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Water FOR LIFE - EN PDF
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Wilbur SuandingCopyright:
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4HE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S REPRESENT THE WORLDS AGREED TARGETS FOR ADDRESSING POVERTY
IN ITS MANY DIMENSIONS ,ACK OF ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND BASIC SANITATION IS ONE SUCH DIMENSION
AFFECTING BILLIONS OF PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD 4HE -$'S WILL ONLY BE ACHIEVED BY ACTIONS ON THE GROUND
+NOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES IS THE WAY FORWARD 7ATER AND SANITATION TARGETS CAN BE
ACHIEVED THROUGH EMPOWERING INDIVIDUALS HOUSEHOLDS AND COMMUNITIES TO TAKE CHARGE OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT
NEEDS
&OLLOWING ON THE SUCCESS OF 7HERE 4HERE )S .O $OCTOR THE (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION ATTAINS ANOTHER MILESTONE
WITH THE PUBLICATION OF 7ATER FOR ,IFE #OMMUNITY 7ATER 3ECURITY 4HIS NEW PUBLICATION CLEARLY POINTS THE WAY
TOWARD ACHIEVEMENT OF THE -$'S )T COMPLEMENTS A PREVIOUS PUBLICATION 3ANITATION AND #LEANLINESS FOR A
(EALTHY %NVIRONMENT BY DIRECTLY ADDRESSING THE ACTIONS NEEDED AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL TO ENSURE ACCESS TO
SAFE DRINKING WATER
4HIS BOOKLET PROVIDES PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ON THE MOST IMPORTANT hHOW TOv QUESTIONS DEALING WITH ACCESS TO
WATER )T HIGHLIGHTS AMONG OTHER ISSUES WHAT CAN BE DONE TO MAKE WATER SAFE FOR DRINKING AND COOKING AND
HOW TO PROTECT GROUNDWATER RESOURCES COLLECT RAINWATER AND STORE WATER SAFELY
7ATER FOR ,IFE #OMMUNITY 7ATER 3ECURITY IS ONE OF THE KEY KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTS OF 5.$0S #OMMUNITY
7ATER )NITIATIVE LAUNCHED WITH SUPPORT FROM THE 3WEDISH 'OVERNMENT THROUGH THE 3WEDISH )NTERNATIONAL
$EVELOPMENT #OOPERATION !GENCY 3)$! ENABLING COMMUNITIES TO LIVE HEALTHIER LIVES THROUGH IMPROVEMENTS
IN THEIR ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
#ARLOS ,INARES 3ENIOR 7ATER 0OLICY !DVISOR 5.$0
5.$0 IS THE 5.S GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT NETWORK ADVOCATING FOR CHANGE AND CONNECTING COUNTRIES TO
KNOWLEDGE EXPERIENCE AND RESOURCES TO HELP PEOPLE BUILD A BETTER LIFE 7E ARE ON THE GROUND IN
COUNTRIES WORKING WITH THEM ON THEIR OWN SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES !S
THEY DEVELOP LOCAL CAPACITY THEY DRAW ON THE PEOPLE OF 5.$0 AND OUR WIDE RANGE OF PARTNERS
&OR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT
5NITED .ATIONS $EVELOPMENT 0ROGRAMME 5.$0 "UREAU FOR $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY
%NERGY AND %NVIRONMENT 'ROUP %AST TH 3TREET .EW 9ORK .9 53!
WWWUNDPORG
WATER FAX
5ESPERIAN 3OUNDATION
#OPYRIGHT © BY THE (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION
4HE (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION ENCOURAGES OTHERS TO COPY REPRODUCE OR ADAPT TO MEET LOCAL NEEDS ANY OR ALL OF
THIS PAMPHLET PROVIDED THAT WHAT IS REPRODUCED IS DISTRIBUTED FREE OR AT COST NOT FOR PROlT 0LEASE CONTACT
THE (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION BEFORE BEGINNING ANY REPRODUCTION ADAPTATION OR TRANSLATION TO AVOID DUPLICATION
OF EFFORTS AND TO MAKE SURE YOU ARE WORKING WITH THE MOST RECENT UPDATED VERSION OF THESE MATERIALS
7ATER FOR ,IFE
#OMMUNITY WATER SECURITY
BY *EFF #ONANT
4HE (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION IS A NON
PROlT
PUBLISHER OF HEALTH MATERIALS SEEKING TO
EMPOWER COMMUNITIES AND INDIVIDUALS TO TAKE
MORE CONTROL OF THEIR OWN HEALTH AS PART OF
BUILDING A MORE JUST WORLD !S CO
CONVENERS
OF THE 53 #IRCLE OF THE 0EOPLES (EALTH
-OVEMENT WE DEMAND h(EALTH FOR !LL ./7v
#ONTACT US AT
(ESPERIAN &OUNDATION
!DDISON 3T
"ERKELEY #ALIFORNIA 53!
TEL
FAX
EMAIL BOOKORDERS HESPERIANORG
WEBSITE WWWHESPERIANORG
7ATER FOR ,IFE
0AGE
7ATER SECURITY IS A RIGHT
7ATER SECURITY IMPROVES COMMUNITY HEALTH
3TORY )NDUSTRIES AND COMMUNITIES COMPETE FOR WATER
(EALTH PROBLEMS FROM LACK OF WATER
7ATER AND ()6!)$3
(EALTH PROBLEMS FROM UNSAFE WATER
#OMMUNITY %DUCATION !CTIVITY (OW DO YOU KNOW IF WATER IS SAFE
$IARRHEA DISEASES
7ORM INFECTIONS
4OXIC CHEMICALS IN WATER
3TORY !RSENIC IN "ANGLADESH
$EVELOPING A PLAN FOR COMMUNITY WATER SECURITY
#OMMUNITY %DUCATION !CTIVITY 4WO #IRCLES
#OMMUNITY %DUCATION !CTIVITY 7ATER 7ATCH
0LAN IMPROVEMENTS TO YOUR WATER SUPPLY
3TORY 6ILLAGERS TEACH DEVELOPMENT WORKERS
(OW TO PROTECT GROUNDWATER SOURCES
3TEPS TO SAFER WELLS AND WATER HOLES
4HE PROTECTED FAMILY WELL
(OW TO PROTECT A SPRING
(OW TO COLLECT RAINWATER
3TORY #OMMUNITY RAINWATER HARVESTING IN 2AJASTHAN
3AFE WATER TRANSPORT
3TORY 7OMEN AND MEN WORK TOGETHER
4HE .ICARAGUAN ROPE PUMP
3AFE WATER STORAGE
#OMMUNITY %DUCATION !CTIVITY 3AFE WATER COLLECTION AND STORAGE
(OW TO MAKE WATER SAFE FOR DRINKING AND COOKING
3ETTLING WATER
&ILTERING WATER
$ISINFECTING WATER
&ILTERS FOR HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY USE
7HO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WATER SECURITY
3TORY 0ARTNERSHIPS IMPROVE WATER ACCESS
)NTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE RIGHT TO WATER
,IST OF DIFlCULT WORDS
7HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION
7ATER FOR ,IFE
7ATER IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE 0EOPLE ANIMALS AND PLANTS ALL NEED WATER TO LIVE AND TO
GROW "UT IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD PEOPLE LACK ENOUGH WATER TO STAY HEALTHY -ANY
PEOPLE HAVE TO TRAVEL LONG DISTANCES TO COLLECT WATER !ND OFTEN THE WATER THAT
IS AVAILABLE IS NOT SAFE TO DRINK
)F PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH WATER FOR THEIR DAILY NEEDS THEY FACE HARDSHIP AND
SERIOUS ILLNESSES !ND IF THE AVAILABLE WATER IS NOT SAFE BECAUSE IT IS CONTAMINATED
WITH GERMS WORMS OR TOXIC CHEMICALS THIS CAN ALSO LEAD TO MANY ILLNESSES
7HEN A COMMUNITY HAS A WATER SUPPLY THAT IS ACCESSIBLE EASY TO GET TO AND SAFE
EVERYONES HEALTH IS IMPROVED )F WOMEN ARE FREED FROM THE DAILY LABOR OF CARRYING AND
TREATING WATER THE WELL
BEING OF THE WHOLE FAMILY IMPROVES #HILDREN GROW HEALTHIER
AND HAVE LESS OF THE DIARRHEA DISEASE THAT COMES FROM CONTAMINATED WATER !ND
WOMEN AND GIRLS HAVE MORE TIME TO BE PART OF COMMUNITY LIFE AND TO GO TO SCHOOL
4HIS BOOKLET DESCRIBES WAYS TO COLLECT STORE AND CONSERVE SAVE WATER AND TO
PROTECT AND TREAT WATER SO IT IS SAFE TO DRINK 4HIS BOOKLET ALSO HELPS TO ENSURE WATER
SECURITY REGULAR ACCESS TO ENOUGH SAFE WATER BY RAISING COMMUNITY AWARENESS ABOUT
WATER PROBLEMS AND BY SHOWING WAYS TO ORGANIZE FOR CHANGE
4HE SOLUTIONS OFFERED HERE CAN BE APPLIED TO SMALL WATER SYSTEMS ANYWHERE !S LONG
AS ALL PEOPLE HAVE A SAY IN HOW WATER IS COLLECTED CONSERVED AND USED SOLUTIONS CAN
BE FOUND FOR EVEN THE MOST DIFlCULT PROBLEMS
7ATER FOR ,IFE
DNaR_ `RPb_Vaf V` N _VTUa
"ECAUSE WATER IS A BASIC NEED FOR ALL LIFE AND GOOD HEALTH ACCESS TO ENOUGH SAFE WATER
OR WATER SECURITY IS DElNED AS A HUMAN RIGHT BY INTERNATIONAL LAW 3EE PAGE FOR
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT INTERNATIONAL LAWS AND THE RIGHT TO WATER
7ATER IS NATURES GIFT BUT THERE IS A LIMIT TO WHAT NATURE CAN PROVIDE )N MANY PLACES
THE AMOUNT OF WATER FOR DRINKING IS BECOMING DANGEROUSLY LOW 7HERE LAND HAS BEEN
PAVED AND TREES CUT DOWN RAIN THAT ONCE SOAKED INTO THE GROUND AND WAS STORED AS
GROUNDWATER NOW RUNS OFF INTO THE OCEAN AND BECOMES SALT WATER -UCH OF THE WATER
THAT IS LEFT IS TOO POLLUTED FOR HUMAN USE
4HE BEST WAY TO PROTECT OUR HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER IS TO UNDERSTAND HOW WATER
BECOMES SCARCE AND HOW IT IS CONTAMINATED 0EOPLE WORKING TOGETHER TO CONSERVE
SCARCE WATER RESOURCES AND SHARE IN DECISION MAKING ABOUT HOW WATER IS USED WILL
ENSURE COMMUNITY WATER SECURITY
-OST PEOPLE ARE WILLING TO PAY A REASONABLE PRICE FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER "UT IN
MANY PLACES WATER THAT PEOPLE NEED FOR DRINKING IS USED BY INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE
OR SOLD AT A PRICE PEOPLE CANNOT AFFORD 7HETHER WATER IS MANAGED BY THE COMMUNITY
BY GOVERNMENT BY PRIVATE COMPANIES OR BY A PARTNERSHIP OF THESE GROUPS THE PEOPLE
WHO NEED WATER MOST MUST HAVE A SAY IN HOW IT IS PRICED DISTRIBUTED AND USED
Aranukja jaa`o s]pan
7ATER FOR ,IFE
DNaR_ `RPb_Vaf VZ]_\cR` P\ZZb[Vaf URNYaU
4O ENSURE ACCESS TO ENOUGH
SAFE WATER IT IS IMPORTANT TO
Ej n]eoejc _kiiqjepu
UNDERSTAND HOW TO CONSERVE ]s]najaoo( ep eo
PROTECT STORE AND TREAT eilknp]jp pk
WATER "UT UNDERSTANDING IS qj`anop]j` pda nkkp
_]qoao kb lnk^haio*
NOT ENOUGH 4HE COMMUNITY I]ju ehhjaooao nah]pa`
MUST BE MOTIVATED TO CHANGE pk s]pan oa_qnepu _kia
WHAT DOES NOT WORK AND bnki lkranpu ]j`
atlhkep]pekj*
TO MAKE THESE CHANGES
SUSTAINABLE THROUGH COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION AND ACTION
?NV`R P\ZZb[Vaf NdN_R[R`` \S dNaR_ ]_\OYRZ`
-OST PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW WHAT THEIR PROBLEMS ARE ! WOMAN WHO CARRIES WATER LONG
DISTANCES EVERY DAY DOES NOT NEED TO BE TOLD THAT CARRYING WATER IS HARD WORK "UT SHE
MAY NOT FEEL THAT SHE HAS THE POWER TO MAKE HER WORK EASIER
! COMMUNITY WATER PROGRAM CAN CREATE A SHARED UNDERSTANDING AMONG A GROUP OF
PEOPLE )F PEOPLE SEE WATER SECURITY AS A COMMUNITY PROBLEM THEY CAN ALSO SEE THAT
THEY MAY HAVE THE POWER TOGETHER TO MAKE CHANGE 4HIS IS CALLED hRAISING COMMUNITY
AWARENESSv
/N THE NEXT PAGE WE SHARE THE SAD STORY OF A YOUNG BOY 4IMOTHY WHO DIED FROM
A LACK OF WATER SECURITY 4HIS STORY IS FOLLOWED BY THE h#HAIN OF #AUSESv ACTIVITY 4HIS
ACTIVITY MAY BE USEFUL TO RAISE AWARENESS IN YOUR COMMUNITY
.
