Standard Practice for Conducting Geotechnical Subsurface Investigations AASHTO Designation: R 13-03 (2007)" ASTM Designation: D 420-98 (2003) INTRODUCTION Investigation and identification of subsurface materials and conducting subsurface investigations involve complex techniques that may be accomplished by many different procedures and may be variously interpreted, These studies are Frequently site specific and are influenced by geological ‘and geographical settings; by the purpose af the investigation; by the design requirements forthe project proposed; and by the background, tuning, and experience of the investigator. This standard practice for sol, rock, and groundwater investigation based on standard procedures will provide a more consistent, uniform, and rational methodology for site evaluations. An acceptable and consistent investigation, sampling, testing, and evaluation program will determine subsurface site conditions and thereby provide the information needed to bring about safer and more costelfetive transportation facilites ‘SCOPE 14. ‘This standard practice identifies recognized methods by which sol, rock, and groundwater conditions may be determined. The objective ofthe investigation should be to identity and locate, both horizontally and vertieally, significant soil and rock types and groundwater conditions present within a given site area and to establish the characteristics of the subsurface materials by sampling and in sit testing. Laboratory testing of soil and rock samples is poverned by other ‘AASHTO and ASTM standards, 12. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not propose to address all safety concerns associated with its wsage. Its the duly and responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices ‘and determine the applicability of regulatory imitations prior to use. Note 4—The values stated in $I units ae 1 be rogarded asthe standard, 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 24 AASHTO Standards M145, Classification of Soils and SoilAgaregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes M146, Terms Relating to Subgrade, Soil-Aggregate, and Fill Materials mt M147, Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Agaregate Subbase, Base, and Surface Courses 1m T2, Sampling of Agaregates 1 T'194, Determination of Organic Mater in Soils by Wet Combustion TS-1b R134 ‘AASHTO (©2011 ty the Aexican Asai of Sate Highvay uo Transportation Of Alright reserved Duplston is ilo fap aw22. ‘T 206, Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils, "7 207, Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils ‘1221, Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements, ‘T 223, Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil 1225, Diamond Core Drilling for Site Investigation "7 252, Measurements of Pore Pressures in Soils ‘T 267, Determination of Organie Content in Soils by Loss on Ignition 'T 306, Progressing Auger Borings for Geotechnical Explorations ASTM Stanlards: C119, Standard Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone C294, Standard Deseriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates ‘& 1653, Standard Terminology Relating fo Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids m D 1194, Standard Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Sol for Static Load and Spread ootings (Withdrawn 2003) D 1196, Standard Test Method for Nontepetitive Static Pate Lod Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements m1 1586, Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel, Sampling of Soils mi D 2487, Standard Practice for Cass Classification System) mD 2488, Standard Practice for Description and Idemtifiat Procedtire) =D 3213, Standand Practices for Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Intact Marine Soll mD 3385, Standard Test Method for Initeation Rate of Soils in Fil Using Douible-Ring Iniltrometer mt D 3404, Standard Guide for Measuring Matric Potential in Vadose Zone Using Tensiometers D344, Standard Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Tests of Soll m1 3550, Standard Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Spit Barel, Drive Sampling of Soils (Discontinued) 3740, Standand Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing andlor inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction ‘wD 4083, Standard Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visusl-Manual Procedure) fm D 4220, Standand Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples m_D 4394, Standand Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Mass Using Rigid Plate Loading Method 1D 4395, Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock. “Mass Using Flexible Plate Loading Method 4403, Standard Practice for Extensometers Used in Rock. 1D 4427, Standand Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Testing D 4428/D 4428M, Standard Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing 4429, Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Soils in Place 1 4452, Standand Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples, 1D 4506, Standard Test Method for Determining In Stu Modulus of Deformation of Rock. Mass Using # Radial Jacking Test ation of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil ion of Soils (Visual-Manual TS R132 ‘AASHTO {©2011 by he Ameian Associaton of Sta Highony a Transportation Oil, Allrighsrsrved: Dupllcaon i Vioatlon of applica.D454, Standard Practoe for Estimating Peat Deposit Thickness m1 4553, Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of Rock mD 4554, Standard Test Method for In Situ Determination of Direct Shear Strength of Rock. Discontinuties m D4555, Standard Test Method for Determining Deformability end Strength of Weak Rock by aa In Situ Uniaxial Compressive Test (Discontinued) ‘m1 4623, Standard Test Method for Determination of In Situ Stress in Rock Mass by Overcoring Method—USBM Borchole Deformation Gauge m1 4630, Standacd Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeabiity Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test ‘m1 4631, Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using Pressure Pulse Technique (Discontinued) 1m) 4645, Standard Test Method for Determination of In Situ Stress in Rock Using Hydraulic Fracturing Method ‘m1 4700, Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone ‘m1 4719, Standard Test Method for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing in Soils ‘m1 4729, Standard Test Method for In Situ Siress and Modulus of Deformation Using Fatjack Method ‘m ) 4750, Standard Test Method for Determining Subsurface Li Monitoring Well (Observation Well) (Withdrawn 2010) 4879, Standard Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Underground Openings in Rock 4971, Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Using Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack. D 5079, Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core Samples 'D 5088, Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites 1 5092, Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells 5093, Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double- Ring Iniltrometer with Sealed-Ianer Ring $126, Standard Guide for Comparison of Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity in Vadose Zone m1 5195, Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Plave at Depths Befow Surface by Nuclear Methods P6066, Standard Practice for Determining the Normalized Penetration Resistance of Sands for Evaluation of Liquefaction Poteatial Wid Levels in a Borehole or ‘SIGNIFICANCE AND USE ca ‘An adequate sil, rock, and groundwater subsurface investigation provides pertinent information for decision making on one or mote of the folowing subjects: aA. Location ofthe proposed construction both vertically and horizontally; 34.2. Location and preliminary evaluation of suitable borrow and other local sourees of construction material; 3.4.3, Need for special excavating and dewatering techniques; 344. Investigations of stability in natural slopes and cus, and embankment foundation stabil TSsib Riss “AASHTO ‘©.2011 te Amerie Asacinton of State High a Taser Olea Aight exeved.Dapinon ra wan of epee3.4.40. 3441 32, 33. ‘Conceptual selection of embankment types and hydraulic barrier requirements; ‘Conceptual seletion of alternate foundation types and elevations ofthe corresponding suitable bearing stata; Development ofetiona detailed subsurface investigations for specifi stutures or faite; [Need for and type of subgrade or embankment foundation treatment or drainage; Selection of roadway or area pavement type; ‘Need to identify areas equiting special environmental protection; and/or [Need to identify potential hazardous locations and types of hazardous materials ‘The investigation may require the collection of sufficiently large sil and rock samples of such ‘quality to allow adequate testing to determine the sol or rock classification or mineralogic type, or both, as well as other engineering properties pertinent to the proposed design. ‘This standard practice is not meant to be an inflexible description of investigation requirements, Other techniques may be applied as appropriate. 4 44 42. RECONNAISSANCE OF PROJECT AREA Available technical data ftom the literature or from personal communication should be reviewed before any feld program is started. Ths includes, but isnot limited to, topographic maps ait photos, stellite imagery, geologic maps, statewide or county oll surveys and mineral resource surveys, and engineering soil maps covering the proposed project area. Reports of subsurface investigations of nearby or adjacent projects should be staid Note 2—While some older maps and reports may be obsolete and of limited value in light of| current knowledge, a comparison of the old with the new will often reveal valuable unexpected information. “The United States Geological Survey and the geological surveys of the various states are the principal sources of geologic maps and reports on mineral resourees and groundwater. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service soi survey reports, where available and recent, should enable the engineer to estimate the range in soil profile characteristics to depths of 1.5 or2.0 m (5 or 6 ft) for each soil mapped. Note 3—Each sol type has distinctive soll profile due to age, parent materia, rele, climatic condition, and biological activity. Consideration ofthese factors can assis in identifying the various soll types, each requiring special engineering considerations and treatment, Similar engineering soil properties are often found where similar soll profile characteristics exist, Changes in soil properties in adjacent areas often indicate changes in parent material or relief In areas where descriptive data are limited by inadequate geologic ox sols maps, the soil and rock in open eu inthe vicinity of the proposed project should be studied und various soil and rock profiles noted. Field notes of such studies should include data outlined in Seetion 10.6. TS Ris4 ‘AASHTO (©2011 by the American Asoiton of Sate Highvay and Transporation Ofc. ‘Ailigh reseed: Dapsaton ia van of applic43. 