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JPG=P47;\JPFP6Hj J]=V76 OK47JPG\JP8 \JP4MY= jºUP6O7= 476Vk6VmO°[6j V76
JP; =]O°JP4J
Vmn\J"4m6Ha 4m6HVm6HZ~O°JPcHWP= JPZ JP8:u2OK<:YHJI¾t="n 6 J]YH<:8><>OKJ ="Y.[P8>YHn 8>=;\JPVX= a$6H4KJ]cHd'6HVXU 6O7= 47<:JP<:Vn 6
^
UP6H476jk=PVEjkJP<:VTJP;I<gJPZ~OK6]1T`bG~Ue<:JPj+6HZ~OK6]¾$6V7V7JJPG$= 47; JPF 6HjZ WP=k<>Z~Ue<:JPG <>8:<L!HJ-JJ]G= 4m;\JPF 6j
F 47[ \YHJI¾]a$= 4 Hj¬Vm6Sj+= VmO74KJfG$6Hj jkJP<:V6 \YH<>6HZ~OK6Án\JPZ ; =Ã6HVO°JPj+= VOK47JPG\JP8 \JPZ ; =TZ =v6HVma\JPc=
#
$#
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8tOK47<>; <:j+6HZIV7<:=PZ\JP8 1 6HZI6H47<>Y.JPj+6HZ~O76P¾a='; 6jk= VA4m6Ha 4m6HV76Z~O°JP4MJPZ\JP8><>OK<>Y.JPj+6HZ~O76-n j
UP6OK=P4v;I=kVm6HF n <>Z~OK6Ajk='; = K
~v = x~i + y~j + z~k
0P1>0
`bZ ; 6 x~i¾ y~j 6 z~k VKWP=EUP6O7= 476VÁn 6f4m6Ha 4m6HVm6HZ~O°JPj JPVta 4m= m6Hcde6V5; =EU 6¤OK= 4 ~v Vm= G 476¢= Vt6H< se= V
'
¾ 6 ¾§476a6YO7<>U]JPj+6HZ~OK6]1kLÁJPj+= VA6HZ~OK6Z ; 64-jk68 =P4YH= j+= <>V7Vm= n ZIYH<:=PZ\J neOK<:8><L!HJPZ ; =
n j©6¨sI6jkaI8:=+G <:; <>jk6Z V7<>= Z\JP8 KÁ¡¢= Z Vm<:; 6476Hj+= Vv=kUP6OK=P4bJPa 4m6HVm6HZ~O°JP;I= Z =+6¤se6Hj+a 8:= 0 ¾}n j
x y z
UP6OK=P4Sn 6TOK6j = 47<>F 6Hj 6j (0, 0) 6v6¤s'OK4mjk<>;\JP; 6f6j (3, 4) ¾Y= ZI= 4mjk6f6VmO°[@jk=PVmOK47JP; =@Z\J
{§<>F n 47J 0 1 B'1
J#4m6.JP8><:;\J]; 6T=#n 6 !H6jk= VÁ= <\V7nIG VmO7<:47nI<:4SJ#476a 476V76ZOKJPc.W]=-; =#UP6O7= 4 ~v a$= 4Nn jkJ@Vm= jkJ
#
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8 YHn m=@476V7n 82O°JP;I= T<>F n\JP8\J ~v 15r5Z~OK6Z ; 6476Hj+= VÁjk68 =P4t<:VmV7=@jJP<>V5JP; <:JPZ~OK6fn\JPZI; =
'
6VmOK<2U 64Q¯j+= Vf6VmOKnI;\JPZ ; =JV7= jkJ; 6U 6O7= 476VH1
y
v
2 4j
1
3i
x
0 1 2 3
{§<:F nI4KJ 0 1_^ KN3547= m6cHd'6HVTU 6¤OK= 4m<gJP<>V6Hj; n JPVT; <:j+6HZ Vmde6V
'
¡¢= j+= 7[EYHJP8:Yn 8gJPj+= VJPZ~OK647<:=P47j+6HZ~OK6]¾~6HV7Vm6U 6¤OK= 4tO76Hj j '; n 8:=Ã<:F n JP8IJAhv6= 47jkJ 53, 13
'
Y= j©=6H< se= x 1b¡J]8:YHnI8gJPZ ;I=k= j '; n 8:=X;\Jka 47= m6c.WP=; 6HVmV76MUP6OK=P4bV7= GI476M=k6H< sI= x JPY \JQ
o
'
4m6Hj+= V¢=-Z9 j+6H4m=X^I¾I6Ãa 47='; 6YH6HZI; =X;\JMj+6HV7jkJ@=P47jkJ#6Hj 4768gJPcHWP=JP=M6H<2se= y J]Y \JP476jk=PV
