PATHOLOGY PAPER 1

CELL INJURY, ADAPTATION, DEATH

Short notes
1. Enumerate cell adaptations with examples: Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia,
Metaplasia
2. Atrophy
3. Apoptosis – types, examples
4. Necrosis – types, examples
5. Differences between apoptosis and necrosis
6. Intracellular bacterial killing mechanism
7. Metastatic calcification
8. Dystrophic calcification
9. Pathogenesis of fatty change

ACUTE / CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Essays
1. Define acute inflammation. Enumerate the processes involved. Describe in
detail the chemical mediators involved.
2. Define inflammation. What are the essential macroscopic features (cardinal
signs) of acute inflammation? Describe the role of chemical mediators in acute
inflammation.

Short Notes
1. Adhesion molecules
2. Chemotaxis
3. Phagocytosis
4. Sequelae of acute inflammation
5. Chronic inflammation
6. Granulomatous inflammation

MCQs
1. Schilling test
2. Bernard-Soleil syndrome
3. Plummer-Vinson syndrome

TISSUE REPAIR: CELL REGENERATION AND FIBROSIS

Essay
1. What is repair? Name the types of wound healing. Describe healing of a clean
surgical wound. List two complications of wound healing.

Short Notes
1. Local and systemic factors in wound healing
2. Granulation tissue
3. Fracture healing
HAEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS, THROMBOSIS AND SHOCK

Essays
1. Define the terms thrombosis, embolism and infarction. Discuss the
aetiopathogenesis of thrombus formation and its fate.
2. Deep vein thrombosis
3. Oedema – classify, discuss the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal oedema.

Short Notes
1. Pathogenesis of oedema
2. Pulmonary thromboembolism
3. Pathogenesis of septic shock
4. Air embolism
5. Exudate
6. Embolism
7. Infarction
8. Systemic oedema pathogenesis

DISEASES OF IMMUNITY

Essays
1. Type 1 hypersensitivity
2. HIV

Short Notes
1. Type 2 hypersensitivity
2. Type 3 hypersensitivity
3. Type 4 hypersensitivity
4. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
5. Rheumatoid arthritis
6. Amyloidosis
7. Types of amyloidosis
8. Secondary amyloidosis
9. Classification of amyloid Substances

NEOPLASIA

Essays
1. Define carcinogen. Classify chemical carcinogens. Describe in detail chemical
carcinogenesis.
2. Define neoplasia. Describe the role of genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis.
Add a note on premalignant lesions.
3. Define neoplasia. Discuss differences between benign and malignant
neoplasms. Write in detail about modes of spread of tumours.

Short Notes
1. Tumour Suppression Genes
2. Grading and Staging of Tumours
3. Tumour Markers
4. Oncogenes
 5. Metastasis
6. Chromosomal abnormalities in neoplasia
7. Cellular characteristics of malignancy
8. Metastatic cascade
9. Paraneoplastic syndrome
10. Metastatic calcification
11. Carcinogens
12. p53 Gene

GENETIC AND PEDIATRIC DISEASES

Essay
1. Cystic fibrosis

Short Notes
1. Barr body
2. Turner syndrome
3. Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
4. Klinefelter syndrome
5. Phenylketonuria
6. Respiratory diseases of the newborn
7. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
8. Hydrops foetalis
9. Immune hydrops
10. Fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH)
11. Wilms tumour
12. Marfan’s syndrome
13. Principles underlying X-linked inheritance

ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES

Short Notes
1. Harmful effects of ionising radiation
2. Vitamin K deficiency
3. Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
4. Asbestosis
5. Oral contraceptives
6. Protein energy malnutrition
7. Vitamin A deficiency
8. Vitamin E deficiency
9. Rickets
10. Obesity

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Essay
1. Tuberculosis

Short Notes
1. Primary complex
 2. Difference between primary and secondary TB
3. Primary TB
4. Tuberculoid leprosy
5. Difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy
6. Evolution and fate of granulomas in TB

HAEMATOLOGY

Essays
1. Classify anaemia. Describe the pathogenesis, pathology and lab diagnosis of
iron deficiency anaemia.
2. Megaloblastic anaemia
3. Hereditary spherocytosis
4. Sickle cell anaemia
5. Thalassemia – classification, pathogenesis, manifestations, lab diagnosis
6. Aplastic anaemia
7. Haemophilia A
8. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
9. Define acute leukaemia – classification, investigations
10. Multiple myeloma
11. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
12. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
13. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
14. Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia (CLL)

