1

University of the East

Caloocan Campus
College of Arts and Sciences – Basic Education Department
STEM Science and Engineering Unit

Incidence and Prevalence of

Amoebiasis in Orang Asli,

Malaysia

A Research
presented to the Faculty of
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Garcia, Hazel J.
Infante, Lance Quinn D.
Pinlac, Ruvie Anne T.
Tia, Kristine Anne M.
Villanueva, Sigrid

STEM 12-9

Hazel Dawn V. Pascubillo

Alhora Mari R. Torrefranca
Research Adviser

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2nd Semester, AY 2017 – 2018

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page………………………………………………………….……………………......

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….….

Abstract……………………………………….……………………………….…………….

Approval Sheet…………………………………………………………………………......

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………..…….……….

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………

Research Hypothesis……………………………………………………………..

Significance of the Study……………………………….…………………………

Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………………

Definition of Terms…………………………………….…………………………..

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature…………………………………………………………………

Related Studies……………………………………………………..…………….

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research Design……………………..…………………………………………..

Research Instrument………………………………………...…………………..

Data Gathering Procedure………………………...…………………………….

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Data presentation…………………………………………………………………..

Figure 1……………………………...……………………………………………….

Figure 2……………………...……………………………………………………….

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 Table 1………………………………………………………………………………

Table 2…………………………………………………...………………………….

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary…………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion ……………...………………………………………………………….

Recommendations…………………………………………………………………

References…………………………………………………………..……………..

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………

Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………………………….….

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 ABSTRACT
Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is the third leading cause of death
worldwide. This pathogenic amoeba is morphologically indistinguishable from E.
histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovski. The present work aimed to know the incidence
and prevalence of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli Malaysia and the factors that causes
Amoebiasis. The highest prevalence is 83.4% in year 2008 and the lowest prevalence is
0.4% in year 2005. This article reviews the population problem, experimentation of stool
samples, present treatment and prevention measures, and research priorities. For
statistical analysis, percentage rate were used to describe the characteristics of the
studied population, including the prevalence of E. histolytica, E. dispar and E.
moshkovskii. The results were used to determine if the questions that we ask for are
being answered. Table and figure were also used to show the distribution, potential risk
factors, and association between E.histolytica, E.dispar, and E. moshkovskii among
Orang Asli in Western Malaysia. The variable are being expressed through percentage.
Acknowledgements and references are being shown to acknowledge the authors who
have helped to finished the study.

Keywords: Amoebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica, Incidence, Prevalence

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This study entitled “Incidence and Prevalence of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli,

Malaysia” prepared and submitted by Garcia, Hazel J., Infante, Lance Quinn D., Pinlac,
Ruvie Anne T., Tia, Kristine Anne M., Villanueva, Sigrid
in partial fulfilment of the requirements in the subject – Research is hereby approved
and accepted.

Garcia, Hazel J.
Group Leader

Hazel Dawn V. Pascubillo

Alhora Mari R. Torrefranca
Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by:

Firstname MI Lastname, PNT Firstname MI Lastname, PNT

Accepted and approved by in partial fulfilment of the requirements in Research.

Date of Approval:

7
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to thank the following individuals who became part of our study that
helped us to successfully completed this research study.

Foremost, We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisers Ms. Alhora R.
Torrefranca and Ms. Hazel Dawn V. Pascubillo for the continuous support for our
research study, for their patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.
Their guidance helped us in writing of this research.

And to Mr. Kenneth Santos our homeroom adviser that helped us by giving inspiration
and support in writing of this research.

To all our classmates who inspired, motivated and helped us by giving support to
finished this research study.

To our respective parents that helped us and understand us in times when we're busy
doing our research also for their financial support.

And lastly, to our heavenly father who guide us and give us strength and wisdom to
make this research possible and successful.

Thank you very much to all of you.

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 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Amoebiasis, otherwise called amebic dysentery, is a standout among the most

well-known parasitic infections happening in people, with an expected 500 million new

cases every year. It happens most in tropical and subtropical regions where living

conditions are crowded, with insufficient sanitation.

Person is the main known host of the amoebiasis life form, and all gatherings of

individuals, paying little awareness to age or sex, can wind up influenced. Amoebiasis is

basically spread in nourishment and water that has been polluted by human feces but at

the same time is spread by individual to-individual contact. The transmission of the

disease can happen in territories where human defecation are utilized as manure for

crops, or in urban places or areas with water supplies debased, infected or

contaminated with human feces which cause the disease called Amoebiasis.

