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Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management Design of Water

Distribution System for Sustainable Water Management for Female Hostel in
ABUAD

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 Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management
ISSN: 2349-4336 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com

Design of Water Distribution System for Sustainable

Water Management for Female Hostel in ABUAD
Oluwadare Joshua Oyebode, Ajiri Eva Igbi*
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Abstract
In order to fulfil the water demand of the unceasingly increasing population, it is essential to
provide the necessary and adequate distribution of water through the designed network of
pipes. This work highlights the process carried out on design of water supply system for one of
the AFE Babalola University female hostels with the help of all this information the design of
the water supply scheme for the area with the help of software ‘EPANET’. The general
features of the area, such as information about the main water source, population of the area,
demand of water, requirement of the pumps, distribution network, and water tanks, are
essential for efficient design of water distribution system. This design of the water supply
scheme for proper supply of water is efficient to meet the daily requirement of water in this
area. This project helps in the efficient design of water distribution system by using a software
called EPANET for quick and efficient result.

Keywords: Design, EPANET, population, resource, water

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: evaristajames@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION the rate of demand of water. These factors have

Water is a natural resource that is necessary for
the sustenance of life and ecological systems,
and a key resource to social and economic
development, Governments, privates
organizations, and national and international
organizations from all over the world have
implemented water projects to promote safe
rural water supply and sanitation over the years,
Harvey and Reed (2007). However, in most
project areas, there is a lack of sustainability of
these water infrastructures and water supply
systems, Francisco et al. (2014). In general,
water is one of the key reasons for human
survival and civilization. Water is careful to be
the most important factor behind the survival of
life on Earth. Human body is made of 70% of
water, much of which is lost though urine and
sweat, which is the reason why experts and
nutritionists emphasise upon the need to be
hydrated at all times. The consumption of water
by an individual is required for various
physiological processes such as blood
formation, food assimilation, etc. Even though
it is a very small quantity, it is not essential to
supply water for drinking purpose with a high
degree of purity. In a water supply system, there
are various variables those having influence in
to be carefully and properly analysed before
arriving the rate of demand. Over the years,
supply of water has been a major issue in most
rural areas of developing countries and Nigeria
being one of them. Water is at the core of
sustainable development and is critical for
socio-economic development, healthy
ecosystems, and for human survival itself. It is
vital for reducing the global burden of disease
and improving the health, welfare, and
productivity of populations. It is central to the
production and preservation of a host of
benefits and services for people. Water is also at
the heart of adaptation to weather change,
serving as the critical link between the climate
system, human society, and the environment.
The recently issued based line for SDGs
(sustainable development goals) states that 844
million people in 2015 remain without access to
basic water services and estimates that 2.1
billion without safely managed drinking water
services, the large majority of this living in rural
areas (WHO and UNICEF, 2017).
Sustainability is a relative concept that must be
applied in an environment undergoing multiple
changes, changes that are occurring over

JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 37
Design of Water Distribution System for Sustainable Water Management
different temporal and spatial scales. We
depend on our water resource systems for
survival and welfare. Yet no one expects them
to be restored to, or survive in, their most
productive pristine states in the face of
increasing development pressures for land in
their watersheds and for water in their streams,
rivers, lakes, and aquifers.
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this project is to design a water
distribution system for one of the Afe Babalola
female hostels.
The objectives of the project are as follows:
• Providing an adequate amount of water of
proper quality
• Providing equitable and reliable water
supply
• Conserving water to provide constant
water supply
• Design of a water distribution network
Statement of Problem
Water is a basic human need. Irrigation,
industry, municipal supply, salinity control,
and recreation are just a few among water's
multitude of uses. Over the years, the needs of
a rapidly growing population for water
supplies resulted in a continuing increase in
demand for water facilities ranging from
simple shallow wells in rural areas to piped
systems in urban areas. Since everyone needs
access to potable water, water supply projects
are usually included in the development
program of most developing countries. Owing
to their limited financial resources sector, the
problem of distributing the limited budget
among numerous and varying water supply
projects arises.
Justification of Study
Development of supportable water
management strategies includes identification
of vulnerability and adaptation possibilities,
followed by an effect analysis of these
adaptation strategies under different possible
futures. Problems include the natural scarcity
of drinking water in certain areas, floods, the
siltation of river systems, as well as the
contamination of rivers and large dams.
Barriers to addressing water problems in
developing nations are absorbed mainly
JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved
Oyebode and Igbi
around issues of poverty, education, and poor
governance.
Scope of Study
The scope of this study is to carry out analysis
on the residents of Afe Babalola Community
to know how much water is used daily and
how it can be conserved to make it sufficient
for every individual.
Study Area
Afe Babalola is a private university in Ado-
Ekiti, a city in southwest Nigeria. It has a
growing population of 8,150 individuals, staff
and students inclusive. It is one of the top five
(5) private universities in Nigeria.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Water
Water is a finite and irreplaceable resource
that is fundamental to human well-being. It is
only renewable if well managed. The total
quantity of water available at any given time is
an important consideration.
Today, more than 1.7 billion people live in river
basins where depletion through use exceeds
natural recharge, a trend that will see two-thirds
of the world’s population living in water-
stressed countries by 2025. Water can pose a
serious challenge to maintainable development
but if managed professionally and fairly, water
can play a key enabling role in strengthening
the resilience of social, economic, and
environmental systems in the light of rapid and
unpredictable changes. Access to potable water
is among the most important prerequisites for
healthy and productive development. Improper
water management could lead to economic
water scarcity, which is caused by a lack of
investment in water infrastructure or
insufficient human capacity to satisfy the
demand of water in areas where the population
cannot afford to use an adequate source of
water.
Sources of Water
There are two basic sources of water
commonly used for water supply that are: (1)
surface water, and (2) ground water.
Need of Water Supply
Human life, as with all animal and plant life on
the Earth, is dependent upon water. Not only
Page 38
Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management
Volume 5, Issue 2
ISSN: 2349-4336 (Online)
do we need water to grow our food, generate
our power, and run our industries but we need
it as a basic part of our daily lives—our bodies
need to ingest water everyday to continue
functioning. ‘Basic needs of about 70 litres per
person per day’. It includes the need for water
to maintain a basic standard of personal and
domestic hygiene sufficient to maintain health.
The effects of insufficient water supply cause
sickness, time and energy expended in daily
collection, high unit costs, etc. Provision of
basic daily water needs is yet to be regarded
by several countries as a human right (Int J
Adv Res, 2015).
Classification of Water Systems
Civil engineers have settled three
classifications for water supplies.
Freshwater
This implies that the water source comes from
either the surface of the earth or from the
natural runoff of water through the water
cycle. By definition, these waters are not
‘brackish’, are not to be considered ‘polluted’,
and have no trace of salt. Availability of
freshwater supplies is becoming an ever-
increasing problem throughout the World.
What this means to the consumer is that, like
almost every other commodity, the unit cost of
Fig. 1: A Section of Afe Babalola Map.
JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved
finished water is rising, more in some areas of
the world than in others (Water Supply
System. Vol. I: System Concepts).
Salt Water
Salt water traditionally has not been used as a
source of water for domestic consumption.
However, recent developments in the reverse
osmosis and filtering technology allow the
elimination of almost all salt content from
ocean waters (Water Supply System. Vol. I:
System Concepts).
Reclaimed Water
Sewer water also is required by health
regulation to be filtered and treated before it
can be discharged into lakes, rivers, and
landfills. Once this process has been done, it
can be ‘reclaimed’ by going through another
treatment plant process for re-entry into a civic
water system. Although technology is
available, the cost is unacceptable for most
cities. However, scientific work still is
progressing in this area (Water Supply System.
Vol. I: System Concepts).
Problems Associated with Water Supply
The problems associated with water supply
could either be in terms of quality or quantity.
Page 39
Design of Water Distribution System for Sustainable Water Management Oyebode and Igbi