4a, 48, ‘Whore preliminary map covering the area of the projet is desired, it can be prepared on maps compiled from aerial photography that show the ground conditions. The distribution ofthe predominant soil and rock deposits likely to be encountered during the investigation may be shown using data obtained from geologic maps, landform analysis, and limited ground reconnaissance. Experienced air photo interpreters can deduce much subsurface data from a study of black and white, color, and infrared photographs because similar sol or rock conditions, ot both, usually have similar patterns of appearance in regions of similar climate or vegetation Note 4—this preliminary map may be expanded into a detailed engineering map by locating all, test holes, pits, and sampling stations and by revising boundaries as determined from the detailed subsurface survey. Inareas where documentary information is insufficient, some knowledge of subsurface ‘conditions can be obtained from land owners, local well drillers, and representatives of the locel ‘construction industy, Review of past land use (lax maps, fie insurance record, et.) or changes to local contours, or both, may indicate the possible presence of buried materials that may result in remediatve effort EXPLORATION PLAN Available project design and performance requirements must be reviewed prior to final development ofthe exploration plan. Preliminary exploration should be planned to indicate the areas of conditions needing further investigation. A complete subsurface sol, rock, and ‘groundwater investigation should encompass the following activi Review of available information on the geologic history, rock, soi, and groundwater conditions ‘occurring atthe proposed location and in the immediate viinity ofthe site; Interpretation of aerial photography and other remote sensing data; Field reconnaissance for identification of surficial geologic conditions, mapping of stratigraphic ‘exposures and outcrops, and examination of the pecformance of existing structures; On-site investigation ofthe surface and subsurface materials by geophysical surveys, borings, or test pits Recovery of representative disturbed samples for laboratory classifiation tests of soll, rock, and local construction material. These should be supplemented by undisturbed specimens suitable for the determination of those engineering properties pertinent tothe investigation; |entitication ofthe position of the groundwater able, or water tables, if there i perched groundwater, or ofthe piczometric surfaces if there is artesian groundwater. The variability of these positions in both short and Jong time frames should be considered. Color mottling ofthe soil strata may be indicative of long-term seasonal high groundwater positions; dentitication and assessment ofthe location of sutable foundation materia, either bedrock or satisfactory load-bearing soils; Field identification of sol sediments and rock, with particular reference to type and degree of decomposition (for example, saprolite, karst, decomposing or slaking shales), the depths ofthete ‘occurrence, andthe types and locations of ther structural diseontin TSib R135 ‘AASHTO ©2011 by he Amica Assit of State ightay an Traspetation fi, Ailrihisesved Duplcan sa ilaon o ape.648, Evaluation ofthe performance of existing installations, relative to their foundation material and environment inthe immediate vicinity of the proposed site; and 54.40. Determination ofthe possible presence of buried hazardous material that may result in remediation efforts 6. EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES FOR USE IN EXPLORATION 6A. “The type of equipment required fora subsurface investigation depends upon various factors including the type af subsurface material, the depth of exploration, the nature of the terrain, and the intended use of the data, 62. Hand augers, hole diggers, shovels, and push tube samples ae s soils to depths of Ito $ m (to 15 £), Driven probe rods, without sampling, ea ‘obstructions by refusal for similar depth of exploration. 63. arth excavation equipment such as backhoes, dragines, and drilled pier augers (serew or bucket) ‘may be used to allow in itr examination of soil deposits and sampling of materials containing very lenge particles, The engineer should be aware of the possibilty of permanent disturbance of potential bearing strata by unbalanced pore pressure in test excavations. 64, Power augers and rotary drills with appropriate dil tools suitable for sol investigation and sampling. 65. ‘Wall drilling equipment may be suitable for deep geologic exploration. Normally samples are in the form of sand-sized cuttings eaptured from the return flow, but coring devices are available. 66. {nit instrumentation for settlement and ground movement 67. ‘Small tools or aids such as geology picks, binoculars, magnifying glass, acd, ete 7. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION 7, Geophysical or remote sensing techniques may assist in mapping the areal extent of geological formations and for evaluating variations in sil and rock propertis, TAA. ‘Satellite and airerat spectral mapping tools such us LANDSAT may be used to find and map the areal extent of subsurface materials and geologe structure. Interpretation of aireraft photographs and satellite imagery may locate and identify signifieant geologit features that may be indicative ‘of faults end fractures. Some ground contro is generally required to verify information derived from remote sensing date 72, ‘Geophysical survey methods can be used to supplement borehole and outerop data and to interpolate between holes. Seismic, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity methods ean bbe particularly valuable when distinct differences inthe properties of eontiguous subsurface ‘materials are indicated. 73. Shallow seismie reffaction/reflection and ground penetrating radar techniques ean be used to map, soil horizons and depth profiles, water tables, and depth to bedrock in many situations, but depth ‘penetration and resolution vary with local conditions, Electromagnetic induction, electrical resistivity, and induced polarization (oF complex resistivity) techniques may be used to map Sib RBS ‘AASHTO (©2011 by the Amin Association of Stat Highway and Transportation Oils Allrihis reserved Dupcaion a vnnon a plc734. 73.2 733. 734. 738. variations in water content, clay horizons, stratification, and depth to aquifer/bedrock, Other ‘geophysical techniques such as gravity, magnetic, and shallow ground temperature methods may be useful under eertain specific conditions. Deep seismic and electrical methods are routinely used for mapping stratigraphy and stucture of rockin conjunction with logs. Crsschole shear wave ‘velocity measurements may provide soil und rock parameters for dynamic analyses. “The seismie reaction method may be especially useful in determining depth to, orrippabliy of, ‘oek in locations where successively denser strata are encountered, ‘The seismic reflection method may be useful for delineating geological units at depths below 3 m (uo). It rapid stratigraphic change. ‘The clerical resistivity method may be similarly usefil in determining depth to rock and anomalies inthe stratigraphic profile, in evaluating stratified formations where a dense stratum ‘overlies a less dense stratum, and in location of prospective sand-gravel or other sources of borrow ‘material, Resistivity parameters also are required forthe design of grounding systems and eathodic protection for buried structures. ‘Te ground penetrating radar method may be useful in defining soil and rock layers and man- ‘made structures inthe depth range of 0.3 to 10m (1 to 30 0. Airbome thermal inftared line scanning is useful ‘water impounding structures, locating seepage areas on hills and earthen Note Geophysical investigations ean be a useful guide in determining boring or test hole locations. If at all possible, the interpretation of geophysical studies should be verified by borings or test excavations. aa. 82, 83. ‘SAMPLING ‘Obtain samples that adequately represent exch subsurface material that is significant tothe project design and construction, The size and type of sample required is dependent upon the tests to be performed, the relative amount of coarse particles present, andthe limitations ofthe test {equipment tobe used, “the sie of disturbed or bulk: samples for routine tests may’ vary at the discretion ofthe restigator, but the following quantities are suggested as suitable for most materials: Visual elassfication—S0 g to 500 g (2.02101 1b) Soil constants and particle size analysi of nongravelly soit—S00 gto 2. kg (1 Ib to 5 Ib) Soil compaction tests and sieve analysis of gravelly solls—20 kg to 40 kg (40 th to 80 Ib) a Aggregate manufacture or aggregate properties fests —$0 kg t0 200 kg, (100 Ih to 400 Ib) Accurately identify each sample with the boring, test hole, or test pit number and depth below reference ground surface from which it was taken, Place a waterproof identification tg inside the container, securely lose the container, protect it to withstand rough handling, and mark it with proper identification on th outside, Keep samples for natural water content determination in sealed containers to prevent moisture loss, When drying of samples may affect classification or engineering properties test resuls, protect them to minimize moisture loss. ASTM D 4220 and. 1D 5079 address the transportation of samples from field to laboratory. ‘Recommended AASHTO and ASTM procedures for sampling ate as follows: TS R137 "AASHTO ©2011 by he Ameria Ascii of State High an Tanposion Oia Allright reserved: Dupcnton ra vston of wpe84 332. 8.33, 834 835. 836. AASHTO 2 deseribes the sampling of coarse and fine aggregates for the preliminary jon of potential source of supply. AASHTO 306 descrites the use of augers in soil investigations and sampling where disturbed sol samples ean be used. Depths of auger investigations are limited by groundwater conditions, soil charactristies, and equipment used, AASHTO 'T 206 describes procedure to obtain representative soll samples for identification and classification laboratory tests and to measure the resistance ofthe soil to penetration by a standardized sampler. ASTM D 6066 describes a procedure tobe used in testing loose sands ‘below the water table for liquefaction studies or when high level of eare is required in drilling these sols. AASHTO 7 207 deseribes a procedure to recover relatively undisturbed soil samples suitable for Taboratory testing. AASHTO 225 deseribes a procedure to recover intact samples of rock and cortain soils too hard to sample by T 206 or T 207. ASTM D 3550 describes a procedure to recover moderately disturbed, representative samples of soil for classification testing and in some eases shear or consolidation testing. ou CLASSIFICATION OF EARTH MATERIALS Identity samples of soil and rock after submission to the laboratory for identification and 3 = 3 Spry ras Rage Rot ep Rept Rept epat “Art act vil las as gsirags ol vg so Dove oC ey coy a ‘tum fmm cst epee foe net 2A pe ‘Aves ct ing "Saas weigh pos hve 25 elo 3 ose oiig meal ete ten ecg Sos wh ‘Note Conplane ss he bbe exc te vent es coin whe retin at rie Tico hl be crt oho a cng peo ead udm The eating mare test al pectin re pope pe TS2a Rit a AASHTO {©2011 by the Amis Association of State Highvay aed Teaspoon Oi, ‘Mirihts sored Dupo sa vlan of apieStandard Practice for Asphalt Additives and Modifiers AASHTO Designation: R 15-00 (2008) SCOPE 14 ‘This standard practice coves he aboratoy testing required to evaluate asphalt additives and modifiers in both nea asphalt and in asphalt-aggregate hot mixtures. The txms “additive” and “modifier” are used interchangeably and are browdly interpreted to include any materials aed to asphalt binder in minor amounts, other than mineral filers, sand, end aggregates, whose purported cffet is to improve the performance and service life of pavements or maintenance materials by improving the properties ofthe asphalt binder or hot mix asphalt, or both 12. Following is a lis of the common purposes for which an ndditive/modifier may be add: 124 Ant-Ruttng (permanent deformation). 122 AnteCracking. 4.22.4 ‘Thermal Cracking (low-temperature cracking, thermal-fatigue cracking). 1.22.2 Load-Associated Fatigue Cracking, 123 Anti-Stripping Moisture susceptibility of the asphalt-aagregate bond. 124 Antioxidants 125 Recycling (aot included). Recycling is omitted from ths standard practice. Is felt that consideration of the various characteristics ofthe material from the pavement to be recycled and formulation of the reeycle mix ar so involved as to make inclusion of recycling inthis standard practice cumbersome and impractical 13. “The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 24 AASHTO Standards 244 Aspholt Binders: M320, Performanee-Graded Asphalt Binder mR 28, Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV) m R29, Grading oF Verifying the Performance Grade (PG) ofan Asphalt Binder 140, Sampling Asphalt Materials TS:25 Rist ~ ‘AASHTO {©2011 by the Ameien Associaton of Ste Highway and Transparttion Oficial Airis reserved Dupe a vnaon of pcs la22 224 144, Solubility of Bituminous Materials ‘TAS, Flash and Fite Points by Cleveland Open Cup 1 228, Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Asphalt Materials ‘1 240, Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt Bi Tes) T313, Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Rheometer (BBR) 'm17314, Determining the Fracture Properties of Asphalt Binder in Direct Tension (DT) M1315, Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using @ Dynamie Shear Rheometer (DSR) 316, Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer Film Oven fer (Rolling Thin inder Using the Bending Beam Aggregates: ‘T2, Sampling of Aggregates ‘TL, Materials Finer Than 75-ym (No, 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing "727, Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates ‘73, Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) ‘T 71, Bffect of Organic Impurities in Fine Ageregate on Strength of Mortar ‘T 84, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate ‘T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Ageregate T 133, Density of Hydraulic Cement "T 248, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size ‘Mixtures: M323, Superpave Volumetric Mix Design R30, Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) ‘R35, Superpave Volumetric Design for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mT 166, Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (IIMA) Using Saturated Surface-Dry Speeimens 'T 209, Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) "7.269, Percent Aie Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Asphalt Mixtures “7.275, Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens 1m T'283, Resistance of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to Moisture-Induced Damage mT'312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by ‘Means ofthe Superpave Gyratory Compactor 17320, Determining the Permanent Shear Strain and Stitfhess of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Superpave Shear Tester (SST) mt TP31, Determining the Resi mt TP62, Determining Dynamic Modulus of Hot sat Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures by Indirect Tension! ix Asphalt (HMA) ASTM Standards: Binders: M95, Standard Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation TS-2b R162 ‘AASHTO 4 State phy and Transporation Fea, ions olan of pcb lw (©2011 bythe American Asoc Allis eived: Dui222. 