It implies that the amoebiasis disease can be transfer and get easily. A lot

of people cited that amoebiasis is one of the most leading causes of Morbidity and

Mortality in Malaysia and it affects the residents of Orang Asli community due to some

factors associated with the disease. The researchers aim to know the incidence and

prevalence of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli community in Malaysia.

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Background of the Study

Amoebiasis refers to the condition in which a person’s intestine is infected by a

protozoan parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba is group of single-celled

parasites that can infect both humans and some animals. Amoebiasis came from the

root word amoeba; it’s a common disease that mostly occurs in tropical countries like in

subcontinents of India and also in some parts of America. Those people who live in rural

areas or those who travels in such places are most likely to be prone to this infection

because of the inadequate sanitary conditions. It is thought that 40 to 50 million people

infected with Amoebiasis caused serious illness and 40,000 to 100,000 deaths every

year worldwide. It is the third most common cause of death from parasitic infections.

The first individual to unravel the disease was Fedor Losch a Russian physician; he was

able observe the active or trophozoite stage in the feces of a patient.

E. histolytica resides in the intestines of infected people and it can be passed

out in their feces. It can be transferred either directly by person to person or indirectly.

Swallowing something like contaminated foods or drinks can also infect other people. It

can also be transmitted if an infected person is in contact with another person or

prepares them food. Men who have sex with men can also obtain E. histolytica.

Any person can have this disease whether they are young or old. On average,

about 1 in 10 people in the world are infected with E. histolytica. The symptoms are

loose stools, stomach pain, and stomach cramping. In some cases, Amoebiasis doesn’t

cause any symptoms but if they do appear they usually start about a month after

amoebas enter the body. Some symptoms are mild, consisting of only mild stomach

10
pain, stomach cramping and two or three loose stools. While in some symptoms, it’s

harsh such as severe abdominal pain, high fever and several days of diarrhea.

Statement of the Problem

A. General Problem

The study aims to know the incidence and prevalence of Amoebiasis in Orang

Asli, Malaysia. Specifically it seems to answer the following questions:

 What is the rate incidence of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia?

 In what year is Amoebiasis most prevalent in Orang Asli, Malaysia?

 What are the factors of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia?

Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis

The incidence and prevalence are high due to many factors of Amoebiasis in

Orang Asli, Malaysia.

Null Hypothesis

The incidence and prevalence are not high due to minimum factors of Amoebiasis in

Orang Asli, Malaysia.

Significance of the Study

 Residents

They would be informed about the quantity of Amoebiasis cases in Orang Asli

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 and by this they can prevent the spread of the disease in their place and also

they can be cautious to their surroundings.

 Malaysian Government

The officials of the government in Malaysia can prevent the spread of

Amoebiasis by organizing health information program and they will know the

factors why Amoebiasis is prevalent in the community.

 Filipino Citizen

Our research study will benefit the Philippines since they are almost the same

in terms of climatic location. Philippines will be aware of the factors that causes

Amoebiasis and consult a plan to prevent the disease.

 Future Researchers

They can use our research as a guide for their research and it also give them

additional information about Amoebiasis.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited only in people who completed the final analysis examination

of the disease particularly amoebiasis that is held from the three Orang Asli tribes in

Malaysia such as Proto-malay, Senoi tribe and Negrito tribe.

Definition of Terms

 Amebic Dysentery - a type of dysentery caused by the protozoan E.

histolytica, characterize especially by ulceration of large intestine.

 Amoebiasis - infection with E. histolytica or other pathogenic ameba.

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 Incidence – the rate of range of occurrence or influence of something, especially

of something unwanted.

 Morbidity - the proportion of sickness or of a specific disease in a geographical

locality.

 Mortality – the state or condition of being subject to death; mortal character,

nature or existence.

 Parasite – an organism that lives on or in an organism of another specie, known

as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutrient.

 Pathogen – any disease producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium or other

microorganism.

 Prevalence – the condition of being prevalent, or widespread.

 Protist – any of various one-celled organisms, classified in the kingdom Protista,

that are either free-living or aggregated into simple colonies and that have

diverse reproductive and nutritional modes, including the protozoans, eukaryotic,

algae, and slime modes.

