius in the celestial sphere, and thus first
identified that the sun was far away from the core of the Galaxy. By contrast,
open clusters are composed of a far fewer number of stars and their shapes
are also relatively irregular, mostly being located on the disk of the Galaxy.
The age of open clusters are far younger than the age of globular clusters,
ranging from tens of millions of years to billions of years. Stellar associations
are groups of stars comparatively small in scale ad composed of very young
stars, and are also distributed on the Galaxy‟s plane. Since the stars of stellar
associations were created not long ago, they can usually be found in the
regions where stars are being created. The core of the Galaxy has a nuclear
bulge that is mostly composed of old stars.
The Core of Galaxies
Our Galaxy is very difficult to observe using visible light since there is much
gas and dust in the direction of the nucleus. By measuring the distribution of
gas using radio telescopes, we were able to learn the existence of molecular
clouds surrounding the core of the Galaxy. Also, based on the movement of
gas and stars very close to the core of the Galaxy, we came to know of the
existence of a heavy black hole that is more than 2 million times the mass of
the sun. This type of black hole in the center of a galaxy is commonly found
not only in our own Galaxy but also in many external galaxies. The black hole
with immense mass in the center of a galaxy is thought to be the cause of the
powerful energy emitted from active galaxies or Quasars.
The Death and Birth of Stars
Stars have a limited life span. The stars that exist in our Galaxy are diverse in
age. This indicates that the birth of stars has continued to occur. In actuality,
among the interstellar clouds with large mass, there are many locations where
stars continue to be created. By contrast, some stars are entering into the last
phase of their evolution, having ended their life span. Stars with large mass
experience a supernova explosion at the final stage of their evolution. In our
Galaxy, there exist multiple supernova remnants, which are gases that have
spread out after the explosion of a supernova. In this manner, a star is
created by the contraction of an interstellar cloud but once it has completed
its evolution, it returns the majority of its mass back into the interstellar
cloud. Our Galaxy is thus a kind of ecosystem in which stars and gases
circulate.
Large Scale Structure-Galaxies
Studying the distribution of matter on all scales may give clues as to what the
distribution of matter was like at earlier times -- especially on the largest scales
as the Universe isn't old enough for the largest scale distributions to have
changed much.
 This is a relatively new area in astronomy (such issues didn't arise
when galaxies were still thought to be part of the Milky Way!).
 Concept of hierarchical structures meaning small objects group
together to form larger entities which group together to form yet larger
entities and so on has been one theme for studying structures in the
Universe.
Galaxies => Groups => Clusters => Super clusters
Milky Way is a member of the Local Group which lies on the outskirts of the
Virgo Super cluster. The Virgo Cluster is the nearest cluster. The Local Group
consists of two large spirals (Milky Way and M31), a small spiral (M33), and a
number of irregulars and small elliptical for a total of about 20 members.
Stars
A fixed star (or star) is a mass of gases gathered together had having energy
sources (nuclear fusion energy) that self-generate light and that maintains
equilibrium of gravity and pressure (statics equilibrium) in space. Rather than
identifying individually differentiated features of each star, we systematically
categorize the stars according to criteria based on specific physical quantities.
Physical quantities that can distinguish stars include the star‟s age,
magnitude, mass, radius, surface temperature, luminosity and chemical
components, etc. and these physical quantities can be identified through
observations and theoretical methods based on the observational data.
Star Populations
Stars can be categorized into two distinct populations. In astronomy, elements

that are heavier than hydrogen and helium are collectively referred to as
metals, and stars that have an abundance of metals and are young in age is
categorized as Population I stars. By contrast, old stars with a deficiency in
metals are referred to as Population II stars.
Star Clusters
Based on much observation, astronomers have determined that the majority