Short Notes
1. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – stages, applications
2. Haematocrit
3. Packed cell volume (PCV)
4. Absolute indices
5. Indications for bone marrow aspiration
6. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
7. Peripheral smear findings – sickle cell, thalassaemia
8. Reticulocytes
9. Blast crisis
10. Hazards of blood transfusion
11. Classification of bleeding disorders
12. Thrombocytopenia + types
13. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
14. Functional platelet disorders
15. Von Willebrand disease
16. Haemophilia A
17. Haemophilia B
18. Aetiopathogenesis of DIC
19. Screening tests for bleeding disorders
20. Prothrombin time
21. Agranulocytosis
22. AML–M3
23. Classification of acute leukaemia
24. FAB classification for acute leukaemias
 25. CML
26. Leukaemoid reaction
27. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
28. Classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
29. Burkett’s lymphoma
30. Reed-Sternberg cells

MISCELLANEOUS

Short Notes
1. Exfoliate cytology
2. Indications for bone marrow examination
3. Screening of blood before transfusion
 PATHOLOGY PAPER 2

BLOOD VESSELS

Essays
1. Atherosclerosis (ATH)
2. Hypertension

Short Notes
1. Different types of aneurysms
2. Coarctation of aorta
3. Syphilitic aneurysms
4. Aortic dissection
5. Wegener granulomatosis
6. Buerger’s disease (thromboangitis obliterans)
7. Kaposi sarcoma
8. Major and minor risk factors for ATH

HEART

Essays
1. Describe the aetiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of ischemic heart
disease
2. Myocardial infarction - gross and microscopic changes, lab diagnosis

Short Notes
1. Angina pectoris
2. Rheumatic fever and heart disease
3. Calcific aortic stenosis
4. Mitral valve prolapse
5. Libman–Sacks endocarditis
6. Complications of infective endocarditis
7. Atrial septal defects
8. Ventricular septal defects
9. Patent ductus arteriosus
10. Fallot’s tetralogy
11. Rheumatoid carditis

LUNG AND URT

Essays
1. Define and classify emphysema. Describe its aetiopathogenesis and pathology.
2. Asthma
3. Tuberculosis
4. Bronchogenic carcinoma
5. Define chronic bronchitis - aetiopathogenesis

Short Notes
1. Bronchiectasis
 2. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
3. Sarcoidosis
4. Pulmonary thromboembolism
5. Wegener granulomatosis
6. Community-acquired acute pneumonias
7. Lung abscess
8. Lobar pneumonia
9. Aetiology of lung cancer

KIDNEY

Essays
1. Nephrotic syndrome
2. Nephritic Syndrome

Short Notes
1. Minimal change nephropathy
2. Kidney lesions in SLE
3. Membranous glomerulonephritis
4. Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
5. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
6. Crescentic glomerulonephritis
7. Acute pyelonephritis
8. Drug induced interstitial nephritis
9. Acute tubular necrosis
10. Malignant hypertension
11. Polycystic kidney disease (Adult)
12. Polycystic kidney disease (Childhood)
13. Renal stones
14. Hydronephrosis
15. Renal cell carcinoma
16. Causes of nephrotic syndrome
17. Acute and chronic pyelonephritis
18. Benign nephrosclerosis

ORAL CAVITY AND GIT

Essays
1. Define peptic ulcer. Describe the pathology and complications. Mention the
sites of occurrence.
2. Gastric carcinoma
3. Colorectal carcinoma

Short Notes
1. Leukoplakia
2. Hiatal Hernia
3. Achalasia
4. Barrett oesophagus
5. Chronic gastritis
6. Acute gastritis
 7. Malabsorption syndrome
8. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
9. Crohn’s disease
10. Complications of ulcerative colitis
11. Colonic diverticulosis
12. Adenomas
13. Familial polyposis syndrome
14. Acute appendicitis
15. Amoebic colitis
16. Aetiology of gastric carcinoma
17. Morphology of gastric carcinoma
18. Role of H. pylori in causation of chronic gastritis
19. Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland

LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT

Essays
1. Portal hypertension
2. Cirrhosis - define, classify, features, complications
3. Viral hepatitis - classify, hepatitis B, clinical features, stages
4. Alcoholic liver disease
5. Primary carcinoma of the liver (hepatocellular)

Short Notes
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma
2. Jaundice
3. Cholestasis
4. Hepatic encephalopathy
5. Liver abscess
6. Haemochromatosis
7. Wilson’s disease
8. α1–antitrypsin deficiency
9. Portal vein obstruction
10. Cholelithiasis (gall stones)
11. Cholecystitis
12. Histopathology of liver in acute viral hepatitis
13. Pathology of alcoholic liver disease
14. Risk factors for gall stones