 Protozoan – any diverse group of eukaryotes, of the kingdom Protista, that are

primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually non

photosynthetic, and are often classified further into phyla according to their

capacity for and means of motility.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

An infectious disease caused by a free-living amoebic parasite called E.

histolytica. The organism infects the bowel and causes gastroenteritis. Infection occurs

through ingesting contaminated food or water. It is more common in countries with poor

sanitation.

A. Review of Related Literature

I. Amoebiasis

1. Protist

Amoebiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by microscopic one-

celled parasites commonly known as amoebas (Entamoeba histolytica). Because these

parasites live in the large intestine, they travel in the feces of infected people, and can

contaminate water supplies in places where sanitation is poor. The parasite can

contaminate fruits and vegetables grown in areas where human feces are used as

fertilizer. They can be transferred on the dirty hands of infected people who don't wash

their hands often or correctly.

2. Pathogenesis of Amoebiasis

Amoebiasis, the infection of humans with Entamoeba histolytica, has a worldwide

distribution; humans are the main reservoir and source of infection, although some other

primates can also be infected. The motile trophozoite of E. histolytica lives in the lumen

of the large intestine where it multiplies and eventually differentiates into cysts which are

14
shed in the faeces and are responsible for transmission of infection. Two forms of

amoebiasis are recognized: luminal amoebiasis where no clinical signs or symptoms

are apparent, and invasive amoebiasis where the trophozoites invade the intestinal

mucosa to produce dysentery or amoeboma, and can spread in blood to give

extraintestinal lesions such as liver abscess. Isoenzyme markers for pathogenic and

non-pathogenic types of E. histolytica are well documented, but there is some debate

about whether the two types represent completely separate entities or if they can

change from one type to the other under certain circumstances. Nonpathogenic types

produce no apparent symptoms; in this article Adolfo Martínez-Palomo discusses the

pathology associated with pathogenic types.

II. Amoebiasis Treatment

According to Dhawan (2017) several agents are active against anaerobic

bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for symptomatic, invasive

disease; paromomycin is the drug of choice for noninvasive disease. Because parasites

persist in the intestines of 40-60% of patients treated with metronidazole, this drug

should be followed with paromomycin to cure luminal infection. Do not give the 2

medications at the same time; the diarrhea that often results from paromomycin might

be confused with continuing active intestinal disease from the parasite.

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Metronidazole kills trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica in intestines and tissue

but does not eradicate cysts from intestines. It appears to be absorbed into cells.

Intermediate metabolized compounds are formed and bind DNA and inhibit protein

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synthesis, causing cell death. Antimicrobial effect may be due to production of free

radicals. Metronidazole is indicated for invasive amebiasis.

Tinidazole

Tinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole derivative used to treat susceptible protozoal

infections. The mechanism by which it acts against Giardia and Entamoeba species is

not known. Tinidazole is indicated for treatment of intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver

abscess caused by E histolytica in adults and children aged 3 years and older.

Paromomycin

Paromomycin is an amebicidal and antibacterial aminoglycoside obtained from a

strain of Streptomyces rimosus; it is poorly absorbed and is active only against the

intraluminal form of amebiasis. Used to eradicate cysts of E histolytica after treatment

with metronidazole or tinidazole for invasive disease.

Parasite biochemical pathways are sufficiently different from those of the human host to

allow selective interference by chemotherapeutic agents in relatively small doses.

III. Prevention

1. Provision of clean,safe drinking water

To prevent amoebiasis caused by the bacteria Entamoeba histolytica that can be

found in unclean water remind the people to improve sanitation and hygiene, clean their

environment specifically their drinking water and improving water management to

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reduce risk of water infectious diseases. Access to clean water and sanitation not only

improves quality of life but also bring tangible health and economic benefits.

2. Effective sanitary disposal of human and animal waste

Proper disposal of human waste can avoid disease , avoid pollution of water

resources and most of the injuries and infections that people can get. Proper disposal

aims to reduce spread serious illness caused by contaminants.

IV. Presentation

1. Intestinal Amoebiasis

According to Leder ,K. et al. (2017) Intestinal amoebiasis is caused by the

protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Most infection is asymptomatic; clinical manifestations

include amebic dysentery and extraintestinal disease .Worldwide, approximately 50

million people develop colitis or extraintestinal disease, with over 100,000 deaths

annually. Extraintestinal manifestations include amebic liver abscess and other more

rare manifestations such as pulmonary, cardiac, or brain involvement.