23. 13407, Standard Test Methods for Join Sealants, Hot-Poured, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements (Withdrawn 1996) mt 1D.3570, Test Method for Viscosity of Bituminous Materials with a Sliding Plate Microviseometer (Withdrawn 1986) Mestwres: mt D.4123, Standard Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous ‘Mixtures (Withdrawn 2003) Other Methods: mt NCHRP Report 274, Use of AntiStripping Additives in Asphaltic Conerete Mixtures— Laboratory Phase, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, December 1984 _FHWA/RD-87/001, Investigation of Asphalt Additives, PHWA, McLean, VA, June 1987 mt PHWA/TX-85/347/1, Asphall-Rubber Binder Laboratory Performance, Texas State Department of Hightays and Public Transportation, Austin, TX, August 1985 NCHRP Report 268, Influence of Asphalt Temperatute Susceptibility on Pavement Construction and Performance, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, December 1983, aut ‘SUMMARY OF METHOD “The testing is divided into two phases. Phase I tests the modified binder (with tests of appropriate ‘unmodified controls), while Phase Il tests the modified hot mix asphalt. The purpose of dividing ‘the testing ito two phases ist use the aster and easier tests of Phase [asa sereening method. IP ‘an asphalt additive or modifier shows no promise in Phase I, there may be no nced to continue to Phase I, Ths, ofcourse, would not apply ifthe additive/modiffer interacts specitially withthe aggregate, «inthe case of anti-sripping agents. 4A. ‘SIGNIFICANCE AND USE “This standard practice detils the test and procedure for evaluating asphalt modifiers tobe used for paving. The modified asphalt binder is compared, as is appropiate, iter withthe same spat binder unmodified o with asphalt binder from the same base crude refined to 8 specification grade mimicking the speciticaton-dfining properties ofthe modified asphalt binder as closely as possible, ‘In most respects the evaluation procedures ae those desirable fr an unmodified asphalt binder. ‘Both modified asphalt binder and hot mix asphalt using modified asphalt binders ae evaluated. Performance-based testing is emphasized ‘The procedues go heyond thase that wold be desirable for unmodified asphalt Binder in that usmodified contol asphalt binders ae used and tested specifically for those properties to he ‘enhanced bythe modifier. sting (at appropriate aditve levels) indicates that the functional purpose ofthe ative isnot fulfilled, testing ofthe additive maybe terminated. IFany of the other important performance properties ofthe modified asphalt binder are ther ‘unsatisfactory or significantly degraded, and cannot he remedied by, further modifetion, evaluation of the modifier may ikewise be terminated scale field tials Ifthe results of evaluation according to this standard practice ae positive, ‘and economic cost-benefit analysis may be warranted, If the addiive/modifir is being promoted by a supplier to a customer or evaluating laboratory, ‘eg. a governmental agency, a suggested list of information to be provided by the supplier to such ‘a eustomeriovaluator is provided in Appendix XI. TS: R153 ‘AASHTO (©2011 by he Amesian Assocition of State High and Tango Oia Alinghi rsswed Dopo sa vnaton of wpa a5A. CHOICE OF CONTROL SAMPLES Control samples may be chosen for three purposes. Type A control samples ate used for the most general evaluation of additive/modifiers, Type B is used when the supplier believes that his circumstances. Type C is used in evaluating an et fora specific paving project, A minimum of hice samples, Le, three hot mix ‘asphalt and their corresponding neat asphalt binders, which are commonly used as paving ‘materials, must be chosen. A. Hot mix asphalt and their corresponding neat asphalt binders spanning the range of those typically used throughout the United States may be chosen. Its recommended that the additive manufacturer obtain representative hot mix asphalt designs and constituent materials currently being produced for and approved by three tate highway administrations Depending upon the purpose ofthe additive, the manufacturer should obtain the hot mix asphalt and materials from states having experienced tht type of asphalt pavement problem, 'B, Hot mix asphalt and the eoeresponding neat asphalt binders recommended by the Additive’modifier supplier a particularly appropriate to demonstrate the aditive’s enhancement properties may be chosen, or ._ Spovtie hot mix asphalt and their corresponding neat asphalt binders considered for use in & particular modified asphalt projector in particular States or regions may be chosen. EVALUATION TESTING Note 4—Itis suggested tha the testing be dane by a laboratory inspected forthe appropriate ests by the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) and enrolled inthe appropriate feference sample program by the AMRL. 64 Relationship of Modified Asphalt Testing o Tests in Standard AASHTO Asphalt Specification e414 A modified asphalt binder, inthe frst instance, is compared to, and, in genera, has fo meet the ‘applicable specifications for unmodified asphalt binders. These tests are found in M 320. 62. Onder of Performing Tests: 624 The testing order should be based on what the asphalt ative is designed to accomplish. The ‘most erucial tests (“g0” or “no-go” tests) shouldbe performed first.For example, ifthe proposed ‘additive is purported to alleviate stripping as its only benefit, it is most appropriate to run Section 6.4.5, Moisture Damage Test, first. Should this test show thatthe additive provides no anti-stripping properties, there would likely be no reason to run any further tess. Ifthe neat asphalt binderfasphalt binder-ageregate mixture responds favorably to this initial test (or tests), the remaining tests should be performed in order to make sure thatthe modifier does not have an ‘unfavorable impact on any ofthe properties ofthe material 63. Phase I Testing—Asphalt Binders: 634 Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV) Aging—R 28; 6.3.2 Grading or Verifying the Performance Grade of a Asphalt Binder—R 29; 6.33. Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test—T'313; 634 Direct Tension Test (DTT)—T 314; 638, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test—T 315; TS.2b Ris4 ‘AASHTO (©2011 ty te American Asacinion of Stas Highs and Transporation Oficial “All cights esrved, Dapltion fa vlan af pcb.636, Viscosity Using Rotational Viseometer—T 316; 637. Sampling—T 40; 638 Solubility —T 44; 639, Flash Point by Cleveland Open Cup—T 48; 63.10. ‘Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials ASTM D 95; ant. Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials —T 228; 63.12 Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test —T 240; Note 2—the following tests need atleast verification and often basic development. Hence, the references given ar often indicative rather than definitive, 63.13, Limiting Stiffness Method for Predicting Cracking Temperature—-FHWA/RD-87/001; 634. Critical Stcess Method for Predicting Temperatore—FHWA/RD-87/001; 6.3.46. 6.3.16. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)—Including Aging Index—FHWA/RD-87/001; 637. ‘Time-Temperature Degradation Profile of Additive/MosifierFHWA/RD-87/001; 638. ‘Aging as Measured by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)—FHWAVRD-87/001; and 6.3.19. Homogeneity Test (Compatibility Betweon Modifier and Asphalt) FHWA/RD-87/001. 6a, Phase IL Hot Mix Asphalt 644. Short- and Long-Term Aging of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)—R 305, 642 Superpave Volumetric Design for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)—R 35 and M 323; 643, Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of the SHRP Gyratory Compactor—T 312; 644, ‘Volumetric Analysis (Air Voids and YMA); oaat. ‘Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity 209; 6442, Bulk Specific Gravity—T 166 of T 275; 6443. Percent Air Voids Calculation —T 269; 644, ‘Specific Gravities and Absorption of Aggregate—T 84, 785, and T 133; Note 3—The bulk specific gravity of the aggregate is needed to calelate VMA. TS-2b RBS ‘AASHTO (©2011 by he Amin Aston of Se High a Transportation Oi ‘Alig resrved Duplo avon a pce645. Moisture Damage Test—T 283 or NCHRP-274; Note 4—Wnen testing anti-stripping additives it is recommended that the retained rato from these tests forthe untreated mixture be less than 70 percent. 646, Permanent Deformation and Fatigue Cracking Characteristies of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using ‘the Simple Shear Test (SST) Deviee—T 3205 and az. Resilient Modulus by Indirect Tension (HDT)—TP 31." REPORT TA. Description of asphalt binders; 72, Description of Agaregates; 73, ‘Mix Design Properties; and 74, Results of Tests Performed APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) xt INFORMATION FROM ADDITIVE/MODIFIER SUPPLIER: Xt ‘What isthe material (trade name, generic name, and specific chemical identity)? x12. Who isthe manufacturer (company name, street address, mailing address, zp code, telephone number, ax number, contact person)? Who supplied it for testing (company name, street address, railing addres, zip eode, telephone number, fax number, contact person)? x13. Physical properties? x14, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Is the material a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) hazardous waste? X15. ‘What properties does the Additive/Modifier improve? x15. In asphalt binder, ‘What tests demonstrate this? Give details or references, x152 In hot mix asphalt X1.5.2.1. What ests demonstrate this? Give detils or references. x16. Instructions for Use. TS-2b Ri56 ‘AASHTO 152011 bythe American Association of State Highway and Transportation Fits Ailigs rere. Depienon i tana pleax16.1. Percent. x1.62, Method of adition x13. Reststions onus. xt. Qualitative and Quantatve Analysis of Additive Modifier. xara Neat. xA72. In asphalt binder x173, Ta hot mix asphalt x18 What aphat binder, aggregate, and mix design shouldbe used wih the aitve/modifier? “Answer with reference to Seotion X15. x19, Morkating Date x19. Avail x192 Approximate cost x1.93, Sample availa (option) x14. Wich public agencies have use this material? ‘TP 31 was last published in the May 2002 Edition ofthe AASHTO Provisional Standards TS2b Rie ‘AASHTO. (©2011 by te America Asoiton f Sie Highvay an Transpriaon Ofc Ni hts reserved Dalston i vilaton o aptee aStandard Practice for Regulatory Information for Chemicals Used in AASHTO Tests AASHTO Designatiot : R 16-04 (2009) 1. 14 12. 13, SCOPE ‘This standard practice provides a reference listing of chemicals used in the various AASHTO Test Methods (see Table 1) It includes current regulatory codes and hazard classifications. The list does not include radiation hazards, This practice isnot intended usa substitute for law or regulation “The chemical lst must be provided to all laboratory employees engaged in performing AASHTO tests In addition, all laboratory employees must be tained in proper handling procedures as stated a the OSHA 1910,1200 Hazard Communication Standard or governing state regulation. Laboratories performing AASHTO tests shal establish a Chemical Hygiene Plan as set out in 29 CFR 1910.1450, including the taining requirements therein, ‘This practice supplements data found in MSDSs supplied by manufacturers. This practice is for «quick reference ability and isnot intended to replace MSDS, 22. INTRODUCTION In an elfort to assure uniform compliance with regulations, the following definitions are cited A hazardous chemical includes any substance that is in the definition of health hazard adopted by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, ‘A hazardous waste includes, but isnot limited to, any substance that has been assigned a code number from the EPA “Unlisted (Characteristic) Hazardous Wastes" code, ll hazardous waste must be disposed of in accordance with EPA, state, and local regulations. ‘Should there be any questions regarding whether a substance is hazardous, contact the local governing authority CHEMICAL LIST 3 ‘This section contains definitions ofthe terms and abbreviations contained in thelist. All information is valid ws of the date of this practice 32 CAS NO. is the number assigned to a substance by the Chemical Abstracts Service, 33, ‘TEST METHOD refers to the AASHTO test method in which the chemical is used TS-5b Ret ‘AASHTO: {©2011 by the Aman Asrciton of St High and Teaspoon Ofc ‘All igh resrved Dupeaton sa vsnion of ape a34, [NIOSH REL isthe Recommended Exposure Limit established by the National Institute for ‘Occupational Safety and Heal, The value corresponds to the concentration in sir to which the ‘employee may be exposed. These limits ae a time-weighted average for an eight-hour workday. 