PANCREAS

Essays
1. Acute pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Carcinoma of the pancreas
4. Diabetes mellitus - classify, pathogenic factors, pathogenesis, complication

Short Notes
1. Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (gastrinomas)
2. Acute pancreatitis
MALE GENITAL SYSTEM

Essays
1. Testicular neoplasms - classify, important features of germ cell tumours
2. Prostatic carcinoma

Short Notes
1. Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
2. Seminoma
3. Syphilis
4. Gonorrhoea
5. Non-gonococcal urethritis

FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM AND BREAST

Essays
1. Carcinoma of the breast
2. Tumours of the cervix – ca. cervix – aetiology, pathology, staging
3. Ovarian Tumours - classify, pathology of germ cell tumours

Short Notes
1. Cervicitis
2. Endometriosis
3. Endometrial hyperplasia
4. Endometrial carcinoma
5. Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma
6. Hydratidiform mole - partial and complete
7. Serous cystadenoma of the ovary
8. Role of HPV in ca. cervix
9. Phyllodes tumour of the breast
10. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
11. Adenomyosis

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Essays
1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Carcinoma of thyroid

Short Notes
1. Grave’s disease
2. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
3. Cushing syndrome
4. Compare any two malignant tumours of the thyroid gland (morphology and
clinical features)
5. Adrenocortical insufficiency
MUSCULOSKELTAL SYSTEM

Essays
1. Osteoporosis
2. Osteoarthritis
Short Notes
1. Ricketts
2. Osteomalacia
3. Osteomyelitis - chronic and pyogenic
4. Differences between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
5. Myasthenia gravis
6. Paget’s disease of the bone
7. Osteosarcoma
8. Giant cell tumour of the bone

SKIN

Essay
1. Malignant melanoma

Short Notes
1. Psoriasis
2. Lichen planus
3. Squamous cell carcinoma
4. Basal cell carcinoma
5. Nevocellular nevus

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Essays
1. Alzheimer’s disease
2. Parkinsonism

Short Notes
1. Saccular aneurysms
2. Subarachnoid haemorrhage
3. Chronic meningitis
4. CSF in meningitis
5. CSF in tuberculous meningitis
6. Indications and contraindications for lumbar puncture
7. CSF in pyogenic meningitis
 Forensic Medicine
Essays
1. Identity - What are the various features of it? Medicolegal Importance of hair.
2. Death. Types of death. Describe the early and late changes after death.
3. Medical negligence - define and classify, defences available in a case of
medical negligence, functions of medical council of India
4. Define dactylography and briefly describe poroscopy. How are finger prints
recorded? Medicolegal importance
5. Professional misconduct
6. Drowning – define, classify, causes of death, pm appearance, lab diagnosis,
medicolegal importance
7. Strangulation - define, classify, causes of death, pm appearance, lab diagnosis,
medicolegal importance
8. Abortion - define, classify, complication and causes of death in criminal
abortion, indication of termination of pregnancy under MTP act
9. Define professional secrecy. What are the exceptions to it? Examples of
unethical practices a medical practitioner should avoid
10. Insanity - What are various manifestations? How is an insane person restrained?
Mention laws governing restraint.
11. Poisons - classify. What are modalities of treatment poisoning. Carbolic acid
poisoning - signs and symptoms and PM findings.
12. Asphyxia - Signs. Causes of asphyxial death. PM findings in a case of
drowning/hanging.
13. Rape - define. Comment on custodial and marital Rape. Examination of a victim
in a case of rape.
14. Mechanical injury - classify. Difference between ante- and post-mortem
injuries. Difference between suicidal and homicidal cut-throat injuries. Age of
the injury - assessment
15. Drunkenness
16. Suspended animation. Comment on the early signs of cellular death. What are
the modified methods of decomposition?
17. Clinical effects and medicolegal significance of excessive alcohol consumption.
How would you examine a person if he is drunk?
18. Contusions - explain how contusions is differentiated from post-mortem
hypothesis. How is age of contusion determined?
19. Classify pesticide poison. Organophosphorus pesticides. Mention the organs
preserved for chemical analysis. Add a note on visceral preservation.