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7ATER FOR ,IFE
4IMOTHYS STORY
.JOKI LIVED IN THE VILLAGE OF ,UIDO IN NORTHERN )NHAMBANE PROVINCE -OZAMBIQUE WITH
HER YOUNG SON 4IMOTHY (E WAS A HAPPY AND HEALTHY CHILD UNTIL RECENTLY
)N THEIR VILLAGE WATER WAS PUMPED UP FROM A DEEP TUBEWELL 4HE WELL AND PUMP
HAD BEEN BUILT MANY YEARS BEFORE BY A DEVELOPMENT GROUP /NCE IN A WHILE A PART
OF THE PUMP WOULD BREAK BUT OF THE DEVELOPMENT WORKERS ALWAYS KNEW HOW TO
REPAIR IT OR COULD BUY A NEW PART "UT NOW THE DEVELOPMENT WORKERS ARE GONE FROM
THE REGION 4HERE IS NO ONE LEFT WHO KNOWS HOW TO REPAIR THE PUMP AND THERE IS NO
MONEY FOR NEW PARTS
7HEN THE PUMP BROKE AGAIN .JOKIS VILLAGE HAD TO RELY ON A WATER HOLE FAR FROM
THE VILLAGE 4HE WATER HOLE ALSO USED BY MANY ANIMALS WAS CONTAMINATED WITH
WORMS GERMS AND PARASITES 4IMOTHY SOON BECAME VERY SICK WITH SEVERE WATERY
DIARRHEA (E BECAME VERY WEAK AND DEHYDRATED .JOKI HAD NO MONEY TO TAKE HER SON
TO THE HEALTH CENTER MANY HOURS AWAY 7ITHIN A FEW DAYS 4IMOTHY DIED
/ba dUf,' /bVYQV[T N PUNV[ \S PNb`R`
7HY DID 4IMOTHY DIE h"UT WHY v IS A QUESTION GAME THAT HELPS PEOPLE RECOGNIZE AND
BUILD A CHAIN OF CAUSES THAT LEAD TO ILLNESS AND DEATH )N THIS ACTIVITY ASK THE GROUP
FOR IDEAS ABOUT WHAT LED TO 4IMOTHYS DEATH %ACH TIME AN ANSWER IS GIVEN ASK h"UT
WHY v HELPING THE GROUP TO EXPLORE AS MANY CAUSES AS POSSIBLE &OR EXAMPLE
7HAT CAUSED 4IMOTHYS DEATH (E DIED FROM DIARRHEA AND DEHYDRATION
"UT WHY DID HE HAVE DIARRHEA "ECAUSE HE DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH SAFE WATER TO DRINK
"UT WHY DIDNT 4IMOTHYS FAMILY HAVE ENOUGH SAFE WATER
4HE VILLAGE PUMP WASNT REPAIRED
Rehh]ca lqil
^nkgaj
?kjpejqa pda _d]ej® qjpeh ukq
nqj kqp kb mqaopekjo* Ukq _]j
]hok napqnj pk ]j a]nhean hejg
]j` ]og bkn ikna qj`anhuejc
_]qoao* Bkn at]ilha6
S]pan
dkha
"UT WHY DIDNT .JOKI MAKE THE WATER SAFER TO DRINK b]n
]s]u
4HERE WAS LITTLE lREWOOD FOR BOILING WATER
AND NO MONEY FOR CHLORINE BLEACH
4HE h"UT WHY v GAME CONTINUES AS Heppha
PEOPLE CONTRIBUTE REASONS FOR 4IMOTHYS Peikpdu ·naskk` pk
DEATH ! CHAIN OF CAUSES DRAWN ON PAPER `nejgo s]pan ^keh s]pan
sepd canio
OR ON A CHALKBOARD OR MADE OF
CARDBOARD OR mANNEL CAN BE USED
TO SHOW THE CAUSES FOR 4IMOTHYS
Jk ikjau
ILLNESS AND DEATH &OR EACH REASON bkn `k_pkn
GIVEN ANOTHER LINK IS ADDED TO Peikpdu
capo
THE CHAIN )N THIS WAY PEOPLE `e]nnda]
CAN ANALYZE THE DIFFERENT
CAUSES OF WATER INSECURITY Jk
nadu`n]pekj
`nejg
7ATER FOR ,IFE
:\`a dNaR_ V` b`RQ ® N[Q ]\YYbaRQ ® Of V[Qb`a_f N[Q NT_VPbYab_R
)NDUSTRY AND FARMING USE AND POLLUTE MUCH MORE WATER THAN THE AMOUNT USED
BY PEOPLE FOR THEIR DAILY NEEDS 4HIS THREATENS THE SAFETY AND AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR
HOUSEHOLD USE
"ECAUSE WATER IS A HUMAN RIGHT GOVERNMENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE TO HELP MEET PEOPLES
NEED FOR ENOUGH SAFE WATER )T OFTEN TAKES PEOPLE WORKING TOGETHER TO MAKE SURE THE
GOVERNMENT WILL HONOR AND PROTECT THEIR RIGHTS TO WATER SECURITY
)NDUSTRIES AND COMMUNITIES COMPETE FOR WATER
0LACHIMADA IS A SMALL VILLAGE OF RICE AND COCONUT FARMERS IN THE SOUTH OF )NDIA &ARMERS
THERE HAVE LONG BEEN ABLE TO MAKE A GOOD LIVING BECAUSE THE RAINFALL IS PLENTIFUL AND
THE SOIL IS FERTILE "UT A FEW YEARS AGO ALL OF THIS BEGAN TO CHANGE WHEN THE #OCA
#OLA
#OMPANY BUILT A SOFT DRINK BOTTLING FACTORY ON THE EDGE OF THE VILLAGE
4HE COMPANY DRILLED DEEP WELLS TO DRAW UP GROUNDWATER TO MAKE THE COLA DRINK
%VERY DAY THE FACTORY USED MILLION LITERS OF WATER 6ILLAGERS WATCHED AS TRUCKS LEFT
THE FACTORY DAY AFTER DAY CARRYING AWAY THE WATER THAT ONCE FED THEIR CROPS !FTER THE
FACTORY HAD BEEN THERE FOR YEARS VILLAGERS FOUND THAT THEIR CROPS WERE DYING THEIR
HOUSEHOLD WELLS HAD LESS WATER THAN BEFORE AND THE WATER WAS A STRANGE COLOR 7HEN
THEY COOKED RICE WITH THE WATER IT TURNED BROWN AND TASTED BAD 7HEN THEY DRANK OR
BATHED IN THE WATER IT CAUSED SKIN RASHES BALDNESS PAIN IN THE JOINTS WEAK BONES AND
NERVE PROBLEMS 4HE VILLAGERS BEGAN COLLECTING WATER FAR FROM THEIR HOMES TO PROTECT
THEIR HEALTH
$URING A TIME OF SEVERE WATER SCARCITY MORE THAN PEACEFUL PROTESTORS LED
BY VILLAGE WOMEN APPROACHED THE #OCA
#OLA FACTORY DEMANDING THAT THE COMPANY
LEAVE AND PAY THE VILLAGERS FOR THE LOSS OF WATER 4HE COMPANY RESPONDED BY SENDING
A TRUCKLOAD OF WATER TO THE VILLAGE EVERY DAY BUT THIS WAS NOT ENOUGH TO MEET THE
VILLAGERS NEEDS !FTER DAYS OF PROTESTS POLICE ARRESTED MEN AND WOMEN -ANY
MONTHS LATER PEOPLE MARCHED TO THE FACTORY AND AGAIN THE POLICE ARRESTED MANY OF
THEM
4HE STRUGGLE CAUSED HARDSHIPS FOR THE PEOPLE OF 0LACHIMADA BUT IT ALSO BROUGHT
THEM TOGETHER TO DEMAND THEIR RIGHT TO SAFE WATER !FTER SEVERAL YEARS THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT BEGAN TO SUPPORT THE PEOPLE AND ORDERED THE COMPANY TO STOP USING
GROUNDWATER IN TIMES OF DROUGHT "UT THE 3TATE GOVERNMENT SAID THE COMPANY SHOULD
BE ALLOWED TO CONTINUE USING GROUNDWATER 4HE CONmICT WENT TO COURT WHERE THE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED THE PEOPLE OF 0LACHIMADA WHILE THE 3TATE GOVERNMENT
SUPPORTED THE COMPANY
4HE PEOPLE OF 0LACHIMADA CONTINUE TO SUFFER HEALTH PROBLEMS AND CONTINUE TO
COLLECT WATER FROM FAR AWAY "UT THEIR DEMAND FOR THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER HAS
RECEIVED ATTENTION THROUGHOUT )NDIA AND THE WORLD AND THEIR STRUGGLE HAS INSPIRED
MANY OTHERS TO RAISE THEIR VOICES 4HE PEOPLE OF 0LACHIMADA SAY THAT IN A WORLD WHERE
THERE IS NOT ENOUGH SAFE DRINKING WATER IT MAKES NO SENSE TO USE THIS PRECIOUS RESOURCE
TO PRODUCE SWEET LUXURY DRINKS ESPECIALLY IF PEOPLE ARE MADE SICK IN THE PROCESS
(EALTH WORKER DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
s (OW COULD THE COMPANY SHARE WATER MORE FAIRLY WITH
THE VILLAGERS
s $OES THE GOVERNMENT HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
PEOPLES RIGHT TO WATER AND HEALTH
s !RE THERE WAYS THAT YOUR COMMUNITYS NEED FOR WATER
MIGHT BE BETTER MET BY YOUR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5RNYaU ]_\OYRZ` S_\Z YNPX \S dNaR_ dNaR_ `PN_PVaf
&OR THE PEOPLE WHO COLLECT AND CARRY WATER USUALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN WATER
SCARCITY CAN MEAN TRAVELING LONG DISTANCES IN SEARCH OF WATER &OR FARMERS WATER
SCARCITY MEANS HUNGER WHEN
DROUGHT CAUSES CROPS TO FAIL
&OR CHILDREN WATER SCARCITY
CAN MEAN DEHYDRATION AND
DEATH
)N HOSPITALS CLINICS AND
OTHER PLACES WHERE SICK
PEOPLE GET CARE LACK OF
WATER FOR WASHING CAN ALLOW
INFECTION TO SPREAD FROM
PERSON TO PERSON ! RELIABLE
SUPPLY OF SAFE WATER CAN
MEAN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
LIFE AND DEATH 0\YYRPaV[T N[Q PN__fV[T dNaR_ \cR_ Y\[T
QV`aN[PR` PNb`R` ZN[f URNYaU ]_\OYRZ`
DNaR_ PN[ ]_RcR[a N[Q a_RNa ZN[f VYY[R``R`
7E NEED WATER TO HEAL FROM MANY ILLNESSES 7ATER IS USED TO PREVENT AND TREAT
DIARRHEA 3EE THE BOOK 7HERE 4HERE IS .O $OCTOR AND THE BOOKLET 3ANITATION AND
#LEANLINESS FOR A (EALTHY %NVIRONMENT FOR INFORMATION ON MAKING A REHYDRATION DRINK TO
TREAT DIARRHEA 7ASHING HANDS WITH SOAP AND WATER AFTER USING THE TOILET AND BEFORE
EATING OR HANDLING FOOD HELPS PREVENT DIARRHEA ILLNESSES )F THERE IS NOT ENOUGH WATER
FOR WASHING THERE IS MUCH MORE RISK OF ILLNESS AND DEATH
5\d ZbPU dNaR_ Q\ dR [RRQ,
0EOPLE CAN SURVIVE MUCH LONGER WITHOUT FOOD THAN WITHOUT WATER 4HE AVERAGE AMOUNT
OF WATER THAT PERSON NEEDS FOR GOOD HEALTH EACH DAY IS
a\ YVaR_` a\ YVaR_` S\_ S\\Q # a\ $ YVaR_` S\_ ! a\ # YVaR_`
S\_ Q_V[XV[T ]_R]N_NaV\[ N[Q PYRN[b] ]R_`\[NY PYRN[YV[R`` S\_ YNb[Q_f
4HIS TOTALS TO LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY "UT MANY PEOPLE ARE FORCED TO MANAGE
WITH MUCH LESS /THER NEEDS SUCH AS SANITATION IRRIGATION AND WATERING LIVESTOCK OFTEN
REQUIRE MUCH MORE WATER THAN DRINKING COOKING AND WASHING
#OMMUNITY PLACES SUCH AS SCHOOLS AND HEALTH CENTERS MAY NEED MORE THAN THE
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF WATER USED BY ONE PERSON IN A HOUSEHOLD (EALTH CENTERS FOR
EXAMPLE SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST TO LITERS OF WATER PER DAY AVAILABLE FOR EVERY
PERSON SERVED
7ATER FOR ,IFE
DNaR_ N[Q 56C .61@
(EALTH PROBLEMS FROM WATER SCARCITY OR GERMS IN WATER CAN BE ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS
TO PEOPLE WHO ARE ALREADY AFFECTED BY CHRONIC OR LIFE THREATENING ILLNESSES SUCH AS
()6!)$3 "UT GOVERNMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN AREAS WITH HIGH RATES OF ()6 MAY BE
LESS ABLE TO MEET COMMUNITY WATER AND SANITATION NEEDS BECAUSE THEY MUST USE SCARCE
RESOURCES TO CARE FOR THE ()6 CRISIS AND BECAUSE THEY MAY LOSE WORKERS TO THE DISEASE
4HE ()6!)$3 DISEASE IS ./4 PASSED FROM PERSON TO PERSON THROUGH WATER "UT
LACK OF WATER TO WASH AND STERILIZE HEALTH CARE INSTRUMENTS IN HOSPITALS AND HEALTH
CENTERS CAN MAKE PREVENTION OF THE ()6 DISEASE MORE DIFlCULT
56C ZNXR` ]R\]YR Z\_R cbY[R_NOYR a\ dNaR__RYNaRQ VYY[R``R`
7HEN PEOPLES BODILY DEFENSES ARE WEAK FROM ()6 DIARRHEA DISEASES ARE MORE LIKELY
TO AFFECT THEM AND IT IS MUCH HARDER TO RECOVER )NFANTS AND CHILDREN INFECTED BY ()6
ARE ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE 7ORMS THAT MIGHT NOT BE LIFE THREATENING FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE
OTHERWISE HEALTHY CAN CAUSE PNEUMONIA IF THEY TRAVEL INTO THE LUNGS OF ()6 INFECTED
PEOPLE 0EOPLE TAKING DRUGS FOR ()6 MAY HAVE COMPLICATIONS WHEN TAKING OTHER DRUGS
TO TREAT DIARRHEA AND WORMS
56C P\Z]_\ZV`R` ]R\]YR²` NPPR`` a\ R[\bTU `NSR dNaR_
)T IS IMPORTANT FOR PEOPLE WITH ()6 TO HAVE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING AND WASHING WATER
NEAR THE HOME AS WELL AS WATER FOR GARDENING RAISING ANIMALS AND OTHER HOME BASED
ACTIVITIES (AVING ()6 MAKES ACCESS TO WATER DIFlCULT BECAUSE
s 0EOPLE WITH ()6 MAY BE TOO WEAK TO COLLECT AND CARRY WATER
s (OUSEHOLDS HEADED BY CHILDREN OR ELDERLY PEOPLE MAY BE LEFT OUT OF DECISION
MAKING LEAVING THEIR NEEDS FOR WATER AND SANITATION UNMET
s 7OMEN ARE THE MAIN CARETAKERS FOR PEOPLE WITH ()6 AS WELL AS BEING HEAVILY
AFFECTED BY THE DISEASE ITSELF 7HEN THEY ARE ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR COLLECTING AND
TREATING WATER THE BURDEN OF WORK BECOMES TOO MUCH
s ()6 LEADS TO INCREASED POVERTY BECAUSE IT COSTS MONEY TO TAKE CARE OF THE SICK
AND BECAUSE THERE ARE FEWER PEOPLE WORKING TO EARN MONEY FOR THE FAMILY 4HIS
MAKES IT MUCH HARDER TO PAY WATER FEES
DNaR_ `RPb_Vaf S\_ ]R\]YR dVaU 56C
(EALTH WORKERS WATER AND SANITATION PROMOTERS AND
CAREGIVERS ALL NEED TRAINING ABOUT WATER AND
SANITATION RELATED INFECTIONS AND HOW TO
KEEP PEOPLE WITH ()6!)$3 SAFE
0EOPLE WITH ()6 THEIR CAREGIVERS
AND CHILDREN WOMEN AND ELDERS
LEFT BEHIND BY PEOPLE WHO HAVE
DIED NEED TO BE INCLUDED IN
PLANNING FOR WATER PROJECTS
7HEN WATER SECURITY IS
RESPECTED AS A HUMAN RIGHT THE
MOST VULNERABLE PEOPLE IN THE
COMMUNITY WILL HAVE THEIR NEEDS =R\]YR dVaU 56C .61@ [RRQ `NSR dNaR_ T\\Q
MET AND EVERYONE WILL BE SAFER AND [ba_VaV\[ N[Q ZRQVPV[R` aURf PN[ NSS\_Q /ba
HEALTHIER Z\`a \S NYY aURf [RRQ \b_ PN_R N[Q `b]]\_a
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5RNYaU ]_\OYRZ` S_\Z b[`NSR dNaR_
)T CAN BE DIFlCULT TO KNOW IF WATER IS SAFE OR NOT 3OME OF THE THINGS THAT CAUSE HEALTH
PROBLEMS ARE EASILY NOTICED BY LOOKING AT SMELLING OR TASTING THE WATER /THERS CAN
ONLY BE FOUND BY TESTING THE WATER SEE PAGE 5NDERSTANDING WHAT MAKES WATER
UNSAFE AND TAKING STEPS TO PROTECT WATER FROM CONTAMINATION CAN PREVENT MANY
PROBLEMS FROM UNSAFE WATER
5<D 1< F<B 8;<D 63 D.A2? 6@ @.32,
4HIS ACTIVITY CAN HELP PEOPLE 4IME TO MINUTES
UNDERSTAND THAT THERE MAY BE
SOMETHING HARMFUL IN THE WATER
-ATERIALS CLEAR BOTTLES
EVEN IF IT CANNOT BE SEEN "ECAUSE MUD SALT SUGAR TREATED
GERMS AND TOXIC CHEMICALS ARE OFTEN WATER
INVISIBLE IT IS DIFlCULT TO KNOW WHAT
WATER IS SAFE FOR DRINKING
@aR] ' "EFORE THE ACTIVITY lLL CLEAR BOTTLES WITH WATER THAT HAS BEEN BOILED
TREATED WITH CHLORINE OR HAD SOME OTHER TREATMENT 4O ONE BOTTLE ADD A
SPOONFUL OF MUD 4O ANOTHER ADD A SPOONFUL OF SUGAR 4O ANOTHER ADD A SPOONFUL
OF SALT 3HAKE THE BOTTLES WELL ,EAVE THE LAST BOTTLE AS IT IS "RING THESE BOTTLES TO
THE GROUP
@aR] ' !SK PEOPLE IN THE GROUP TO SMELL THE WATER IN ALL
THE BOTTLES 4HEN INVITE THEM TO DRINK WATER FROM ANY OF
THE BOTTLES -OST LIKELY NO ONE WILL DRINK THE MUDDY WATER
BUT MANY WILL DRINK FROM THE OTHER BOTTLES
@aR] ' 7HEN SEVERAL PEOPLE HAVE DRUNK THE WATER ASK
THEM WHY THEY DID NOT DRINK FROM THE MUDDY WATER BOTTLE
4HEN ASK THEM WHAT THEIR WATER TASTED LIKE AND WHAT THEY
THINK WAS IN IT $ID ANYONE DRINK THE WATER WITH NOTHING IN IT !SK THEM HOW
THEY KNEW IT WAS JUST WATER AND DID NOT CONTAIN ANYTHING THEY COULD NOT SEE
SMELL /2 TASTE
@aR] !' "EGIN A DISCUSSION ABOUT DIFFERENT THINGS THAT MAY BE IN YOUR WATER THAT
COULD MAKE IT UNSAFE TO DRINK 4HIS COULD INCLUDE GERMS THAT CAUSE DIARRHEA
BLOOD mUKES THAT CAUSE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND PESTICIDES OR OTHER CHEMICALS !RE
THERE REASONS TO BELIEVE THAT THESE THINGS MAY BE IN THE WATER !RE THERE OTHER
WAYS BESIDES LOOKING AND SMELLING TO KNOW IF THE WATER IS SAFE
7ATER FOR ,IFE
AR`aV[T S\_ dNaR_ `NSRaf
4ESTING WATER IN A LABORATORY OR WITH A WATER QUALITY TEST KIT CAN SHOW THE TYPE
AND AMOUNT OF CONTAMINATION 7ATER TESTING MAY BE DONE BY PROFESSIONALS WHO