34.4. Abbreviations under NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL: ‘pms pars per million ‘mg/m is milligrams per cubie meter gh is micrograms per cubic meter © CLis Ceiling Limit 1m STEL is Short-Term Exposure Limit, which is for 15-minute duration m fis fame mi disdust im rfis respirable fraction 35, ‘OSHA PEL. is the Permissible Exposure Limit established by the Occupational Safety and Health ‘Adminisiation, These PELs went into effect September 1, 1989. The PELs are time-weighted ‘avorage concentrations, just as the NIOSH RELs are. 364 See Section 3.4.1 for abbreviations used, 36. CCARCIN denotes substances which are listed as carcinogens in one of the following three sourees: 364 {NTP denotes a substance listed on National Toxicology Program's Annual Report on Careinogens. 362. IARC denotes a substance listed in the International Agency for Research on Cancer's Monographs, Groups I and I. 363. OSHA'S 29 CFR 1910 subpart Z. 37, ‘SKIN—An“X" inthis column denotes a substance for which skin contact is tobe avoided, a it _may be a route of entry. This includes mucous membranes and eyes. 38, DOT LABEL, denotes Department of Transportation Hazard Class for transportation ofthese substances, 3.8. Abbreviations under DOT LABEL mt PLAM. js flammable LIQ. is tquid ST. ANDR. f is St. Andrew's Cross (poison label) 3.8. RCRA NO, is the number assigned toa substance under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. 3.40. SHIP CODE is the identification number assigned by the U.S. Department of Transportation in the [Emergency Response Guidebook to hazardous materials for intemational and domestic shipment, ant DOT GUIDE is number assigned by the U.S, Department of Transportation for providing ‘euidance primarily during the initial phases ofan incident, TS8b R162 AASHTO (©2011 by te American Asotin of Site Highvny an Transortaton Offical Allg reves Dupin oon o appealsar agenda yo wogron est uoneing Founs a8 “smposo vormamsrery po Seti 74g OHMS SOUS O84 LOE ‘aod reow wo ponuyuog, Baa aaee war RnR aR sina cod auonog aikevittz so pony 028 sesinn squosng Couvr eset = scone avy dame 5 vend masta sy assem ¢0 — ssetoocox sm nury devas vustxn ‘ono Hasso Mes so = pscorre wate Koouey sreoiuL seaixn susan) ascosiia 0 cIrs7 etescaot ‘outey ee wry outixn axgeits ‘al goo x st sur4s sap: on owen sap _ serena iouNA ensoring ersivN, ‘2a080 mmtsot req semoesy smpaion, scones sot “uny ra spend, sono9 ol ev SOT “enoay eeu x ocnus apverg se09v Saa0, uunoay seraoqe x09 sseeoy wnsouy wuau sto (ope unaumy) a - sor verre ny Bemis esa some wi 095210 ‘eid — own sayinoy rr ums ‘8 90a eo ‘won, soe we Os, ‘wi ost brows seo0y oroma seuez wisest Saou) ull of aldol ope zeisol cero Poy ay ON BAPTLOd was wD ad THR —POMPINL NSW SOURSITS, gs Vaou yuo HSOIN ‘Saimpaoarg S91, OLHSVV U! PSN STESHWOUD—F 142, ‘AASHTO. RIGS TS5b0 agp jo von es comotsag pauses Su LY smouyo sogmsaanasy po Seagaoms 7 sagan eran’ 89 C100 ed pou vo panuuo;) a auaus ss sore va son sonod cad ¢ twit ez = osmig-# —— eaiwn a0) a sso cole = mms 0809 eu agar - seaog we mam are sean 0909 o sou eu vo we wae zz Py 5208] xan ss ween phon, ‘avosog wow swt wid ist sor wer a assur, - Prey sues so--ajorgon 0a owonny x. Sul rssxuige — “PinemermoTos a 0d x ily eur we ostsL spurs ee9 wid gone it = ms cam eon ‘wd goood op00t ses ps woe olin, meus x sscarrsirstz —sae-soct PO BIRD wasp inaugip x. cersie —Esearet emmy MID a) wees x Ost eri est90 Os SOEL PROPS WMA O1es —resevooL PHONED agus Baus ad pas o sige boest igo wnat ust ee) Xan eco ur Teg scout wu 3 one = wero unwep ais du Tusdd eo exsuro eutuco muna suo x. al ro aa 9 so gseseee ny xYHSO pebet aN wilos7g we 9 a eeu Couvt ‘aot ‘ust 9 ou meg aususo _aususo sol eprops umm PRD POD ON PEPT LOG SR "ga “re POMATRL ——ONSVO. BOTTA Lod___dIHS___ Wx" yriso HSOIN Pena SPSL OLAV OPT SORT OTAEL ‘AASHTO R164 Tse‘agen onmon soon Fou EU IY “smo uommundsury poe Ken aso wopRposTy EHS 29 54 11OE od you wo pono “ eran soeso08 osany pret sc artina atest oo peda a “serene Hao sao % ann ona sere wd og su reese eames oe ssonmn sein caddy erueLseI Nee soe sng wens wes x90 x osm vec spmomasfon ‘ong ids « sein anand wale eset povoumngnn » => swoon x seni) ctouse ——pavmpanit “ axqetus sos ers00t aot sina “ore dss soot ein x aed so venti omgocmg usexn x out -e2nteoreamD foun min omnmm xX OW ste o100 out soseeremog ssts01 srs son pains — ese, ammmay sing tion vot sect ans od — rueseoat so880 sue wasp x ists pio sense ute = vaca mete cose se aetna stort widow x csc 501 21 os aomonss 6s tort 3D =P ___NPRTIOG WAS aR ——_Taad TER POAT, —eNSVO IRENE dod dis vwou VHSO___HSOIN ‘Pamusuay) pSSOT HL OLHSVW Wi POST STOTT —F OBL ‘AASHTO R165can agen won ws non YoU AY “smo voneandntsz pe Sen aso woos CEA 284 T1OE 80d meow wo pono, ‘orn 200210 ud yas ofa IV sn wale wal eLeLeL pov aan, ssstxn SEIN ember 8 00% seein argo ‘oot x wis sores den aber wee reeewn seers x. 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Ries‘na sarod jouopmota vm uopeotag ‘pout SAU “poo wopemaas po Aen oS waReOnTY SEY a TEES od pau o pomuna) 2 aaa aa =r Saree ss ssisn eed = serve otey mos ® soe ez $008 aur es * vit 100 ssi Sst ¥01 ans a5 ove rat sr Sor ae. saan se sexina px nieviaa 109 te a a es gugusu x sina see Bowe ae ettone outs asus si Firs pov sans % wong ams x wun sin tet tm oad = sem apna sosexn sung S01 Loree my ums acenoses 1 = e080 ” escrnentsor evreaie coreg ] 2980 SOL Gwrtsig sy tems to) suoneia ann sito ersore eassus ee SS pinin—_seoe sea tnoles = Forist — semecoumsneg A400) mow sito" eo panes smuanp amsmeg arse sp = amotio unssaed >eupx0 a Sani usoned id esreot — wEKmacog peer soem tee cs raed LANISIDEL Ee sirct08 yosemy a0 ust essa fot Suton ppv aueRE sours x suse eco sere (isco) Wetst 6srsI06 Mod oo 0 id wna ower _eusuzue ston FRB _R TION OAS] TER POA RL —ONSVO__someRaNS dod dis vuou VHSO___HSOIN (Poninuoay sampeooId AL OLASWY & PST TONDO —F FEL ‘AASHTO R167va yg youonmon et wou pause SH IY ‘roquo wontoodsey pe Aen es 9 oreo MUD af (10 ‘280d prow uo pamuyuod domes us meen sea. uote wiloss x. pier eI arate, ‘aid cot woo ost ss 6 ° ays o1 itu s oszsot spnoic weeny = ‘oe me ata, xan - dopoy is mu fs josmnn duno: ‘aad | ude sewn eam sun se oaiNa seu asa eser998 ev oss 8 ‘soung a eee ev ass se 359RO escent aes non 1 stseNn wd wai ro sizes ezeeoue gas o autos eiZsol fee tuit—_spuoRID ROWS amcor smt6vN se recess “anos wt ETL sr, UMPOS for Seuss unos oy sl AELE9L —sgmsnucg pos ie sven — argo enpos « 10 HPS se eosin ap.0 = EN epg m0 Prete ar umpos ain usec waar eI, oyo09 “sane 19 Teroret paps Mes seydoudeussy p05 ayes, ss oI oat ume; x av(novia s us = 6tee pe umpos =o) ic sve shvoe srl SUsULL —_sewomp unos 3p Sap. ONAPTIOd AS ERR Tad TRY POET RL—ONSVD__eoumBGS dod __dlHs__ vow vHso HSOIN (ParaTwa-g) SIMpSSOTT ISL OLUSVV PSN SOHATI—F OIL "AASHTO: R168vas agen o open waning Fens 8 ‘sspsio uonmondeusy poe ui ago meson HOLY A 110E SpE teins - sevon it0n ie tatevn, so sgn 8:2 suis ueusa uta sot spam au ems seeenn ‘aa © Osan suo09 vay x ore - we bri ludéost tas St sey men geen gn ‘ud o0t wud got LL OL 6 sel tas a vast eeot =X = ree dopey as ‘els out ats az tort mw _ouwinn sexe que x 0 witse _sovesernrcy slows 3nd Pe] ONT FOd eS SRD ad ae pom] ONSVO jod__alis__ yuu VHSO HSOIN ‘PorRAD) IRPSOONT HL, OLAV OPO SHOTS —F O1AEL "AASHTO: R169 S86Standard Recommended Practice for Establishing and Implementing a Quality Management System for Construction Materials Testing Laboratories AASHTO Designation: R 18-10" ‘SCOPE 44 This document contains criteria and guidelines for establishing and implementing a quality ‘management system (QMS) for use by a construction materials laboratory (CML). These criteria ‘may also be used by laboratory-ovaluating agencies. 1.2. ‘The criteria in this document only apply to the following testing areas: soil, ageregate, asphalt binder, cuback asphalt, emulsified asphalt, asphalt mixtures, hydraulic cement, portland cement concrete, unit masonry, metals, plastic pipe, and sprayed fte-resistive material 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 24 AASHTO Standards: M92, Wire-Cloth Sioves for Testing Purposes M132, Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement mPPS7, Establishing Requirements for and Performing Equipment Calibrations, Standardizatons, and Checks R28, Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV) mT 19, Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate m_ 1'22, Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, 1-23, Making and Curing Conerete Test Spesimens in the Field ‘= T48, Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup 149, Penetration of Bituminous Materials, ‘1°50, Float Test for Bituminous Materials mT'31, Ductlty of Asphalt Materials M153, Softening Point of Asphalt Binder (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) 1m 1°59, Emulsitied Asphalts 172, Saybolt Viscosity 179, Flash Point with Tag Open-Cup Apparatus for Use with Material Having a Flash Point Less Than 93.3°C Q00°F) mT'84, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Agaregate mT'88, Pacticle Size Analysis of Soils ‘m T'89, Dotermining the Liquid Limit of Soils 1.95, Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine ‘1°98, Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter TSAMRL Ret AASHTO (©2011 by the Amarin Associaton of St Highay and Taspottion Oi, Alright resrved: Duplication sana of ape‘1.99, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.516) Rammer and a 305mm (2-in.) Drop T 100, Specific Gravity of Sols, ‘T 104, Soundaess of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate T 106, Compressive Sirongth of Hydraulic Cement Mortar (Using 50-mim or 2in. Cube Specimens) T 119, Slump of Hydraulie Cement Concrete 121, Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete T 129, Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement 1131, Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vieat Needle ‘T 134, Moistre-Density Relations of Sol-Cement Mixtures 135, Wetting-and-Drying Test of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures 'T 136, Freezing-and-Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures T 137, Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar 152, Air Content of Freshly Mixed Conerete by the Pressure Method T 153, Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability Apparatus 'T 154, Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement Paste by Gillmore Needles 1162, Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plas T 167, Compressive Strength of Hot Mix Asphalt 1170, Recovery of Asphalt from Solution by Abson Method 'T 176, Plastic Finos in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of the Sand Equivalent Test 'T 179, Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test) "T 180, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-Kg (10Ib) Rammer and a 457-mm (18in.) Drop 'T 186, Early Stitening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method) ‘T 190, Resistance R-Value and Expansion Pressure of Compacted Soils “T 192, Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-ym (No. 325) Sieve ‘T 193, The California Bearing Ratio F196, Air Content of Freshly Mixed Conerete by the Volumetric Method ‘7201, Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens) "T 202, Viscosity of Aspalts hy Vacuum Capillary Viseometer| “1 209, Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) ‘T 228, Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Asphalt Materials “T 240, Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt Binder (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test) T 245, Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus 1 246, Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of Hveem Apparatus ‘7-247, Preparation of Test Specimens of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of California Kneading Compactor "7.300, Force Ductlty Test of Asphalt Materials “T 301, Flasie Recovery Test of Asphalt Materials by Means of a Ductilometer "7 308, Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by the Ignition Method “T 312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by ‘Means ofthe Superpave Gyratory Compactor Consistency TSAMRL R162 “AASHTO (©2011 by the AnrcanAsalaton of State High and Transporation Of Alrighsreseed Duper isa iat of apleea22. 