Short Notes
1. Dying declaration
2. Documentary evidence
3. Paracetamol overdose
4. Antemortem vs postmortem injuries
5. Professional misconduct
6. Phossy jaw
7. Intersex
8. Tattoo marks
9. Informed consent
10. Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur - under medical law and ethics
11. Corpus delicti - identification
12. Value of blood group examination in determination of paternity
13. Medical importance of air embolism
14. Hallucinations
15. Mechanism of action of organophosphorus poisoning
16. Treatment of organophosphorus compound poisoning
17. Plumbism (chronic lead poisoning)
18. Features of chronic lead poisoning
19. Definition and types of antidote
20. Botulism
21. Mercurialism
22. Xanthoproteic reaction
23. Various manifestations of insanity. How is an insane person restrained? Mention
laws governing restraint.
24. Filigree burns
25. Aflatoxin
26. Vagal inhibition
27. Cadaveric spasm
28. Abrasion collar
29. Lathyrus sativus
30. Macerated foetus
31. Rape trauma syndrome
32. Clinical features and management of methanol poisoning
33. Significance of hyoid bone in medicolegal autopsy
34. Treatment of snake bite
35. Lucid interval
36. Cholinesterase reactivators
37. Contributory negligence and its value as a defence in medical litigation
38. Delusions
39. Objectives of medical examination of a victim in an alleged case of rape
40. Causes of impotence in males
41. Methods of recording oral evidence of a witness in a court of law.
42. Fractures of skull
43. Causes of death in burns
44. Artefacts
45. Supravital reaction
46. Chelating agents
47. Treatment of parathion poisoning
48. Toxalbumin
49. Court procedures
50. Medicolegal importance of age
51. Testamentary capacity
52. Paederasty
53. Lochia - pregnancy
54. Carbon monoxide poisoning
55. State medical council
56. Medicolegal importance of hypostasis
57. Coup-contrecoup injury
58. Delusions
59. Medicolegal examination of rape-accused
60. Superimposition
61. Euthanasia
62. Strychnine poisoning
63. Battered baby syndrome
64. Causes of impotence in the male
65. Vicarious responsibility
66. Superfoetation
67. Joule burns
68. Heat hyperpyrexia
69. Drug automatism
70. Surrogate mothers
71. Definitive signs of delivery
72. Impulse
73. Café coronary syndrome
74. Cyanide poisoning
75. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
76. Section 84 IPC
77. Privileged communication
78. Ideal homicidal poison
79. Extradural/subdural haemorrhage
80. Penal erasure
81. Warning notice
82. Malingering
83. Drug dependence
84. Carboluria
85. Hostile witness
86. Partial hanging
87. McNaughten’s rule
88. Respondent superior
89. Locard’s principles
90. Restraint of the insane
91. Precipitate labour
92. Body packer’s syndrome
93. Immersion syndrome
94. Civil responsibilities of the insane
95. MTP 1971
96. Classification of sexual offences
97. Autoerotic asphyxia
98. Defence wounds
99. Shotgun injuries
100.First-aid in snake bites
 Microbiology Paper 1

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Essays
1. Mechanism of gene transfer. Give an account of drug resistance in bacteria.
2. Define sterilisation. Enumerate the methods of sterilisation. Describe moist
heat sterilisation.
3. Describe the morphology of a bacterial cell wall with a suitable diagram.
4. Disinfectants
5. How will you demonstrate: cell wall, volutin granules, capsule, flagellum,
nucleus?

Short Notes
1. Bacterial spores
2. Bacterial filters
3. Bacterial capsule
4. Flagella
5. Sporulating anaerobes
6. Bacterial toxins
7. Exotoxin, endotoxin
8. Selective media
9. Transport media
10. Enrichment media
11. Anaerobic cultivation methods
12. Growth curve
13. Antibiogram
14. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
15. Moist heat sterilization
16. Autoclave
17. Tyndallisation
18. Pasteurization
19. Transduction
20. Conjugation
21. Mutation
22. Transferable drug resistance
23. Plasmids
24. Drug resistance
25. Cell wall deficient bacteria
26. Chemical disinfectant
27. Gaseous disinfectants
28. L-Forms
29. Koch’s postulates + Louis Pasteur’s contribution

IMMUNOLOGY

Essays
1. Define and classify immunity. Describe in detail acquired immunity.
2. Classify hypersensitivity reactions. Describe Type 1 hypersensitivity.
 3. Classify immunoglobulins. Describe the structure, properties and functions of
IgG.
4. Enumerate Ag-Ab reactions. Describe in detail agglutination reactions. Describe
gel precipitation reaction.
5. Describe the structure and function of the immune system. Describe the
theories of immune response.