2. Hepatic Amoebiasis

According to Sales, J.(2003) Amoebiasis can be considered the most

aggressive disease of the human intestine, responsible in its invasive form for clinical

syndromes, ranging from the classic dysentery of acute colitis to extra-intestinal

disease, with emphasis on hepatic amoebiasis, unsuitably named amebic liver abscess.

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Found worldwide, with a high incidence in India, tropical regions of Africa, Mexico and

other areas of Central America, it has been frequently reported in Amazonia. The

trophozoite reaches the liver through the portal system, provoking enzymatic focal

necrosis of hepatocytes and multiple micro-abscesses that coalesce to develop a single

lesion whose central cavity contains a homogeneous thick liquid, with typically reddish

brown and yellow color similar to "anchovy paste". Right upper quadrant pain, fever and

hepatomegaly are the predominant symptoms of hepatic amoebiasis. Jaundice is

reported in cases with multiple lesions or a very large abscess, and it affects the

prognosis adversely. Besides chest radiography, ultrasonography and computerized

tomography have brought remarkable contributions to the diagnosis of hepatic

abscesses. The conclusive diagnosis is made however by the finding of Entamoeba

histolytica trophozoites in the pus and by the detection of serum antibodies to the

amoeba. During the evolution of hepatic amoebiasis, in spite of the availability of highly

effective drugs, some important complications may occur with regularity and are a result

of local perforation with extension into the pleural and pericardium cavities, causing

pulmonary abscesses and purulent pericarditis, respectively The ruptures into the

abdominal cavity may lead to subphrenic abscesses and peritonitis. The treatment of

hepatic amoebiasis is made by medical therapy, with metronidazole as the initial drug,

followed by a luminal amoebicide. In patients with large abscesses, showing signs of

imminent rupture, and especially those who do not respond to medical treatment, a

percutaneous drainage must be performed with either ultrasound or computerized

tomography guidance. Surgical drainage by laparotomy is reserved to patients with

secondary infections

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 V. Methods of Transmission

1. Anal Sex

According to Hung, et al. (2012), the Amoebiasis is the second

leading cause of death from parasitic diseases. A report of epidemiological studies from

the developed countries that the increasing prevalence of Amoebiasis and of invasive

infections, such as Amoebic Colitis, among men that have intercourse with men who

engage in oral-anal sex. Although most infections with Amoebiasis are asymptomatic,

clinical manisfections is mainly includes the Amoebic Colitis and Amoebic Liver

Abscess, which are associated with substantial morbidity and medical cost. The

Amoebiasis’ laboratory diagnosis should be based in the detection of E. histolytica by

the use of tests with high sensitivity and specificity. The microscope is used in routine

clinical laboratories is not sensitive or specific enough to detect the E. histolytica.

Metronidazole or tinidazole remains the mainstay of the treatment for invasive

amoebiasis, it is followed by the treatment with luminal agents to prevent replapse and

transmission of E. histolytica to sexual partners or close contacts.

2. Consuming Infected Food and Water

There are some cases of Amoebiasis that is caused from drinking contaminated

water. According to dela Cruz (2014), more than 200 people from 20 different villages in

Iligan City that have been hospitalized due to diarrhea and amoebiasis was caused of

contaminated water. The health city officer Cherina Canaveral said that there are at

19
least 130 patients were admitted to Gregorio T. Lluch Memorial Hospital. The total

number of patients is almost 300. Other patients were confined in private hospitals.

The heath city officer said that the outbreak might be due to contaminated water

from an unknown source. The city city’s waterworks system reportedly that they have

been rationing water to the villages after the water pipe burst, it could be possible that

the water from the busted pipe might be the cause of the ailment. Aside from the

rations, there are some residents reportedly get water from an unknown source.

Sanitary Inspectors distributed water-purifying tablets to the affected villages, as of

Canaveral reported. The residents in the villages were advised to boil their drinking

water for 30 minutes. There are also some cases of Amoebiasis that is caused of eating

contaminated food. According to RelayHealth (2014), the parasite lives in the human

intestine and it can spread to soil, water, or food through bowel movements. Vegetables

and fruits can also be contaminated by the contact with soil or water. Some

contaminated ffood usually looks and smells normal. You may be infected if you put

anything in your mouth that contains the parasite like eating contaminated foods, and

eating foods that has been handled by someone who is infected.