=½Z9 j+6H47=½y 1¹ÃV7Vm<:j
¾a='; 6Hj+= VbY= j+a 8:6¤O°JPj+6HZ~OK6;I6HV7Y476¤U 6H4#= U 6O7= 4A; =½6¤se6Hj+a 8>="0X; =
Vm6HF n <>Z~OK6Ajk='; = K
~v = 3~i + 4~j
0 1CB
` Y.JPj+<:Z I=+<>Z~U 6H4mV7=OKJPj-G Hj #a64m6<>O°J]jk6ZO76Aa= VmV7u2U 6H8/¾}= nVm6 7JI¾};\JP;I=n joUP6OK=P4 ~v =
'
3~i + 4~j
a='; 6¨Q¯V76TYHJP8:Yn 8gJP45=@j e; nI:8 =6vJ@;I<:476c.WP=@; 6V7V76vU 6¤OK= 41 6V7V76ÃY.JPVm= ¾'=#j e;In 8:=; =
y
UP6OK=P4 TYHJP8:Yn 8gJP;I=YH= j+=AV76HZI; =MJ47JP<L!fn\JP;I4KJP;\J;\JAV7=PjJb; =PVÁn\J]; 4KJP;I= VN; = VNj '; n 8>= V
+
;\J]VvaI47= m6cHd'6HVH¾}= n½Vm6 7J K
' '
√
|v| = 32 + 4 2
`bVvY= V7Vm6HZ =PVÃ; <>476¤OK= 4m6HVfVKW]=kYHJP8:Yn 8gJP;I= V;\JXV76F n <:Z~O76A=P47jkJ K
J λ = = x
projx
|v|
3
G λ= =
5
projy 4
y |v| 5
`bZ ; 6 proj 6 proj VKWP=476V7a$6HY¤OK<>U]JPj+6HZ~O76 J]Va 47= m6cHd'6HV+; =U 6¤OK= 4 ~v V7= G 4m6½= V6H< sI=PV
'
6 1 =]OK6Xn 6J½V7=PjJ ; = VAn\JP;I4KJP; =PV#; =PV@Y= V7Vm6HZ =PVM; <>476O7= 476VAV76Hj+a 4m6 X<:JPF n\JP8tJ
x y
n ZI<:;\JP;I6P1
x y
2-, ; .213 4-,;
¹ÃVk= a$6H47JPcHd'6HV+YH=Pj U 6O7= 476VV7WP= 6V7V76Z YH<:JP<:V+Z\J"476HVm= 8:nIc.WP="; 6 n jª<:Z Z <:;\J]; 6½; 6 aI47=]Q
#
G 8>6HjkJPVH¾56 6j a\J]4mOK<>YHn 8:JP4-J]'nI6H8:6V; 6 <:Z~O76H476V7Vm6 ; J« 6HY PZ <:YHJI1 LN6476jk= VXJ Vm6HF nI<:4JPV
%
= a$6H47JPcHd'6HV#JP8>F HG 4m<:YHJPVba$= V7Vmu>U 6<:V@; 6+V76H4m6Hj4m6.JP8><L!.J];\JPVYH=PjwU 6¤OK= 4m6HVM6+V7n JPV#aI47= a 4m<:6;\JQ
; 6VH1
! #
4KJ Y.JPj+6HZ~OK6]¾}V7= jkJP4fU 6¤OK= 4m6HVbY= Z V7<>VmO76#6jY= 8:='Y.J]4TJk= 4m<:F 6jo; 6MnIjZ\Jk6¨seO7476jk<>;\JP; 6
#
; 6= nIOK4m= 6 JPVmV7<>jºY= Z V76YHnIO7<>U]JPj+6HZ~OK6]¾ÁJ]O ka= Vm<:Y<:= Z\J]4Q¯j+= VA= 9 82OK<>jk=½U 6¤OK= 4;\J V7= jkJI1
3= 4mOKJPZ~OK= ¾ Vm66HVO°JPj+= VVm= jJ]Z ; = A~ + B~ G\JPVO°J-OK47JPZ V7a$= 4O°JP4¢J-= 47<>F 6Hj ; =-UP6OK=P4 B~ a\JP4KJ
J 6¤s'O7476Hj+<:; JP; 6; = U 6¤OK= 4 A~ Y= ZI= 4mjk6=½<:8>n VmO74KJP;I= Z\J½{§<:F nI4KJ0 1zy 1 J jk6V7jkJ F n 4KJ #
a$=e;I6Hj+= V¢a$6H4mYH6HG$6H4¢'nI6AJMV7= jkJ#UP6OK=P47<gJ]8F = !.JM;\J#a 47= aI47<:6;\JP; 6EYH= j-neO°J]O7<>U]JI¾= n Vm6 7JI¾ = '
4m6HV7nI8>O°J]; =X; 6 A~ + B~ @=Xj+6HVmjk=Xn 6A=k;I6 B~ + A~