TAKE SAMPLES OF LOCAL WATER TO A LABORATORY TO TEST IT ,ABORATORY TESTING IS USUALLY
NECESSARY TO lND CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION 4HESE TESTS ARE HELPFUL BUT CAN BE COSTLY
4ESTING WATER FOR GERMS MAY BE DONE LOCALLY USING A TEST KIT /NE KIND OF TEST KIT
CALLED THE (3 TEST IS WIDELY USED TO TEST FOR GERMS IN WATER )T IS NOT COSTLY TESTS
COST ABOUT DOLLAR AND IT GIVES QUICK RESULTS "UT THIS TEST SOMETIMES MISTAKES
HARMLESS LIVING THINGS FOR GERMS AND IT DOES NOT SHOW IF CHEMICALS OR HARMFUL PARASITE
EGGS ARE PRESENT !NOTHER PROBLEM WITH THIS AND
OTHER WATER QUALITY TESTS IS THAT THEY ONLY SHOW
IF THE WATER IS CONTAMINATED AT THE TIME AND
PLACE THE WATER SAMPLE IS TAKEN
7ATER QUALITY TESTING HAS MANY ADVANTAGES
5 @ aR`a
AND CAN BE USED SUCCESSFULLY UNDER SOME
CONDITIONS "UT IT IS NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR A
COMMUNITY WATER ASSESSMENT PLAN CAREFUL
PROTECTION OF WATER SOURCES AND COMMON SENSE
1VN__URN
QV`RN`R`
$IARRHEA DYSENTERY CHOLERA AND TYPHOID ARE CAUSED BY MANY KINDS OF GERMS CARRIED
BY HUMAN WASTE UNSAFE WATER mIES AND INSECTS AND ON FOOD $IARRHEA CAN BE A SIGN
OF SOME KINDS OF WORM AND PARASITE INFECTIONS 4HESE ILLNESSES MAY ALSO BE CAUSED BY
POOR SANITATION AND A LACK OF ENOUGH WATER FOR PERSONAL CLEANLINESS
@VT[` \S QVN__URN QV`RN`R`
4HE MOST COMMON SIGN OF A DIARRHEA DISEASE IS FREQUENT WATERY STOOLS )T MAY BE
ACCOMPANIED BY FEVER HEADACHE TREMBLING CHILLS WEAKNESS AND VOMITING "ECAUSE
THERE ARE MANY CAUSES OF DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY KNOWING WHAT TREATMENT TO GIVE
DEPENDS ON THE KIND OF DIARRHEA
4HESE SIGNS CAN HELP YOU KNOW WHICH DIARRHEA DISEASE A PERSON HAS
s #HOLERA DIARRHEA LIKE RICE WATER SEVERE INTESTINAL PAIN AND CRAMPING VOMITING
s 4YPHOID FEVER SEVERE INTESTINAL PAIN AND CRAMPING HEADACHE CONSTIPATION OR
DIARRHEA
s 'IARDIA DIARRHEA THAT APPEARS GREASY mOATS AND SMELLS BAD GAS AND BURPS THAT
SMELL LIKE ROTTEN EGGS
s "ACTERIAL DYSENTERY 3HIGELLA BLOODY DIARRHEA FEVER SEVERE INTESTINAL PAIN
AND CRAMPING
s !MEBIC DYSENTERY BLOODY DIARRHEA FEVER SEVERE INTESTINAL PAIN AND CRAMPING
7ATER FOR ,IFE
A_RNaZR[a S\_ QVN__URN QV`RN`R`
$IARRHEA IS BEST TREATED BY GIVING PLENTY OF LIQUIDS AND FOOD )N MOST CASES NO
MEDICINE IS NEEDED 4HESE DIARRHEA DISEASES NEED SPECIAL TREATMENT
s !MEBIC DYSENTERY MAY BE BEST TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS 4O KNOW WHICH
ANTIBIOTICS TO USE SEE A HEALTH WORKER OR A GENERAL HEALTH BOOK LIKE 7HERE
4HERE IS .O $OCTOR
s 4YPHOID IS BEST TREATED BY ANTIBIOTICS BECAUSE IT CAN LAST FOR WEEKS AND EVEN
MONTHS AND LEAD TO DEATH
s #HOLERA IS BEST TREATED WITH REHYDRATION DRINK LOTS OF mUIDS AND EASY TO DIGEST
FOODS TO REPLACE NUTRIENTS LOST THROUGH DIARRHEA AND VOMITING !NTIBIOTICS
SHOULD ONLY BE USED IN THE MOST SEVERE CASES
)F A PERSON HAS BLOODY DIARRHEA OR A HIGH FEVER OR IS VERY SICK THEY NEED TO GO TO A
HEALTH CENTER
A\ ]_RcR[a QVN__URN N[Q Qf`R[aR_f
"ECAUSE MOST DIARRHEA DISEASES ARE RELATED TO POOR SANITATION AND HYGIENE AND
CONTAMINATED WATER AND FOOD THEY ARE BEST PREVENTED BY PROTECTING WATER SOURCES
AND IMPROVING SANITATION 3EE THE BOOKLET 3ANITATION AND #LEANLINESS FOR A (EALTHY
%NVIRONMENT FOR INFORMATION ABOUT DIARRHEA PREVENTION THROUGH SAFE HEALTHY
COMMUNITY SANITATION
s $O NOT USE WATER FROM UNPROTECTED SOURCES
s -AKE WATER SAFE TO DRINK BY lLTERING OR TREATING IT SEE PAGES TO
s 5SE TOILETS AND WASH HANDS AFTER USE
s 7ASH HANDS WITH SOAP AND WATER BEFORE HANDLING FOOD
s #OOK FOOD WELL AND PROTECT FOOD FROM GERMS
s #LEAN BABY BOTTLES AND EATING UTENSILS WITH BOILING WATER TO KILL GERMS
. dNf a\ dN`U UN[Q`
PY\`R a\ a\VYRa` PN[
]_RcR[a ZN[f PN`R`
\S QVN__URN
7ATER FOR ,IFE
D\_Z
V[SRPaV\[`
3OME WORMS AND OTHER PARASITES TINY ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN SURFACE WATER CAN GET INTO
PEOPLES INTESTINES AND CAUSE DISEASES 4HE LARGER ONES CAN BE SEEN BUT MOST CANNOT
3TEPPING INTO OR WASHING WITH CONTAMINATED WATER DRINKING THIS WATER OR EATING
UNCOOKED SHELLlSH OR PLANTS CAN PASS THESE WORMS AND PARASITES TO PEOPLE
A\
]_RcR[a
d\_Z
V[SRPaV\[`
s 2EDUCE CONTACT WITH CONTAMINATED WATER
s +EEP ANIMAL WASTE OUT OF WATER
s 5SE TOILETS AND WASH HANDS AFTER USE
s #OOK FOOD WELL AND PROTECT FOOD FROM GERMS
s 4RIM lNGERNAILS AND WASH HANDS OFTEN
s 7EAR SHOES TO PREVENT WORMS FROM ENTERING THROUGH THE FEET
s 3ETTLE lLTER AND DISINFECT DRINKING WATER
4bV[RN
D\_Z
'UINEA WORM IS A LONG THIN WORM THAT LIVES UNDER THE SKIN AND MAKES A PAINFUL SORE ON
THE BODY 4HE WORM WHICH LOOKS LIKE A WHITE THREAD CAN BE OVER A METER LONG 'UINEA
WORM IS FOUND IN PARTS OF !FRICA )NDIA AND THE -IDDLE %AST
@VT[` \S TbV[RN d\_Z'
s ! PAINFUL SWELLING DEVELOPS ON THE ANKLE LEG OR ELSEWHERE ON THE BODY
s !FTER A FEW DAYS TO A WEEK A BLISTER FORMS WHICH SOON BURSTS OPEN AND FORMS A
SORE 4HIS OFTEN HAPPENS WHEN STANDING IN WATER OR BATHING 4HE END OF A WHITE
THREAD LIKE GUINEA WORM CAN BE SEEN POKING OUT OF THE SORE 4HE WORM WORKS ITS
WAY OUT OF THE BODY OVER THE NEXT WEEK
s )F THE SORE GETS DIRTY AND INFECTED OR IF THE WORM IS BROKEN BY TRYING TO PULL IT
OUT THE PAIN AND SWELLING SPREAD AND WALKING BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE
4bV[RN d\_Z V` `]_RNQ S_\Z ]R_`\[ a\ ]R_`\[ YVXR aUV`'
6[SRPaRQ ]R_`\[ dVaU
\]R[ `\_R dNQR`
V[a\ N dNaR_ U\YR
AUR d\_Z ]\XR` \ba
\S aUR `\_R N[Q YNf`
RTT` V[ aUR dNaR_
AV[f dNaR_¸RN` RNa .[\aUR_ ]R_`\[ Q_V[X` ! @\ZR \S aUR RTT`
aUR d\_Z RTT` aUR dNaR_ AUR ¸RN` QRcRY\] `Y\dYf V[a\
dVaU aUR d\_Z RTT` d\_Z` b[QR_ aUR `XV[
N_R `dNYY\dRQ .SaR_ N fRN_ N `\_R
S\_Z` dUR[ N d\_Z
O_RNX` aU_\bTU aUR `XV[
a\ YNf RTT`
4O TREAT GUINEA WORMS SEE A HEALTH WORKER OR A GENERAL HEALTH BOOK LIKE 7HERE 4HERE IS
.O $OCTOR )N ADDITION MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PREVENT NEW CONTACT WITH WORMS
4O PREVENT GUINEA WORMS SEE PAGE 3TEPS TO SAFER WATER HOLES AND PAGE #LOTH lLTERS
7ATER FOR ,IFE
/Y\\Q ¸bXR` @PUV`a\`\ZVN`V` OVYUN_gVN
4HIS INFECTION IS CAUSED BY A KIND OF WORM THAT GETS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AFTER
WASHING OR SWIMMING IN CONTAMINATED WATER 4HE ILLNESS CAN CAUSE SERIOUS DAMAGE TO
THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS AND MAY LEAD TO DEATH AFTER MONTHS OR YEARS
3OMETIMES THERE ARE NO EARLY SIGNS ! COMMON SIGN IN SOME AREAS IS BLOOD IN THE
URINE OR BLOODY STOOLS )N AREAS WHERE THIS ILLNESS IS VERY COMMON PEOPLE WITH ONLY
MILD SIGNS OR BELLY PAIN SHOULD BE TESTED
/Y\\Q ¸bXR` `]_RNQ YVXR aUV`'
6[SRPaRQ ]R_`\[ b_V[NaR` " 6[ aUV` dNf `\ZR\[R dU\ dN`UR`
\_ QRSRPNaR` V[ dNaR_ \_ `dVZ` V[ dNaR_ dUR_R N[ V[SRPaRQ
]R_`\[ UN` b_V[NaRQ \_ QRSRPNaRQ
NY`\ ORP\ZR` V[SRPaRQ
B_V[R \_ SRPR` UN`
d\_Z RTT` V[ Va
D\_Z RTT` UNaPU ! F\b[T d\_Z` YRNcR
N[Q d\_Z` T\ `[NVY N[Q T\ V[a\
V[a\ `[NVY` N[\aUR_ ]R_`\[
A\ a_RNa OY\\Q ¸bXR`
"LOOD mUKES ARE BEST TREATED WITH MEDICINES 4O KNOW WHICH MEDICINES TO USE
SEE A HEALTH WORKER OR A GENERAL HEALTH BOOK LIKE 7HERE 4HERE IS .O $OCTOR
A\ ]_RcR[a OY\\Q ¸bXR`
"LOOD mUKES DO NOT SPREAD DIRECTLY FROM PERSON TO PERSON
0ART OF THEIR LIFE THEY MUST LIVE INSIDE A CERTAIN KIND OF SMALL
WATER SNAIL 4O PREVENT SCHISTOSOMIASIS PROGRAMS CAN BE
ESTABLISHED TO KILL THESE SNAILS 4HESE PROGRAMS CAN ONLY
WORK IF PEOPLE FOLLOW THE MOST BASIC PREVENTIVE STEP NEVER
URINATE OR DEFECATE IN OR NEAR WATER
@[NVY
7ATER FOR ,IFE
A\eVP PURZVPNY` V[ dNaR_
&ACTORIES THAT PRODUCE FOOD PRODUCTS TEXTILES PLASTICS PHARMACEUTICALS COSMETICS
AND PESTICIDES ALL RELEASE CHEMICAL WASTE INTO WATER SOURCES 4HIS MAKES
THE WATER UNSAFE TO DRINK OR TO USE FOR BATHING
OR IRRIGATION 4HESE CHEMICALS ARE USUALLY
INVISIBLE AND VERY DIFlCULT TO DETECT
A\eVP PURZVPNY` PN[ R[aR_ aUR dNaR_ V[ ZN[f dNf`
4HE ONLY WAY TO KNOW WHAT CHEMICALS ARE IN THE WATER IS TO TEST IT AT A LABORATORY !ND
THE ONLY WAY TO ENSURE THAT WATER IS FREE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IS TO PREVENT CHEMICAL
CONTAMINATION AT THE SOURCE 4O PREVENT CONTAMINATION FROM TOXIC CHEMICALS
s &ACTORIES SHOULD TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR TREATING THEIR WASTES
s )NDUSTRIES LIKE MINING AND OIL DRILLING SHOULD NOT BE DONE IN PLACES WHERE WATER
IS AT RISK
s 'OVERNMENTS SHOULD SET STANDARDS TO PREVENT INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION OF WATER
SOURCES AND ENSURE THAT THESE STANDARDS ARE ENFORCED
s &ARMERS WHO USE PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS SHOULD USE THEM IN LIMITED AMOUNTS
AND ENSURE THAT THESE CHEMICALS DO NOT ENTER WATER SOURCES
!RSENIC IN "ANGLADESH
3OME TOXIC CHEMICALS EXIST NATURALLY IN THE EARTH 7HEN THESE CHEMICALS ENTER OUR
DRINKING WATER THEY CAN BE DEADLY 4HIS IS VERY RARE BUT AS WATER BECOMES SCARCE THE
RISK OF NATURAL TOXINS GROWS
4HE WORST CASE OF WATER POISONING FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING TOXIC CHEMICALS WAS
IN "ANGLADESH IN -ANY PEOPLE STARTED GETTING VERY ILL WITH PROBLEMS LIKE SKIN
LESIONS CANCER NERVE DAMAGE HEART DISEASE AND DIABETES AND MANY WERE DYING )T WAS
ONE OF THE LARGEST PUBLIC HEALTH DISASTERS THE WORLD HAD EVER SEEN AND NO ONE KNEW
WHAT WAS CAUSING IT
)N SCIENTISTS LEARNED THAT THE CAUSE OF THE ILLNESSES WAS ARSENIC A TOXIC
CHEMICAL THAT WAS IN THE DRINKING WATER -ANY YEARS BEFORE THE GOVERNMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES HAD BUILT THOUSANDS OF TUBEWELLS IN "ANGLADESH TO PROVIDE SAFE
DRINKING WATER "EFORE THE ARSENIC POISONING MOST PEOPLE DRANK SURFACE WATER OFTEN
CONTAMINATED WITH GERMS THAT LED TO DEATH FROM DIARRHEA AND OTHER DISEASES 7HEN THE
TUBEWELLS WERE BUILT NOBODY KNEW THAT WATER SHOULD BE TESTED FOR ARSENIC
4ODAY THERE ARE MANY PROGRAMS IN "ANGLADESH TO PREVENT POISONING BY PROVIDING
SPECIAL WATER lLTERS AND NEW ARSENIC FREE WATER SOURCES "UT WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN
DONE TO PREVENT THE POISONING IN THE lRST PLACE 4HE MYSTERY IS STILL NOT SOLVED 7AS THE
POISONING OF SO MANY PEOPLE ACCIDENTALLY CAUSED BY A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT INTENDED
TO SAVE LIVES 4HE ANSWER IS NOT SIMPLE 4HE ONLY WAY TO PREVENT POISONING FROM TOXIC
CHEMICALS IS TO KNOW WHAT IS IN THE WATER NATURALLY AND TO PREVENT ANY ACTIVITY THAT
MAY POISON THE WATER
3EE PAGE 7HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION FOR A LOW COST METHOD TO REMOVE
ARSENIC FROM WATER
7ATER FOR ,IFE
1RcRY\]V[T N ]YN[ S\_ P\ZZb[Vaf dNaR_ `RPb_Vaf
7HEN PEOPLE HAVE RAISED COMMUNITY AWARENESS ABOUT THE PROBLEMS THEY FACE IN
MEETING THEIR WATER SECURITY NEEDS SEE PAGE THEY ARE READY TO TAKE THE NEXT STEP
#OMMUNITIES CAN WORK TOGETHER TO PLAN FOR WATER SECURITY
D\ZR[ Zb`a UNcR N _\YR V[ ]YN[[V[T S\_ dNaR_
7OMEN MAY HAVE DIFFERENT NEEDS FOR WATER THAN MEN )T IS USUALLY WOMEN WHO COLLECT
AND TREAT WATER FOR FAMILY USE BUT IT IS OFTEN MEN WHO ARE IN CHARGE OF BUILDING AND
MAINTAINING WATER SYSTEMS "ECAUSE OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN MENS AND WOMENS WORK AND
NEEDS IT CAN BE USEFUL TO CREATE PLANNING ACTIVITIES THAT ENSURE WOMENS PARTICIPATION
AD< 06?092@
4HIS ACTIVITY HELPS WOMEN THINK 4IME MINUTES TO HOUR
ABOUT THEIR WATER NEEDS AND THE -ATERIALS ,ARGE DRAWING
BARRIERS THEY FACE IN MEETING PAPER DRAWING PENS
THESE NEEDS
@aR] ' $IVIDE INTO GROUPS OF NO MORE THAN PEOPLE EACH 'IVE EACH GROUP
DRAWING PENS AND PAPER
@aR] ' %ACH GROUP DRAWS CIRCLES ON THEIR PAPER A LARGE CIRCLE WITH A SMALLER
CIRCLE INSIDE
@aR] ' %ACH PERSON DRAWS INSIDE THE LARGER CIRCLE THE WATER SANITATION AND
HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT THE WHOLE COMMUNITY )NSIDE THE SMALLER
CIRCLE THEY DRAW THE PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT WOMEN IN PARTICULAR )F A PERSON CANNOT
DRAW SHE CAN WRITE DOWN HER THOUGHTS
@aR] !' .OW BRING ALL THE GROUPS
TOGETHER INTO ONE LARGE GROUP AND
BEGIN A DISCUSSION
s (OW DO THE PROBLEMS IN THE
CIRCLES DIFFER
s (OW ARE THE PROBLEMS SIMILAR
s 7HAT SOLUTIONS CAN BE FOUND
FOR BOTH MAKING SURE THAT
THE WOMENS PROBLEMS RECEIVE
SUFlCIENT ATTENTION
4HIS ACTIVITY CAN ALSO BE DONE WITH MEN (AVE ONE OF THE GROUPS CONSIST ONLY
OF MEN AND HAVE EACH GROUP DRAW SMALL CIRCLES RATHER THAN ONLY ONE /NE OF
THE SMALLER CIRCLES REPRESENTS PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT WOMEN IN PARTICULAR AND ONE
REPRESENTS PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT MEN
7HEN THE GROUPS COME BACK TOGETHER ASK THE MEN TO CONSIDER HOW THEY CAN
HELP IMPROVE CONDITIONS IN THE COMMUNITY BY ADDRESSING SOME OF THE ISSUES
THAT AFFECT WOMEN 4HIS MAY INCLUDE BUILDING TOILETS CLOSER TO HOMES CARRYING
WATER SPENDING MORE TIME WITH CHILDREN AND SO ON )T MAY BE MORE COMFORTABLE
TO HAVE THE WOMEN DISCUSS THEIR ISSUES IN PRIVATE BEFORE THE MEN DISCUSS THEIRS
ESPECIALLY IN COMMUNITIES WHERE MEN AND WOMEN MAY HAVE STRONG DIFFERENCES
OF OPINION
7ATER FOR ,IFE
. DNaR_ DNaPU a\ N``R`` P\ZZb[Vaf dNaR_ `RPb_Vaf
! 7ATER 7ATCH ACTIVITY CAN HELP A GROUP CHOOSE THE BEST SOURCES OF SAFE DRINKING
WATER )T CAN ALSO HELP lND SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION NOW OR POSSIBLE PROBLEMS IN THE
FUTURE
! 7ATER 7ATCH ACTIVITY CAN BE A LONG PROCESS THAT INVOLVES THE WHOLE COMMUNITY
AND INCLUDES MANY OF THE STEPS IN PLANNING A WATER PROJECT OR IT CAN BE A SHORTER
PROCESS DONE BY A SMALL GROUP RESPONSIBLE FOR COMMUNITY WATER SAFETY AND SUPPLY