VI. Symptoms

According to Davis and Balentine (2016) the following are symptoms of

amoebiasis such as, diarrhea with blood or mucus, abdominal pain, fever, distended

abdomen, pain or tenderness in the area of the liver, loose feces, stomach pain,

stomach cramping, bloody stools (poop), nausea, weight loss, asymptomatic

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 VII. Sources

According to Luo (2017), Amoebiasis is common in tropical countries with

underdeveloped sanitation like Indian subcontinent, some parts in Central and South

America, some parts in Africa, etc. tropical countries. The one who travelled to tropical

locations where there’s poor sanitation, the immigrants from tropical countries with poor

sanitary conditions, the people who live in institutions with poor sanitary conditions like

prisons, men who have sex with other men, and the people with compromised immune

systems and other health conditions has the greatest risk of having Amoebiasis.

VIII. Prevalence

According to Dong H. et al., (2017) People should be aware that Amebiasis is

very dangerous to one’s health. It is listed as one of the leading parasitic cause of many

deaths of people. The E. dispar and E. coli had also been detected in humans. In

phylogenetic analysis, the E. dispar and E. coli sequences clustered with reference E.

This study claims that even animals suffer from Entaomeba infection and it also reports

the prevalence of Entamoeba infection. Some Entamoeba species that infects animal

can be transmissible to humans and that makes it dangerous to be near or in close

contact with primates.

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 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses about the research design, research instrument and data

collection procedure.

Research Design

The research will use Meta-Analysis method. It is a statistical analysis that

combines the results of multiple scientific studies. In this study the data of incidence and

prevalence rate will be used for answering all the questions in our research study. The

incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas

prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is. The researchers aims to

determine the rate of people who had amoebiasis in Orang Asli communities in

Malaysia as well as the leading cause of this medical condition through the use of meta-

analysis as the statistical approach.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use secondary data from local and foreign journal articles

that contains scientific procedures to support our study the incidence and prevalence of

amoebiasis in Orang Asli Malaysia.

Data Collection Procedure

The researchers used secondary data to gather the cases about the prevalence

of E. Histolytica infection among Orang Asli communities in Malaysia. The cases of

amoebiasis that we had gathered started from year 1992 up to 2012.The incident rate

22
and the prevalent year that our research aims to know, will also based on the similar

journals and study.

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 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter focuses on the analysis of data about the incidence and prevalence

of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli Malaysia followed by the discussion of data findings. The

gathered data was limited because in every study only a single faecal sample was used

to determine the prevalence of Amoebiasis in the country. If faeces were collected more

than once then a fixed prevalence of E. histolytica and E. dispar would be expected in

their study. In a study conducted by Cartwright, it was found that the positivity rate was

55% for patients who had three faecal samples examined as opposed to 33% and 20%

for patients who had two and single faecal specimens examined respectively.

Unfortunately, obtaining more than one faecal specimen was not possible in the study

due to their limited resources and also their cultural belief of some places in Malaysia is

against in giving away their stool sample. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, E.

dispar and E. moshkovskii are stated in this chapter. It also includes the cases of

Amoebiasis in different years.

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 Figure 1. Map showing the location of the villages in Peninsular Malaysia involved in the
study (triangles).

Source: Anuar, T., et al. (2012). Molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis in Malaysia: Highlighting the
different risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections among Orang Asli
communities.

25
Discussion of Findings

This study of population was intended to show the list of subjects who

participated the examination and completed the final analysis. The data consisted of

age, gender, level of education, income, and basic infrastructure. The experiment used

single stool samples that collected from a specific number of subjects with specific

number of stools samples from tribes of Orang Asli community in Malaysia. 150 (30%)

samples were from the 316 Proto-Malay tribe, 139 (27.8%) from the Negrito tribe, and

211 (42%) from the Senoi tribe. With regard to the age groups 211 (42%) were less

than 15 years old while 279 (55.8%) were 15 years old or more, with a median age of

18 years. Subjects who participated in this study comprised 219 (43.8%) males and 281

(56.2%) females.

More than half (75%) of the parents have a low level of education i.e., less than

6 years of formal education. The majority of the parents did odd jobs, such as selling

forest products, without any stable income. Some were daily wage earners working in

rubber or palm oil plantations, unskilled labourers in factories or on construction sites.