of observed stars form a binary system or a multiple star system,
and a large number of stars compose a star cluster. A star cluster refers to a
group of stars that have been created at nearly the same time period and
exercise gravitational force on one another. Such clusters can be divided
into two categories, namely open clusters where stars are gathered together
but are dispersed without any specific form, and globular clusters where
stars are gathered into a spherical form. If we assume that the distances to
all stars within the cluster are the same, we are able to compose an H-R
diagram using the color and apparent magnitude of each star within the
cluster. Using the H-R diagram, it has been identified that in an open
cluster, the majority of stars are young and bright, while by contrast in a
globular cluster, the majority of stars are old and dark. Also, we use the
term OB stellar association to refer to regions where, though the stars are
not as densely gathered as in a star cluster, there is a concentration of stars
with O and B spectral types. The stars that exist in the OB stellar
association are very young astronomical objects that have been created a
short period ago. By this observing, researching and understanding the
observable stars, we gain the foundation for comprehending the structure
and history of our galaxy.
The Sun
The Sun dominates the Solar System in many respects (e.g., mass, energy
production), but luckily for astronomers, the Sun is a very average star and
therefore useful as a basis for understanding all stars. The output
characteristics of the Sun define the habitable zone in the Solar System. It
is the only star whose surface we can study in any kind of detail.
The sun is the fixed star that is closest in distance from the earth, and is
the most important celestial body available for the study of stars. The
appearance of the sun differs depending on the wavelength used in the
observation. By observing the visible rays, we can clearly identify the
photosphere emitting bright light and observe the sunspots on the
surface. When we observe using X-rays, the photosphere appears
relatively dark while the corona, composed of extremely hot gas, or the
areas near the sunspots with high activity appear very bright. The corona
cannot be seen by the visible rays under ordinary circumstances due to
the bright light emitted from the photosphere, but during a total solar
eclipse, the corona can be seen shining brightly.
.
The Structure of the Sun
The interior of the sun is composed of the core that generates the
energy, the radiation layer that conveys this energy outwards, and the
convection layer. The sun‟s surface consists of the atmospheric layer
composed of the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. The
visible rays that our eyes can observe are emitted from the photosphere
with structure including sunspots and granulations. The granulations
are created by convective phenomena on the inside of the photosphere,
while the sunspots appear dark because of their low temperature with
the existence of a strong magnetic field. There are variations in the time
period when the sunspot population reaches its peak on a cycle of 11
years. The chromatic layer is the region that appears pink during a total
solar eclipse, and this is where we observe phenomena such as spicules,
prominence and flares. The border region between the chromatic layer
and the corona is referred to as the transition region, where a mere
increase of around 300 km is accompanied by a temperature increase of
1 million degrees and where can be found the cause of various
phenomena that occur on the sun or of those phenomena that we refer
to as solar activities. The corona remains in high temperature of around
1 million degrees, and appears silvery white during a total solar eclipse.
This is the region where the solar wind emitted from the coronal hole is
dispersed. It has not yet been accurately explained how the corona is
able to maintain such a high temperature.
The Energy Source of the Sun
The sun emits an enormous quantity of energy amounting to approximately

4x1033 erg per second. This energy is generated by the fusion of hydrogen
near the sun‟s core. The fusion of 1 g of hydrogen transforming into helium
results in converting approximately 0.007g of the mass in to energy. This is
the means by which the sun is able to stably emit energy for around 10
billion years. This generated energy passes through the radiation layer in
the core region and the convection layer in the outer region during its
movement to the surface and is then emitted into outer space. The earth
maintains its current temperature by receiving the light emitted by the sun.
Solar Wind
Solar wind refers to the rarefied gas that is emitted from the sun‟s surface
and flies out into the empty space between planets. The emission of solar
wind is particularly increased during the time period when the population
of sunspots is on the rise, and in some cases the solar wind affects the
magnetosphere surrounding‟ the earth‟s atmosphere, resulting in
disruptions of communications here on earth.
Solar Magnetic Field and Sunspots
We knew that the Sun had a strong magnetic field and that sunspots have
even stronger fields than in the quiescent Sun without sending any space
probes to measure the field.
How? -- By taking advantage of the Zeeman effect the magnetic field in a

star can be measured. The Zeeman Effect arises because an electron
orbiting an atomic nucleus is a moving electrical charge which generates a
magnetic field.
So the electron's energy levels are slightly altered by an external field and
hence the emitted or absorbed wavelengths are slightly changed. Note that a
spectrograph has to have good performance to detect Zeeman splitting as
the wavelength shifts are rather small !!
Cosmology
Cosmology is a field of astronomy that deals with the universe as a whole,

an academic field that addresses questions such as the following: what is
the universe composed of, and what its structure is. How was the universe
created and how has it evolved. What is the ultimate fate of the universe
These are some of the most fundamental questions that have also been the
subject of religion and philosophy for the past millennia. However, it was
only the past few centuries that cosmology became accepted as a topic and
object of scientific inquiry, and currently an abundance of research in this
field has brought us to a stage where we can now expect to find substantive
answers. The scope of cosmology? is immense in both time and space since
it studies the universe itself. Modern cosmology surprising simultaneously
encompasses both the microcosmic world of particles as well as the
macrocosmic universe. By integrating both microcosmic and macrocosmic
worlds in its range of study, cosmology has shown us the features of the
early universe, and presented us with significant answers regarding the
origin of substance. Up to recent times, cosmology lacked sufficient
comparative observational data and relied mostly on theoretical research
based on the theory of relativity. However, energized by contemporary
astronomy‟s astounding new developments in observatory technology,
cosmology has achieved remarkable developments in the past two decades.
Observation has contributed to the establishment of the Big Bang theory
which widely accepted today.
Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR)
After Hubble‟s law, the next astronomical observation important to