Short Notes
1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
3. Passive acquired immunity
4. Innate immunity
5. Herd immunity
6. immunodeficiency
7. Null cells
8. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
9. B-lymphocytes
10. T-lymphocytes
11. T/B cell maturation
12. Complements
13. Biological effects of complement
14. Classic pathway
15. Alternative pathway
16. Cytokines
17. IgG
18. IgA
19. IgM
20. IgE
21. IgD
22. Antigens
23. Determinants of antigenicity
24. Superantigens
25. Monoclonal antibodies
26. Humoral response
27. Agglutination reactions
28. Precipitation reaction
29. Heterophile agglutination
30. Histocompatibility antigens
31. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
32. Tumour antigens
33. Type 2 hypersensitivity
34. Type 3 hypersensitivity
35. Type 4 hypersensitivity
36. Mechanism of autoimmunity
37. Allograft reaction
38. Allograft rejection
39. Graft vs host reaction
40. MALT
41. ELISA
42. Immunofluorescence
 43. Adjuvants
44. Immunodeficiency
45. Immunosuppressive agents
46. Mantoux test
47. Coombs test
48. Schwartzman reaction
49. Widal test
50. HLA typing
51. Complement fixation test
52. Radioimmunoassay
53. Immunisation schedule
54. Blood groups (MCQs – read from physiology)

SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY

Essays
1. Clostridia - classify, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prophylaxis of tetanus or gas
gangrene
2. Mycobacteria - classify, describe, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis
of pulmonary TB
3. Enteric fever - aetiopathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis
4. Enumerate organisms causing STDs. Describe the pathogenesis and lab diagnosis
of syphilis. Classify spirochetes.
5. Streptococci - classify and mention virulence factors. Write about the
pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of infections caused by S. pyogenes
6. C. perfringens - aetiology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and treatment.
Enumerate the toxins of C. welchii.
7. Cholera
8. Diphtheria

Short Notes
1. Nonspecific urethritis
2. Elek’s Test
3. Lab diagnosis of plague
4. Halophilic vibrio
5. Lab diagnosis of Enteric Fever
6. Prophylaxis of Tetanus
7. C. botulinum
8. Quellung Reaction
9. Collection and transport of specimens for cholera
10. Lymphogranuloma venereum
11. Toxin mediated staphylococcus infections
12. Q fever
13. Toxic shock syndrome
14. Lab diagnosis of cholera
15. H. pylori
16. Naegler reaction
17. Lab diagnosis of gonorrhoea
18. Listeria monocytogenes
19. Atypical mycobacteria
20. Weil’s Disease
21. Pertussis
22. Treponema Test
23. Traveller’s diarrhoea
24. Legionella pneumophilia
25. Gas gangrene
26. Leptospirosis
27. Lab diagnosis of leptospirosis
28. Group B streptococci
29. BCG vaccine
30. Non-suppurative complications of S. pyogenes
31. Stalactite growth and satellitism
32. Lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of whooping cough
33. Serological diagnosis of brucellosis
34. Lyme disease
35. Weil–Felix Test (rickettsia)
36. TRIC agents
37. UTI
38. Typhoid carriers
39. Coagulase test
40. Anthrax
41. M. leprae
42. C. difficle
43. Coxiella burnettii
44. Relapsing fever
45. Haemophilus ducreyi
46. DPT vaccine
47. Faecal concentration methods
48. Diarrhoea
49. TRIC agents
50. Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
51. Wool-sorter’s disease
52. Malignant pustule
53. Typhoid carriers
54. Bacterial vaginosis
 Microbiology Paper 2

VIROLOGY

Essays
1. Enumerate the various viruses causing hepatitis. HBV - aetiology, pathogenesis,
lab diagnosis and prophylaxis
2. Enumerate rhabdoviruses. Rabies - pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prophylaxis and
prevention
3. HIV - morphology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prevention
4. Classify herpes viruses. Describe infections by herpes simplex viruses. Outline
lab diagnosis
5. Enumerate the picornaviruses of medical importance. Discuss pathogenesis, lab
diagnosis and prophylaxis of polio

Short Notes
1. Cytomegalovirus
2. Tissue culture
3. Inclusion bodies
4. Viral gastroenteritis
5. Dengue
6. Interferons
7. Herpes simplex virus
8. Polio vaccine
9. Antigenic drift and shift
10. Molluscum contagiosum
11. Epstein-Barr virus
12. Anti–rabies virus antibodies
13. MMR virus
14. Egg inoculation in viral diagnosis
15. Hepatitis B markers
16. Prions
17. Japanese encephalitis
18. Rots virus
19. Infectious mononucleosis
20. Serological diagnosis of HIV
21. Cultivation of viruses
22. Slow virus diseases
23. Hepatitis C
24. Viral haemorrhagic fever
25. Mumps
26. Measles
27. Rubella
28. Coronavirus
29. Rotavirus
30. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
31. Influenza virus
PARASITOLOGY