y y
A
R B
R
B
A
x x
{§<>F n 47J 0 1_y KÁie= jkJMU 6O7= 47<:JP8
h
E® = a$= Z~OK= ; 6Ue<>VmOKJ JPZ JP8:u2OK<:Y= ¾TV7= jkJP4½; = <>V U 6O7= 476VY= Z V7<>VmO76 JPa$6HZ JPV 6j V7= jkJP4½JPV
a 4m= m6Hcde6VEYHJP4mO76HV7<:JPZ\JPVTY= 474m6HZ Vma= ZI; 6HZ~OK6VH¾»JPV7Vm<:j
¾}JP=kVm= jkJP4T= VfU 6O7= 476V A~ = 3~i + 2~j 6
'
B ~ = 1~i + 4~j = GIO76H476jk=PVf=-U 6O7= 4 R ~ = (3 + 1)~i + (2 + 4)~j ¾\a=P4mO°J]ZO7= A ~+B ~ = 4~i + 5~j
`?n 6 =P<Ue<>VmO7= a\J]4KJ; n\JPVX; <>jk6Z V7d'6HVkJPa 8><:Y.JQ¯V76<:F n\J]8:j+6HZ~OK6 a\J]4KJOK4 Vk;I<:j+6HZ Vmde6VH¾
= ZI; 6 7[ #a= VmV7<2U 6H8a647Y6HG$6H4AJF 47JPZ ; 6@U]JPZ~O°JPF 6j?;I6MOK47JPG\JP8 \JP4TYH= j?J4m6Ha 4m6HV76Z~O°JPcHWP=
'
JPZ JP8:u2OK<:YHJ+;I= VmUP6OK=P476HV1-3= 4 j V76jkaI476-G$= ja\JP4KJ = 6VmO7n ;\JPZ~OK6X; 6Mjk6Y PZ <>Y.JkJ !H6H4=
%
6¨sI647Yu:<:=X; 6 Ue<>V7n\J]8:L< !HJP4 Ã=Xa 4m= G 8:6jJe1
JVm= jJ U 6¤OK= 4m<gJP8/¾= V7<>Z\JP8NZ 6HF J]OK<2U = JPa6Z\JPV#'nI6H4M;IL< !H64#n 6= U 6¤OK= 4#6HVO°[ =P47<:6Z~O°JP; =
Z =Vm6HZ~OK<>; =YH=PZO74K[P4m<:=J]= YH= Z~UP6HZ Y<:= Z\J]; =YH= j+= a$= V7<2OK<>UP= a\JP47J= V-6<2se= V-Y=e=P47; 6Z\JP; = V
{§<:F nI4KJ 0 1CB ¤1
# #
! #
¹ÃZO76HVT; 6; <>V7YnIOK<>47j+= Va 4m= a 47<:JPj+6HZ~OK6b=aI47='; nIOK=X; 6nIj¦6HVmY.JP8:JP4fa$= 4n j U 6O7= 4H¾ U]JPj+= V
<>ZO747='; n !<:4A= Y= Z Y6H<>O7=; 6+U 6¤OK= 4@n Z <2O°[P4m<:= K @ .$ &., &¼\¼ \&)
J ~}½ " ·&$\f 1Ãie6M6V7V76#U 6O7= 4EnIZ <>OK[P47<>=+6VmOK[V7= GI476M=k6H< sI= x ¾68:6
Vm6H4K[G\JOKL< !HJP; = ;I6 ~i ¾5;\J j+6HVmjJ= 4mjJ½OK6476Hj+= V-=PV-U 6O7= 476V ~j 6 ~k ¾tU 6¤OK= 4m6HVXn Z <2O°[P4m<:= V
Vm= G 476A= VT6<2se= V y 6 z ¾}4m6HV7a$6HY¤OK<2UPJ]jk6ZO76P1
6Hj-GI4KJ;\J476a 476V76HZ~OKJPc.WP=+Y.J]4mOK6V7<:JPZ\J; 6n j¦UP6O7= 4 3= <>VfG6j ¾e8g[ 7[XJPa\J]476HY6H47JPj¦= V
'
UP6OK=P476HVÃn Z <2O°[P4m<:= V¾ 6O°JPj-G Hj¦=ka 4m=e;InIOK=+; 6@n joU 6¤OK= 4va=P4vnIjo6HVmY.JP8:JP4H1 JX476.J]8:<:; JP; 6
=Xa 4m=e; neOK=X; 6An j¦UP6OK=P4va$= 4fn j¦6HV7YHJP8gJ]4fZ\JP;\JjkJP<:V ;I=kn 6An jkJ-V7= jkJYH= ZIV76HYnIOK<2U]J
; 6En jpj+6HVmjk=@U 6¤OK= 41¢`bn Vm6 7JI¾ JP=-<:Z~U HV; 6EV76b6V7YH4m6UP6H4 B~ = A~ + A~ + A~ + A~ + ... + A~
'
N