4HE MOST IMPORTANT THING IS TO LISTEN CLOSELY TO THE WHOLE COMMUNITY ESPECIALLY THOSE
WHO COLLECT AND TREAT WATER EVERY DAY
5\d a\ Q\ N DNaR_ DNaPU NPaVcVaf
4ALK TO PEOPLE WHO USE AND CARE FOR THE WATER
)S THERE A PERSON OR GROUP IN THE COMMUNITY RESPONSIBLE FOR WELLS PIPES OR OTHER
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS )S THERE A PERSON OR GROUP RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION 7HICH
PEOPLE OR GROUPS MOST OFTEN
COLLECT CARRY TREAT AND STORE THE
WATER 4HESE PEOPLE OR GROUPS
SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE 7ATER
7ATCH AND IN ANY IMPROVEMENTS
TO WATER SOURCES
4OGETHER WITH THE PEOPLE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WATER LIST ALL
THE WATER SOURCES IN THE AREA
.OTE WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT
DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND
QUANTITY .OTE THE WORK IT TAKES
TO COLLECT WATER AND ENSURE THAT
IT IS SAFE AND HOW MUCH TIME
PEOPLE SPEND DOING THIS WORK
9OU CAN ASK QUESTIONS LIKE
(OW MUCH WATER IS USED EVERY
DAY !RE DIFFERENT SOURCES USED FOR DRINKING COOKING BATHING WATERING LIVESTOCK
FARMING AND OTHER NEEDS )S THERE ENOUGH WATER FOR ALL THESE NEEDS )S THERE A WATER
SOURCE OR ANY WATER STORAGE FOR EMERGENCIES
-AKE A MAP OF LOCAL WATER SOURCES
AND SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
! MAP OF THE COMMUNITY CAN SHOW
WHERE THE WATER SOURCES ARE IN RELATION
TO PEOPLES HOMES AND TO SOURCES OF
CONTAMINATION ! MAP SHOULD ALSO
SHOW IMPORTANT LANDMARKS SUCH
AS ROADS PATHS HOUSES AND OTHER
BUILDINGS FARMS lELDS TOILETS AND
SEWER LINES AND DUMPING SITES
0\ZZb[Vaf
ZN]
7ATER FOR ,IFE
6ISIT ALL THE PLACES
WHERE PEOPLE COLLECT WATER
$IFFERENT KINDS OF WATER SOURCES CAN
HAVE DIFFERENT PROBLEMS AND DIFFERENT
SOLUTIONS 6ISIT SPRINGS WELLS SURFACE
WATERS RIVERS STREAMS LAKES AND
PONDS AND RAINWATER CATCHMENT SITES
!T EACH WATER SOURCE START A DISCUSSION
ABOUT HOW THIS WATER IS USED AND IF
ANYONE SUSPECTS THAT IT IS CONTAMINATED
Ok]l `kao jkp
OKIA PDEJCO PK =OG PK E@AJPEBU h]pdan sahh ej s]pan
LNK>HAIO KB S=PAN =??AOO6 pd]p _kjp]ejo
_anp]ej iejan]ho(
Eo ep d]n` pk cap pk pda s]pan okqn_a; i]gejc ep d]n`an
Dks hkjc `kao ep p]ga pk ^nejc s]pan pk _ha]j _hkpdao*
dkia bnki pda okqn_a;
@kao pda okqn_a lnkre`a ajkqcd
s]pan ]hh ua]n nkqj`;
>a]jo `k jkp
_kkg sahh ej
s]pan sepd ]
S]pan sepd _daie_]ho i]gao hkp kb iejan]ho
bkk` p]opa ^]`* Ne_a pqnjo ]j` o]hp( ^qp pda
^nksj ]j` okbp sdaj _kkga` s]pan i]u ^a
ej s]pan sepd decd ]ikqjpo o]ba pk `nejg*
kb ha]` kn kpdan iap]ho*
OKIA PDEJCO PK =OG PK E@AJPEBU
LNK>HAIO KB S=PAN MQ=HEPU6
Eo pda s]pan _hkq`u kn `enpu;
Eo pda s]pan ] opn]jca _khkn( oq_d ]o na` kn ^h]_g;
=na pdana lnk^haio _kkgejc sepd pda s]pan;
=na pdana lnk^haio s]odejc sepd pda s]pan;
7ATER FOR ,IFE
OKIA PDEJCO PK =OG PK ?KJOE@AN EILNKREJC S=PAN OKQN?AO6
Eo pda okqn_a qjlnkpa_pa`( oq_d ]o ]j klaj sahh( `ep_d( kn lkj`;
@k laklha s]`a( s]od _hkpdao( kn ^]pda ja]n sdana s]pan eo _khha_pa`;
=na lep pkehapo kn oas]ca _hkoa pk pda s]pan okqn_a;
Eo pdana c]n^]ca ej( kn ranu _hkoa pk( pda s]pan okqn_a;
=na pdana oj]eho ej pda s]pan kn herejc ej pda ^]jg;
Eo pdana oheiu cnaaj lh]jp heba $]hc]a% cnksejc kj pda oqnb]_a;
>h]_g kn na` s]pan
i]u d]ra ] hkp kb enkj(
sde_d _]j `]i]ca
lelao ]j` _kkgejc
qpajoeho* Na` s]pan
_]j ]hok ^a _]qoa` ^u
kpdan iejan]ho( kn ^u
iejejc qlopna]i*
#OMPLETE THE MAP OF LOCAL WATER SOURCES
AND SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
!FTER THE VISITS MAKE CHANGES TO YOUR MAP TO
REmECT WHAT WAS LEARNED 3AFE WATER SOURCES
AND CONTAMINATED SOURCES MAY BE MARKED IN
DIFFERENT COLORS NEW SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
CAN BE ADDED AND SO ON 9OU MAY NEED TO
MAKE A NEW MAP THAT CAN BE USED TO ASSESS
CHANGES IN WATER SOURCES IN THE FUTURE
! 7ATER 7ATCH CAN LEAD TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ACTION DEPENDING ON WHAT PROBLEMS ARE FOUND
AND WHAT THE COMMUNITY DECIDES TO DO
7ATER FOR ,IFE
=YN[ VZ]_\cRZR[a` a\ f\b_ dNaR_ `b]]Yf
!FTER DOING A 7ATER 7ATCH OR USING OTHER METHODS TO UNDERSTAND YOUR COMMUNITY
WATER SECURITY PROBLEMS YOU CAN BEGIN TO PLAN IMPROVEMENTS
7HEN MAKING A PLAN TO IMPROVE THE WATER SUPPLY START WITH LOCAL RESOURCES
INCLUDING LOCAL WATER SOURCES PEOPLE WITH THE SKILLS TO BUILD IMPROVED WELLS OR WATER
STORAGE TANKS OR INSTALL PIPES OR OLDER PEOPLE WHO REMEMBER HOW WATER WAS COLLECTED
MANY YEARS AGO )T IS BEST TO IMPROVE EXISTING WATER SOURCES BEFORE TRYING TO DEVELOP
NEW ONES
6QR[aVSf ]\``VOYR `\YbaV\[`
4HE ACTIONS YOUR COMMUNITY TAKES TO IMPROVE WATER SECURITY DEPEND ON WHICH
PROBLEMS ARE MOST URGENT OR EASIEST TO SOLVE lRST 7HAT IS IMPORTANT IS TO MAKE A PLAN
THAT ADDRESSES THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE PROBLEMS AND SATISlES THE NEEDS OF EVERYONE IN
THE COMMUNITY
)F WATER IS SCARCE OR DIFlCULT TO GET TO BUILDING RAINWATER CATCHMENT TANKS STORAGE
TANKS OR A PIPED WATER SYSTEM MAY HELP BRING WATER CLOSER TO THE COMMUNITY SEE
PAGES TO )F THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE CAN THE WORK OF COLLECTING WATER BE SHARED
TO MAKE IT FAIRER AND EASIER FOR EVERYONE )F THERE ALREADY IS A WATER SYSTEM CAN THE
COMMUNITY IMPROVE IT BY IMPROVING COLLECTION METHODS lXING BROKEN PIPES AND
PUMPS PROTECTING WATER SOURCES AND CONSERVING WATER )F IT IS A PROBLEM THAT SHOULD
BE RESOLVED BY THE GOVERNMENT CAN THE COMMUNITY SOLICIT GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
)F THE WATER IS CONTAMINATED BY GERMS THE SOURCE CAN BE IMPROVED OR THE WATER
CAN BE TREATED TO MAKE IT SAFE 4HE COMMUNITY CAN DISCUSS WHICH OF THESE OPTIONS WILL
BE EASIEST MOST EFFECTIVE AND MOST SUSTAINABLE OVER TIME 4O LEARN ABOUT IMPROVING
WATER SOURCES SEE PAGES TO 4O LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT METHODS FOR WATER
TREATMENT SEE PAGES TO
)F THE WATER MAY BE CONTAMINATED BY CHEMICALS THE WATER SHOULD NOT BE USED
UNTIL A WATER QUALITY TEST CAN BE DONE SEE PAGE )F A TEST SHOWS THAT THE WATER IS
CONTAMINATED MORE CONTAMINATION SHOULD BE PREVENTED AND ANOTHER WATER SOURCE
SHOULD BE DEVELOPED
5RNYaU d\_XR_` N[Q dNaR_ `NSRaf ]_\Z\aR_` PN[
URY] aUR P\ZZb[Vaf VZ]_\cR dNaR_ `RPb_Vaf
7ATER FOR ,IFE
DUNa N_R aUR ON__VR_` a\ ]YN[[V[T N dNaR_ ]_\WRPa,
4HERE MAY BE MANY REASONS WHY A
COMMUNITY LACKS SAFE WATER 0ROBLEMS
MIGHT INCLUDE LACK OF MONEY LACK
OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BUILDING WATER
SYSTEMS LACK OF SUPPORT FROM THE
GOVERNMENT OR LACK OF PARTICIPATION BY
PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY 4O ACHIEVE
THE GOAL OF SAFE WATER THE BARRIERS
MUST BE IDENTIlED AND REMOVED ONE BY
ONE
0EOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO IMPROVE
THEIR WATER SOURCE AND TO MAINTAIN A
WATER SYSTEM WHEN THEY SEE
s IMMEDIATE COMMUNITY BENElTS . dNaR_ ]_\WRPa `U\bYQ OR[R·a
SUCH AS MORE WATER EASIER RcR_f\[R V[ aUR P\ZZb[Vaf R^bNYYf
ACCESS OR LESS DISEASE
s LOW COST
s ONLY SMALL CHANGES IN DAILY ROUTINE
s POSITIVE RESULTS SUCH AS LESS MUD FEWER MOSQUITOES OR MORE WATER FOR HOME
GARDENS
@\YbaV\[` ReV`a dVaUV[ aUR P\ZZb[Vaf
4HROUGHOUT HISTORY EVERY CULTURE HAS DEVELOPED WAYS OF lNDING AND PROTECTING
WATER 0EOPLE HAVE USED DIVINING RODS INVENTED DEVICES FOR LIFTING AND TRANSPORTING
WATER PLANTED TREES TO ATTRACT RAIN AND MADE LAWS TO ENCOURAGE NEIGHBORING TRIBES
AND VILLAGES TO SHARE WATER PREVENT CONmICTS AND PRESERVE THIS PRECIOUS RESOURCE FOR
FUTURE GENERATIONS
6ILLAGERS TEACH DEVELOPMENT WORKERS
! GROUP OF DEVELOPMENT WORKERS CAME TO A #OLOMBIAN MOUNTAIN VILLAGE TO HELP
THE VILLAGERS lGHT DIARRHEA BY PROTECTING THEIR WATER SOURCES 7HEN THEY VISITED THE
VILLAGE SPRING THEY SAW THAT CATTLE AND SOIL EROSION
AFFECTED THE SPRING 4HE DEVELOPMENT WORKERS
SUGGESTED TWO SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
TO PUT UP A BARBED
WIRE FENCE TO PROTECT THE SPRING OR TO GRAZE THEIR
CATTLE ELSEWHERE
4HE VILLAGERS DID NOT LIKE THESE IDEAS 4HEY
PREDICTED THAT THE BARBED WIRE WOULD BE STOLEN
BEFORE LONG AND THEY DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH LAND AND
MONEY TO MAKE PROPER CATTLE PASTURES "UT SEEING THE
PROBLEM THEY CAME UP WITH A SOLUTION THAT WOULD
WORK %VERYONE FROM THE VILLAGE CAME OUT TO PLANT PRICKLY VEGETATION UPSTREAM FROM
THE SPRING 4HIS FORCED THE CATTLE TO DRINK WATER AT LOWER PLACES ALONG THE RIVER AND
SOLVED THE PROBLEM
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5\d a\ ]_\aRPa T_\b[QdNaR_ `\b_PR`
-ANY PEOPLE RELY ON WATER FROM RIVERS STREAMS LAKES AND PONDS SURFACE WATER AS
THEIR ONLY SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER "ECAUSE SURFACE WATER IS OFTEN CONTAMINATED IT
SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR DRINKING UNLESS IT IS TREATED lRST SEE PAGES TO FOR WATER
TREATMENT METHODS 4HE BEST ALTERNATIVES TO SURFACE WATER ARE TO USE GROUNDWATER OR
TO COLLECT AND STORE RAINWATER SEE PAGE
'ROUNDWATER MAY BE COLLECTED FROM MANY KINDS OF WELLS AND BOREHOLES
'ROUNDWATER IS USUALLY FREE OF GERMS BECAUSE IT IS lLTERED WHEN IT SEEPS THROUGH
SAND AND SOIL (OWEVER GROUNDWATER CAN BE CONTAMINATED BY NATURAL MINERALS SUCH
AS ARSENIC BY LEAKING SEWER PIPES SEPTIC TANKS OR LATRINES BY WASTE DUMPS OR BY
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
4HE MOST SERIOUS THREATS TO GROUNDWATER ARE POORLY BUILT SANITATION SYSTEMS WASTE
DISPOSAL DEFORESTATION OVERGRAZING INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND OVERUSE
4HE BEST WAY TO PROTECT GROUNDWATER OR SURFACE WATER IS TO PROTECT THE ENTIRE AREA
WHERE WATER COLLECTS CALLED THE CATCHMENT AREA !FTER A WATER SOURCE IS DEVELOPED
MORE PEOPLE TEND TO GATHER IN THE AREA MAKING IT HARDER TO PROTECT THE CATCHMENT
AREA )N PLACES WITH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY WATER MAY BE OVERUSED OR POLLUTED AND THE
PEOPLE WHO NEED IT MOST MAY NOT HAVE THE POWER TO PREVENT THE PROBLEM "OTH OF
THESE PROBLEMS CAN ONLY BE SOLVED THROUGH COMMUNITY ORGANIZING AND COMMUNITY
PARTNERSHIPS WITH GOVERNMENT OR PRIVATE AGENCIES SEE PAGES TO AND PAGE
1VSSR_R[a XV[Q` \S dRYY`
4HERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF WELLS FOR RAISING GROUNDWATER 4HE SIMPLEST IS A
HAND DUG WATER HOLE SOMETIMES CALLED A SCOOPHOLE 4HE MOST COSTLY KIND OF WELL
CALLED A TUBEWELL IS A NARROW PIPE GOING DEEP INTO THE GROUND WITH A PUMP AT THE TOP
4HE BEST WELL FOR ANY COMMUNITY DEPENDS ON THE DEPTH OF THE GROUNDWATER AND THE
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR DIGGING DRILLING AND BUILDING A WELL "UT A WELL IS ONLY USEFUL
IF PEOPLE CAN GET WATER OUT OF IT &OR THIS REASON SIMPLE SHALLOW WELLS WHERE PEOPLE
DRAW WATER IN BUCKETS MAY OFTEN BE BETTER THAN COSTLY DEEP WELLS THAT REQUIRE PUMPS
"EFORE DIGGING A WELL MAKE SURE THAT THE KIND OF WELL YOU DIG IS THE BEST FOR EVERYONES
NEEDS
4O DETERMINE IF THE WATER IN ANY KIND OF WELL IS UNSAFE LOOK FOR
s PIT TOILETS SEWER PIPES GARBAGE DUMPING PITS OR LIVESTOCK WITHIN
METERS OF THE WELL
s INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY SUCH AS MINING
OIL DRILLING OR WASTE DUMPING
NEARBY THAT MAY AFFECT THE
GROUNDWATER
s WASTEWATER OR SURFACE
RUNOFF GETTING INTO THE WELL
s $O PEOPLE STAND ON THE LIP
OF THE WELL OR USE UNCLEAN
BUCKETS WHEN THEY DRAW
WATER
7ATER FOR ,IFE
@aR]` a\ `NSR_ dRYY` N[Q dNaR_ U\YR`
3HALLOW HAND DUG WELLS CAN PROVIDE GOOD SAFE WATER "UT THE WATER CAN DRY UP OR BE
EASILY CONTAMINATED $URING RAINY PERIODS RUNOFF WATER MAY DRAIN INTO A WATER HOLE
CARRYING GERMS AND OTHER CONTAMINATION 4HE MUDDY CONDITIONS AROUND WATER HOLES
MAKE IT EASY FOR GERMS TO COLLECT ON THE FEET OF PEOPLE OR ANIMALS THAT USE THE WATER
"UCKETS AND ROPES AROUND THE RIM OF THE WELL MAY ALSO COLLECT GERMS AND CAN EASILY
CONTAMINATE THE WATER WHEN THEY ARE LOWERED INTO THE WELL
-AKING SIMPLE IMPROVEMENTS CAN PREVENT CONTAMINATION /NE IMPROVEMENT IS TO
ENSURE THAT ONLY CLEAN BUCKETS AND ROPES ARE LOWERED INTO THE WATER "UILDING UP EARTH
AROUND THE HOLE OR LINING THE TOP WITH BRICKS OR CONCRETE RINGS WILL ALSO MAKE THE WATER
SAFER ,INING THE HOLE HAS THE ADDITIONAL BENElT OF MAKING IT LESS LIKELY TO DRY UP OR
COLLAPSE
"EFORE DRILLING NEW WELLS OR MAKING COSTLY IMPROVEMENTS TO WATER SYSTEMS
CONSIDER MAKING SMALL IMPROVEMENTS LIKE THESE TO MAKE YOUR WATER SOURCES SAFER
6Z]_\cRZR[a` a\ \]R[ dNaR_ U\YR`
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)-0/24!.4 .EVER DRINK DIRECTLY FROM A WATER HOLE &ILTERING THE WATER AND
LETTING IT SETTLE WILL REMOVE SOME GERMS 7ATER TREATMENT METHODS ARE DESCRIBED
ON PAGES TO
7ATER FOR ,IFE
AUR ]_\aRPaRQ SNZVYf dRYY
-ANY COMMUNITIES HAVE TUBEWELLS BUILT FOR THEM BY GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL
AGENCIES /NE REASON FOR MAKING THESE WELLS IS TO BETTER PROTECT THE WATER FROM
CONTAMINATION BY PEOPLE AND ANIMALS "UT TO YEARS AFTER THEY ARE DRILLED MANY OF
THESE WELLS CAN NO LONGER BE USED BECAUSE THE PUMPS BREAK SPARE PARTS ARE NO LONGER
AVAILABLE OR THE PEOPLE WHO CAN lX THEM ARE GONE 4HIS CAN LEAD TO WATER INSECURITY
)N SOME PARTS OF !FRICA TUBEWELLS ARE NOW BEING REPLACED BY hPROTECTED FAMILY WELLSv
THAT PROTECT WATER QUALITY AND ENSURE WATER SECURITY
DUR_R a\ QVT N dRYY
4HE BEST SIGN THAT THERE WILL BE WATER IS OTHER WELLS NEARBY "UT IF THEY ARE DEEP
BOREHOLES THIS MAY MEAN THE GROUNDWATER IS TOO DEEP TO GET TO BY HAND DIGGING