Essays
1. Falciparum malaria - pathogenesis, complicatios and lab diagnosis. Outline the
life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum
2. Wuchereria bancrofti - outline the life cycle. Describe the pathogenesis,
clinical features and lab diagnosis of filariasis
3. Classify Nematodes. Ascaris lumbricoides - life cycle, pathogenesis, lab
diagnosis, prevention
4. Enumerate pathogenic and non-pathogenic amoebae. Amoebiasis -
pathogenesis and lab diagnosis. Life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica
5. Enumerate cestodes. Describe life cycle of Taenia solium. Discuss the clinical
features and lab diagnosis of T. solium infection
6. Enumerate species of malarial parasite. Describe the human cycle of P.
falciparum
7. Classify cestodes. Outline formation of hydatid cyst. Describe clinical features
and lab diagnosis of hydatid disease
8. Outline the life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis. Describe the pathogenesis,
lab diagnosis and prophylaxis
9. Life Cycle of Ankylostoma duodenale. Clinical features and lab diagnosis
10. Echinococcus granulosus - life cycle, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis

Short Notes
1. Giardia intestinalis
2. Cutaneous larva migrans
3. Lab diagnosis of filariasis
4. Toxoplasma gondii
5. Extraintestinal amoebiasis
6. Trichuris trichiura
7. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
8. Pathogenic free-living amoeba
9. Cysticercus cellulosae
10. Schistosoma haematobium
11. Trichomonas vaginalis
12. Blackwater fever
13. Enterobius vermicularis
14. Microfilariae
15. Lab diagnosis of malaria
16. Pneumocystis carnii
17. Life cycle of Ankylostoma duodenale
18. Hydatid cyst
19. Cryptosporidium parvum
20. Human cycle of P. vivax
21. LD bodies
22. Occult filariasis
23. Paragonimiasis
24. Cultivation of protozoan parasites
25. Chagas’ Disease
26. Lab diagnosis of amoebiasis
27. Hymenolepis nana
 28. Trichinella spiralis
29. NNN medium
30. Clonorchiasis
31. Enterobiasis
32. Egg counting techniques

MYCOLOGY

Essays

1. Opportunistic fungal infections – enumerate. Describe candidiasis

2. Superficial mycotic infections. Details on dermatophytes.
3. Classify fungi and describe dermatophytes

Short Notes
1. Cryptococcal meningitis
2. Oculomycosis
3. Lab diagnosis of fungal infections
4. Mycetoma
5. Reynolds–Braude phenomenon
6. Aspergillosis
7. Mycotoxins
8. Candidiasis
9. Cryptococcus neoformans
10. Dermatophytes
11. Histoplasma capsulatum
12. Rhinosporidium seeberi
13. Superficial mycoticiInfections
14. Opportunistic Infections
15. Classification based on morphology
16. Eijkman’s test
17. Pityriasis versicolor

APPLIED MICOBIOLOGY

Short Notes
1. Concentration methods for examination of Stools
2. Lab diagnosis of Gonorrhoea
3. BCG vaccine
4. Nosocomial infections
5. Urine culture
 Pharmacology Paper 1
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Essays
1. Routes of dry administration – 6
2. Pharmacokinetics, Absorption – 11
3. Pharmacodynamics, types of receptors, signal transduction of receptors
4. Biotransformation – 20
5. Factors influencing drug action – 52
6. Excretion of drugs, kinetics of elimination

Short Notes
1. Transdermal therapeutic systems – 8
2. Parenteral – 9
3. Sublingual preparation
4. Passive diffusion – 12
5. Bioavailability and bioequivalence – 15
6. Distribution – 16
7. Plasma protein binding – 18
8. Inhibition of drug metabolism – 23
9. First pass metabolism – 24
10. Routes of drug excretion
11. Renal excretion – 26
12. Kinetics of elimination
13. Plasma half-life – 28
14. Loading dose, maintenance dose
15. Prolongation of drug action – 31
16. Transducer mechanism – 39
17. Drug potency and efficiency 47
18. Genetics 54
19. Idiosyncrasy 62
20. Teratogenicity 65
21. Mechanisms of drug action 33
22. Inhibition 34
23. Through receptors 35
24. Synergism 49
25. Age 53
26. Poisoning 62
27. Advantages and disadvantages of oral and parenteral routes
28. Newer and targeted drug delivery systems
29. Factors influencing drug absorption
30. Factors influencing drug distribution
31. Redistribution
32. Enzyme inducers and inhibitors
33. Receptor regulation
34. Nuclear receptors
35. Enzyme-linked receptors
36. G-protein-coupled receptors
37. Signal transduction mechanisms
 38. Dose response curve
39. Combined effect of drugs
40. Therapeutic index
41. Drug potency and drug efficacy
42. Placebo
43. Drug dependence with examples
44. Drug tolerance with examples
45. Pharmacovigilance
46. Drug allergy