UP6 !H6VH¾$= aIOKJQ¯Vm6a= 4T6V7YH4m6UP6H4 B~ = N · A~ 1
¡¢= j+=TJPVa 4m= m6Hcde6V;I= V U 6¤OK= 4m6HVV7= GI4765= V6<2se= VYH='= 4m; 6HZ\J]; = VV764KWP=TVm6Hj+a 4765n j¥j-9 8>O7<:a 8>=
'
;\JXn Z <>;\JP; 6]¾\nIOK<>8:"< !.JPj+= V¢=PVTUP6O7= 476VEn Z <2O°[P4m<:= V¢a\JP4KJX; 6YH= j+a=P4fn joU 6¤OK= 4Tn\JP8>'nI6H4v6Hj
n jkJV7= jkJ; 6U 6¤OK= 4m6HVvj-9 8>O7<:a 8>= V¢;I= VU 6¤OK= 4m6HVEnIZ <>OK[P47<>= VH1
y
i x
k
{§<:FPn 4KJ0P1 h KtLN6¤OK= 4m6HVvn Z <2O°[P4m<:= V
z
q
ÁL JPj+= VÃjJP<>VEn jkJkUP6!476YH= 4m4764AJP=U 6¤OK= 4AJ]a 476V76HZ~OKJP; =½Z = 6¤se6jka 8>= n j?a\JP4KJk<:8:nIVmOK47JP4
JPV+<:; H<gJ]V+;I6
UP6OK=P4kn ZI<>O°[]47<:=I¾S; 6
a 4m=e; neOK="; 6n jª6V7YHJP8gJP4Xa$= 4Xn jªU 6¤OK= 4+6 ;I6 Vm= jJ
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8 1 = 6¤se6Hj+a 8>= n jO7u:Z \J]jk= VAn jUP6OK=P4 ~v = 3~i + 4~j 1 `bn·V76 7JI¾§= U 6O7= 4 ~v
'
<>F n\JP8J+V7= jkJk; =PVvUP6OK=P476HV 3~i 6 4~j 1v3= 4v= nIO747=k8gJP; =+=kUP6O7= 4 3~i Z\JP; JkjkJP<:V @; = n 6-J
Vm= jJk; = VbU 6¤OK= 4m6HV ~i + ~i + ~i 6-;I= jk6V7j+= jk='; = =kU 6O7= 4 4~j J V7=PjJY= Z Vm6HYHneOK<>U]J ; 6
n\J]O747=XU 6¤OK= 4m6HV ~j 1
y
Somando os vetores
3 i + 4 j obtemos
o vetor v
somando o vetor j quatro
vezes consecutivas, temos
v
4j
o vetor 4 j
3i
x
0
somando o vetor i três
vezes consecutivas, temos
o vetor 3 i
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XJPa$6HZ JPVn j£j+=e;I6H8:=kn 6XZ = VnIO7<:8:<"!.JPj+= Vva\JP47J½j+6H8 = 4Ã6HZ~OK6Z ; 6H4@J 476HJP8:<>;\JP; 6]1-« JP<:V
JP;I<gJPZ~OK66joZ = VmV7=+YHn 4mV7=+U = 82O°JP4m6Hj+= VfJJP8gJP4S; 6HVmV76MJPV7Vmn Z~OK= 1
` n 6Ã;I6U 6jk=PV¢6HZ~O76HZ ; 64¢a$= 4ÁJPF = 47J Ãn 6vZ = VÁnIOK<>8:"< !.JPj+= Vt; 6Tn j j+='; 6H8>=@n 6ÃJPVmV7='YH<gJ
=·Y= Z Y6H<>O7= u:Vm<:Y= ; 6=P47c.J JP=·YH=PZ YH6<>OK= jkJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH=; 6 n j U 6¤OK= 4¾Ãa$= 4O°JPZ~OK=I¾fa\JP4KJ
n 6+n jkJ= 47cHJ Vm6 7J½a 8:6Z\JPj+6HZ~OK6YHJP4KJPY¤OK647L< !HJP;\JI¾aI476HY<:V7J½O76H4 K@J b3= Z~OK= ; 6+JPa 8><:Y.J]c.WP=
'
'nI6 XJ = 47<>F 6Hj; = U 6¤OK= 4 ¤¾G ¸¯ZO76HZ Vm<:;\J]; 6 n 6 = j e; nI8:=;I=½UP6O7= 4 ¨¾Y m®Ã<:476c.WP= 6
!