!NOTHER GOOD SIGN IS THE YEAR ROUND PRESENCE OF PLANTS THAT NEED A LOT OF WATER TO
SURVIVE ,OW AREAS ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE WATER THAN HIGHER GROUND "UT IF A WELL IS
DUG IN A LOW AREA IT WILL NEED TO BE PROTECTED FROM RAINWATER RUNOFF
A\ ZNXR N ]_\aRPaRQ SNZVYf dRYY
! PROTECTED WELL HAS A LINING A CONCRETE
COVER SLAB A WINDLASS AND A DRAINAGE
PLATFORM %ACH ONE OF THESE THINGS ADDS
SOME MEASURE OF PROTECTION TO THE
WELL 7ITH ALL OF THEM IN PLACE AND WITH
CAREFUL HANDLING OF THE WATER A WELL CAN
BE CONSIDERED VERY SAFE
$IGGING A WELL AND MAKING A LINING IS
DIFlCULT AND DANGEROUS )T IS BEST DONE
BY TRAINED AND EXPERIENCED WELL DIGGERS
AUR dRYY YV[V[T
4RADITIONAL WELLS OFTEN HAVE
NO LINING )N VERY lRM SOILS
LINING THE WELL MAY SEEM
UNNECESSARY "UT IT IS WISE
TO LINE AT LEAST THE TOP TO
METERS BELOW GROUND TO
PREVENT THE SIDE WALLS FROM
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LINED IT WILL MAKE THE WATER
SOURCE MORE DEPENDABLE
BUT IT WILL BE MORE DIFlCULT TO
DIG THE WELL DEEPER AT A LATER
A\] a\ ZRaR_` YV[RQ
TIME ! WELL CAN BE LINED WITH
3bYYf YV[RQ dRYY
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BRICKS OR WITH CONCRETE
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5<D A< :.82 . 0<C2? @9./
/NCE A WELL HAS BEEN LINED THE NEXT STAGE OF PROTECTION IS lTTING A CONCRETE COVER
SLAB 4HE COVER HELPS PREVENT POLLUTED WASTEWATER AND OTHER OBJECTS FROM FALLING INTO
THE WELL )T ALSO MAKES THE WELL SAFER FOR CHILDREN AND PROVIDES A CLEAN RESTING PLACE
FOR BUCKETS AS PEOPLE COLLECT WATER
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QN[PV[T \[ Va =YNPR N ORQ \S PRZR[a Z\_aN_ \[ aUR YV] \S
aUR dRYY YV[V[T N[Q PN_RSbYYf `Ra aUR dRYY P\cR_ V[ ]YNPR 8RR]
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7ATER FOR ,IFE
AUR dV[QYN`` ObPXRa N[Q PUNV[
! WINDLASS IS A SHAFT lTTED WITH A HANDLE THAT MAKES RAISING THE BUCKET EASIER AND
PROVIDES A PLACE TO WRAP THE BUCKET CHAIN OR ROPE )F A PUMP IS lTTED TO THE WELL LATER
THE WINDLASS CAN EASILY BE REMOVED !TTACH A DURABLE BUCKET TO THE END OF THE CHAIN
OR ROPE #HAIN IS BEST BECAUSE FEWER GERMS WILL GROW ON IT BUT IT IS COSTLY 2OPE IS
LESS COSTLY AND CAN BE REPLACED EASILY IF IT BREAKS -ETAL BUCKETS WILL LAST LONGER THAN
PLASTIC ONES $URABLE BUCKETS CAN BE MADE FROM USED TIRES AND INNER TUBES
1_VcR O\Ya` aU_\bTU aUR
0ba `Y\a` V[ aUR ]\`a` NO\cR aUR dV[QYN``
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aUR dV[QYN``
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V[ P\[P_RaR \[ RNPU aURZ S_\Z Re]N[QV[T N[Q
`VQR \S aUR dRYY P_NPXV[T aUR P\[P_RaR
AUR Q_NV[NTR ]YNaS\_Z
4HE DRAINAGE PLATFORM CARRIES WASTEWATER AND RUNOFF AWAY FROM THE WELL TO A DRAINAGE
AREA SLIGHTLY DOWNHILL TO PREVENT THE AREA AROUND THE WELL FROM GETTING MUDDY AND
BREEDING GERMS AND INSECTS 'ERMS CAN GROW IN CRACKS SO IT IS IMPORTANT TO ENSURE
THAT THE PLATFORM IS WELL MADE
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0OUR CONCRETE TO A DEPTH OF MILLIMETERS WITH A RAISED OUTER RIM MILLIMETERS
HIGH 4HE ENTIRE PLATFORM AND RIM SHOULD BE REINFORCED WITH MM WIRE TO PREVENT IT
FROM CRACKING
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5\d a\ ZNV[aNV[ N dRYY
7ELL WATER IS EASILY CONTAMINATED WHEN DIRTY BUCKETS AND DIRTY ROPES ARE LOWERED
INTO THE WATER +EEP ONE BUCKET ATTACHED TO THE WELL AND USE IT TO lLL OTHER
CONTAINERS 4HIS WILL ENSURE THE WELL WATER STAYS CLEAN 0ROVIDING A WAY TO WASH
HANDS BEFORE COLLECTING WATER WILL ALSO PREVENT CONTAMINATION
s +EEP THE BUCKET CLEAN
s (ANG THE BUCKET ON THE HANDLE OF THE WINDLASS
s +EEP THE WELL COVER IN PLACE
s !LWAYS USE THE SAME BUCKET IN THE WELL
s +EEP THE PLATFORM AND RUNOFF CLEAN
s +EEP THE BUCKET CHAIN OR ROPE WRAPPED AROUND THE WINDLASS
s 'REASE THE HANDLE BEARING OFTEN FOR EASE OF USE
s $O NOT LET CHILDREN PLAY WITH THE WELL OR PUMP
s ! FENCE CAN KEEP ANIMALS OUT
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4O TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE WATER THAT RUNS OFF PLANT A TREE OR VEGETABLE GARDEN WHERE
THE WATER DRAINS )F YOU CANNOT PLANT A TREE OR GARDEN MAKE A HOLLOW IN THE GROUND
lLLED WITH ROCKS OR GRAVEL FOR THE WATER TO SEEP INTO 4HIS WILL ALSO HELP PREVENT
MOSQUITO BREEDING
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5\d a\ ]_\aRPa N `]_V[T
3PRINGS ARE WHERE GROUNDWATER NATURALLY COMES TO THE SURFACE "ECAUSE SPRING WATER
IS lLTERED THROUGH ROCK AND SOIL AND IS MOVING QUICKLY IT CAN BE CONSIDERED SAFE UNLESS
IT IS CONTAMINATED AT THE SURFACE 4O KNOW IF A SPRING IS SAFE lND THE TRUE SOURCE OF THE
SPRING WHERE IT COMES OUT OF THE GROUND AND ASK THESE QUESTIONS
s )S THERE A STREAM OR OTHER SURFACE WATER THAT GOES UNDERGROUND ABOVE THE
SPRING )F SO WHAT APPEARS TO BE A SPRING MAY IN FACT BE SURFACE WATER THAT
mOWS A SHORT DISTANCE UNDERGROUND )N THIS CASE IT WILL LIKELY BE CONTAMINATED
OR MAY mOW ONLY DURING THE RAINY SEASON
s !RE THERE LARGE OPENINGS IN THE ROCK ABOVE THE SPRING )F SO CHECK THE WATER IN
THE SPRING AFTER A HEAVY RAIN )F IT APPEARS VERY CLOUDY OR MUDDY CONTAMINATION
FROM SURFACE RUNOFF IS LIKELY
s )S THERE A POSSIBILITY OF CONTAMINATION FROM HUMAN OR ANIMAL WASTES NEAR OR
JUST ABOVE THE SOURCE OF THE SPRING 4HIS COULD INCLUDE PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK
PIT TOILETS SEPTIC TANKS OR OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITY
s )S THE SOIL VERY LOOSE OR SANDY WITHIN METERS OF THE SPRING 4HIS COULD ALLOW
CONTAMINATED SURFACE RUNOFF TO ENTER THE GROUNDWATER
=_\aRPa aUR N_RN N_\b[Q aUR `]_V[T
0ROTECTING A SPRING IS CHEAPER THAN DIGGING A WELL OR BOREHOLE !ND ONCE A SPRING
IS PROTECTED IT IS RELATIVELY EASY TO RUN PIPES FROM THE SPRING CLOSER TO THE COMMUNITY
4O PROTECT THE AREA AROUND A SPRING FENCE THE AREA METERS ALL AROUND IT AND DIG A
DRAINAGE DITCH TO CARRY AWAY SURFACE RUNOFF AND WASTE 0LANTING TREES NEAR THE SPRING WILL
PROTECT IT EVEN MORE PREVENT EROSION AND MAKE IT A MORE PLEASANT PLACE TO COLLECT WATER
. SR[PR N_\b[Q aUR `]_V[T dVYY XRR] N[VZNY` \ba
7ATER FOR ,IFE
/bVYQ N `]_V[T O\e a\ PN]ab_R aUR dNaR_
! PROTECTED SPRING SHOULD ALSO HAVE A COVERED SPRING BOX MADE OF MASONRY BRICK OR
CONCRETE WITH AN OVERmOW PIPE
3PRINGS MAY BE FAR FROM WHERE PEOPLE LIVE MAKING WATER COLLECTION DIFlCULT )F WATER
IS PIPED FROM A SPRING THE SPRING BOX BUILT TO DIRECT WATER INTO PIPES MAY ALSO HELP
PROTECT THE WATER FROM CONTAMINATION
=N_a` \S N `]_V[T O\e
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3PRING BOXES NEED TO BE MONITORED TO ENSURE THAT THE SPRING CONTINUES TO PROVIDE SAFE
WATER 3ILT LEAVES DEAD ANIMALS AND OTHER THINGS CAN COLLECT IN THE PIPES AND SPRING
BOX AND BLOCK THE PIPES OR CONTAMINATE THE WATER 0UTTING A WIRE SCREEN ON THE PIPE
LEADING INTO THE SPRING BOX WILL PREVENT UNSAFE THINGS FROM ENTERING PIPES #LEANING THE
SCREEN EVERY NOW AND AGAIN WILL ENSURE A STEADY mOW OF WATER
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5\d a\ P\YYRPa _NV[dNaR_
(ARVESTING RAINWATER IS ONE OF THE SAFEST AND MOST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COLLECT WATER
2AINWATER IS SAFE TO DRINK EXCEPT IN AREAS WITH HIGH AIR POLLUTION 2AINWATER HARVESTING
IS A GOOD SOLUTION TO BOTH WATER SCARCITY AND WATER SAFETY
B`V[T N aV[ _\\S a\ P\YYRPa _NV[dNaR_
?NV[dNaR_ PNaPUZR[a` N[Q `a\_NTR
!BOVE GROUND TANKS CAN BE PLACED NEXT TO THE HOUSE AND THE ROOF WILL CATCH RAINWATER
AND DIVERT IT INTO THE TANK 2OOFS MADE OF TIN OR CORRUGATED METAL MAY BE USED FOR
HARVESTING RAINWATER 2OOFS MADE OF THATCH MAY COLLECT TOO MUCH DIRT TO BE SAFE
4HOSE MADE OF LEAD OR TAR HAVE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT MAKE IT UNSAFE TO DRINK THE WATER
"ECAUSE BIRD DROPPINGS DEAD LEAVES AND DIRT COLLECT ON ROOFS THE lRST RAIN OF THE YEAR
SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO RUN OFF WASHING THE ROOF
'ROUND CATCHMENTS CAN BE USED TO COLLECT SURFACE RUNOFF ! SIMPLE RESERVOIR CAN BE
MADE TO STORE WATER BY DIGGING A DEPRESSION INTO THE GROUND AND COMPACTING THE EARTH
OR LINING IT WITH CLAY TILE CONCRETE OR PLASTIC SHEETING 4HESE RESERVOIRS CAN BE USED
TO WATER LIVESTOCK OR TO COLLECT WATER FOR BATHING )F A GROUND CATCHMENT IS USED FOR
DRINKING WATER IT SHOULD BE FENCED TO KEEP ANIMALS OUT !ND WATER USED FOR DRINKING
SHOULD BE TREATED USING THE METHODS ON PAGES TO
7ATER COLLECTED ON ROOFS OR IN GROUND LEVEL CATCHMENTS CAN ALSO BE DIVERTED INTO
UNDERGROUND TANKS FOR STORAGE 4HIS IS A GOOD WAY TO KEEP WATER COOL )T MAY ALSO BE
LESS COSTLY THAN BUILDING OR BUYING ABOVE GROUND TANKS
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5\d a\ R[`b_R `NSR dNaR_ V[ N _NV[dNaR_ PNaPUZR[a aN[X
#OLLECTED RAINWATER MUST BE KEPT FREE OF CONTAMINATION TO BE SAFE TO DRINK 4O
ENSURE THAT HARVESTED RAINWATER WILL BE SAFE
s #LEAN THE TANK AND ENTRANCE PIPE BEFORE THE RAINY SEASON
s !LLOW THE lRST RAINFALL TO RUN THROUGH THE CATCHMENT TANK IN ORDER TO CLEAN IT
s #OVER THE TANK AND PLACE A lLTER OR SCREEN OVER THE INLETS TO KEEP OUT INSECTS
LEAVES AND DIRT 4HIS WILL HELP PREVENT MOSQUITOES FROM BREEDING
s -AKE SURE THAT WATER IS TAKEN OUT THROUGH TAPS ONLY AND NOT BY BUCKETS OR
OTHER CONTAINERS DIPPED INTO THE TANK
s &OR ADDED SAFETY ADD CHLORINE TO THE TANK SEE PAGE OR CONNECT A WATER
lLTER TO THE TANK
s 4RY NOT TO STIR OR MOVE THE WATER SO ANY DIRT OR GERMS IN THE TANK WILL STAY AT
THE BOTTOM
#OMMUNITY RAINWATER HARVESTING IN 2AJASTHAN
#OMMUNITIES IN THE 4HAR $ESERT OF 2AJASTHAN )NDIA HAVE TRADITIONALLY COLLECTED
RAINWATER IN MANY WAYS /NE WAY RAINWATER IS COLLECTED IS IN VILLAGE PONDS CALLED
NAADI %VERYONE IN THE VILLAGE AND EVEN THOSE PASSING BY MAY USE NAADI WATER
)N ORDER TO PROTECT THE WATER EVERYONE IN THE VILLAGE WORKS TO MAINTAIN THE NAADI
!NCIENT LAWS PROHIBIT ANY TREES FROM BEING CUT NEAR THE EDGES OF THE NAADI OR IN
THE AREA WHERE RAINWATER COLLECTS AND RUNS INTO THE NAADI ,IVESTOCK ARE KEPT AWAY
FROM THE NAADI AND PEOPLE ARE NOT PERMITTED TO URINATE OR DEFECATE NEAR IT /NCE
A MONTH ON THE DAY OF NO MOON THE ENTIRE VILLAGE WORKS TO DIG OUT SAND AND SILT
THAT HAS COLLECTED IN THE NAADI $IGGING OUT THE NAADI MAKES IT DEEPER AND ALSO
HELPS TO REMOVE GERMS THAT MAY HAVE SETTLED ON THE BOTTOM !FTER DIGGING IT OUT
THE VILLAGERS ALLOW THE WATER TO SETTLE SO IT BECOMES CLEAR AGAIN )N THESE WAYS THE
COMMUNITY COMES TOGETHER TO PROTECT THE PRECIOUS GIFT OF WATER
7ATER FOR ,IFE
@NSR dNaR_ a_N[`]\_a
4RANSPORTING WATER FROM ITS SOURCE TO WHERE PEOPLE NEED IT IS HARD WORK #ARE
MUST BE TAKEN TO KEEP WATER UNCONTAMINATED WHILE IT IS BEING TRANSPORTED
0N__fV[T dNaR_ V` UN_Q d\_X
#ARRYING WATER IS SOME OF THE HARDEST WORK DONE IN ANY COMMUNITY AND IT IS OFTEN
DONE BY WOMEN AND GIRLS #ARRYING HEAVY LOADS OF WATER ON THE BACK OR WITH A HEAD
STRAP CAN LEAD TO FREQUENT HEADACHES BACKACHE MALFORMATION OF THE SPINE AND CAN
CAUSE A PREGNANT WOMAN TO LOSE HER BABY DUE TO STRAIN
7ATER IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS REDUCE THIS BURDEN 3OMETIMES SIMPLE CHANGES CAN
MAKE WATER CARRYING EASIER 7ATER SYSTEMS CAN BE BUILT TO ELIMINATE THE NEED TO CARRY
WATER LONG DISTANCES OR HOMES CAN BE BUILT CLOSER TO THE WATER SOURCE %NCOURAGING
MEN TO SHARE THIS IMPORTANT WORK WILL HELP IMPROVE COMMUNITY HEALTH
=V]RQ
dNaR_
4HERE ARE MANY ADVANTAGES TO A PIPED WATER SYSTEM 0IPED WATER REDUCES THE RISK
OF CONTAMINATION AND REDUCES LIVING PLACES FOR SNAILS AND MOSQUITOES ! PIPED WATER
SYSTEM MUST BE PLANNED CAREFULLY WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW MUCH WATER IS NEEDED
AND AVAILABLE AND HOW MUCH WATER MAY BE NEEDED IN THE FUTURE AS THE COMMUNITY
GROWS
7ATER CAN BE PIPED FROM ALMOST ANY WATER SOURCE BUT SPRINGS AND RESERVOIRS ARE
MOST COMMON 4HE LEAST COSTLY SOURCE IS ONE THAT IS UPHILL FROM THE COMMUNITY SO
THAT GRAVITY WILL CARRY THE WATER DOWNHILL
-OST PIPED WATER SYSTEMS BRING THE WATER TO
A LARGE STORAGE TANK 4HE TANK MAY BE TREATED
WITH CHLORINE OR HAVE A lLTER ATTACHED TO TREAT
THE WATER 7ATER IS PIPED FROM THE STORAGE
TANK TO TAP STANDS IN PEOPLES HOUSES OR TO
PUBLIC WATER COLLECTION POINTS AROUND THE
COMMUNITY
! PIPED WATER SYSTEM NEEDS REGULAR
MAINTENANCE +EEPING RECORDS OF
WHERE PIPES ARE LAID CAN PREVENT
ACCIDENTS AND MAKE IT EASIER TO lND
AND REPAIR BROKEN PIPES ,EAKING
PIPES CAN WASTE A LOT OF WATER
AND DRAW IN SEWAGE AND OTHER
CONTAMINATION FROM THE SOIL
)F PIPES HAVE BEEN lXED WITH
JUTE HEMP COTTON OR LEATHER
GERMS MAY GROW ON THESE
THINGS AND CONTAMINATE .[
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THE WATER IN THE PIPES
7ATER FOR ,IFE
7OMEN AND MEN WORK TOGETHER
7HEN THE WATER COMMITTEE IN A SMALL -EXICAN VILLAGE PLANNED TO PIPE WATER TO THE
VILLAGE FROM A LARGE SPRING THEY DECIDED THEY HAD ENOUGH MONEY TO INSTALL A SHARED
TAP STAND FOR EVERY HOUSES !T THE VILLAGE ASSEMBLY THE MEN FROM THE WATER
COMMITTEE ANNOUNCED THAT THE TAPS WOULD BE USED TO PROVIDE WATER FOR DRINKING
AND COOKING 4HIS WAS GOOD FOR THE VILLAGE THEY SAID BECAUSE NOW THE WOMEN
WOULD NOT SPEND ALL DAY CARRYING WATER FROM THE RIVER AND BOILING IT TO MAKE IT SAFE
TO DRINK
! WOMAN AT THE ASSEMBLY STOOD UP AND ASKED h7HAT ABOUT WASHING CLOTHES v
/NE OF THE MEN FROM THE WATER COMMITTEE SAID h9OU CAN CONTINUE TO WASH CLOTHES
IN THE RIVER AS YOU ALWAYS HAVE DONEv ! SECOND WOMAN STOOD UP AND ASKED