Therefore, 52% of the households belonged to 328 people who earned less than

RM500 per month, the poverty threshold on Malaysia which is inadequate to maintain a

good standard of living. Although 71.4 % of the houses have the provision of basic

infrastructure such as treated water supply and 61.6% have a pour flush toilet, at least

28.6% are still using untreated water originating from a nearby river for their domestic

needs and 38.4% are still defecate indiscriminately in the river or bush. Some

households (56.4%) kept dogs, cats and poutry as their domestics animals. Most of

these domestic animals are left to roam freely. The villagers have a very close contact

26
with dogs and cats. Occasionally, these animals also slept, defecated indoors and

accompanied the villagers into the forest to harvest forest products. Interestingly, some

villagers had monkey and birds as pets.

Prevalence of Amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia

The table 1. Indicates studies that are reported with high prevalence of E.

histolytica and E. dispar infections. List of studies carried in Orang Asli communities is

shown according to the earliest year which is 1992 up to the latest year of 2012. As we

concluded the highest prevalent year was on 2008 with 83.4% by Mahsol et al. (2008),

followed by 61.5% by Karim et al. (1995), 22.5% by Hartini and Mohamed Kamel

(2009), 21.0% by Nor Aza et al. (2003), 18.5% by Noor Azian et al. (2007), 15.6% by

Anuar et al. (2012), 11.5% by Norhayati et al. (2006), 9.4% by Lokman et al. (2007),

9.0% by Rahmah et al. (1997), 8.9% by Noryahati et al. (2006), 8.6% by Lai (1992),

6.9% by Kamel et al. (2002), and lastly the lowest prevalent of 0.4% by Jamaiah and

Rohela (2005).

27
Table 1. Prevalence of E. histolytica & E. dispar in Malaysia

Prevalence of E. histolytica & E. dispar in Malaysia

Column2

90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
1992 1995 1997 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2007 2008 2009 2012

28
Associated factors for E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infections

The association of E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infections is

shown in Table 2. The results show that drinking untreated water, bathing and washing

in the river, not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening, close contact with

domestic animals indiscriminate defecation in the river or bush and low household

income were significantly associated with E. histolytica infection. While E. histolytica

infection was found to be significantly associated with six risk factors, E. dispar

infection, on the other hand, is similarly associated with 10 factors which include

children less than 15 years old, drinking untreated water, bathing and washing in the

river, not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening, outdoor sewage disposal

380, consuming raw vegetables, low level of mother’s education i.e., less than 6 years

of formal education, non-working mothers, low household income and the presence of

other family members infected with E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii. However,

there was no associated factor identified with E. moshkovskii infection.

29
 no Dr
tw in
as kin
hi ba g
ng th un
in tre
ha g a

0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
nd an te 9.00%
sa d d
fte w w
as at
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a ng
yin in
g th
clo w e
se ith riv
in co so e r
di nt il
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in ith de
at ni
e do ng
de m
f ec es
ati tic
on an
in im
th al
e s
riv
e
Table 2. Associated Factors of Amoebiasis

lo ro
w rb
ho us
us h
e ho
ou ld

E. moshkovskii
td in
oo co
rs m
ew e
co ag
ns
um e
pr di
sp

E. dispar
es in
en lo g os
a
ce w ra
w l
of le ve
ve
Ot
he l of g et
r fa m ab
m ot le
he s
ily r's
m ed
em
Associated Factors of Amoebiasis

uc
eb
er
no
n- a tio
si w n
nf ok
e ct in
g
ed m
w ot
it he
En rs
ta
m
oe
ba
sp
p.

30
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study provides new insights into the distribution and risk factors

among of E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infection among Orang Asli

communities in Malaysia. Associated factors for the infection are being observed in the

results. For E. histolytica infection, the factors are being observed includes: drinking

untreated water, bathing and washing in the river, not washing their hands after playing

in the soil or gardening, close contact with domestic animals, and low household

income. While E. dispar, has a factors that is likely similar to the factors that is being

shown in the results. They are the children less than 15 years old , outdoor sewage

disosal, consuming raw vegetables, low level of mother’s education, less than 6 years of

formal education, non-working mothers, low household income and lastly the other

presence of family members. However, E. moshkovskii has no factors shown in the

results.

The incidence and prevalence rate of Amoebiasis has 8.6% in 1992,

61.5% in 1995, 9.0% in 1997, 11.5% in 1998, 6.9% in 2002, 21.0% in 2003, 0.4% in

2005, 8.9% and 9.4% in 2007, 83.4% in 2008, 22.5% in 2009 and 15.6% on year 2012.