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#
v jJ-<>Z \Z <>;\JP; 6b;I6@aI47= G 8>6HjkJPV¢4m6.JP<>Vfa='; 6j¦V764T476HVm= 8>U'<>; = VY= j¦n j¦V7<:j+a 8>6HV¢j+='; 6H8>= ¾
#
n 6k8gJPZ cHJ jWP=½; 6kJPa$6HZ\J]V#; =P<:VAYH= ZIYH6H<2OK= VK-Jb= YH= ZIYH6H<2OK= ; 6+a= Z~O7=jkJ]OK647<gJ]8§6+G A=
Y= Z YH6<>O7=+;I6A=P47c.Je1
3JP4KJ-J]VZ = VmVKJPVTJPaI8:<:YHJPcHd'6HV 7[MV7JPG6jk=PV=-n 6 Ã=P47c.Je¾I6bY= jk=Ma='; 6Hj+= VÁ476a 476V76HZ~OKJQ¯8:J
'
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=+; 6#a$= Z~OK=
jkJ]OK647<:JP8 1 ³bI/%~M 5$. I. '&\ NO°JPjMG j¬n j¿YH= ZIYH6H<2OK=ÃJPG VOK4KJOK= ¾= 47<>n Z ; =
; =#YH= ZIYH6H<2OK=#jJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH=; 6Ãa=PZO7= 15®E6V7Vm6bjk='; = ¾Y= Z V7<>; 6H47JP476jk=PVSa$= Z~OK=@YH= j+=MVm6HZ ;I=
n j 8:nIF~JP4¢ZI=6HV7a JPcH= ¾I; 6 \ZI<:; =a$= 4¢nIj¦YH=PZ mn Z~OK=; 6Y=e=P47; 6Z\JP;\JPV1Á« n <2OK= VaI47= G 8>6HjkJPV
# '
a$=e;I6HjV764Ã4m6H; n !H<:;I= VEJX6HVmV76#V7<:j+a 8>6HVTjk='; 68:== Z ;I6#Vm= jk6Z~OK6@6¤se<:VO°JPjo= 4mc.JPVÃJ]O7n\JPZ ; =
6jªn jªa=PZO7= jkJ]OK647<:JP8 1 LÁJPj+= VXJPF =P4KJ"JPZ\JP8><:VKJ]4XJP8:F nIZ VX; 6HVmV76HVa 47= GI8:6HjkJPV4m6.JP<>VH¾¢6
Y= Z VmO747n <>4EVmn\J476a 476V76ZOKJPc.W]=½O76 4m<:YHJJPVmV7='YH<gJ];\Jkn V7JPZ ; =6¤seYH8>n V7<2UPJ]jk6ZO76M= VÃYH= ZIYH6H<2OK= V
; 6Aa$= Z~OK=X6= 47cHJI1
% 5 $ '
{<:F n 47J 0 1_| KÁ¡JPG$=k; 6 n 6H4m4KJ
ÁL JPj+= VJPZ JP8:<>VKJP4#6HV7V7J"Vm<:j+a 8:6V-G 4m<:Z YHJP; 6H<>4KJ ; 6 Y47<:JPZ c.J jJPVM'nI6 7[ = <Sjk=';\JP8><:;\J]; 6
'
= 8>u:j+a <:YHJv6XOK6Z~O°JP4@<:; 6Z~OK< Y.JP4@JPVAU]JP47<:[UP6H<>V@6j m= F = ¾6+6HZ~OK6Z ; 6H4#=a 4m=eY6HVmV7=;I6+O74KJQ
# '
; nIc.WP= ; 6 nIj aI47= G 8>6HjkJ476.J]8va JP4KJn jªj+=e; 68:=u:Vm<:Y=]Q¯jkJ]OK6j[OK<:Y= YH=P47476V7a$= Z ; 6Z~OK6P1
3547<>jk6<:47JPjk6Z~OK6f=Mn 6vOK6jk= VÁVKW]=M; = <>VÁO7<:j+6HVN; 6ÃYH47<:JPZ cHJPVSaInesIJPZ ; =-nIjJAjk6V7jkJ#Y= 47;\J
