Name : Johanes Marojahan Manalu

Nim : 4183141030

Class : Billingual Biology

1. What are the differences between open seeded plants (Gymnosperms) and closed
seeded plants (Angiosperms)?

Answer :

1. Reproductive Equipment

The reproductive tool in gymnosperms is the strobilus. Strobilus is a collection of

sporophils that form a conical structure at the end of a fertile bud (branch tip).

Reproductive organs in angiosperms are flowers consisting of pistil as female genitals and
stamens as male genitals. Stamens produce pollen which, if entered into the pistil, there
will be fertilization (fertilization).

2. Fertilization

The process of cultivation in gymnosperms is a single fertilization where fertilization only

occurs once between the ovum (n) and sperm (n). In a single fertilization there is only one
sperm that fertilizes an egg to form a zygote.

The process of fertilization in angiosperms is in the form of double fertilization. It is called

double fertilization because there are two fused sperm nuclei. Double fertilization takes
place twice, the first is that spermatozoa 1 fertilize the ovum to produce zygotes (2n) which
develop into seeds, while the second is spermatozoa 2 fertilize the biological institutions
secondary to produce endosperms (3n) which will become fruit flesh.

3. Leaf Shape

The shape of the leaves of the gymnosperms plant is stiff and narrow. For example, the
hajis fern, which has palm-like leaves. The leaves are rarely compound and the leaves do
not vary in shape.

The shape of the leaves of the angiosperms plant is flat and wide with a varied arrangement
of leaf bones. The shape of the leaves of dicotyledon plants is pinnate and fingering.
Whereas the monocotyledon leaves form bone which is parallel and curved.

4. Ovaries

Gymnosperms don't have ovaries. While angiosperms have ovaries in the form of pistils.

5. Seeds Covered
The seeds in gymnosperms are not covered so that they can be seen from the outside
between the leaves. While the seeds in angiosperms are covered by fruit leaves so they
cannot be seen from the outside.

6. The stem

All the branches of the gymnosperms are cambium. Cambium is a network of plants
located between the xylem and phloem. This cambium makes the woody stems of plants.

While the angiosperms plant stems are cambium and some are not cambium.
Dicotyledonous plants have cambium whereas monocotyledonous plants do not have
cambium.

7. Root

All gymnosperm plants are rooted. While the roots of angiosperms vary. Dicotyledonous
plants are rooted while monocotyledonous fibers.

2. Explain the main characteristics of the Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Cycadales, and

Gnetales plant groups!

Answer :

Coniferales

Seeds

Coniferous trees do not produce flowers, but grow cones to hold their seeds. Most of these
trees produce male, pollen-bearing cones and female, seed-bearing cones. Both types of
cones appear on the same plant. The male cones do not last as long as the female cones.

Leaves

The leaves of coniferous trees resemble needles. The needles normally stay on the tree
year-round, producing evergreen color.

Plants in the form of trees, needle-shaped leaves, and there are monoseus and dioseus. Pine
and pine trees live in mountainous Europe. In Europe, pine and cypress plants are called
evergreens, which means the leaves remain green all the time.

Ginkogales

1. Having leaves shaped like cotton with a width of 5 to 10 centimeters and a stem
height of 30 meters. In addition, there are also leaves that are shaped like leaves of
the spear of the nuclear group.
 2. When the pollination season arrives, this plant emits an unpleasant odor and is
shunned by humans. Habitus tree is more than 1000 feet high, leaves change color
and shed their leaves in the fall season.

3. Bipolar plants (diesis)

4. Motile male gametes, pollination in water.

5. The young leaves curl up, widened in a fan shape, the leaves are divided in two
symmetrically because of the deep indentation, it develops.

6. Conical male strobilus; female strobilus with 2 different ovuli maturity; ovules
have a fleshy wrapper that can change color.

7. The institution has 2 cotyledons.

Cycadales

1. In the form of a tree, like an oil palm with parallel leaves. The stems are not
branched, the leaves are compound, arranged as a canopy at the top of the tree.