1 1'313, Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) . 1 the Practure Properties of Asphalt Binder in Direet Tension (DT) 1 1'315, Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) ‘1316, Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viseometer ASTM Standards ‘C29, Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight") and Voids in Ageregate C31, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field © 39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Conerete Specimens C67, Standatd Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile C88, Standatd Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or ‘Magnesium Sulfate ‘C91, Standard Specification for Masonry Cement € 109, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydra 2in, of [50-mm] Cube Specimens) 1m C15, Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter ‘mC 128, Stendard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate ‘C131, Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine ‘C138, Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimettc) of Concrete standard Test Method for Stump of Hydraulie-Cement Concrete C173, Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Conerete by the Volumetric Method 185, Standard Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar 187, Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydaulie Cement © 191, Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vieat Needle (© 204, Standard Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeabilty Apparatus ‘= C230, Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement C231, Standard Test Method for Ait Content of Freshly Mixed Conerete by the Pressure Method ‘© 266, Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Gitlmore Needles ‘mC 305, Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Paste and Mortars of Plastie Consistency © 430, Standard Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45pm (No, 325) Sieve ‘C451, Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method) (C778, Standard Specification for Standard Sand D5, Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials 1D 36, Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Bell Apparatus) 1D 70, Standard Test Method for Density of Semi-Sotid Bituminous Materials (Pyenometer Method) 1D 88, Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity ‘Cement Mortars (Using TSAMRL Rie "AASHTO (02011 bythe American Associion of State igh and Transporation Offs Alig exe. Dullentian violin o pliable a1D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester D113, Standard Test Method for Duetility of Bituminous Materials 139, Standard Test Method for Float est for Bituminous Materials 1D 244, Standard Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified Asphalts D422, Standard Test Method for Paticle-Size Analysis of Soils 1D 558, Standard Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight) Relations of Soil-Cement Mixtures 559, Standard Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures S60, Standard Test Mothods for Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristies of Soil Using Effort (12 400 f-1b0% (600 kN-m/n)) D854, Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soll Solids by Water Pyenometer 1074, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Bituminous Mixtures D 1557, Standand Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristies of Soil Using Moditied Effort (56,000 ft-lb (2,700 kN-mim)) 1560, Standard Test Methods for Resistance to Deformation snd Cohesion of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of Flveem Apparatus 1561, Standard Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture Test Specimens by Means of California Kneading Compactor D 1754, Standard Test Method for Effects of Heat and Oven Test) D 1856, Standard Test Method for Recovery of Asphalt From Solution by Abson Method D 1883, Standand Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils 2041, Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravit Bituminous Paving Mixtures 2168, Standard Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors 2170, Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens) D 2171, Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer 2419, Standard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate 2844, Standard Test Method for Resistance R-Value and Expansion Pressure of Compacted Soils 2850, Standand Test Method for Cohesive Soils 1D 2872, Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test) 1D 3143, Standard Test Method for Flash Point of Cutback Asphalt with Tag Open-Cup Apparatus 1D 4318, Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, 1 4402, Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Flevated ‘Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer 1D 4753, Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard “Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing 'D 4829, Standard Test Method for Expansion Index of Soils 1D 6084, Standard Test Method for Elastic Recovery of Bituminous Materials by Ductilometer 1D 6307, Standard Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix Asphalt by Ignition Method ‘on Asphalie Materials (Thin-Film ‘and Density of nconsolidated-Undtained Tviaxial Compression Test on TS-AMRL Rie4 ‘AASHTO (©2011 by he Ames Aston of Sat High and Trenton Of, Alri reservedDyplcaon a Voaon of apc aw6521, Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV) 1D 6648, Standard Test Method for Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) 16723, Standard Test Method for Determining the Fracture Properties of Asphalt Binder in Direct Tension (DT) ‘1.6925, Standard Test Method for Preparation and Determination of the Relative Density of ot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of the Supetpave Gytatory Compactor m1) 6926, Standard Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus ‘m16927, Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Bituminous Mixtures D700, Standard ‘Test Method for Sweep Test of Bituminous Emulsion Surface Treatment Samples m D715, Standard ‘Test Method for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer mE LL, Standard Spocifcation for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and ‘Test Sieves 1m E-71, Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers ea 34.2, a2, 324. 322. 33, 34, 35. TERMINOLOGY Reading on tard ine) Figure X1.13—Procedure for Checking Timing Devices TSAMRL R125 ‘AASHTO‘asp Frode Bo quipment Checked: PENETRATION APPARATUS (AASHTO'T 49) (ASTM 5) Purpose ‘This rocedie proves instruction or ceckng te equipment sed to perform he penetrsion et Equipent Reqs 1. aloes readble 0001 g 2 Mierwscope eyepiece, 1s 3. Men! block, 100 man high, Mt lk, 254 mm (in) igh 4 Suppo block, 7587 mm is 5 Ruler eae 0 tm, 6 Calbaed sopra eadble 101. “oleae: The eqipent stall et he tolerances specified ints methods AASHTO T49 and ASTMD 5 Proce: 1 Remove the spin, -and Oleg ftom the penetrometer. Record the weigh ofeach othe nearest 1g 2. Weigh ech nesta the nearest 01 Visual examine each ned witha mieseape or eyepiece Each nee shoe sight dfs of bra The tos of each ele shouldbe iat, {3 Ifen automat ining mean is wed on th pentometr st the cle opoaich when he plugs i reeeod and op the ‘alate stopatch whet te plang sips, Record the ine inca onthe aie stopwatch othe eset 0.1 fa mania ‘vies used olathe plunger, cheat he acura fie ing dvi usd over 60s meal Recor the eapsd tne the searst Os Place the ppt lock on the bas ofthe peneome. Plce the 10. bloke spt Mosk Aja he eee eight oa ‘ts tipjm touches the top of he 10-r blck. Remove th ID-m blockades tho need tothe supp Sock. Ass the Ineument omen the datance moved Repel tp ding the 25 ems) ack. Delrin i carey by compar ‘eadgs With be eight o the tacks 5, Meanie an reser te dctanc om the perfor shel the ot ofthe ter bth Meese record the stare fom he ‘vf belo he sarticeo the woler Measure ad eco he dace the etoetr sme it he Wale 6, Obvere and er th temperate of te water inthe bath the nearest 01°C (02°). Figure X1.14—Procedure for Checking Penets ton Test Apparatus =p PROCESSING OF SAMPLES IDENTIFICATION: ich spe sal be accompanied by sample a inden the sample umber hie the material interns ofthe pajet the asin ‘ot se within the projet the quanto teil epesetd by he sample and theater's intende we. The sample Kee wih the ‘Sale ong a rnin the eral borat. STORAGE: Aer ng logged i, spl are sre inte ae of he borin in which esting ce dane. Daring slope, cat tan fo aval ‘istutane or contamination. Any AASHTO requtements fr sorage he most storage of portland cement conte elie) are flowed RETENTION: ‘Samples with acceptable et ress re general discarded when ttn is completed, Those wih ailing els ae rene nl eiew of ‘those ets incomplete. Atha tins te deision is de Whether ose, ces of baie to etn he sample DISPOSAL: Discarded on nztdous materials re ranspred daly by mati section petsonnet to an prope ares, Hazardous materi (2, ‘bitmins cont extrton satin) reson proper contains eds he lontony, Disgsal yan aoe posal statacor arranged perio by the hazardous waste duped oft, Figure X1.18—Procedure for Sample Management FSAMRE R 1625 "AASHTO {©7201 by the Americ Asoiton of Sate Highay and Tranpottion Oil, Allright reserved Duplication savnaton of apleaeaae) ‘TEST RECORDS PREPARING SAMPLE LOG: ch samp brought th racials baat fr testing fend in og toot minnie bythe Labuan Manager. The following Infonaton is rear french sample 1, Sample umber this ssgned sequently to cach ie othe log Bok) 2. Project mee coat abe, 3, Despina th tera 4. Supplier ofthe materia 5. Lecton from which he spe was taken 6, Name of person(s) who sampled theater 1. Dawersanpiing. 1. Date sample ws received in th tern akratay 9. The word°RESAMPLE" ined ik (hen apie). The dt testing was completed. Theil of he ese, PREPARING AND CHECKING TEST REFORTS: “ex eal are ecrd on stir risen workshests, hich resubmit tthe Materia Lab Superior who reviews bem Prior to preparing es report Ania and cope ofthe txt ep se pepe for review’ he abtry Mamie The ‘gia et ep ld eh jet folder One cay fhe est rap i Ketone wih he wodshets in be material bray, tnd the ter copy sent tthe poet engin Tr ele Tes ects eps are mie! by the ice Manage. AMENDING REPORTS: ‘When rept mst be amended a repr frm bl be lied ot indicating th mended test es he report sis eld “amend” an the ep form shal ches the armen on the port for shal lat the renon fr be amended repat he amended prt ‘all Pesach hori report nd proceed nthe ral mat andthe teed ep shal eed wih he sgl ep. Figure X1.16—Procedures for Producing Test Reeords and Preparing, Checking, and Amending Test Reports Date, MAINTENANCE INTERVALS Equipment Aaiiviyy Tnterval (months) ‘Compression nacibe hen, abel i ‘Wois 00m nue spay oz waciongs 7 (Check fa eke (Check poston of empertre recorder probe Nese aoe bis ces rea z TEA sbson machine Labrie Figure X1.47-—List of Maintenance Activities and Intervals TS-AMRL Rie27 ‘AASHTO (©2011 by the Amin Assit of State High an Transportation Oat Alriht reseed Dupin isa vlaton o apes a.Date ‘Maintenance Procedure: M-2 MECHANICAL SHAKER MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE, Equipment Needed: wrench, grease, brush Procedure: 1. Chan al loss dt ond partes foal exposed suas of machine 2. Chesk ech pal for lonsenes—tighen where esesy 5, Replce any pads that ain por condition 4 Clean and res oating base 5 ‘Ope shaker who sieves in place 0 ermine how shakers worklag ype any oer possible es and eave tem MECHANICAL SHAKER MAINTENANCE RECORD Date Name ‘Comments 15/08 “Technician A ‘Replaced 2 paddles 3/08. "Technician A Done. TOS. Technician A ‘Screws were loose on rotating base 10/2/08 ‘Technician B Done, 17309 "Technician B Installed sound dampener on door Figure X1.18—Mechanical Shaker Maintenance Procedure and Record "This document is under the jurisdiction of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Highway Subcommittee on Materials and isthe direct responsibilty ofthe Administrative Task Group. 2 The definition is from the International Vocabulary of Metrology (abbreviated VIN), 3rd edition, 2008, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), inthe name ofthe eight organizations that supported its development and nominated the experts who prepared it: the Bureau Intemational des Poids ct Mesures (BIPM), the International Eleetrotechnieal Commission IEC), the Intemational Federation of Clinical Chemisty (IFCC), International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), ISO, the International Union of Pare and Applied Chemistry (TUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics IUPAP), and the Intemational Organization of Legal Metrology (OTML). The VIM shouldbe the first soutee consulted forthe definitions of terms. ‘not included in this practice. 