The most prevalent year of Amoebiasis was in year 2008 with a percentage of 83.4%.

Conclusion

This study have observed that the response of the respondents is very important

in order to come up with an accurate results. Difficulties like not successfully getting all

31
the needed sample tools are being observed as the one of the weakness of the study.

Poor response coming from the respondents can lead us to a long time of a study.

Another observation is that, amoebiasis is prevalent in many places in malaysia ,

due to different factors that causes infections like E. histolytica, E. dispar and E.

moshkovskii. When it comes to the incident rate. The rate has no stable percentage. As

years go by, the percentage decreases and increases. Specially the year 2008, which

has a high rate of prevalence.

Recommendation

Further research recommend.

 Use 3 stool samples in each person that you wanted to examine.

 Make sure that all the participants will complete the examination in order to gain

accurate results and findings.

 Conduct an educational program about the different bacterias that may cause

infections and diseases particularly Amoebiasis.

 Be knowledgeable in using the common things that we used and consume often.

32
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Appendices

38
Hazel J. Garcia
Address: 10 Estrella st.Navotas East Navotas City

Contact No. : 09562192273

E-mail Address: garciahazel13579@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the incidences and prevalence of amoebiasis in Malaysia

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 18

Date of Birth: March 3, 2000

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 12 to present

Course: STEM

School / University: University of the East

Location: Caloocan city

Date: 2016-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 7-Grade 10

School / University: Navotas National High School

Location: Navotas city

Date: 2012-2016

39
ELEMENTARY

Educational Level: Grade 1 to Grade 6

School / University: Bangkulasi Elementary School

Location: Navotas city

Date: 2006-2012

40
Lance Quinn D. Infante
Address: 71 L. Lupa St. Maypajo Caloocan City

Contact No. : 09217775743

E-mail Address: micaella_m15@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the incidences and prevalence of amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 18

Date of Birth: March 03 ,2000

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 12 to present

Course: STEM

School / University: University of the East

Location: Caloocan City

Date: 2016-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 7-Grade 10

School / University: Florentino Torres High School

Location: Tondo, Manila

Date: 2012-2016

41
ELEMENTARY

Educational Level: Grade 1 to Grade 6

School / University: A.C. Herrera Elementary School

Location: Tondo, Manila

Date: 2006-2012

42
Ruvie Anne T. Pinlac
Address: 41 Int. T. Santiago St. Canumay West, Valenzuela City

Contact No. : 09152165614

E-mail Address: ratpinlac@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the incidences and prevalence of amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 18

Date of Birth: October 11, 1999

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 12 to present

Course: STEM

School / University: University of the East

Location: Caloocan city

Date: 2016-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 7-Grade 10

School / University: Bobby and Kates Academy

Location: Valenzuela City

Date: 2012-2016

43
ELEMENTARY

Educational Level: Grade 1 to Grade 6

School / University: Bobby and Kates Academy

Location: Valenzuela city

Date: 2006-2012

44
Kristine Anne M. Tia
Address: Lt. 10 Blk. 7 Dagat dagatan Caloocan CIty

Contact No. : 09192973482

E-mail Address: katmendez1920@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the incidences and prevalence of amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 18

Date of Birth: February 19,2000

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 12 to present

Course: STEM

School / University: University of the East

Location: Caloocan City

Date: 2016-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 7-Grade 10

School / University: University of the East

Location: Caloocan City

Date: 2012-2016

45
ELEMENTARY

Educational Level: Grade 1 to Grade 6

School / University: Caloocan Bethel Christian School

Location: Caloocan City

Date: 2006-2012

46
Sigrid Villanueva
Address:485 Tangke St, Malinta Valenzuela City

Contact No. : 09777431987

E-mail Address: villanuevasigrid17@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the incidences and prevalence of amoebiasis in Orang Asli, Malaysia

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 18

Date of Birth: September 17, 1999

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 12 to present

Course: STEM

School / University: University of the East

Location: Caloocan city

Date: 2016-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Educational Level: Grade 7-Grade 10

School / University: Malinta High School

Location: Valenzuela City

Date: 2012-2016

47
ELEMENTARY

Educational Level: Grade 1 to Grade 6

School / University: Malinta Elementary School

Location: Valenzuela city

Date: 2006-2012

48