h7HAT ABOUT BATHING OUR CHILDREN v 4HE MAN SAID h9OU CAN CONTINUE TO BATHE THE
CHILDREN IN THE RIVER AS YOU ALWAYS HAVE DONEv ! THIRD WOMAN STOOD UP AND ASKED
h7HAT ABOUT OUR HOME GARDENS 7E NEED WATER TO GROW VEGETABLESv
4HE WOMEN FELT THAT THEIR VOICES HAD NOT BEEN HEARD 4HEY SAID THAT THERE WAS
NOT A SINGLE WOMAN ON THE WATER COMMITTEE AND SO WOMENS NEEDS WOULD NOT BE
MET 4HE WOMEN DEMANDED THAT THEY BE ALLOWED TO JOIN THE WATER COMMITTEE AND
HELP MAKE A NEW PLAN 4HE REST OF THE ASSEMBLY AGREED
4HE NEW WATER COMMITTEE MADE A DIFFERENT PLAN 2ATHER THAN A TAP FOR EVERY
HOUSES THEY WOULD INSTALL A TAP AND A WASH BASIN FOR EVERY HOUSES 4HOUGH
THEY WOULD WALK TO COLLECT WATER THEY WOULD ALSO BE ABLE TO WASH CLOTHES BATHE
CHILDREN AND CLEAN CORN RIGHT IN THE VILLAGE 4HE TAP STAND WOULD BE USED FOR
DRINKING WATER AND THE WASHBASIN FOR EVERYTHING ELSE 4HIS WOULD HELP ENSURE
THAT THE DRINKING WATER STAYED CLEAN !ND THEY WOULD USE THE WASTEWATER FROM THE
WASHBASIN TO WATER THEIR HOME GARDENS
4HE PLAN WAS POPULAR AMONG THE MEN AS WELL BECAUSE IT WOULD GIVE THEM A
PLACE TO WASH THEIR TOOLS WHEN THEY RETURNED FROM THE CORNlELDS EACH DAY )N THIS
WAY THE VILLAGERS MET MANY OF THEIR NEEDS AT ONCE
7ATER FOR ,IFE
=bZ]V[T dNaR_ S_\Z dRYY`
7ATER mOWS DOWNHILL ! PUMP IS NEEDED TO MOVE WATER UPHILL -ANY KINDS OF PUMPS
ARE AVAILABLE INCLUDING PUMPS THAT USE ELECTRICITY GAS SOLAR ENERGY OR HUMAN ENERGY
TO MOVE WATER )F A PUMP IS DIFlCULT TO USE OR IF IT IS OUT OF SERVICE OFTEN PEOPLE MAY
RETURN TO COLLECTING WATER FROM UNSAFE SOURCES
5\d a\ PU\\`R N ]bZ]
"ECAUSE A PUMP MAY BE THE MOST COSTLY PART OF A WATER SYSTEM IT IS IMPORTANT TO
CHOOSE THE RIGHT KIND OF PUMP FOR YOUR HOUSEHOLD OR COMMUNITY 7HEN CHOOSING A
PUMP YOU MAY WANT TO CONSIDER THESE THINGS
s "OTH MEN AND WOMEN SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN SELECTING THE COMMUNITY PUMP
s ! PUMP SHOULD REDUCE THE EFFORT NEEDED TO LIFT WATER
s ! PUMP SHOULD BE MANAGEABLE BY ONE WOMAN ALONE
s ! PUMP SHOULD BE RELIABLE )F A PUMP NEEDS COSTLY FUEL OR ELECTRICITY WHICH MAY
BE UNAVAILABLE IT IS NOT USEFUL
s ! PUMP SHOULD BE EASY TO REPAIR WITH AVAILABLE SPARE PARTS ! PUMP THAT BREAKS
EASILY BUT IS VERY EASY TO REPAIR LOCALLY MAY BE BETTER THAN A PUMP THAT WILL ONLY
BREAK AFTER YEARS BUT THAT CANNOT BE EASILY REPAIRED BY LOCAL PEOPLE
AUR
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!LL PUMPS HAVE ONE THING IN COMMON IF THEY BREAK THERE IS NO WATER &OR MOST PEOPLE
THE BEST PUMP IS ONE THAT THEY CAN BUILD OPERATE AND REPAIR BY THEMSELVES
4HE .ICARAGUAN ROPE PUMP IS
BASED ON AN ANCIENT DESIGN FROM /VPfPYR
dURRY
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#HINA )T IS USED TO RAISE WATER UN[QYR
FROM DRILLED OR HAND
DUG WELLS UP
TO METERS DEEP )T USES A METAL
A
W\V[a
PULLEY WHEEL A ROPE WITH SMALL =C0
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RUBBER DISCS ATTACHED A PLASTIC ?\]R
PIPE THAT ENCASES THE ROPE AND
A ROPE GUIDE IN THE BOTTOM OF THE
WELL !S A PERSON TURNS THE PULLEY 4_\b[Q
WHEEL WATER IS LIFTED AND POURS
OUT A SPOUT AT THE TOP OF THE WELL
"ECAUSE ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT
OF WATER IS LIFTED WITH EACH TURN
OF THE WHEEL IT TAKES VERY LITTLE
STRENGTH AND IS EASY TO OPERATE /bPXRa
4HE BEST THING ABOUT THIS
PUMP IS THE LOW COST AND THE
DNaR_
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EASE OF lXING IT 4HE ROPE IS THE
PART MOST LIKELY TO BREAK AND ?bOOR_
QV`P`
EVEN IF IT IS PATCHED RATHER THAN
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4HE .ICARAGUAN ROPE PUMP IS S\_
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TbVQR
USED IN MANY PLACES AROUND THE
WORLD )N EACH PLACE PEOPLE HAVE
CHANGED THE DESIGN TO lT THEIR
NEEDS AND THE MATERIALS THEY
HAVE TO BUILD AND REPAIR IT AUR
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7ATER FOR ,IFE
@NSR dNaR_ `a\_NTR
7ATER IS EASILY CONTAMINATED WHEN IT IS COLLECTED TRANSPORTED AND WHILE IT IS STORED
4O ENSURE THAT IT IS SAFE WATER MUST BE HANDLED CAREFULLY WHILE IT IS BEING CARRIED AND
IT MUST BE STORED IN VESSELS THAT PROTECT IT FROM FURTHER CONTAMINATION 7ATER STORED
IN UNCOVERED TANKS OR TANKS WITH CRACKED WALLS OR LOOSE OR POORLY MADE COVERS IS
EASILY CONTAMINATED BY ANIMAL WASTE AND GERMS 0LANNING AND SUPPORT OF THE WHOLE
COMMUNITY ARE NECESSARY TO KEEP WATER SAFE FOR EVERYONE
@.32 D.A2? 0<9920A6<; .;1 @A<?.42
4HIS ACTIVITY HELPS 4IME HOUR
PEOPLE THINK ABOUT HOW
WATER DRAWN FROM A -ATERIALS 3TICKY TAPE THREE PICTURES
WELL SPRING OR TAP CAN SHOWING
BECOME CONTAMINATED
BEFORE IT IS CONSUMED 4WO PEOPLE COLLECTING WATER AT A WELL
AT HOME 4HIS ACTIVITY SPRING OR TAP
CAN BE DONE WITH ANY ! CHILD DRINKING A GLASS OF MUDDY WATER
NUMBER OF PEOPLE !NOTHER CHILD DRINKING A GLASS OF CLEAR
WATER
@aR] ' 4HE FACILITATOR SHARES THE PICTURE OF THE
PEOPLE COLLECTING WATER WITH THE GROUP 4HE GROUP
DISCUSSES WHAT IS HAPPENING TALKING ABOUT THE
PEOPLE AS IF THEY ARE FROM THIS COMMUNITY 7HAT ARE
THEIR NAMES (OW OFTEN DO THEY COLLECT WATER )S THE
WATER THEY ARE COLLECTING SAFE !FTER THE DISCUSSION
THE PICTURE IS TAPED TO THE WALL
@aR] ' 4HE GROUP LOOKS AT THE PICTURE OF THE CHILD
DRINKING MUDDY WATER 4HE FACILITATOR EXPLAINS
THAT THIS IS THE CHILD OF ONE OF THE PEOPLE FROM THE
lRST DRAWING ON THE NEXT DAY DRINKING THE WATER
THAT WAS COLLECTED 4HE PICTURE IS TAPED TO THE WALL
BELOW THE lRST PICTURE 4HE FACILITATOR ASKS h7HAT
HAPPENED BETWEEN YESTERDAY AND TODAY TO CAUSE
THE WATER TO BECOME CONTAMINATED v 4HE GROUP
DISCUSSES ALL THE POSSIBLE WAYS THE WATER COULD
HAVE BECOME CONTAMINATED
@aR] ' 4HE FACILITATOR SHOWS THE PICTURE OF THE CHILD
DRINKING CLEAR WATER AND TAPES IT TO THE WALL BELOW
THE OTHER PICTURES 3HE EXPLAINS THAT THIS IS THE CHILD
OF THE SECOND WATER COLLECTOR AND ASKS h7HAT HAS
THIS PERSON DONE TO KEEP THE DRINKING WATER CLEAN v
4HE GROUP THEN DISCUSSES THE THINGS THAT MUST BE
DONE TO KEEP DRINKING WATER UNCONTAMINATED AND
HOW THESE THINGS CAN BE DONE IN THEIR COMMUNITY
AND THEIR HOMES
7ATER FOR ,IFE
0YRN[ dNaR_ cR``RY` N[Q XRR] aURZ PYRN[
3TORED WATER CAN BECOME UNSAFE WHEN IT IS TOUCHED BY PEOPLE WITH DIRTY HANDS WHEN
IT IS POURED INTO A DIRTY VESSEL WHEN DIRT OR DUST GETS IN THE WATER AND WHEN DIRTY
CUPS ARE USED 4O PREVENT WATER FROM BECOMING UNSAFE AT HOME
s 7ASH HANDS BEFORE COLLECTING AND CARRYING WATER
s #LEAN THE VESSEL THAT IS USED TO CARRY WATER
s #ARRY WATER IN A COVERED VESSEL 4HIS WILL ALSO
PREVENT SPILLING
s 2EGULARLY CLEAN THE CONTAINER WHERE WATER IS
STORED IN THE HOUSE
s +EEP WATER VESSELS OFF THE mOOR AND AWAY FROM
ANIMALS ;N__\d Z\baURQ P\[aNV[R_`
s 0OUR WATER OUT WITHOUT TOUCHING THE MOUTH OF THE N_R `NSR`a S\_ `a\_V[T dNaR_
CONTAINER OR USE A CLEAN LONG HANDLED DIPPER TO TAKE
WATER OUT OF THE CONTAINER
s #LEAN ALL CUPS THAT ARE USED FOR DRINKING
s .EVER STORE WATER IN CONTAINERS THAT HAVE BEEN USED FOR PESTICIDES OR
DANGEROUS CHEMICALS EVEN IF THEY HAVE BEEN CLEANED
s )F POSSIBLE DO NOT TREAT MORE THAN YOU NEED FOR DAILY USE USUALLY LESS THAN
LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY FOR DRINKING AND COOKING
0\cR_ aN[X` N[Q PV`aR_[`
#LOSED CISTERNS ARE SAFER FOR STORING WATER THAN OPEN PONDS BECAUSE MOSQUITOES AND
SNAILS CANNOT LIVE IN CLOSED TANKS #ISTERNS SHOULD BE PLACED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE
POINT OF USE
2[`b_R T\\Q Q_NV[NTR
7HEREVER PEOPLE COLLECT
WATER WATER SPILLS 7HEN
WATER COLLECTS IN PUDDLES IT
BECOMES A BREEDING GROUND
FOR MOSQUITOES THAT CARRY
MALARIA AND OTHER ILLNESSES
7ELLS TAP STANDS OUTLETS
FROM STORAGE TANKS AND
OTHER WATER POINTS SHOULD
HAVE GOOD DRAINAGE THAT ALLOWS
SPILLED WATER TO mOW AWAY OR TO DRAIN
INTO THE GROUND WITHOUT CAUSING PUDDLES 0\ZZb[Vaf dNaR_ aN] dVaU Q_NV[NTR
=_RcR[a dNaR_ Y\``
! LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER CAN BE LOST THROUGH LEAKS EVAPORATION WHEN WATER DRIES UP
INTO THE AIR AND SEEPAGE WHEN WATER SOAKS INTO THE GROUND 4O CONSERVE WATER lX
OR REPLACE BROKEN OR LEAKY TAPS PIPES AND TANKS AS SOON AS LEAKS ARE FOUND ,EAKS ARE
ALSO A SIGN OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION BECAUSE GERMS AND DIRT ENTER THE CRACKS IN TANKS
AND PIPES
%VAPORATION CAN BE REDUCED BY COVERING STORAGE TANKS )F WATER IS STORED IN PONDS
OR DITCHES DIGGING THEM DEEPER WILL EXPOSE LESS WATER TO AIR AND SO REDUCE THE AMOUNT
LOST TO EVAPORATION
7ATER FOR ,IFE
5\d a\ ZNXR dNaR_ `NSR S\_ Q_V[XV[T N[Q P\\XV[T
)T IS BETTER TO PROTECT AND USE A SOURCE OF SAFE WATER THAN TO TREAT WATER FROM A
CONTAMINATED SOURCE SUCH AS A RIVER OR WATER HOLE "UT WATER WILL NEED TO BE TREATED
IF IT HAS BEEN CONTAMINATED IF PEOPLE REFUSE TO DRINK IT DUE TO COLOR OR TASTE OR IF IT IS
TRANSPORTED AND STORED IN THE HOME 7ATER FROM PIPES TANKS AND WELLS SHOULD ALSO BE
TREATED BEFORE DRINKING IF THERE IS ANY POSSIBILITY THAT IT HAS BEEN CONTAMINATED
4HE METHODS YOU CHOOSE TO TREAT WATER WILL DEPEND ON HOW MUCH WATER YOU NEED
WHAT IT IS CONTAMINATED WITH HOW YOU WILL STORE IT AND WHAT RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE
.O MATTER HOW IT IS TREATED IT IS BEST TO EITHER LET THE WATER SETTLE AND POUR IT INTO
ANOTHER CONTAINER OR lLTER THE WATER BEFORE DISINFECTING IT
4HE METHODS SHOWN HERE DO NOT MAKE WATER SAFE FROM TOXIC CHEMICALS 7ATER WITH
TOXIC CHEMICALS IS NEVER SAFE FOR DRINKING BATHING OR WASHING CLOTHES )T MAY LEAD
TO CANCER SKIN RASHES MISCARRIAGES OR OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS
4O MAKE WATER SAFE FROM GERMS FOLLOW THESE STEPS
9Ra
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3EE PAGES TO FOR METHODS TO SETTLE AND lLTER WATER
1V`V[SRPa aUR dNaR_ b`V[T \S aUR`R ZRaU\Q`'
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3EE PAGES TO FOR DISINFECTION METHODS
4HESE BASIC METHODS FOR TREATING WATER NEED LITTLE OR NO EQUIPMENT 4O SETTLE WATER IN
WAYS THAT TAKE MORE TIME BUT MAKE IT SAFE FROM MOST GERMS SEE PAGE 3ETTLING WATER
4O LEARN HOW TO MAKE lLTERS TO TREAT LARGER AMOUNTS OF WATER SEE PAGE #ERAMIC
lLTERS AND PAGE 3LOW SAND lLTERS
7ATER FOR ,IFE
@RaaYV[T
dNaR_
7HEN WATER SETTLES MUD OTHER SOLIDS AND GERMS AND WORMS THAT CAUSE ILLNESS FALL
TO THE BOTTOM 3TORING WATER FOR TO DAYS WILL REDUCE THE NUMBER OF GERMS IN THE
WATER "UT SOME GERMS LIKE GIARDIA WILL NOT BE KILLED BY ANY LENGTH OF STORAGE &OR
THIS REASON IT IS BEST TO USE ANOTHER METHOD AFTER LETTING WATER SETTLE SUCH AS lLTERING
CHLORINATING OR SOLAR DISINFECTION
]\a
ZRaU\Q
4HE POT METHOD SETTLES WATER SO GERMS AND SOLID MATTER FALL TO THE BOTTOM 4HIS
METHOD IS SAFER THAN SETTLING WATER IN POT BUT IT DOES NOT MAKE THE WATER COMPLETELY
FREE OF GERMS 4HE POT METHOD SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY DISINFECTION SEE PAGE
-ORNING $AY &ILL POT WITH WATER #OVER THE TOP AND LET IT SETTLE FOR DAYS
-ORNING $AY &ILL POT WITH WATER #OVER IT AND LEAVE FOR
DAYS 4HE DIRT IN POT WILL BEGIN TO SETTLE
-ORNING $AY 0OUR THE CLEAR WATER FROM POT INTO
EMPTY POT MAKING SURE NOT TO DISTURB THE SEDIMENT AT
THE BOTTOM OF POT 4HE WATER IN POT IS NOW READY FOR
DRINKING 4HE DIRTY WATER LEFT IN THE BOTTOM OF POT CAN BE
POURED OUT 7ASH POT AND RElLL IT WITH WATER #OVER IT
AND LET IT SETTLE FOR DAYS
-ORNING $AY 0OUR THE CLEAR WATER FROM POT INTO
POT FOR DRINKING 7ASH POT AND RElLL IT WITH WATER
-ORNING $AY 0OUR THE CLEAR WATER FROM POT
INTO POT FOR DRINKING 7ASH POT AND RElLL IT WITH
WATER
%VERY FEW DAYS WASH THE CLEAR WATER POT
POT WITH BOILING WATER )F YOU USE A CLEAN mEXIBLE
PIPE TO SIPHON WATER FROM ONE POT TO THE NEXT THE
SEDIMENT WILL BE LESS DISTURBED THAN IF YOU POUR THE WATER
B`V[T ]YN[a` a\ PYRN_ N[Q `RaaYR dNaR_
)N MANY PLACES PEOPLE USE PLANTS TO MAKE WATER SAFER TO DRINK /NE PLANT USED OFTEN
IS MORINGA SEEDS FROM %AST !FRICA KNOWN AS MALUNGGAY IN THE 0HILIPPINES HORSERADISH
TREE OR DRUMSTICK TREE IN )NDIA AND BENZOLIVE TREE IN (AITI
AND $OMINICAN 2EPUBLIC 4O USE MORINGA SEEDS
$RY THE SEEDS FOR DAYS
'RIND THE SEEDS TO POWDER )T TAKES GROUND
MORINGA SEEDS TO CLEAR LITERS OF WATER
-IX THE POWDER WITH A LITTLE WATER TO MAKE A
PASTE AND ADD IT TO THE WATER YOU WANT
:\_V[TN `RRQ`
TO CLEAR
3TIR FOR TO MINUTES 4HE FASTER IT IS STIRRED THE LESS TIME IS NEEDED
#OVER THE CONTAINER AND SET IT ASIDE TO LET IT SETTLE !FTER TO HOURS POUR THE WATER
INTO A CLEAN CONTAINER "E CAREFUL TO LEAVE THE SOLIDS IN THE lRST CONTAINER
7ATER FOR ,IFE
3VYaR_V[T
dNaR_
4HERE ARE MANY WAYS TO lLTER WATER TO MAKE IT SAFER FROM GERMS 3OME lLTERS LIKE
THE ONES ON PAGE REQUIRE SPECIAL EQUIPMENT TO MAKE BUT CAN lLTER LARGE AMOUNTS
OF WATER TO MAKE IT SAFE TO DRINK /THER lLTERS LIKE THE ONES ON THIS PAGE REQUIRE
NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND ARE EASY TO USE TO lLTER SMALLER AMOUNTS OF WATER BEFORE
DISINFECTING
0UN_P\NY
·YaR_
4HIS lLTER IS EASY TO MAKE AND WORKS WELL FOR REMOVING MOST
GERMS FROM SMALL AMOUNTS OF WATER "ECAUSE THE GERMS THAT
ARE lLTERED OUT WILL GROW ON THE CHARCOAL IT IS IMPORTANT TO
REMOVE AND CLEAN THE CHARCOAL OFTEN IF THE lLTER IS USED DAILY
OR ANYTIME THE lLTER HAS BEEN UNUSED FOR A FEW DAYS
0UNCH HOLES IN THE BOTTOM OF A
CONTAINER WITH A SHARP INSTRUMENT 0UN_P\NY
AUV[
PY\aU
'RIND CHARCOAL TO A lNE POWDER AND @N[Q
=ROOYR`
RINSE WITH CLEAN WATER !CTIVATED
CHARCOAL WORKS BEST BUT ORDINARY
CHARCOAL WILL WORK ALMOST AS WELL
.%6%2 53% #(!2#/!, "2)15%44%3
4(%9 !2% 0/)3/.