cosmology was the discovery of cosmic background radiation in 1965.
Based on the theoretical research regarding the Big Bang theory, it
anticipated that the current universe would be full of black body radiation
with a temperature of around 3K, and such background radiation was
indeed verified through actual observation. Such cosmic background
radiation is nearly consistently distributed throughout the universe, not
only supporting the theory that the universe was created by a Big Bang but
also evidencing the isotropy and consistency of the universe. This coincides
with the Cosmological Principle, the basic working assumption behind
attempts to establish a model of the evolving universe.
The Geometrical Structure of the Universe
Before the discovery of Hubble‟s law, Einstein proposed a static model of the
universe based on his own theory of relativity, but once Hubble‟s law was
discovered, it was necessary to revise this into a model of an expanding
universe. Thereafter, Friedman also presented a model based on the theory
of relativity and corresponding to Hubble‟s law. According to Friedman‟s
model, it is possible to envision an open universe, a closed universe, and a
flat universe depending on the curvature of the universe. Another major
challenge for modern cosmology is to use observational astronomy to
determine which of these three models would be an accurate reflection of
the current universe. Although this is an extremely difficult project, several
methods have been proposed. ?If the density of the universe is larger than
the critical density, it is a closed universe, and if the density is less, it is an
open universe. Accordingly, we can reach a conclusion if we can determine
the density of the current universe, but to do so, we must first know the
material content of the whole universe. The results of up to the present
indicate that the observed density of the universe does not exceed a few
percentages of the critical mass and therefore it seems to be an open
universe. However, since this density is only the lower limit value and since
it has been discovered that there is an immense amount of dark mass that
is not actually visible, it is difficult to reach a conclusion.
The Early Universe
It is believed that the universe was created by a great, hot explosion called
the Big Bang. In the first moments, the density and temperature must have
been so high that we do not have a theory capable of explaining the physical
phenomena under such conditions. However, regarding the process of
evolution from the Big Bang to the present, we do know that between the
first 10-45to 10-30seconds, the universe underwent an epoch of rapid
inflation in which it expanded more than 1050 times, then passed through a
hadron epoch, a lepton epoch, a radiation dominated epoch, and a matter
dominated epoch before reaching the present time.
External Galaxies :
The universe contains numerous galaxies. Even up to the early 20th

century, we had almost no knowledge of the existence of external
galaxies, but once we were able to measure distances through Cepheid,
etc. it became known that many of what we had considered nebulae were
actually external galaxies. External galaxies are very diverse in all
aspects, including their shapes, sizes, and masses, etc. Many galaxies are
gathered together in our universe.
Types of Galaxies and their Categorization
According to their external appearance, galaxies are broadly categorized

into spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies, and irregular galaxies. Spiral
galaxies are in the structure of a very thin disk with spiral arms. Elliptical
galaxies appear in the shape of an ellipse and are far more gently sloping
compared to spiral galaxies. Irregular galaxies refer to those that are
irregular in shape unlike spiral galaxies or elliptical galaxies. Spiral
galaxies are more specifically categorized according to the degree of
looseness or tightness of the spiral arms, while elliptical galaxies are
subdivided according to the degree of contortion. In general, elliptical
galaxies are composed of stars of old age, the movements of the stars are
relatively irregular, and it does not contain a lot of cold interstellar matter
that are capable of forming new stars. By contrast, old and young stars
coexist in spiral galaxies, indicating that the activity of star birth
continues to occur today in these galaxies. Spiral galaxies contain a lot of
gases capable of creating stars, and the stars move on a circular orbit on
the disk. While elliptical galaxies have a very wide range of mass, spiral
galaxies have a relatively narrow range of mass. The spiral arms of the
spiral galaxies are formed by spiral density waves and rotate at a
constant velocity unlike the stars.
Galaxy Clusters
Groups consisting of hundreds to ten thousands of galaxies are referred to