METHODOLOGY c. The Hardy Cross analysis is based on the

Water Demand Variation principles that
The daily water demand in the ABUAD i. At each junction, the total inflow must be
female hostel varies during the year due to equal to total outflow.
seasonal patterns, the work situation, and other ∑𝑄inflow = ∑𝑄outflow
factors. The maximum daily demand is usually (flow continuity criterion)
estimated by adding 10%–30% to the average ii. Head balance criterion: algebraic totality
daily demand. Thus, the peak factors for daily of the head losses around any closed loop
water demand (k1) is 1.1–1.3. is zero.
∑𝐻L clockwise direction
The hourly variation in domestic water = ∑𝐻L counter−clockwise direction
demand during the day is much greater. d. For a given pipe system, with known
Generally, two peak periods can be observed: junction outflows, the Hardy Cross
One in the morning and one in the late method is an iterative procedure based on
afternoon. The peak hour demand can be initially estimated flows in pipes.
expressed as the average hourly demand Estimated pipe flows are corrected with
multiplied by the hourly peak factor (k2). iteration until head losses in the clockwise
direction and in the counter-clockwise
For a particular distribution area, this factor direction are equal within each loop.
depends on the size and character of the
community served. Usually, k2 is chosen in the Procedures
range of 1.5–2.5. A water distribution system 1. Outflow from each node is decided.
is typically designed to cater for the maximum 2. Flows and direction of flows in pipes are
hourly demand. This peak demand may then estimated by considering the flow.
be computed as k1 × k2 × hourly demand. At each node:
∑𝑄inflow = ∑𝑄outflow
Balancing Storage 3. Design the sign of flow direction. Usually
Without the storage of water in the distribution clockwise direction (+) and
area, the source of supply and the water counterclockwise (−). Use the same sign
treatment plant would have to be able to for all loops.
follow all fluctuations in the water demand of 4. Diameters are estimated for the initially
the community served. This, in general, is assumed flow rates knowing the diameter,
uneconomical and sometimes not even length, and roughness of a pipe, head loss
technically feasible. The design capacities of in the pipe is a function of the flow rate Q.
the various components of a water supply Applying Darcy–Weisbach
system are usually chosen as shown below: 𝐻L = 𝐾 ∙ 𝑄 2
where
In summary 𝑓L 1
System component Design capacity 𝐾= ∙
𝐷 2𝑔𝐴2
Water source Peak day water demand
Raw water main Peak day water demand
Treatment plant Peak day water demand Applying Hazen–Williams
Transmission main Peak day water demand 𝐻 = 𝐾 ∙ 𝑄1.85
Distribution system Peak day water demand where
𝐿
The methodology adopted for this study is the 𝐾=
(0.278𝐶𝐷2.63 )1.85
Hardy Cross method of water distribution Formula for flow cross-section, △ 𝑄
design. −∑𝐻L
a. This method is applicable to close-loop △𝑄 =
𝐻
pipe networks. 2∑( 𝑄L )
b. The outflows from the system are For Darcy–Weisbach
supposed to occur at the nodes (Node: end −∑𝐻L
of each pipe section). This assumption △𝑄 =
𝐻
results in uniform flow in the pipelines. 1.85𝐸( 𝑄L )

JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 40
Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management
Volume 5, Issue 2
ISSN: 2349-4336 (Online)