0LACE LAYERS OF STONES GRAVEL AND
SAND IN THE CONTAINER 0UT IN A THIN
CLOTH AND A LAYER OF CHARCOAL ON TOP
0OUR WATER INTO THE lLTER AND COLLECT DRINKING WATER FROM THE BOTTOM VESSEL
0Y\aU
·YaR_`
)N "ANGLADESH AND )NDIA A lLTER MADE OF
SARI CLOTH A lNELY WOVEN CLOTH IS USED
TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF CHOLERA GERMS
IN DRINKING WATER "ECAUSE THE CHOLERA
GERM OFTEN ATTACHES TO A TINY ANIMAL
THAT LIVES IN WATER lLTERING OUT THESE
ANIMALS ALSO lLTERS OUT MOST CHOLERA
GERMS 4HIS METHOD ALSO lLTERS OUT
GUINEA WORMS
9OU CAN MAKE A CLOTH lLTER OUT OF
HANDKERCHIEFS LINEN OR OTHER FABRIC
/LD CLOTH IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN NEW
CLOTH BECAUSE WORN lBERS MAKE THE
PORES SMALLER AND BETTER FOR lLTERING
,ET WATER SETTLE IN A CONTAINER SO THAT SOLIDS SINK TO THE BOTTOM
&OLD THE CLOTH TIMES AND STRETCH OR TIE IT OVER THE MOUTH OF A WATER JAR
0OUR WATER SLOWLY INTO THE JAR THROUGH THE CLOTH
!LWAYS USE THE SAME SIDE OF THE CLOTH OR GERMS MAY GET INTO THE WATER !FTER USING THE
CLOTH WASH IT AND LEAVE IT IN THE SUN TO DRY 4HIS KILLS ANY GERMS THAT MAY BE LEFT IN THE
CLOTH )N THE RAINY SEASON DISINFECT THE CLOTH WITH BLEACH
7ATER FOR ,IFE
1V`V[SRPaV[T
dNaR_
$ISINFECTING WATER KILLS GERMS )F DONE CORRECTLY DISINFECTION MAKES WATER COMPLETELY
SAFE TO DRINK 4HE MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS ARE BOILING SOLAR DISINFECTION OR USING
CHLORINE
/\VYV[T
dNaR_
"OILING WATER FOR MINUTE MAKES IT SAFE FROM GERMS "RING WATER TO A RAPID ROLLING BOIL
/NCE IT STARTS BOILING LET IT BOIL FOR FULL MINUTE BEFORE TAKING THE POT
OFF TO COOL 7ATER NEEDS TO BOIL FOR MINUTES TO KILL GERMS IN HIGH
MOUNTAIN AREAS BECAUSE WATER BOILS AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE
HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS
"OILING CHANGES THE TASTE OF THE WATER AND BOILED
WATER TAKES A LONG TIME TO COOL SO IT CANNOT BE
USED RIGHT AWAY !FTER BOILED WATER COOLS
POUR IT INTO A BOTTLE AND SHAKE IT STRONGLY
4HIS WILL ADD AIR TO THE WATER AND
IMPROVE THE TASTE
@\YN_ QV`V[SRPaV\[ @<16@
3OLAR DISINFECTION IS A VERY EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT WATER WITH ONLY SUNLIGHT AND A
BOTTLE &ILTERING OR SETTLING THE WATER lRST WILL MAKE IT CLEARER SO IT WILL DISINFECT MORE
QUICKLY 3OLAR DISINFECTION WORKS BEST IN COUNTRIES CLOSE TO THE EQUATOR BECAUSE THE
SUN IS STRONGEST THERE 4HE FARTHER NORTH OR SOUTH YOU ARE THE MORE TIME IS NEEDED
FOR DISINFECTION TO WORK &OR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT 3/$)3 SEE PAGE 7HERE TO GET
MORE INFORMATION
#LEAN A CLEAR PLASTIC OR GLASS BOTTLE OR PLASTIC BAG
&ILL THE BOTTLE ¢ FULL AND SHAKE IT FOR SECONDS 4HIS WILL ADD AIR
BUBBLES TO THE WATER 4HEN lLL THE BOTTLE OR BAG TO THE TOP 4HE AIR
BUBBLES WILL HELP TO DISINFECT THE WATER FASTER
0LACE THE BOTTLE IN AN OPEN PLACE WHERE THERE
IS NO SHADE AND WHERE PEOPLE AND
ANIMALS WILL NOT DISTURB IT LIKE THE
ROOF OF A HOUSE ,EAVE THE BOTTLE
IN THE SUN FOR AT LEAST HOURS IN
FULL SUN OR DAYS IF IT IS CLOUDY
$RINK DIRECTLY FROM THE BOTTLE 4HIS
WILL PREVENT THE POSSIBILITY OF
CONTAMINATION FROM HANDS OR OTHER VESSELS
9VZR \_ YRZ\[ WbVPR
!DDING THE JUICE OF A LIME OR LEMON TO LITER
OF DRINKING WATER WILL KILL MOST CHOLERA AND
OTHER GERMS AS WELL 4HIS DOES NOT MAKE
WATER COMPLETELY SAFE BUT MAY BE BETTER
THAN NO TREATMENT IN AREAS WHERE CHOLERA IS
A THREAT !DDING LIME OR LEMON JUICE TO WATER
BEFORE USING SOLAR DISINFECTION OR THE POT
METHOD WILL IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS
B`R YVZR \_ YRZ\[ S\_ RcR_f YVaR_ \S dNaR_
7ATER FOR ,IFE
0UY\_V[R
#HLORINE IS CHEAP AND EASY TO USE TO KILL MOST GERMS IN DRINKING WATER 4HE DIFlCULTY
WITH CHLORINE IS THAT IF TOO LITTLE IS USED IT WILL NOT KILL GERMS OR MAKE THE WATER SAFE )F
TOO MUCH IS USED THE WATER WILL TASTE BAD AND PEOPLE MAY NOT WANT TO DRINK IT
5\d ZbPU PUY\_V[R a\ NQQ a\ aUR dNaR_,
4HE AMOUNT OF CHLORINE NEEDED TO DISINFECT WATER DEPENDS ON HOW CONTAMINATED
THE WATER IS HOW MANY AND WHAT KINDS OF GERMS IT CONTAINS 4HE MORE GERMS YOU
HAVE THE MORE CHLORINE YOU NEED TO GET RID OF THEM )T IS IMPORTANT TO ADD ENOUGH
CHLORINE SO THAT SOME IS LEFT IN THE WATER AFTER THE GERMS ARE KILLED 4HE CHLORINE THAT IS
LEFT IS CALLED FREE CHLORINE 4HIS WILL KILL ANY NEW GERMS THAT GET IN THE WATER )F THE WATER
HAS FREE CHLORINE IN IT IT WILL SMELL AND TASTE JUST SLIGHTLY OF CHLORINE 4HIS TELLS YOU IT IS
SAFE TO DRINK )F IT HAS TOO MUCH THE SMELL AND TASTE WILL BE STRONG AND UNPLEASANT
4O USE THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF CHLORINE YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW STRONG YOUR CHLORINE
SOLUTION IS #HLORINE COMES IN DIFFERENT FORMS GAS BLEACHING POWDER HIGH TEST
HYPOCHLORITE (4( AND HOUSEHOLD LIQUID BLEACH "ECAUSE HOUSEHOLD BLEACH IS
THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CHLORINE THIS BOOK SHOWS HOW TO DISINFECT WATER WITH
HOUSEHOLD BLEACH
(OUSEHOLD BLEACH MAY HAVE DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF CHLORINE -OST COMMON ARE
AND 4HE EASIEST WAY TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF BLEACH NEEDED IS TO lRST MAKE A
MOTHER SOLUTION ABOUT CHLORINE AND THEN ADD THIS SOLUTION TO THE WATER YOU WANT
TO DISINFECT &IRST PREPARE THE MOTHER SOLUTION
!DD CUP OF BLEACH TO A CLEAN 3HAKE THE BOTTLE FOR SECONDS
EMPTY BEER BOTTLE ,ET IT SIT FOR MINUTES 9OUR
&ILL THE BOTTLE WITH CLEAN WATER MOTHER SOLUTION IS READY
)F THERE IS A LOT OF SOLID MATTER IN THE WATER THE CHLORINE WILL BE LESS EFFECTIVE IN KILLING
GERMS 4O ENSURE THAT CHLORINE IS MOST EFFECTIVE EITHER lLTER THE WATER THROUGH A CLOTH
OR OTHER TYPE OF lLTER SEE PAGE OR LET THE WATER SETTLE SO SOLID MATTER SINKS TO THE
BOTTOM 0OUR THE CLEAR WATER OFF INTO A CLEAN CONTAINER AND THEN ADD CHLORINE
.QQ aUR`R NZ\b[a` \S aUR Z\aUR_ `\YbaV\[ a\ PYRN_ dNaR_ N[Q
dNVa Na YRN`a ZV[baR` ORS\_R Q_V[XV[T aUR dNaR_ 6S aUR dNaR_ V`
PY\bQf f\b [RRQ adVPR N` ZbPU \S aUR OYRNPU `\YbaV\[
7ATER FOR ,IFE
3VYaR_` S\_ U\b`RU\YQ N[Q P\ZZb[Vaf b`R
3OME lLTERS CAN PROVIDE WATER THAT IS ALMOST AS SAFE FROM GERMS AS WATER THAT HAS BEEN
BOILED TREATED BY SOLAR DISINFECTION OR TREATED WITH CHLORINE
5\b`RU\YQ `Y\d `N[Q ·YaR_
4HIS IS ONE OF THE SAFEST MOST EFFECTIVE AND 0\[P_RaR P\cR_ =\b_ dNaR_
CHEAPEST WAYS TO lLTER WATER FOR A HOUSEHOLD V[ UR_R
4HIS lLTER CAN TREAT AT LEAST LITERS PER DAY
ENOUGH FOR A SMALL FAMILY
3YNa `a\[R
%QUIPMENT TO MAKE A SLOW SAND lLTER AN]
s ! WATERTIGHT CONTAINER SUCH AS A
LITER BARREL OR A LARGE BRICK OR
CEMENT JAR -AKE SURE THE CONTAINER
DID NOT CONTAIN TOXIC MATERIALS 3V[R
PY\aU @N[Q
s ! MILLIMETER HOSEPIPE WITH MANY
SMALL HOLES CUT IN THE lRST
CENTIMETERS 4HIS PART WITH HOLES 5\`R]V]R
WILL LAY ON THE BOTTOM OF THE BARREL 4_NcRY
s ! VALVE OR TAP
s ! SMALL AMOUNT OF GRAVEL
s 7ASHED RIVER SAND YVaR_ ON__RY
s &INE CLOTH
5<D A< :.82 . 5<B@25<91 @9<D @.;1 369A2?