2 The figutes inthis Appendix illustrate typical examples of documents, forms, and standard operating procedures that addeess the requirements ofthis practice. A laboratory may employ other methods that satisfy the intent ofthis practice, The figures are intended as examples of documents in a laboratory’s Quality Management System. They are not intended to include all possible laboratory organizational structures or capabilities. TS-AMRL R 16-28 ‘AASHTO ©2011 by the Amen Astin of Ste High an Taspition Oia Al ight rerewed Dupo isa lation oapleaeav,Standard Practice for Procedures for Measuring Highway Noise AASHTO Designation: R 20-99 (2008) 4. ‘SCOPE 14. This standard practice is to provide guidance in acceptable procedures for measuring highway noise levels 2. GENERAL PROVISIONS 24, Wis recommended that the following Federal Highway Adminstration Report be used fo field ‘measurement oF highway noise levels. 244 FHWA-PD-96-046, DOL-VNTSC-FHWA-9655, “Measurement of Highway-Related Noise,” May 1996." "his document is available from the National Technical Information 5, $285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161. Request NTIS Publication No, PB-8 TS5a R204 ‘AASHTO {©2011 bythe American Astoctin of Ste Highny and Transposition Ocal. ‘Allright sewed. Dupin Vaaton of pledStandard Practice for Drilling for Subsurface Investigations— Unexpectedly Encountering Suspected Hazardous Material AASHTO Designation: R 21-96 (2009) 1. ‘SCOPE 14 This practice is intended to help protect drillers in the event they unexpectedly encounter suspected hazardous materials while performing subsurface investigations. This is accomplished by training the drillers, identifying precautions to minimize rsks of contamination, and establishing a procedure to follow if suspected hazardous material is encountered." 41.2. ‘This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns assoclated with its use. Its the responsibilty of the user ofthis procedure to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability ofregularory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2. AASHTO Standard and Publicaion: R13, Conducting Geotechnical Subsurfuce Investigations Hazardous Waste Guide for Project Development 22. ASTM Standard: ‘m1 420, Standard Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, Design, and ‘Construction Purposes 3. ‘SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 34 ‘There ae thre basic types of sites. One ype isa knowin hazardous waste sit. These sites contain ‘hazardous waste and have been formally labeled. This includes all Superfund sites and CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. Section 9601-9687) sites. The second type is the nonhazardous sit. These sites have no hazardous material at al. The third type, which is the subject oF this practice, is one that contains ‘unknovin and unanticipated hazardous wast. This practice js intended to help drillers in situations in which they have no advance waening that they will encounter hazanious material 4 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION 44 ‘The first and most important step drillers must take in protecting themselves from contamination is demttying the presence of suspected hazardous material. Proper identification depends on awareness and knowledge of what to look for. Al dilerson staff should be trained on how to use S56 Rar ‘AASHTO (©2017 by he American Aoi of State Highvay an Transportation Oi Allg revered Dapeaon aon a plicablethelr senses and observe their surroundings for clues indicating the presenes of hazardous or «explosive material 6. MINIMIZING CONTAMINATION RISK 5. Drillers shall take routine precautions to minimize the risk of contamination through proper protective gear, good work habits, and good hygiene. Contaminants enter the body through skin absorption, cut in the skin, inhalation, ingestion, and skin penetration (radioactivity). B44 Proper Proteetion—Drillets shal use skin protection (gloves, long-sleeved shirts) and work boots 542, Work Habits—Drillers shall follow good work habits, including (1) avoiding skin contact with soil and drilling lug, 2) minimizing the risk of inhaling contaminants by using drilling fui, and {@) cleaning all equipment and tools hefore leaving the job site to avoid spreading contamination, (When mud and sol dry out, contaminants ean become airborne.) 543. ‘Hygiene—Drillers shall clean off boots, gloves, clothes, et, before entering a vehicle to avoid spreading contamination beyond the job ste and shall yush hands before eating, smoking, oF making skin contact. PROCEDURE 6A. AASHTO R 13 and ASTM D 420 describe procedures that govern the investigation and site assessment process. Drillers shall take the following precautions in adltion to the precautions described in these standards if they encounter hazardous material 644 Assess the Risk—Determine whether the rsk is one of contamination or explosion, Natural gas ‘and some petroleum byprodues are explosive in very high concentrations. 612. Comamination Ie the risk is of contamination only, any driller not properly trained should cease drilling and leave the site, Drillers who have successfully completed a 40-hour course in Hazardous Materials Training shall secure the site, while avoiding skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation, After securing the site, the responsible party shall make the necessary notifications All contaminated material should be handled, contained, and disposed of according fo eure, established procedures at, Explosion —If there i a risk of explosion, the dies shall leave the site and lt the hole vet. If the smell remains or gets stronger, the drillers shall use an explosion risk meter, i'they are propery tained and certified (Note 1) to assess the actual risk of explosion. Ifthe risk is ificant, the drillers shall properly decommission the hole in accordance with sate regulations and proceed tothe next location. Note 4—rillers must be trained and certified to use the explosion risk meter. The decision to proceed should be made by a responsible, qualified party, with input from the drillers. KEYWORDS 7A. Driller protection; hazardous material; subsurface exploration, 'AASHTO Hazardous Waste Guide for Project Development, February 1990, TS-8b Rate ‘AASHTO (©2011 by he Ameria Asnocitin of Stat High and Teaspoon Oh Allighs reseed Dupo ra isnton of apie aweStandard Practice for Decommissioning Geotechnical Exploratory Boreholes AASHTO Designatio: : R 22-97 (2010) INTRODUCTION “The preservation of groundwater resources isa very important issue inthe design, construction, and maintenance of the highway infrastructure system. Most projects require some type of on-site suibsutface geotechnical investigation to properly design the facilities. These investigations typically involve progressing smaller-diameter (<200 mm) exploratory boreholes up to depths of | approximately 60m. In some instances, cane penetrometers or instrumentation devices such as piezometers, monitoring well, and vane shear tests are used to obtain subsurface information. By progressing exploratory boreholes that may penetrate the water table, conduit fr surface and subsurface aquifer cross contamination may be intoduced. Insitutions in which the investigation tay lead tothe cantamination of groundwater resources, it would be prudent to properly abandon the borehole. Construction ofa borehole seal during decommissioning can add significantly to the time, ‘material, and labor costs of geotechnical exploratory boreholes. Some states have regulations that ‘mandate that all geotechnical exploratory boreholes must be sealed. When that i the ease, this standard practice is of limited use, and the reader should consult references pertaining to borehole scaling, IFborchole scaling mandates are notin effect, this standard practice may provide some ‘Buidelines regarding which boreholes should be sealed, as wel as the procedures involved in this dleermination 1 SCOPE 14. ‘Types of Borcholes—This standard practice addresses the permanent decommissioning (closure) ofthe following types of geotechnical exploratory boreholes. [tis specifically intended to address the closure in situations in which hazardous material or solid wastes are determined not to be present," Included inthe list of geotechnical exploratory boreholes are: 1A. Borehole progressed with temporary casing. for obtaining soil, rock, and groundwater information; 142 Uncased boreholes progressed for obtaining sol, rock, and groundwater information using drilling, ‘mud or open-hole techniques; 1.1.3. Hollow-stem flight auger boreholes; 14.4. Observation wells for monitoring groundwater conditions; 1465. Instrumentation boreholes (i, piezameters, Borrs points, ete); 116. Cone penetrometer boreholes; and 788 ~ ~ Raat “AASHTO (0201 by the American Associaton of Sate Highway and Tanparation Oc Aliph reseed: Dupllention ia viotion of plicable aw12. 13, Soil characterization tests (vane shear, dilatometer, et.) Intent of Practice —This practice describes the overall process of decommissioning the holes and, as such, includes a systematic approach to completing the process. The typical steps entail an ‘valuation ofthe specific site characteristics and potential problems, a review of available decommissioning options ineluding the null option ifapplicable, selection of an appropriate sealant, and a method of sealing, Specifi requirements forthe quality control and performance of the sealed borehole are addressed, Record-keeping requirements are noted, ‘Safety his standard practice does not propose to address al safety concerns associated with its usage. Ii the duty and responsibilty ofthe user ofthis practice to establish appropriate safety ‘and health practices and determine he applicability of other state regulatory limitations prior touse 24, 22. 23. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS AASHTO Standard BR 13, Conducting Geotechnical Subsurface Investigations ASTM Standard: ‘M5299, Standard Guide for Decommissioning of Ground Water Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Borsholes, and Other Devices for Environmental Activities National Cooperative Highvay Research Program Reports ‘NCHRP Report 378, Reconmended Guidelines for Sealing Geotechnical Exploratory Holes NCHRP Project 21-4, Sealing Geotechnical Exploratory Holes to Protect the Subsurface Environment 3. ‘SUMMARY OF GUIDE Presently there are numerous state agencies and private contractors who install geotechnical ‘exploratory boreholes forthe state transportation programs. Within these agencies, various state ‘regulations and decommissioning procedures ae in place. No national or international standards ‘exist for abandoning geotechnical boreholes, This standard practice attempts to provide members ‘ofthe transportation industry with guidelines and references to follow in evaluating the need for sealing, different sealant materials, methods for sealing, and the associated record Keeping forthe process, ‘SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 44. ‘This standard practice is intended to provide technical information and is not intended to supplant aay Federal, state, or munieipal regulations that may be in effect in a particular area F ‘summary of practives of state transportation departments, see National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report NCHRP Project 21-4, Sealing Geotechntcal Exploratory Holes 10 Protect the Subsurface Emironnent, August 1995, 6. MATERIALS 5A. See NCHRP Report 378, Recommended Guidelines for Sealing Geotechnical Exploratory Holes, ‘Chapter Six S86 R222 ‘AASHTO (©2011 bythe American Asacaton of Sate Hip and Transporation Of Allis esrved Duplication Isa lation apie64 2. 624. 622. 63. 