For Hazen–Williams Year Population Increase

5. By using △ 𝑄 value, new estimated flows 2009 600
2012 1,100 500
are calculated.
2015 1,400 300
For pipes common in two loops are 2018 1,650 250
subjected to double cross-section. Average increment = 862.5
1st loop △ 𝑸 2nd loop △ 𝑸
Population forecast for year 2021 = P2021 =
Initially +1 −x −1 +y
After cross- +1 − x − y −1 + y + x 1,650 + 862.5 × 1 = 2,512.5
section
6. Computational procedure is separated until Calculation
each loop in the entire network is Average flow carried by the distribution
negligibly small cross-sections. system
Qavg = 2,300 × 50 = 115,000 l/day
EPANET Peak flow carried by the system, Qmax = 1.2 ×
EPANET is a computer program that performs 2.0 × 1.0 = 2.4 l/s
extended period simulation of hydraulic and Water use rate per length of distribution pipes
2.4
water quality behaviour within pressurized (q) = = 0.004 l/s
600
pipe networks. A network contains of pipes, Multiplying the length of each pipe by the unit
nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, stopcocks, and flow rate gives the tentative demand along the
storage tanks or tanks. EPANET tracks the pipe.
flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each
node, the height of water in each tank, and the Table 1: Tentative Determination of Pipe
concentration of a chemical species throughout Demands.
the network during a simulation period Sections Length, L (m) Pipe demand, q × L (l/s)
contained of multiple time steps. In addition to A–C 80 0.32
chemical species, water age and source tracing B–C 80 0.32
can also be simulated. C–F 100 0.40
D–E 100 0.40
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
E–F 80 0.32
Population Data
F–G 160 0.64
The number of population recorded from the
Total 600 2.40
ABUAD female hostel was:
A four bedded room
22 rooms on a floor with four stores Splitting the pipe demand between the
Four sections each with four storey buildings corresponding nodes yields the nodal demand.
On a floor, there are 22 × 4 = 88 There are two nodes connecting each pipe.
88 × 4 = 352
Therefore, 352 × 4 = 1,408 Table 2: Nodal Demands.
With the offices that have 10 people each Node A B C D E F G Total
4 × 10 = 40 Qn
0.16 0.16 0.52 0.20 0.36 0.68 0.32 2.40
(l/s)
1,450 + 40 = 1,490
We use a rough estimate of 1,750 to design a
Consequently, the pipe flows will be
water tank for an increasing population.
determined from the continuity equation.
Design Data Table 3: Showing Pipe Flows.
Number of individuals served = 1,750 Pipe A–C B–C C–F D–E E–F F–G
Population
Q (l/s) 0.16 0.16 0.84 0.20 0.56 2.08
Total length of pipes = 600
Specific demand = 50 litres per person per day
In the next step, the maximum carrying
Daily peak factor = 1.2
Hourly peak factor = 2.0 capacity can be computed for selected design
velocity and range of available (manufactured)
Population Progress pipe diameters.
Using arithmetic progression

JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 41
Design of Water Distribution System for Sustainable Water Management Oyebode and Igbi

𝐷2 L = Length of the pipe

𝑄max = 𝑉 × D = Diameter of the pipe
4
In this example, the maximum flow carried by V = Average liquid velocity in the pipe
the pipes for a design velocity of 0.75 m/s is as 2g = Two times the universal gravitational
presented in Table 4 below. constant (g = 32.2 ft/s)

Table 4: Pipe Flow (for V = 0.75 m/s). Calculation of looped systems is much more
D (mm) D (inch) Qmax (l/s) complicated because the flow rates and
1
directions in the pipes are not initially known.
30 1 0.53 Smaller looped networks can be disintegrated
4
1 into branched type layouts by disconnecting
30 1 0.94
2
selected peripheral pipes from some junctions
40 2 1.47
1
(Figure 1). This imaginary disconnection is
30 2 2.12 done only for the sake of easier calculation
2
40 3 3.77 and will result in smaller diameter for those
60 4 5.89 pipes.

Larger systems have to be considered as being

Comparing the pipe flows in Table 3 with the
looped. Apart from the continuity and head
maximum flows in Table 4 leads to the
loss equation, an additional equation is
selection of diameters. The hydraulic
required in this case.
calculation proceeds with the adopted D- 𝑗
values.
∑△ 𝐻𝑖 = 0
Using Darcy’s formula, since it is a clean new 𝑖=1
pipe the head loss is:
1.85 The equation reflects the continuity of the
𝐿 𝑉2 hydraulic grade line in each loop of the
𝐻L = 𝑓 × ( ) ×
𝐷 2𝑔 network, i.e. the sum of the head losses being
HL = Total head loss equal zero.
F = Friction factor related to the roughness
inside the pipe

Table 5: Head Loss Calculation.