2. Two-housed, meaning there are male plants that produce male strobilus and female
plants that produce female strobilus on different plants.

3. This member produces a large strobilus.

4. Leaves share pinnate, arranged rosette stems, young leaves curled.

5. It looks like a woody palm tree or bush.

6. Strobilus terminalis, unisexualis, dioecious.

7. Male strobilus contains numerous microsporophiles arranged in a spiral with

microsporangia on the lower surface.

8. Male motile (spermatozoid) gametes, in the aquatic environment, are important for
pollination.

9. The number of ovuli is two or more per megasporophile.

10. Megasporophils are like chicken feathers, arranged loosely at the end of a stem or
compact and compact.

Gnetales

1. Straight tree trunks about 20 meters and branched.

2. The roots are riding.

 3. Leaf bones are pinnate, thin and wide.

4. Housed two because male and female strobilus are located in different trees. But
there is also a single house, male and female strobilus contained in 1 tree.

3. Make in the complete Angiosperms plant grouping table together with the
characteristics and examples of each!

Monocotyledonae Characteristic Dicotyledonae Characteristic

Casuarinaceae Casuarinaceae are Liliaceae family Liliaceae is a wet
family tree-shaped, single bush, some climb;
or two-housed, have has rhizome roots,
green needle tubers or layer bulbs.
branches with Example : Lilium
grooved joints. regale
Casuarinaceae
leaves are reduced
(small), flowers in
cone-shaped ears,
and cone-shaped
fruit humps.example
: Casuarina
junghuhniana
Capparaceae family Capparaceae in the Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae is a
form of shrubs, family chronic wet bush.
trees, or woody Having tubers, layer
lianas. The leaves tubers, or rhizome
are single or roots. Example :
compound fingers, Polianthes tuberosa
and are small in size.
Elongated capsule-
shaped fruit.
Example :
Gynandropsis
speciosa
Malvaceae family Malvaceae shrubs or Orchidaceae family Orchidaceae is a
trees. The leaves are group of orchids
single, fingered or which are chronic
veined at the base of bush plants. Most
the leaf. The flowers Orchidaceae live
have 5 petal leaves epiphytes, have
and 5 petal leaves, rhizome roots, and
androgynous, many have fleshy leaves.
stamens, united Example :
stalks and pistil Spathoglottis
stalks above it. plicata 
 Example : Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis
Myrtaceae family Myrtaceae in the Pandanaceae family Pandanaceae in the
form of trees or form of trees,
shrubs. The leaves shrubs, or shrubs.
look always green Pandanaceae leaves
and smell when are tightly gathered
squeezed. Example : and the bones are
Eugenia parallel. Falling
caryophyllus leaves leave ring-
shaped marks on the
stem. Example :
Pandanus tectorius
Leguminosae Leguminosae in the Cactaceae family Cactaceae are a
(Fabaceae) family form of shrubs or group of cacti,
trees, some are having stems that
climbing. Legumes store water
have elongated fruit (succulents). The
leaves that will leaves are small, in
develop into pods the form of scales
(legumes). Most of (hair) or in the form
Leguminosae has of sticky spines.
nodules at the root Example : Opuntia
which is a form of elatior
symbiosis with
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria (Rhizobium
sp.). Example :
Arachis hypogaea
Apocynaceae Family Apocynaceae in the Musaceae family Musaceae is a
form of trees, banana-pisangan
shrubs, or woody group. Musaceae has
lianas. The stem is the form of shrubs or
gummy white. trees, trunked
Generally have consisting of leaf
flowers with striking midribs; child
colors, large size, pinnate leaf bones;
and smell nice. and flowers form
Example : bouquets. Example :
Allamanda Musa paradisiaca 
cathartica
Compositae Compositae in the Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae is a
(Asteraceae) Family form of shrubs or family group of gingers.
trees. The flowers Zingiberaceae in the
have tubular tubers. form of chronic wet
Example : Lactuca bushes, has erect
sativa  stems with flaky
leaves that hug the
stems. Example :
Zingiber officinale