6joV76ZO7<:; =PVv=Pa= VOK= V15LÁJPjk=PVfYH= Z VOK4mn <:4fn j¦jk='; 6H8>=; =XV76F n <:Z~O76@j+='; = K
0P1E¡J];\JMOK<>jk6 )H$ Vmn\JPV } \) ; 6bj+='; =Mn 6a$=e;I6Hj+= VSVmn a$= 4n 66¤se<>VmOK<>4K[@n jJ
=P47c.J4m6HV7nI8>O°J]ZO76A; 6AY.JP;\JOK<>jk6]1
B'1ÃÂvj¦OK<>jk6Ea nesIJ+a JP4KJXJX6HV7n 647;\J+6A=+=PnIOK4m=+a JP4KJXJ; <:4m6H<2O°JI1
^e1E`¿Z +YH6HZ~O74KJP8;\JXYH=P47;\J An joa$= Z~OK=XjkJ]OK647<gJ]8
yI1v¹ÃVf= 47cHJPVT476HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6Vv;I6@YHJP;\JOK<>jk6b6VmOKWP=J]a 8:<>Y.JP;\J]VV7= GI476A=XZ kY6HZ~OK47JP8
¡¢= j£6V7VKJ]V#Vm<:j+a 8:6VbYH= ZIV7<:;I6H4KJ]de6V@a$='; 6Hj+= VbOK47JPZI= 4mjJ]4J 476.J]8:<:; JP; 6JPaI476HVm6HZ~O°J];\J Z\J
{§<>F n 47J 0 1C|Z =+j+=e; 68:=MUP6O7= 47<:JP8JPa 4m6HVm6HZ~O°JP;I=Z\JX{§<>F n 4KJ 0P1C
Ft1 Ft2 X
0
{§<>F n 4KJ 0P1C KÁ¡J]G=+; 6 AnI6H4747JMQÁjk='; 6H8>=-U 6¤OK= 4m<gJP8
§r se<:VmO76HjpV7<:j+a 8>< \YHJPcHd'6HVÁ6V7<>jka 8>< \YHJPcHd'6HV¾ej+='; 6H8:JPF 6HZIV¢6bj+=e;I6H8gJ]F 6HZ V1t¸¯V7Vm=X'nI6H4T; <L!6H4
# #
n 6+a\JP47J½j+='; 6H8:JP4b6HVmVKJ½V7<>jka 8>6HVG 4m<:Z YHJP; 6<:4KJ ;I6+Y47<:JPZ c.J a$=e;I6H47u:JPj+= VbZ = VA;\J]4#J]= 4m6¤Q
n <>ZO76b; 6b8>6U]JP4Á6Hj YH= Z~OKJM=J]O747<>O7=M; =MV7= 8>=MYH=Pjp= VSVKJPa J]OK= V¢;\JPV¢Y47<:JPZ c.J]VH¾I= PZ F n 8>=M; 6
%
<>Z YH8><:Z\JPcHWP=;\JXOK6H4m4KJX6MJ]V7V7<>joa$= 4T; <gJPZ~O76P1f3= 4 jZ = VvYH= Z~OK6Z~O°JPj+= VvYH= jn jkJXV7<:j+a 8>6HV
Vm= jJ#; 6b= 47cHJPV4m6HV7nI8>O°J]Z ; =-6j¦n j jk='; 68:= Z\JP8 ¾'= Z ;I6=-n 66¤se<:VOK6 bnIjpa$= Z~OK=jkJQ
#
O76H47<:JP8= Z ;I6MVKW]= JPa 8><:YHJP;\JPVT; n\J]VÃ= 4mc.JPV UP6OK=P476HV F~t1 6 F~t2TYH= j©J+jk6V7jkJk; <>476HcHWP=+6
Vm6HZ~OK<>; = V5= a$= VmO7= VH1t3§JP47JAV7JPG$6H4tn 6j F~JPZ I= nXG\JPVmOKJbV7= jkJP4t=PVtU 6O7= 476V5= 47cHJb6HZ~U = 82U'<:; = V
Z =+a 4m= G 8:6jJe1
3='; 6#Vm6H4vn 6#a JP4KJXn jkJ+= neOK4KJ \Z\J]8:<:; JP; 6V76 7Jk<>ZO76H4m6HV7V7JPZ~OK6#6@U'<g[.UP6H8<:Z Y8:n <>4jkJP<:VU]JQ
