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1 1 Xray - Diffraction Bragg Law PDF
1 1 Xray - Diffraction Bragg Law PDF
Important?
• The second beam must travel the extra distance BC + CD if the two
beams a & b are to continue travelling adjacent and parallel
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1
A
B D
C
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nλ = 2d sinθ
d : lattice interplanar spacing of the crystal
θ : x-
x-ray incidence angle (Bragg angle)
λ : wavelength of the characteristic x-
x-rays
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2
• The process of diffraction is described in terms of incident
and diffracted (reflected) rays, each making an angle θ with
a fixed crystal plane
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sin θ = λ
2d
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3
• Diffraction only occurs when the Bragg condition is satisfied.
satisfied.
• The ways in which these parameters are varied distinguish the two
main diffraction methods:
methods:
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LAUE METHOD
• Depending on the relative position of the X-ray source, the crystal and
the photographic film (to detect the diffracted X-rays)
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4
(a) Transmission method (b) Back-reflection method
Photographic film
Crystal
X-ray beam
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• Thus, not only is the value for d fixed, but the value of θ is also fixed
• The beam in each set all lie on the surface of an imaginary cone:
cone: the
axis of this cone is the zone axis (Figure 3)
• When this beam intersects with the plane of the photographic film it
produces spots (Figure 4)
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5
a
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(a)
(b)
Figure 4: Laue diffraction patterns (a)
Transmission method and (b) Back-
reflection method.
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6
• For transmission patterns the curves are generally ellipses or
hyperbolas (Figure 3a)
a).. For back reflection patterns they are usually
hyperbolas (Figure 3b)
• The spots which lie on any one curve are reflections from planes which
belong to one zone
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POWDER METHOD
• If one plane is set at exactly the correct value of θ for diffraction, then
we observe one and only one reflected (diffracted) beam from that
crystal..
crystal
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Diffracted beam
Zone Axis
2θ
θ Incident beam
X-ray beam
Imagine now, still holding the crystal fixed at the angle θ, we rotate
the crystal around the direction of the incident X-ray beam so that the
plane causing a reflection is still set at the angle θ relative to the X-
ray beam
beam..
The reflected beam will describe a cone as shown in Figure 5b. The
axis of this cone coincides with the axis of the incident beam
In the powder material the crystals are not rotated. However, there
are so many randomly oriented crystals that there will be some with
(hkl) planes which make the right Bragg angle with the incident beam
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8
• We will have many reflected beams each giving one observable point.
point.
• Imagine when these many crystals are rotated about the axis of the
incident X-ray beam, we will have many cones traced out by these
reflected beams.
beams.
• Since there are millions of crystals in the powder material, there will be
many crystals in that powder which will be in a position to diffract the
incident beam and there will be enough of them to get the effect of a
continuous point reflections which will be lying along the arc of the cone
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• Figure 6a shows schematically three cones and Figure 6b shows what
the film looks like when it is unrolled and laid out flat.
flat.
• From the measured position of a given diffraction line on the film, θ can
calculated;; since λ is fixed and known, the interplanar spacing d of
be calculated
the reflecting planes which produced the line can be calculated
calculated..
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What is a powder Camera-(Debye Sherrer Camera)?
• The sample must be placed accurately on the axis of the cylinder and
must be rotated about its axis so that the randomness of the particles
of powder shall be as great as possible.
possible.
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11
• A strip of X-ray film is placed accurately inside the cylinder (on its
perimeter).
perimeter).
• Punched into one side of the film is a hole for the beam collimator and
punched
• There are three mounting in common use, which differ in the position
of the free ends of the film relative to the incident beam (Figure 8)
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Figure 8
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Determination of Accurate Lattice Parameters From Powder Photographs
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• In the method shown in Figure 8c, we find the Bragg angle θ for any
pair of lines by measuring the distance S between the centre of the exit
hole and the diffraction line
• The angle between a pair of lines (two lines) originating from the same
cone is = 4θ. Thus
Thus::
S 4θ
=
2π R 360
• R is the camera radius.
radius.
• Typical cameras have R = 28.
28.65 mm (5.73 cm);
cm); this gives 2πR = 180.
180.
• The measured value of S is therefore given by:
by:
S = 2θ
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