as galaxy clusters. In particular, clusters with a high number of clusters
are called rich galaxy clusters. The Virgo galaxy cluster is the closest to our
own galaxy, being around 178 Mpc away. Also, the Coma Berenices cluster
is located around? 90 Mpc away, and this galaxy cluster is estimated to be
composed of ten thousands of galaxies. The diameters of galaxy clusters are
within the range of several Mpc. Galaxy clusters are organically interrelated
and thereby form a far larger structure that we refer to as a super cluster of
galaxies. The length of a super cluster of galaxies occupies around 10% of
the size of the observable universe. In the central region of the majority of
rich galaxy clusters, there is an enormous elliptical galaxy with great mass.
Hubble’s Law
Galaxies are moving away from one another at a velocity proportional to
their distance, and this is referred to as Hubble‟s Law. Hubble‟s Law is
evidence that the universe is expanding. Using Hubble‟s Law, we are able
to estimate the distance to a very far galaxy. Hubble‟s Law and
Cosmic Background Radiation are important observed data that support the
Big Bang theory of cosmology. The velocity of galaxies‟ receding movements
is observed by red shifts in the spectrum. A red shift indicates the degree to
which a wavelength has lengthened, and in cases where the value is much
smaller than 1, the receding velocity is the quantity obtained by multiplying
the velocity of light to the red shift. However, in cases where galaxies recede
at a velocity close to the velocity of light, the red shift can have a value
much greater than 1. According to the Big Bang theory, a celestial body with
a red shift of z exhibits a light that started off in a past when the size of the
universe was 1/(1+z) times its current size. The distance to a far galaxy is
expressed simply using the red shift. Among the celestial bodies that have
been hitherto discovered, the largest red shift is around z~6, and these show
us the state of the universe when its age was around a billion years old.
The Birth and Evolution of Galaxies
When the universe was first created, the distribution of mass was very
consistent, but there was a very small degree of density fluctuation. It is
thought that as time passed, regions with high density contracted to create
galaxies or galaxy groups, and the regions with low density became voids. A
large amount of dark matter is required to form a galaxy. Depending on the
properties of the dark matter, the formation of the galaxy and its evolution
varies greatly. According to the cold dark matter theory that is favored by
many scholars today, after galaxies relatively small in size were created in
the universe, these collide, combine and grow into a larger galaxy. However,
no observed data has been able to verify the existence of this process.
However, it appears indisputable that the collision and merger between
galaxies is an important factor that determines evolution.
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GRADE –X

SECTION-I- GENRAL SCIENCE (20 MCQs)

1.1 Life Process.

2.1 Light – Reflection and Refraction.

3.1 Chemical Reactions and Equations.

SECTION-II- ASTRONOMY ( 30 MCQs)

4.1 History of Astronomy.

ASTRONOMY BASED –SYLLABUS QUIZ

1. Which one of the following planets has no moons?

3. The Magellanic cloud is a____________?

A. 1/3 B. 2/3 C. 1/6

A. 1492 B. 1611 C. 1212

9. A device which would not work on the Moonis:___________.

10. Geocentric means around_____________.

13. The diameter of the earth is approximately:

14. What is the approximate age of our sun?

15. Which of the following planets has the lowest density?

16. What are Saturn's rings composed of?

A. Completely connected solid masses

18. The age of the Universe in billions of years is approximately________.

19. The first and largest asteroid discovered was_________.

20. Which of the following saturnine satellites is known to possess an atmosphere?

21. The atmosphere of Venus contains mostly_______.

A. The eclipse path.

23. Which of the following has the greatest density?

24. Mercury and Venus are said to be inferior planets because:

A. The Horsehead Nebula

A. The phases of Venus

A. Earth B. Jupiter C. Mars

A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Pluto

A. Neutron star. B. Nova. C. Quasar.

A. Planets B. Stars C. The Milky Way

A. The planets appear to be bigger than stars

A. Magellan B. Ulysses C. Galileo

33. What process produces a star's energy?

A. Hydrogen and oxygen combustion

A. Earth B. Neptune C. Mars

moons: A. Earth B. Saturn C. Jupiter

36. What is the HOTTEST region of the sun?

A. The photosphere B. The chromospheres C. The corona

A. 300 B. 1,000 C. 3,000

38. What is the most common element found in stars?

39. What are circumpolar stars?

A. A star the suddenly becomes brighter B. A collection of stars

C. Stars that never go below the horizon

40. What are constellations?

A. Recognizable groups of galaxies and the regions of space surrounding them.

B. Apparently fixed, recognizable patterns of stars and the regions of space

41. The big bang occurred

about_______. A. A billion years ago. B. 5 billion years ago.

C. 14 million years ago.

42. What is a star?

A. Very large and bright object in the

B. A n observed change in the C. A ball of gas that gives off energy

43. What is a white dwarf?

A. A cold, extremely expanded core of matter left after a star collapses.

B. A hot, extremely dense core of matter left after a star collapses.

C. A cold, extremely dense core of matter left after a star collapses.

C. The speed of light in a year

45. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?

46. What is a galaxy?

A. Stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.

B. Debris, dirt, and trash bound together by gravity

C. Air, gas, and rock in the universe