# '
4m<g[.U 6<:V§Z JJPZ\[P8><:V76]¾]<>V7Vm=bUPJ]<e; 6a6Z ; 645; =bY.J]V7=AJEVm6H456HVOKn ; JP; = 1§3§JP47Jbj-n <>O7= V§aI47= G 8>6HjkJPV
6j£6HZ FP6HZ \J]47<gJe¾ +a$= VmV7u>UP6H85nIO7<:8>L< !.J]4EVKJOK<:VJ]OK=P47<gJ]jk6ZO76M=½j+=e; 68:= ;I6+4m6H; n !H<:4b=P47c.J]V#J
n j¦9 Z <:Y=Xa= Z~O7=+jkJ]O76H47<:JP8 1LÁJPj+= VU 64ÃJ]8:F n ZIV
§ ·\ e&\%~&/
LÁJPj+= VÃV7n a$= 4n 6-U ='Y 6VmOK[ 6HjwnIjwJP4mjJ ! Hj= Z ;I6-= V= a$6H47[P47<>= VE6jka nI474KJ]j?YHJP<2sIJPV
@
a 4m<:Vmj[]O7<:YHJPVH1ELN='Y Ma6V7= n O7=e;\J]VJPVbYHJP<2sIJPVb6#U 6H4m< \Y= nn 6a$=e; 6MYH= Z Vm<:; 64K[Q8gJPVvOK=';\JPV
@ #
0
a$6HV7JPZ ; =Mq~hP 6 fO7= Z V1Á«JP47Y= nnIj a 8gJPZI=@;I6Ã4m66H4 HZ Y<gJ@Z =#<>Z u:Y<:=;\JA4KJ]jka\JA6Tjk6; <:n
*
JMY=PO°JJ]= \Z\JP8;\JM47JPjka JM<:F n JP8$J-y~MYH6Z~OKu:j+6O747= V1N« 6; <:n =Y= jkaI47<:j+6HZ~O7=M8:<>Z 6.J]4S4m6OK=
*#
;\JX4KJ]jka\J-<>F n\JP8»J 0P¾>0j+6O747= V¾ 6A6HV7G$='cH= n =X; 6HVm6HZ =JPa 4m6HV76Z~O°JP; =kZ\JX{§<:FPn 4KJ 0 120
0m
1,1
0,40 m
{§<:F nI4KJ 0 120 K5358:JPZ =X¸¯Z YH8><:Z\J]; =
3§JP47JEV7<>jka 8>< \YHJP4 Vmn\JÃU'<:;\Je¾UP=eY ¢V7nIad'6¢n 6SZ\WP= [EJ]O747<>O7=Ã6Z~OK476¢JPVY.JP< s J]V§6SJÃV7nIa64mu:Y<:6
#
;\J 47JPjka JI¾T8:6HjMG 476¨Q¯V76]¾E=lj+=e; 68:= Vm6Hn 1 ®Ã6a= VmV76; 6OK=';\JPV6HV7V7JPV <:ZI= 4mjJ]cHd'6HV6
Vmn a=PV7<:cde6V 4m6HVma= ZI;\J K'n JP8 "Jl= 4mc.JlZ 6HY6HVmVK[P4m<gJla\JP4KJl6Hj+a 4mn 4747JP4½JYHJP<2sIJl4KJPj+a\J
JPY<:jkJ
; 13 IC?F -
TR 6HVma= ZI;\JlJPV a647F nIZOKJPV n 6V76Vm6HF n 6j ¾v6U'<2O°JPZ ;I=·J !H64 Y a <:JPVH¾v<:VOK= ]¾Ã4m6HV7a$= Z ; J
Y= j?Vmn\JPVa 4 a 4m<gJPVÃa\JP8gJ.U'4KJ]VE6-Y= jkaI476H6Z ; 6Z ; =½= n 66HVO°[ 6V7YH4m6UP6HZ ; =I1ie6 7J= jJ]<:V
'
= G m6OK<2U =+a=PV7V7u2U 68 ¾ = n V76 7JI¾\6U'<2OK6 \YHJP4 6HZIY 6HZ ;I=8:<>Z F n <>c.J K1
' ' #
0P1Ebn\J]<:VfVKW]=+=PVv=PG m6O7<>U =PVv; J« 6Y PZI<:Y.J a\J]4KJn 6AV76H4U 6 a=P4f'n #6¨sI<>VmO76
(' %
B'1Ã3= 4n 6= V¢jk='; 6H8>= VSu>V7<>YH=]QjJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH= V 7J]jJP<>VSY= 474m6HVma= ZI; 6H47WP=X<:Z~OK6F 4KJP8>jk6Z~OK6