ANS

Essays
1. Cholinergic drugs 79
2. Anticholinesterase 81
3. Glaucoma 85
4. Anticholinergic drugs 93
5. Adrenergic drugs and classification 106, 112
6. -adrenergic blockers 119
7. -adrenergic blockers 124

Short Notes
1. Table 6.3 78
2. Table 6.4 79
3. Cholinomimetic alkaloids 81
4. Table 6.6 84
5. Open angle glaucoma 85
6. Timolol 86
7. Angle closure glaucoma 89
8. Myasthenia gravis 89
9. Overtreatment with anticholinesterase 90
10. Anticholinesterase poisoning 91
11. Atropine substitutes 96
12. Mydriatics 98
13. Table 8.4 109
14. Dopamine 112
15. Phenyephrine 113
16. Nasal decongestants 114
17. Labetald 131

AUTACOIDS

Essay
1. NSAIDs 167

Short Notes
1. Actions of histamine 136
2. H1 antagonists 139
3. II generation antihistamines 114
4. Uses and adverse effects of H1 antagonists
 5. Compare advantages and disadvantages of 1st gen vs 2nd gen antihistamines
6. 5-HT antagonists 149
7. Drug therapy of migraine (Lippincott 151)
8. Uses and adverse effects of sumatriptan
9. Uses and adverse effects of prostaglandin analogues
10. Uses and adverse effects of leukotriene antagonists
11. MOA of NSAIDs
12. Uses and adverse effects of NSAIDs
13. Merits vs demerits of traditional NSAIDs
14. Platelet activating factor 165
15. Ibuprofen 177
16. Nimesulide 179
17. Diclofenac Sodium 178
18. Ketorolac 178
19. Paracetamol 181
20. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs 185
21. Drugs for gout 188
22. Uricosuric agents
23. Sulfinpyrazone 190
24. Xanthine oxide inhibitors (allopurinol, etc.) 191

IMMUNITY

Essays
1. Immunosuppressants
2. Corticosteroids

Short Notes
1. MOA of corticosteroids
2. Calcineurin inhibitors
3. Mycophenolate mofetil
4. Uses of immunosuppressants

PNS

Essays
1. Peripherally acting muscle relaxants 309
2. Local anaesthetics 320

Short Notes
1. Pancuronium 314
2. Doxacurium 314
3. Pipecurionium 314
4. Dantrolene 316
5. Centrally acting muscle relaxants 317
6. Bupirocaine 326
CNS

Essays
1. General anaesthetics 338
2. Sedative hypnotics 357
3. Antiepileptics 369
4. Antiparkinsonians 381
5. Antipsychotics 391
6. Antidepressants 405

Short Notes
1. Stages of anaesthesia 334
2. MAC 333
3. 2nd gas effect & diffusion hypoxia 337
4. Nitrous oxide 339
5. Aether 339
6. Halothane 339
7. Thiopentone sodium/Inducing agents 342
8. Ketamine 344
9. Complications of general anaesthetics 345
10. Pre-anaesthetic medication 345
11. Ethyl alcohol
12. Disulfiram 353
13. Treatment of methanol 354
14. Acute barbiturate poisoning 360
15. Flumezenil
16. Phenobarbitone 370
17. Phenytoin 371
18. Carbemazepine 373
19. Ethosuximide 374
20. Valproate 375
21. Hallucinogens 403
22. SSRIs 411
23. Mood stabilizing 414
24. Morphine 420
25. Codeine 424
26. Pethidine 424
27. Naloxone 432
28. Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors

CVS

Essays
1. Cardiac glycosides 457
2. Antiarrhythmic drugs 472
3. Nitrates 488
4. Antihypertensive drugs 503
5. Angiotensins & ACE inhibitors
Short Notes
1. ACE inhibitors/captopril 449
2. Uses and adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
3. MOA and pharmacological actions of ACE inhibitors
4. Uses and MOA of angiotensin receptor blockers
5. Losartan 453
6. Treatment of CHF 467
7. Class III 481
8. Class IV 482
9. Central sympathetolytics 509
10. Nitroglycerin
11. Atenolol