6a, 65. PROCEDURE Reaching the decision regarding the appropriate type of decommissioning procedure for geotechnical exploratory boreholes is a complex tsk. Among othe factors, the person making the ecision must understand the hydrogeology of the area, be avare of any known aquifers inthe vicinity, know where various groundwater levels exist, and know the depth and diameter of the borehole. From a practical point of view, the decision regarding the correct type of decommissioning must be studied prior to performing the actual field work, “The decommissioning process ean be broken down into two major processes, backfilling oF sealing. These two processes are defined as follows: Backyiling—The practice of placing native soil cuttings or ther materials in the hole as a part of the restoration process. This i largely an uncontralled process and may only inadvertently produce a seal Sealing —The knowledgeable and conscientious practice of constructing a permanent hydraulic batter inthe hole. Ths is a carefully controlled practice of hole decommissioning.” ‘he information for making the decision regarding when a geotechnical exploratory borehole should be sealed must be gathered from a broad spectrum of available resources, The fist step to follow in reaching a decision is o perform a review of the exiting site data, Data can be colfected from a number of souross, including but not limited to: (@) Geologie reports, (b) Topographic maps, (6) Previous borings inthe area, (@) Water well records, (@) Aquifer maps, () Hazardous site maps, (g) Survey of industry (pollutant potential), (h) Survey of existing or proposed landfills, and {i)_ State envitonmental protection agencies. ‘Making final decision may require input from various people skilled indifferent disciplines, such as hydrogeology, geology, drilling, geotechnical engineering, and highvvay design. “The goa in decommissioning any hole isto leave, as far as possible, the hydrologic concitions in an unaltered state. This is particularly important where u public water supply is obtained from groundwater in an area, To determine whether tis is the case, maps of aquifers used for public \water supplies ean be obtained from state and local public health agencies and state environmental protection agencies. The need for aquifer protection is as great for private water companies as itis For water supply systems under municipal control. ‘A review of geologic reports, water well records, and previous borings ean help define where ‘confined aquifes or multiple aquifers are present. Confined aquifers, which are sometimes called artesian aquifers, require special consideration for borehole decommissioning. The confined ‘aquifer i overlain by an impervious layer such as clay or glacial il. When a borehole penetrates the confining layer and enters the underlying aquifer, iis introducing a vertical pathway for ‘aqueous consttvens to enter the aquifer. Moreover, the material eomprising the confining layer i likely to remain open after the removal of dil rods oF easing, so that the avenue for possible contaminants will not be self-sealing. Multiple aquifers are similar to confined aquifers, in that Several waterbearing strata of aquifer material ave separated by confining impermeable strata, The TS8b Rae ‘AASHTO (©2011 by the AmacanAszoviatin of State High a8 Transportation Oil ‘lrihts eaeeed Duplaton sa saton of apleea66. 66 662 663, 664. 665. 47. 74 672. 673, 68. determination as to whether the medium to be drilled is a confined or multiple aquifer should be made before drilling, or in the field by qualified personne. ‘After information is compiled from the aforementioned sourees, it is necessary to make the decision as to whether backfiling or sealing isthe most appropriate action, Some boreholes will encounter conditions that mandate seating in order to safeguard the groundwater resources of the area. ‘Any boreholes that encounter methane gas should be sealed as quickly as possible. Methane is a naturally occurring explosive gas that may'be tapped at relatively shallow depts and can present public safety hazard iit allowed to vet indefinitely from a borehole, ‘As mentioned earlier, confined aquifers and multiple aquifers are unique geologic conditions, and they require sealing, Its especially important to seal a flowing artesian condition because the _groundwater will eatry fine material with i as it ows out ofthe ground, and this may eause future subsidence. Confined aquifers that donot flow tothe surface should be sealed as well beeause of the possibilty of eoss-contamination of separate and diserete hydrogeologie units ‘Boreholes drilled in areas where groundwater isthe source of documented large public water supplies should be sealed Ina heavily populated urban or suburban area, the possibilty of future contamination of _roundwater is increased because ofthe density of potential spill sites such as gas stations, Jandfils, dry cleaning stores, and chemical factories. Borcholes that encounter groundwater in these areas should be sealed. Borehole that are drilled in environmentally sensitive areas should be sealed. An example of this ‘would bea piezometer installed in a wetland as part ofan environmental impact study. ‘Some boreholes do net require sealing, but should be backfilled after use. Ifbackfilling the borehole with native eutings i justified, eae should be taken to compact the upper portion of the native material in the hole to minimize any future subsidence. With any borehole, an open hole should atleast be backfilled and not left open because ofthe possibility of a hazard to pedestrians and others. ‘Borehoes that do not encounter groundwater require backfilling but not sealing, because they do ‘not disturb the hydrologic regime. If borehole is located entirely in granular materia, it does not require sealing even if groundwater i encountered, After removal ofthe drilling equipment, granular material will collapse on itself, and the previously existing hydrogeotogic conditions willbe restored, Ifa borehole is located entirely within material of low permeability, backiling is adequate for decommissioning, An example ofthis would be a borchole drilled through clay or dense glacial fill over shale rock. None ofthese materials would be considered an aquifes. ‘Te procedures for properly sealing a borehole are presented in Chapter 7 through Chapter 10 of [NCHRP Report 378, Recanmended Guidelines for Sealing Geotechnical Exploratory Holes holes (Chapter 10) can be used only if Note 4—The hole reentry method for sealing penetra ‘the hole remains open on its own after removal of tools TS8b R224 "AASHTO {©2011 by he America Asotin of Sate Highvay and Transporation Officials. Ail sigh essed Dupton ea vnaton a apc a.69, 11s important that the quality of workmanship and the skills ofthe dling personnel who perform the sesling operation are guaranteed, Individual states should determine procedutes to qualify personnel for this activity, such asa certification process. 7 RECORD KEEPING 7A. Proper record-keeping practice is addressed in Chapter 11 ofthe NCHRP Report 378. 8 INVENTORY OF SEALED BOREHOLES at. In addition to maintaining the sealing record identified in Section 7 of this practice, the borehole should be located using a suitable eaordinate system wherever possible, With the advances in Global Positioning technologies and the incorporation of GIS application, complete records and locations of sealed borcholes will provide valuable information to the various state agencies. ‘charged wit protecting valuable groundwater resources. 9. REFERENCES a AASHTO. Manual on Subsurface Investigaions. American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1987, 92. (Clark, Lewis. The Field Guide to Water Wells and Boreholes. John Wiley, New York, NY, 1988. 93, Driscoll, Fletcher G. Groundwater and Wells, Johnson Filtration Systems, Ine. St Paul, MN, 1986, 94, ‘Todd, D. K. Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley, New York, NY, 1980. 10. ‘ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS: 10.1. ‘The focus of this standard practice is limited to geotechnical exploratory holes. This practice also ‘contains information that may pertain to other activities performed by the transportation industry ‘that result ina vertical conduit being introduced into the ground in an area where protection of groundwater isa consideration. APPENDIX (Nonmandatory informati x4. TERMINOLOGY xt abandonment—see decommissioning. x112. ‘aguifera geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation capable of yielding a Significant amount of groundwater to wells or springs.” x11. artesian— groundwater that is under sufficient hydrostatic head to rise above the aquifer containing iA flowing artesian condition is when water flows up tothe surface through aadrilhote 886 RES ‘AASHTO (©2011 by he American Assciton ofS Highway wel Tarspraton Of Allies served: Duplication sa baton of plc av.x14. x11. X11. X4.47, X1.18. x11. X1.1.10, xa x1.1.12, X1.1.13, x14.14, X1.1.18, X1.4.16 xA4.17, artesian well—a wel tapping an aquifer bounded above and below by impermeable beds or beds of distinctly lower permeability than the aquifer itself. The water will rise inthe well above the point of intial penetration (above the bottom of the confining or impermeable layer overlying the fauiter). This term includes both flowing and non-flowing wells” backfltng—the practice of placing native soil cuttings or other materials in the hole as part of the restoration process, Tiss largely an uncontrolled process and may ony inadvertently produce a sea. confined aguifer—an aquifer that is overlain by a confining bed, which has significantly lower permeability than the aquifer. decommissioning —the engineered closure of a geotechnical exploratory hole sealed with plugging ‘materials, Tis term also includes the planning and documenting ofall associated activities. geotechnical exploratory borehole—any temporary cased or uncased borehole completed primarily forthe purpose of obtaining geologic or geotechnical data about subsurface sol or rock conditions, and/or for determining groundwater levels. This definition includes alli str testing borings, instrumented boreholes, piezometers, and observation wells. ‘grout —a fluid mixture of cement, bentonite, and water used to seal the ennular space around or between well casings, orto fill and seal abandoned wells or boreholes,” ‘monitoring well—a well designed to obtain a representative groundwater sample andor to measure the water level elevation over the sercened interval observation well—a well designed to measure the depth tothe water table. An observation wells sereened across the water table and usually is installed in unconfined aquifer.” ermeability—the ease with which a porous material allows liquid or gascous Muids to flow through it, For water, this is usually expressed in units of eentimeters per second and is termed. hydraulic condctivity, Soils and syathetie liners with a permeability for water of! x 10” emisee or less may be considered impermeable.” ‘Piezometer well—a well designed to measure the hydraulic potential (water level elevation) ata specific point in the subsurface. A piezometor has a short sereen that is positioned entirely beneath the water table? pressure grouting —a method of forcing grout nto specific potions of a wel for sealing purposes public water suppl)—any water supply, including sous, treatment, storage, transmission, and ‘istribtion facilities, through which water is furnished for human consumption or other domestic use to any community, colletion, or numberof individuals, excluding water supplies serving one single family residence.” jowledgeable and conscientious practice of constructing a permanent hydraulic barter in the hole. This isa carefully contolled practice of hole decommissioning" starte water level—the vertical distance from the surface ofthe ground to the water level in a well ‘when the water level is not affected by pumping or fee flow.” TS R226 "AASHTO (©2011 by he American Associaton of State High and Transpatation Oficial. Nrihi reserved Duplin ea Voiaon of apie ax11.18, X1.1.19, X1.1.20, tremie tube—a small-diameter pipe used to place grout, iter pack material, or other well constuction materials in a well? unconfined aquifer—un aquifer in which there are no confining beds between the zone of saturation and the surface. Also known as a water table aquife, mconsolidared formation—any’ naturally occuring, loosely cemented, oF poorly indurated earth ‘material including such materials as uncompacted gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Alluviumn, soil, and overburden ae tems frequently used fo describe such formations.” " For guidance on decommissioning geotechnical exploratory boreholes in hazardous and contaminated sites, refer to ASTM D 5298, ENCHIRP Report 378, Recommended Guidelines for Sealing Geotechnical Exploratory Boreholes ® Definitions from Chapter 173-160 WAC, “Minimum Standards for Construction and Maintenance of Wells,” Washington State Department of Ecology, March 13, 199. "Definitions from NCHRP 21-4, Sealing Geoteelmical Exploratory Holes to Protect the Subsurface Environment, August 1995, Moditied from Reference 3, TS: R227 ‘AASHTO ©2011 by the American Associton of Ste Highvay and Tanparation Os Alright reserved: Dupleton i lao of ope aStandard Practice for Chemical, Biological, and Physical Analysis of Water AASHTO Designatio : R 23-99 (2008) 1. ‘SCOPE 14, “This standard practice provides a listing of various parameters used inthe analysis oP natural ‘waters and wastewaters. The analysis ofthese waters is becoming an increasing area of eoncerm for environmental reasons. The passage of las governing the usage of our natural waterways and limiting the discharges into these waterays, along with an inereased public awareness, have ‘caused a much greater demand for this information. To ensure that these data are accurate and reliable, it is essential that testing be eonducted using standard procedures that are known to have reproducible results, The test methods given forthe following parameters are from refereaced sources that are used by most transportation departments testing water, They are listed in order of most frequently sed parameters to those parameters rarely used, 12. “The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard 2. METHOD OF DESIGNATION 7 24 ach parameter listed contains one or more test methods fr the analysis ofthat parameter. When ‘more than one procedure is listed, the choice is eft tothe individual laboratory. These alternate ‘methods generally give comparable results and are intended to provide flexibility to the analyst for ‘parameters for which test methods are used faisly equally TEST METHOD REFERENCE. 3. ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, curent edition, published joindy by American Public Health Association, Washington, DC; American Water Works Association, Denver, CO; and Water Environmental Federation, Alexandria, VA. 32, Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Warer and Waste, current edition, published by U. Environmental Protection Agency, Oifice of Technology Transfer, Washington, DC 20460. 3.3, American Society for Testing and Materials, Volumes 11,01 Water (1) and 11.02 Water (ll), ceurent editions, published by ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA. 4. HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION 4A DH Value by Electrometie Method, Method 4800 H, Reference 3.1 TS-6b R234 - ‘AASHTO ©2011 by the Amin Astcktion of Sat High an Tranpoiain OFF Allright reseed Depcaton a sation of apc awELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY Micro MOS at 25°C, Method 2510 B, Reference 3.1 ALKALINITY 64 leetrometrie Method or Color Change Titration, Method 2320 B, Reference 3.1 7. HARDNESS 7A EDTA Titsimettic, Method 2340 C, Reference 3.1 72. Hardness by Calculation, Method 2340 B, Reference 3.1 8 TURBIDITY aA Nephlometric Method, Method 2130 B, Reference 3. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 7 et Five days at 20°, Method 5210 B, Reference 31 10. TOTAL NONFILTRABLE RESIDUE 104 Dried at 103°C-105°C, Method 2540 D, Reference 3.1 1. TEMPERATURE tA Method 2550 B, Reference 3.1. 12. DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2A Modified Winkler with Full Botle Titration, Store No, 00300, Reference 3.2 122. Plectrode Method, Method 4500-0 G, Reference 3.1 13. TOTAL RESIDUE IN WATER 134. Dried at 103°C-105%C, Method 2540 B, Reference 31, 14. CALCIUM 144 ‘Atomic Absorption, Method 3800-Ca B, Reference 3. TS-5b R232 ‘AASHTO. {©2011 y the American Asosstin of Sate Highway an Tanporiatn Fa Alright reserved Duplo Isa ilo of apts a15. POTASSIUM 15.4 Flame Photometric Method, Method 3500-K B, Reference 3.1. 16. ZINC 16.4 Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Zn B, Reference 3.1 7. TOTAL FILTRABLE RESIDUE 174, Dried at 103°C-105°C, Method 2540 D, Reference 3.1. 18. ‘SULFATE 18.4 Gravimetrie Method with Ignition of Residue, Method 4500-SO4 D, Reference 3.1. 182, ‘Turbidimetsle Method, Method 427C, Reference 3.1, 19. IRON 19.4 ‘Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Fe B, Reference 3.1 20. SODIUM 2041 Flame Photometric Method, Method 3500-Na B, Reference 3.1 24. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 2. Dichromate Method, Method 5220 B, Reference 3.1. 212. Low-Level Dichromate Method, Storet No, 00335, Reference 3.2. 22. COPPER 22.4 Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Cu B, Reference 3.1 23. LEAD 23.4. Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Pb B, Reference 3.1 24, MAGNESIUM 244. ‘Atomie Absorption Method, Method 3500-Mg B, Reference 3.1, Sb RBS "AASHTO (©2011 y the Amin Associton f Sine Highvay an Transportation Oia. Aight rseed Dupcaton a vaaono plete aw,25. AMMONIA NITROGEN 25.4 Distillation Procedure, Storet No, 00610, Reference 3.2 26. TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN 264 Digestion with Distillation, Storet No, 09625, Reference 32 27. MANGANESE 204 Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Mn B, Reforenes 3. 28. ‘CHLORIDE 28.4 ‘Meteure Nitrate Method, Method 4800-CIC, Reference 3.1 282. Argentometrie Method, Method 4800-C1B, Reference 3.1 29, NITRATE NITROGEN 294 Brucine Method, Soret No, 00620, Reference 3.2. 30. NITRITE NITROGEN 30 Method 4500-NO: B, Reference 3.1. a. CHROMIUM ait Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Cr B, Reference 3.1, 32, FECAL COLIFORM sat Membrane Filtration Method, Method 9221 B, Reference 3.1 33. PHOSPHOROUS 33.1 Ascorbic Acid with Preliminary Digestion, Method 4300-P B, Reference 3. 34, ‘ALUMINUM 7 34a ‘Atomae Absorption Method, Method 3500-AIB, Reference 3.1. 36. BARIUM 7 35: ‘Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3800-Ba B, Reference 3.1 ‘TS-5b R234 AASHTO. (©2011 Wythe American Asoiton of State Highoay and Tratspcaon Oia ‘Al aghtetied Duplication sa vation of ape36. CADMIUM 26.4 Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Ca B, Reference 3.1 37. NICKEL - 374 Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Ni B, Reference 3.1 38. TOTAL COLIFORM 381 “Membrane Filtration Method, Method 9222 B, Reference 3.1 39. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES 30.4 ‘Method 10500 C, Reference 3.1 40. ACIDITY 7 ~ 40.4 Method 2310 B, Reference 3.1 a. OIL AND GREASE at Soxhlet Extract Method, Method $520 D, Reference 3. 42, TOTAL VOLATILE AND FIXED RESIDUE 424 Tenited at 550°C, Method 2540 Reference 3.1 43. SETTLEABLE MATTER 44 Method 2540 P, Reference 3.1 44. FISH POPULATIONS 444 Method 10060, Reference 3. 45. SALINITY 45.4. Electrical Conductivity Method, Method! 2500 B, Reference 3.1 46. PERIPHYTON 48.4 Method 10300, Reference 3. TS-5b R235 ‘AASHTO. {©2011 bythe Amarcan Associntion of Slate Highway nd Tenspotaion Ff, Ail igts reseed: Dupiton ia vain o aplcable a.47. ‘CHLORINE (RESIDUAL) ard DPD Titrimetrie Method, Method 4500-Cl P, Reference 3.1 472. PD Colorimetric Method, Method 4500-Cl G, Reference 3.1. 48. MERCURY 48.4, Flameless Atomic Absorption, Method 3500-1ig B, Reference 3.1 49. PLANKTON 494 Method 10200, Reference 3.1, 50. MACROPHYTON 60.4 Method 10400, Reference 3.1. 51. SILVER Bt Atomie Absorption Method, Method 3500-Ag B, Reference 3.1. 52. VANADIUM 524 ‘Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-V B, Reference 3.1. 53. BIOASSAY 53.1. Section 10400 F, Reference 3.1 64. PHENOLS 844. ‘Aminoaatipyrine Method, Method 5530, Reference 3.1. 55. FLUORIDE 55.1 Preliminary Distillation with SPADNS Colorimetric Method, Method 4500-F D, Reference 3.1 56. ‘ARSENIC 56.1. Silver Diethyldthiocerbamate Method, Method 3500-As C, Reference 3.1. 87. SELENIUM era. Atomic Absorption Method, Method 3500-Se B, Reference 3.1 TS-8b R236 ‘AASHTO {©2011 ty the American Asacnton of Ste High ad Transporation OM A rhs reser Dupeaton is ilaton ape av.58. ‘CYANIDE 58.1 Colorimetric Method 4500-CN B, Reference 3.1 59. ‘ODOR a 504 ‘Method 2150 B, Reference 3.1 60. ‘ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE eo ‘Methylene Blue Method, Method D-2330, Reference 3.3. ‘TS-5b R23-7 - AASHTO: (©2011 by he Amin Aston of State Highway an Transportation Oficial, Allright reserved apcaton i aon of plc awStandard Practice for Collection and Preservation of Water Samples AASHTO Designation 1 1. 12, : R 24-99 (2008) SCOPE ‘The objective of sampling is to collect «portion of material small enough in volume to be conveniently transported to and handled in the laboratory while sill accurately representing the ‘material being sampled. This implies, fist, tha the relative portions or concentrations of al pertineat components must be the sare in the sample a in the material being sampled, and second, that the sample must be handled in such a way that no significant changes in composition cceur before the tests are pesformed. Complete and unequivocal preservation of samples, whether ddomesti sewage, industrial waste, or natural waters, i a practical impossibility. Regardless ofthe nature of the sample, complete stability for every constituent ean never be achieved, At best, preservation techniques ean only retard the chemical and biological changes that inevitably continue after the sample is removed from the parent source. The values stated in SI units are tobe regarded asthe standard, 24 244 242. 22. TS8b TYPES OF SAMPLES Grab or Catch Samples—Stectly speaking, a sample collected at particular time and place represent only the composition ofthe source a that time and place. However, when a source Iknown tobe fairly constant in composition over a considerable period of time or over substantial distances in all directions, then the sample may be suid to represent a longer time period or a larger volume, of both, than the specific point at which it was collected. In such circumstances, some sources may be quite well represented by single grab samples. Examples are some water supplies, some surface waters, an, rarely, some wastewater streams, When a source is known to vary with time, rab samples collected at suitable intervals and analyzed separately can be of great value in documenting the extent, frequency, and duration of these variations. Choose sampling intervals on the basis of the frequency with which changes may be expected, which may vary from as lite a five minutes to as long as one hour or more. ‘Whea the composition ofa source varies in space rather than time, a se of samples collected from propriate locations with less emphasis on timing may provide the most useful information, reat car in sampling wastewater sludges, sludge banks, and muds. No definite procedure can be given, but every possible precaution should be taken to obtain a representative sample. Composite Samples—In most cass, the term composite sample refers toa mixture of grab samples collected at the same sampling point at different times. Sometimes the term time: composite is used when itis necessary to distinguish this type of sample from others. Time= ‘composite samples are most useful for observing average concentrations that are used, for ‘extmple, in ealeulaing the loading or the efficiency of a wastewater treatment plan. As an R24 ‘AASHTO (©2017 by the Amati Anal of State High and Trenpatton Oi Alright eves. Dupiaon ea aalon of aplca aw224 222. 2.23, 223. 23, 234. 282. alternative to the separate analysis of a large numberof samples, followed by computation of tverage and total result, composite samples of ths type represent substantial savings in laboratory effort and expense, For these purposes, a composite sample representing & 24-hour period is considered standard for most determinations. Under certain circumstances, however, 8 ‘composite sample representing one shif, or a shorter time period, ora complete cyele ofa periodic ‘operation, may be preferable. Evaluation ofthe effects of special, variable, or irregular discharges ‘and operations may require composite samples representing the period during whieh such discharges occur. For determination of components or characteristics subject to signffcant and unavoidable changes during storage, composite samples cannot be used. Perform such determinations on individual samples as soon as possible after collection and preferably atthe sampling point. ‘Analyses forall dissolved gases, residual chlorine, soluble sulfide, temperature, and pH are ‘examples of determinations of this type. Changes in components such as dissolved oxygen oF cearbon dioxide, pH, or temperature may produce secondary changes in certain inorganic ‘components such as iron, manganese, alkalinity, or hardness. Use time-composite samples only for determining components that ean be demonstrated to remain unchanged under the existing ‘conditions of sample calletion and preservation, “Take individual portions in a wide-mouth bottle having a diameter of at least 35 mm at the mouth and capacity of atleast 120 mi. Collet these portions each hour—in some eases half-hour or ‘even every five minutes and mix atthe end of the sampling period or combine ina single botle ts collected, If preservatives are used, add them to the sample bottle initially so that all portions of| ‘the composite are preserved as soon as collected. Analysis of individual simples may sometimes. be necessary, Lis desirable, and often absolutely essential, to combine the individual samples in volumes proportional tothe volume of flow. A final volume of 2 o 3 liters is sufficient for sewage, effluents, and wastes. ‘Automatic sampling devices ate available but should not be used unless the sample is preserved as,

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