#LEAN THE CONTAINER AND DISINFECT IT WITH BLEACHING POWDER
$RILL A HOLE b OF THE WAY DOWN FROM THE TOP OF THE CONTAINER FOR THE TAP
4HE HOLE SHOULD BE SIZED FOR THE lTTING ON THE TAP IF THE TAP HAS A
MILLIMETER lTTING THE HOLE SHOULD BE MILLIMETERS WIDE
&IT THE TAP TO THE HOLE AND lX IT IN PLACE WITH HARD
SETTING PUTTY )F A BRICK
CONTAINER IS USED THE VALVE CAN BE CEMENTED WITHIN THE WALL
0REPARE THE WATER COLLECTING HOSEPIPE 4O DO THIS DRILL OR PUNCH MANY
SMALL HOLES IN THE lRST CENTIMETERS OF THE HOSEPIPE SEAL THE END AND
FORM IT INTO A RING ON THE BOTTOM OF THE CONTAINER WITH THE HOLES FACING
DOWNWARD
#ONNECT THE WATER COLLECTING HOSEPIPE TO THE TAP 3EAL THE PIPE lTTINGS
WITH HOSE CLAMPS OR WIRE
0LACE A LAYER OF GRAVEL CENTIMETERS DEEP ON THE BOTTOM OF THE BARREL
COVERING THE WATER COLLECTING PIPE #OVER THE GRAVEL WITH lNE CLOTH AND
lLL THE BARREL WITH CLEAN RIVER SAND TO ABOUT CENTIMETERS BELOW THE
TAP 4HEN COVER THE SAND WITH A SECOND lNE CLOTH
-AKE A COVER FOR THE CONTAINER WITH A HOLE IN IT TO POUR WATER THROUGH
0LACE A mAT ROCK OR DISH UNDER THE HOLE TO PREVENT DISTURBING THE SAND
WHEN WATER IS POURED IN
&LUSH THE lLTER WITH WATER COMPLETELY /NCE THE lLTER IS CLEANED IT IS
READY FOR DAILY USE
7ATER FOR ,IFE
A\ b`R N[Q ZNV[aNV[ N `Y\d `N[Q ·YaR_
!FTER A FEW DAYS OF USE A LAYER OF GREEN SCUM BACTERIA AND ALGAE WILL GROW ON TOP
OF THE SAND 4HIS LAYER HELPS TO TREAT THE WATER &OR THIS LAYER TO WORK THE SAND MUST
ALWAYS BE COVERED WITH WATER &ILL THE lLTER DAILY AND REMOVE WATER ONLY IN SMALL
QUANTITIES )F THE lLTER IS DRAINED COMPLETELY IT WILL LOSE ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND SHOULD BE
CLEANED AND RElLLED
%VERY FEW WEEKS WHEN WATER mOW FROM THE TAP SLOWS DOWN CLEAN THE lLTER ,ET ANY
WATER OUT OF THE lLTER AND REMOVE THE GREEN LAYER AND ABOUT CENTIMETER OF SAND FROM
THE TOP !FTER MANY CLEANINGS WHEN MORE THAN HALF OF THE SAND HAS BEEN REMOVED
REPLACE ALL THE SAND AND GRAVEL WITH NEW CLEANED SAND AND GRAVEL AND START OVER 4HIS
MAY BE NECESSARY OR TIMES A YEAR
6Z]_\cRZR[a` a\ N `Y\d `N[Q ·YaR_
!LLOWING SOLIDS TO SETTLE OUT OF THE WATER BEFORE lLTERING IT WILL REDUCE MAINTENANCE
OF THE lLTER BECAUSE WATER WILL BE CLEANER WHEN IT ENTERS ,ETTING WATER mOW LIKE A
WATERFALL WILL ADD AIR INTO THE WATER AND MAKE IT TASTE BETTER
! lLTER HAS BEEN INVENTED THAT USES IRON NAILS TO lLTER OUT ARSENIC THE ARSENIC BINDS
TO THE IRON 4O LEARN ABOUT THIS lLTER SEE PAGE 7HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION
0R_NZVP
·YaR_`
! SMALL AND EFFECTIVE =YN`aVP
a\]
WATER lLTER CAN BE MADE
FROM lRED CLAY COATED
WITH COLLOIDAL SILVER A
SUBSTANCE THAT KILLS GERMS 0R_NZVP
·YaR_
7ITH BASIC TRAINING A
VILLAGE POTTER CAN EASILY
MAKE THESE lLTERS 4O
LEARN HOW TO PRODUCE AND
PROMOTE THESE lLTERS SEE =YN`aVP
SNbPRa
PAGE 7HERE TO GET MORE
INFORMATION 0R_NZVP
·YaR_
b`RQ
V[`VQR
N
]YN`aVP
ObPXRa
0\ZZb[Vaf `Y\d `N[Q ·YaR_
,ARGER lLTERS CAN BE MADE THAT CONNECT TO SURFACE WATER SOURCES OR PIPED WATER
SYSTEMS TO SUPPLY SAFE WATER TO A WHOLE VILLAGE OR NEIGHBORHOOD 7HERE SURFACE WATER
IS THE ONLY AVAILABLE SOURCE A COMMUNITY SLOW SAND lLTER IS A GOOD WAY TO TREAT LARGE
AMOUNTS OF WATER WITH LITTLE WORK 4HESE lLTERS REQUIRE AN ENGINEER TO BUILD AND INSTALL
PROPERLY SO WE DO NOT DESCRIBE THEM HERE 4O LEARN MORE ABOUT COMMUNITY SLOW
SAND lLTERS SEE PAGE 7HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION AND THE )NTERNATIONAL 7ATER
AND 3ANITATION #ENTRE
7ATER FOR ,IFE
DU\ V` _R`]\[`VOYR S\_ dNaR_ `RPb_Vaf,
!LL OVER THE WORLD PEOPLE ARE WORKING TO ENSURE THEIR RIGHTS TO ENOUGH SAFE WATER
3OME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT PRIVATE COMPANIES CAN PROVIDE BETTER SERVICE THAN
GOVERNMENTS "UT WHEN PRIVATE COMPANIES TAKE CONTROL OF WATER SERVICES WATER
PRIVATIZATION PRICES ARE OFTEN RAISED FORCING MANY PEOPLE TO DRASTICALLY REDUCE THE
AMOUNT OF WATER THEY USE 4HIS LEADS TO SERIOUS HEALTH RISKS SUCH AS DIARRHEA ILLNESSES
)T ALSO FORCES PEOPLE TO lND PLACES WHERE THEY CAN COLLECT WATER FOR FREE 4HIS TAKES A
LOT OF TIME AND HARD WORK AND THE WATER THEY lND MAY NOT BE SAFE FOR DRINKING
7HEN GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES WORK TOGETHER A GOOD PLAN TO ENSURE WATER
SECURITY ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE MOST IN NEED CAN BE MADE
0ARTNERSHIPS IMPROVE WATER ACCESS
)N THE 7EST !FRICAN COUNTRY OF 'HANA SOME COMMUNITY GROUPS HAVE TAKEN THE
PROBLEM OF WATER SECURITY INTO THEIR OWN HANDS )N THE SMALL TOWN OF 3AVELUGU
THE GOVERNMENT RUN 'HANA 7ATER #OMPANY SUPPLIES WATER TO THE COMMUNITY 4HE
COMMUNITY MEMBERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PRICING DISTRIBUTION AND REPAIR OF THE WATER
SYSTEM 4HEY CALL THIS A GOVERNMENT COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP
"OTH THE COMMUNITY AND THE GOVERNMENT RUN COMPANY BENElT FROM THE
PARTNERSHIP "ECAUSE THE COMMUNITY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING THE WATER ACCESS TO
WATER IS GUARANTEED BY POPULAR DECISION MAKING )F SOME PEOPLE CANNOT AFFORD TO PAY
FOR WATER THE COMMUNITY PAYS FOR THEIR WATER UNTIL THEY CAN AFFORD TO PAY 0EOPLES
NEEDS ARE MET BECAUSE THEY ARE RESPECTED AS MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY NOT
BECAUSE THEY HAVE MONEY TO PAY 4HE 'HANA 7ATER #OMPANY BENElTS BECAUSE THE
COMMUNITY ALWAYS PAYS FOR THE WATER SUPPLY
3AVELUGUS COMMUNITY BASED SYSTEM IS BEING USED AS A MODEL FOR SMALL TOWNS
THROUGHOUT 'HANA "Y MANAGING THEIR OWN WATER SYSTEM THE PEOPLE OF 3AVELUGU HAVE
SHOWN THAT PRIVATIZATION IS NOT THE ONLY WAY TO PROVIDE
WATER 3INCE THEIR GOVERNMENT COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP
BEGAN THERE IS LESS ILLNESS AND EVERYONE HAS ENOUGH
WATER 4HEIR SUCCESS HAS SHOWN THAT COMMUNITY
DECISION MAKING AND RESPONSIBILITY IS ONE WAY TO
IMPROVE WATER SECURITY
7ATER FOR ,IFE
6[aR_[NaV\[NY YNd N[Q aUR _VTUa a\ dNaR_
!CCESS TO ENOUGH SAFE WATER IS RECOGNIZED AS A HUMAN RIGHT IN MANY INTERNATIONAL LAWS
AND AGREEMENTS /NE OF THESE AGREEMENTS CALLED 'ENERAL #OMMENT STATES
4HE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER ENTITLES EVERYONE TO SUFlCIENT SAFE
ACCEPTABLE PHYSICALLY ACCESSIBLE AND AFFORDABLE WATER FOR
PERSONAL AND DOMESTIC USES !N ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF SAFE WATER IS
NECESSARY TO PREVENT DEATH FROM DEHYDRATION TO REDUCE THE RISK
OF WATER RELATED DISEASE AND TO PROVIDE FOR CONSUMPTION COOKING
PERSONAL AND DOMESTIC HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS
/THER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS THAT PROTECT THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER INCLUDE
s 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS #HARTER s 4HE $UBLIN 3TATEMENT
s 4HE 5NIVERSAL $ECLARATION OF s !GENDA
(UMAN 2IGHTS s 4HE -ILLENNIUM $ECLARATION OF
s 4HE 'ENEVA #ONVENTION *OHANNESBURG
s 4HE $ECLARATION ON THE 2IGHT TO s 4HE %UROPEAN #OUNCIL OF
$EVELOPMENT %NVIRONMENTAL ,AW
s 4HE #ONVENTION ON THE 2IGHTS OF s 2ESOLUTION ON THE 2IGHT TO 7ATER
THE #HILD s 4HE !FRICAN #HARTER ON (UMAN
s 4HE 3TOCKHOLM $ECLARATION AND 0EOPLES 2IGHTS
s 4HE -AR DEL 0LATA !CTION 0LAN s 4HE 0ROTOCOL OF 3AN 3ALVADOR
-OST COUNTRIES HAVE AGREED TO THE CONDITIONS OF SOME OR ALL OF THESE CONVENTIONS
'OVERNMENTS HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT WATER SOURCES FOR THE COMMON USE OF
ALL PEOPLE ,IKE OTHER RIGHTS THE RIGHT TO WATER ONLY EXISTS IF PEOPLE USE IT AND DEFEND
IT !S WATER GROWS SCARCE AND BECOMES A SOURCE OF ONGOING CONmICT AROUND THE WORLD
COMMUNITIES GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES NEED TO WORK HARD TO DEFEND
THE RIGHT TO WATER FOR TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE
7ATER FOR ,IFE
9V`a \S QVS·PbYa d\_Q`
!CCESSIBLE EASY TO GET TO
!LGAE VERY SMALL PLANTS THAT GROW IN WATER AND IN WET PLACES
"ACTERIA VERY SMALL ORGANISMS THAT CANNOT BE SEEN WITH HUMAN EYES 3OME BACTERIA ARE
GOOD AND SOME ARE HARMFUL FOR PEOPLES HEALTH 4HESE ARE OFTEN CALLED GERMS
#ATCHMENT AN AREA OF LAND THAT CATCHES WATER FROM RAIN AND SMALL STREAMS AND RIVERS AND
SENDS WATER DOWNHILL INTO A BIG RIVER ! CATCHMENT IS ALSO CALLED A WATERSHED
#HLORINE A CHEMICAL USED TO KILL GERMS AND DISINFECT WATER
#HOLERA A DISEASE CAUSED BY A BACTERIA THAT LIVES IN WATER
#ISTERN A LARGE TANK FOR COLLECTING AND STORING WATER
#ONSERVATION SAVING THE EARTHS RESOURCES FROM BEING WASTED OR DESTROYED
%VAPORATION WHEN WATER DRIES UP INTO THE AIR
&REE CHLORINE LEFTOVER CHLORINE THAT PREVENTS NEW GERMS FROM GROWING IN WATER THAT HAS
BEEN DISINFECTED
'IARDIA A PARASITE THAT CAUSES YELLOW BAD SMELLING DIARRHEA CRAMPS IN THE GUT AND
BURPS THAT TASTE LIKE SULFUR
'ROUNDWATER WATER THAT mOWS UNDERGROUND 'ROUNDWATER IS THE SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER
IN WELLS AND SPRINGS 'ROUNDWATER MAY ALSO BE CALLED A WATER TABLE OR AN AQUIFER
4HE GROUNDWATER LEVEL CHANGES DEPENDING ON RAINFALL AND HOW WATER AND LAND ARE USED
'UINEA WORM A LONG THIN WORM THAT LOOKS LIKE A WHITE THREAD )T LIVES UNDER THE SKIN AND
MAKES A PAINFUL SORE ON THE ANKLE LEG OR ELSEWHERE ON THE BODY
0ARASITE A TINY ANIMAL THAT LIVES ON OR INSIDE OF OUR BODIES AND MAKES US SICK
2EHYDRATION DRINK A DRINK MADE OF SUGAR SALT AND WATER OR FROM GRAIN AND WATER THAT
HELPS RETAIN LIQUID AND RESTORE HEALTH WHEN A PERSON IS DEHYDRATED
3AFE WATER WATER THAT IS NOT CONTAMINATED WITH WORMS GERMS OR TOXIC CHEMICALS )T IS
GOOD FOR DRINKING BATHING AND WASHING CLOTHES
3CHISTOSOMIASIS A DISEASE CAUSED BY WORMS THAT LIVE IN WATER SNAILS !LSO CALLED BLOOD
mUKES AND BILHARZIA
3EEPAGE WHEN WATER SOAKS INTO THE GROUND
3PRING BOX A CONTAINER BUILT AT THE PLACE WHERE SPRING WATER COMES ABOVE GROUND TO
CAPTURE WATER FOR DRINKING
3URFACE WATER WHEN RAIN FALLS TO THE GROUND IT BECOMES SURFACE WATER WHERE IT TRAVELS IN
RIVERS OR STREAMS OR REMAINS IN PONDS OR LAKES
4YPHOID AN INFECTION OF THE GUT THAT IS SPREAD FROM FECES TO MOUTH IN CONTAMINATED FOOD
AND WATER
7ATER SECURITY REGULAR ACCESS TO ENOUGH SAFE WATER
7ATERSHED AN AREA WHERE ALL THE WATER DRAINS INTO THE SAME RIVER
7ATER TABLE THE TOP LEVEL OF THE GROUNDWATER
7ATER TREATMENT THE DIFFERENT WAYS TO MAKE WATER SAFE FOR DRINKING
7INDLASS THE PART OF A PROTECTED WELL USED TO MAKE RAISING THE BUCKET EASIER
7ATER FOR ,IFE
DUR_R a\ TRa Z\_R V[S\_ZNaV\[
&OR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE 5.$0S #OMMUNITY 7ATER )NITIATIVE SEE
HTTPWWWUNDPORGWATER AND EMAIL CONTACT BDP WATER UNDPORG
5.$0 IS INVOLVED AS A PARTNER ORGANIZATION IN THE FOLLOWING WATER
RELATED
INITIATIVES WHICH COVER VARIOUS THEMES INCLUDING CAPACITY BUILDING GOVERNANCE
AND GENDER
s 'LOBAL 7ATER 0ARTNERSHIP HTTPWWWGWPFORUMORG
s 3)/#!- HTTPWWWSDNPUNDPORG
s #AP
.ET
#APACITY "UILDING FOR )NTEGRATED 7ATER 2ESOURCE
-ANAGEMENT HTTPWWWCAP
NETORG
s 7ORLD "ANK5.$0 7ATER AND 3ANITATION 0ROGRAMME
HTTPWWWWSPORG
s 7ORLD 7ATER !SSESSMENT 0ROGRAM
HTTPWWWUNESCOORGWATERWWAP
s 'ENDER AND 7ATER !LLIANCE HTTPWWWGENDERANDWATERORG
s 'LOBAL 'IVING HTTPWWWGLOBALGIVINGCOM
s (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION HTTPWWWHESPERIANORG
4O CONTACT OTHER WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMS AND ORGANIZATIONS WORLDWIDE SEE
&RESH 7ATER !CTION .ETWORK HTTPWWWFRESHWATERACTIONNET
)NTERNATIONAL 7ATER AND 3ANITATION #ENTRE #OMMUNITY 7ATER 3UPPLY -ANAGEMENT )2#
HTTPWWWIRCNL
3ARAR 4RANSFORMACIØN 3# HTTPWWWSARAR
TORG
3/$)3
3OLAR $ISINFECTION HTTPWWWSODISCH
3TREAMS OF +NOWLEDGE
'LOBAL #OALITION OF 7ATER AND 3ANITATION 2ESOURCE #ENTRES
HTTPWWWSTREAMSNET
7ATER!ID HTTPWWWWATERAIDORGUK
7ATSAN 7EB
7ATER AND 3ANITATION .ETWORKS FOR $EVELOPING #OUNTRIES
HTTPWWWSKATCHWATSANWEB
7%,,
2ESOURCE #ENTRE .ETWORK FOR 7ATER 3ANITATION AND %NVIRONMENTAL (EALTH
HTTPWWWLBOROACUKWELL
7ORLD (EALTH /RGANIZATION 7(/
7ATER 3ANITATION AND (EALTH
HTTPWWWWHOINTWATER?SANITATION?HEALTHEN
&OR A LOW COST METHOD TO REMOVE ARSENIC FROM WATER SEE
HTTPWEBMITEDUWATSANWB?lLTER?MONITORING?PLANHTM
AND THEN LOOK FOR THE LINK TO THE +ANCHAN ARSENIC lLTER
&OR INFORMATION ABOUT THE LOW COST CERAMIC lLTER SEE 0OTTERS FOR 0EACE
WWWPOTPAZORG AND %MAIL POTTERSFORPEACE YAHOOCOM
0ROJECT COORDINATION WRITING AND RESEARCH *EFF #ONANT
4ECHNICAL AND EDITORIAL REVIEW FOR 5.$0 2ON 3AWYER
%DITORIAL OVERSIGHT AND ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND WRITING 0AMELA &ADEM
!RT DIRECTION AND lELD
TEST COORDINATION 4RACY 0ERKINS
$ESIGN AND PRODUCTION )×AKI &ERNÈNDEZ DE 2ETANA
#OVER $ESIGN )×AKI &ERNÈNDEZ DE 2ETANA AND 3ARAH 7ALLIS
0ROOFREADING 4ODD *AILER
)LLUSTRATIONS 2OSSINA #AZALI DE "ARRIOS (EIDI "RONER "ARBARA #ARTER *EFF #ONANT 'IL #ORRAL 2OZA $O 2EGINA
&AUL
$OYLE 3ANDY &RANK *ESSE (AMM (ARIS )CHWAN *UNE -EHRA )NNOSANTO .AGARA 'ABRIELA .Þ×EZ 4RACY
0ERKINS 0ETRA 2ÚHR
2OUENDAAL 9OLY 3TROEVE 3ALLY 3UTTON +ORS DE 7AARD $AVID 7ERNER -ARY !NN :APALAC
4HIS MATERIAL WAS CREATED WITH INPUT FROM MANY INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS WORLDWIDE &OR RESEARCH CRITICAL
REVIEW AND FEEDBACK OUR THANKS TO !L (ASSAN !DAM )NGVAR !NDERSSON 0ATRICK !POYA #HRISTINE "ACHMAN
4IMOTHY "YAKOLA $ANIEL "RENEMAN 3ANDY #AIRNCROSS 2YAN #ASE 'ILLES #ORCOS +ARL &LECKER 2ACHEL 'OLDEN
+ELLY 'RAM 2OSS % (AGAN 7ILBUR (OFF (ARRY *EENE +ATE +ELLY %CKHARD +LEINAU - ! -ANSUR 2EGULA
-EIERHOFER (ANNAH -ELNITSKY %RIC -INTZ 0ETER -ORGAN +ARA .ELSON -ARGARET .ELSON #INDY 0ARKER 2OB
1UICK 2AM #HARITRA 3AH 2ON 3AWYER #ASSANDRA 3COTT "RIONY 3EOANE %LIZABETH 3HAPIRO 3ALLY 3UTTON !NNELLE
4AYLOR *OHN 5RNESS 2ORY 6ILLALUNA !NGELINA :AMBONI
/UR THANKS TO THE lELD TESTING GROUPS CONVENED BY #LIMATE $EVELOPMENT )NITIATIVES -UKONO $ISTRICT 5GANDA
.'/ &ORUM FOR 5RBAN 7ATER AND 3ANITATION +ATHMANDU .EPAL %34!-/3 ,ICHINGA -OZAMBIQUE 0EACE
#ORPS %L 0ARAÓSO %L 3ALVADOR 0HILIPPINE #ENTER FOR 7ATER AND 3ANITATION "ARANGAY -ACATAD 0HILIPPINES
7E THANK THESE COLLABORATING INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS FOR PERMISSION TO USE THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS
$RINKING 7ATER 3OURCE 0ROTECTION BY )NTERNATIONAL 7ATER AND 3ANITATION #ENTRE &IELDWORKERS 'UIDE TO ,OW #OST
7ATER 3OURCE )MPROVEMENTS BY 3ALLY 3UTTON GRAPHICS FROM WWWSODISCH BY %!7!' 3!.$%# GRAPHICS BY
0OTTERS FOR 0EACE AND 3!.)4%# .ATURAL &ARMING 0RODUCTION WITHOUT $ESTRUCTION PUBLISHED BY .ATURAL &ARMING
.ETWORK :IMBABWE -EDIO !MBIENTE Y 3ALUD !SOCIACIØN DE 3ERVICIOS #OMUNITARIOS DE 3ALUD !3%#3!
'UATEMALA
/UR THANKS ALSO TO !GENCIA %SPA×OLA DE #OOPERACIØN )NTERNACIONAL !%#) /lCINA 4ÏCNICA DE #OOPERACIØN
/542%!#( :IMBABWE -INISTRY OF (EALTH
h7ATER FOR ,IFE #OMMUNITY WATER SECURITYv WAS CREATED BY THE
(ESPERIAN &OUNDATION FOR THE 5.$0 IN COOPERATION WITH THE
#OMMUNITY 7ATER )NITIATIVE PARTNERS !N ACCOMPANYING BOOKLET ON
SANITATION h3ANITATION AND #LEANLINESS FOR A (EALTHY %NVIRONMENT v
WAS ALSO PRODUCED FOR THE 5.$0 4HESE BOOKLETS ARE PART OF A
FORTHCOMING BOOK BY THE (ESPERIAN &OUNDATION ! #OMMUNITY 'UIDE TO
%NVIRONMENTAL (EALTH
4HE #OMMUNITY 'UIDE WILL COVER RELATED ISSUES SUCH AS WASTEWATER
MANAGEMENT AND TRASH DISPOSAL ALONG WITH OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
TOPICS SUCH AS MINING AND OIL DRILLING INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND FORESTRY
7E HOPE THE ENTIRE BOOK WILL BE READY IN %NGLISH IN AND IN
3PANISH THE FOLLOWING YEAR
4O IMPROVE THE USEFULNESS OF OUR EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS WE WELCOME
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