RENAL

Essays
1. Diuretic 525

Short Notes
1. Spironolactone
2. Desmopressin

BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMATION

Essays
1. Antiplatelet drugs

Short Notes
1. Oral preparation of iron
2. Acute iron poisoning 550
3. Vitamin B12/cobalamin 551
4. Vitamin B9/folate 554
5. Vitamin K 558
6. Thrombolytics 569
7. Plasma expanders 583
8. Drug therapy of shock
9. Adrenaline in shock
10. Properties and uses of plasma expanders
11. Heparin 561
12. LMW heparins
13. Oral anticoagulants
14. Iron preparations
15. Drug therapy of iron deficiency anaemia
16. Uses and adverse effects of erythropoietin
17. Mechanism of action of anticoagulants
18. Uses of fibrinolytics with names
19. MOA, uses and ADRs of antiplatelet drugs
20. Merits vs demerits of unfractioned and LMW heparins
21. Nitric oxide
22. Vitamin E/α-tocopherol
 Pharmacology Paper 2
RS

Essays
1. Drugs for bronchial asthma

Short Notes
1. Drugs for cough
2. Methylxanthines 201
3. Leukotriene antagonists 205
4. Mast cell stabilisers

HORMONES

Essays
1. Thyroid inhibitors 230
2. Insulin 236
3. Oral hypoglycaemic drugs 245
4. Corticosteroids 254
5. Calcium 297

Short Notes
1. Growth hormone 215
2. Somatostatin 217
3. Bromocriptine 218
4. Anti-thyroid drugs 230
5. Iodine and iodides 232
6. Radioactive iodine 233
7. Diabetic ketoacidosis 243
8. Sulfonylureas 246
9. Biguanides 248
10. Prednisolone 261
11. Dexamethasone 261
12. Aldosterone 261
13. Anabolic steroids 270
14. Finesteride 272
15. Oestrogens 272
16. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) 278
17. Progestin 280
18. Anti-progestin 283
19. Female contraception 285
20. Oxytocin 292
21. Tocolytics 295
22. Calcitonin 301
23. Bisphosphonates 304
GIT

Essays
1. Peptic Ulcer 587

Short Notes
1. Proton pump inhibitors 591
2. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 592
3. Prostaglandin analogues 593
4. Anti-H. Pylori drugs 597
5. Neuroleptics 602
6. Prokinetics/cisapride 602
7. Treatment of diarrhoea
8. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 605
9. Ondansetron 606
10. Gallstone dissolving agents 608
11. Laxatives

ANTIMICROBIALS

Essays
1. Classification of antimicrobials 628
2. Penicillins 653
3. Tetracyclines 668
4. Aminoglycosides 678
5. Anti-TB drugs 698
6. Anti-leprotic drugs 709
7. Antimalarial drugs 736

Short Notes
1. Superinfection
2. Combined use of antimicrobials 636
3. Sulphonamide 641
4. Cotrimoxazole 644
5. Fluoroquinolones 647
6. Ciprofloxacin 648
7. Ampicillin 659
8. Amoxicillin 660
9. Pencillamine 814
10. D-penicillamine
11. Clavulanic acid 661
12. Cephalosporins 662
13. Cephotaxime 664
14. Cephtazidine 665
15. Chloramphenicol 673
16. Streptomycin 681
17. Gentamycin 682
18. Neomycin 684
19. Macrolide 686
20. Clarithromycin 689
 21. Azithromycin 689
22. Vancomycin 691
23. Treatment of UTI
24. Amphotericin B 715
25. Ketoconazole 721
26. Acyclovir 726
27. Zidovudine 728
28. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 730
29. Interferon 733
30. Metronidazole 750
31. Chloroquine 753
32. Artemisinins
33. Diloxanide furoate 753
34. Mebendazole 759
35. Albendazole 761
36. Ivermectin
37. Radical cure of malaria
38. Drug therapy for chloroquine-resistance malaria
39. Chemoprophylaxis of malaria
40. Drugs for neurocysticercosis

CHEMOTHERAPY

Essays
1. Methotrexate 772
2. Cisplatin 777
3. Toxicity amelioration 780

MISC. DRUGS

Short Notes
1. Cyclosporine 785
2. Drugs for psoriasis 798
3. Retinoic acid 800
4. Dimercaprol 812
5. EDTA 813
6. Desferroxime 814
7. Neuroleptoanalgesics
8. Treatment of oedema
9. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
10. Disodium chromoglycolate
11. Tramadol
12. Heparin vs warfarin
13. N2O vs halothane
14. High-ceiling diuretic
15. Prazosin
16. Mannitol
17. Amphetamines
18. Clopidogrel
19. Dicyclomine
20. Alteplase
21. Retinoids in dermatopharmacology
22. Gene therapy
23. Pharmacogenetics
24. Sparfloxacin
25. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP)
26. Anti-D immunoglobulin
27. Benzoyl peroxide
28. Mucolytics
29. Sunscreens
30. Fenistride
31. Directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS)
32. Peptic ulcer treatment (with or without H. pylori)
33. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
34. III generation cephalosporins
35. Acne vulgaris