Pipe flow, Q Pipe flow Adopted D Velocity Hydraulic grade, s Head C, coefficient of
Sections
(l/s) (m3/s) (mm) (m/s) (m/km) loss roughness
A–C 0.16 0.0016 30 0.23 3.38 0.27 100
B–C 0.16 0.0016 30 0.23 3.38 0.27 100
C–F 0.84 0.0084 40 0.67 16.95 1.70 100
D–E 0.20 0.0020 30 0.28 5.05 0.50 100
E–F 0.56 0.0056 40 0.45 7.97 0.64 100
F–G 2.08 0.00208 60 0.74 12.10

Table 6: Determination of Pressures.

Nodes Elevation, Z (msl) Head, H (mwc) Pressure, P (mwc)
A 24.8 46.09 21.29
B 22.2 46.09 23.89
C 17.5 46.39 28.86
D 20.0 46.92 26.99
E 28.2 47.42 19.22

JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 42
Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management
Volume 5, Issue 2
ISSN: 2349-4336 (Online)

F 35.7 48.06 12.46

G (source) – 50.00 –
Table 7: Network Table – Nodes.
Demand Head Pressure
Node ID Quality
(GPM) (ft) (psi)
Junc JU1 0.32 44.00 3.64 0.00
Junc JU2 0.32 44.00 6.85 0.00
Junc JU3 0.40 44.00 10.40 0.00
Junc JU4 0.40 44.00 11.48 0.00
Junc JU5 0.32 44.00 8.32 0.00
Junc JU6 0.32 44.00 9.45 0.00
Tank TA1 −2.08 44.00 1.73 0.00

Table 8: Network Table – Links.

Length velocity Diameter Roughness
Flow link ID Status (fps)
ft in mg/l/d reaction rate quality (GPM)
Pipe 160 160 60 100 2.08 0.00
0.00 0.00 Open
Pipe PI2 1,000 40 100 0.72 0.00
0.00 0.00 Open
Pipe 100 100 30 100 0.40 0.00
0.00 0.00 Open
Pipe PI4 100 40 100 1.04 0.00
0.00 0.00 Open
Pipe 80 80 30 100 0.32 0.00
0.00 0.00 Open
Pipe PI6 80 30 100 0.32 0.00
0.00 0.00 Open

CONCLUSION AND designed to be ‘a research tool that improves

RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
The water distribution design will improve the
water supply in the female hostel. The results
in a variety of formats including color-coded
network maps, data tables, time series graphs,
and contour plots obtained can be applied to
other areas on ABUAD campus. The use of
EPANET software was very helpful in this
regard. It allowed us to complete our
remaining design work in minutes instead of
hours. EPANET software is the best software
for designing of water distribution system. We
can enter a large number of nodes in it. We
can increase diameter of pipes to obtain
specifically required pressure.
EPANET performs extended period simulation
of the water movement and quality behaviour
within pressurized pipe networks, and is
our understanding of the movement and fate of
drinking water constituents within distribution
systems.’
Contribution to Knowledge
EPANET software has helped in the
simulation of hydraulic flow. Running under
Windows, EPANET provides an integrated
environment for editing network input data,
running hydraulic and water quality
simulations, and viewing.
Recommendation
Designing water distribution systems may
appear to be a fundamental geometric exercise.
Pressurized pipe systems have a high degree of
dynamic relevance. Choosing the proper
materials for a given environment and
specifying the protection methods are
important to the design process and project

JoWREM (2018) 37-44 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 43
 Design of Water Distribution System for Sustainable Water Management
costs. Applying enough time to the planning
process is the key to successful projects.
Sizing the system is as important as any other
aspect of the design. Sizing for the expected
consumer and fire demands as well as possible
future expansion must be undertaken. Layout
of the system begins after the designer
determines the demands, meets with the local
agency, or acquires real data to determine
demands, level of service, hydraulic capacity,
and volume available. Materials must be
chosen depending on local codes, soil types,
and economic factors. These are all relevant to
most modelling software used.
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Cite this Article
Oluwadare Joshua Oyebode, Ajiri Eva
Igbi. Design of Water Distribution System
for Sustainable Water Management for
Female Hostel in ABUAD. Journal of
Water Resource Engineering and
Management. 2018; 5(2): 37–44p.
Page 44