'
J4m6.JP8><:;\JP;I6Eu:Vm<:Y.J
^e1E`¿n 6J !n j¦j+='; 6H8>=-u:V7<>YH=]QjJOK6Hjk[]O7<:YH=AVm6#J]a 47=.se<:jkJP4¢=Pn
Vm6@J]JPVmOKJP4f;\J476HJP8:< Q
; JP; 6An 6OK6HZ~OKJ+4m6Ha 4m6HV76Z~O°JP4
yI1Ã3= 4'nI6¢a 4m6HYH<>VKJPj+= V; = Vj+=e; 68:= Vu>V7<:Y=]Q¯jkJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH= V$a\J JP47JÃVm<:j-n 8:JP4Jv476.J]8:<:; JP; 6
'h 1îÃ=ka$= Z~OK=X; 6U'<:VO°Jjk6Y PZI<:YH=I¾ =X'nI6 = 4mc.J
%
qe1îÃ=ka$= Z~OK=X; 6U'<:VO°JjJOK6Hjk[]O7<:YH=I¾e=+n 6 AUP6O7= 4
x'1Ã3= 4Tn 6= 47cHJ An jkJF 4KJ]Z ; 6 !HJXUP6O7= 47<:JP8
!
|e1Ebn\J]8JlU]JPZ~OKJPF 6Hj ; 6476HaI476HVm6HZ~O°J]4 n jkJ·= 47cHJlJ]OK47JU HV ; 6V7n\J]V Y= jka$= Z 6Z~OK6HV
YHJP4mO76HVm<gJPZ\J]V
0 0
e 1Ebn\J]8J+4m6H8:JPc.WP=6Z~OK476@j e; nI8:=-; 6An jpU 6O7= 4T6A<:Z~OK6Z V7<>;\JP; 6A; 6An jkJ-= 47cHJ
0I1f¹Ãa 476V76ZO76kO74 HV@V7<2OKn\J]cHd'6HV@476.J]<:Vn 6a$='; 6Hj£Vm6H4@476; n !H<>;\JPV#J nIjjk='; 6H8>= = Z ; 6
Vm= j+6HZ~OK6A6¤se<>VmO°J]j¦= 47cHJPVvJPa 8><:Y.J];\JPV6jon jo9 ZI<:YH=Xa$= Z~OK=XjkJ]OK647<gJ]8 1
0B
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1=,C 13
5r j n jpVm<:VOK6HjkJM; 6Ã= 47cHJPV¢n\JP8>n 6H4¾\J } ').(\$ b= GIO7<:;\J#J-a\JP4mO7<:4Á;\JMVm= jJ
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8§; 6-O7=e;\J]VbJPVb= 4mc.JPVE'nI6<:Z~OK6F 4KJPj= V7<>VmO76HjkJI1@¡¢= j+= ¾ a$= 4E6'n JPZ~OK= ¾6HVO°JPj+= V
O74KJ]OKJPZ ; = ;I6V7<:VOK6jJPVÃ= Z ; 6-O7=e; JPVbJPVÃ= 47cHJPVbVKW]=½JPa 8:<>Y.JP; JPVÃ6jwn j9 Z <>YH= a$= Z~OK= ¾= GeQ
U'<gJ]jk6ZO76#=ka=PZO7=; 6MJPa 8><:Y.J]c.WP=X;\JX= 47cHJk476V7n 82O°JPZ~O76Ma\JP47Jk6V7V76VbV7<>VmO76HjkJPV @=j+6HVmjk=
= ZI; 6A6HVmOKWP=kJPa 8:<>Y.JP; JPVfJPVT; 6jJP<>V¢= 4mc.JPV1
`?n 6
<:j+a=P4mO°J]ZO76½JPa 4m6H6HZI; 6H4k; = Y= Z YH6<>O7= ; 6½= 4mc.J 4m6HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6 ="V76F n <:Z~O76 K¹
= 4mc.J 476V7n 82O°JPZ~O76"Z Jl4m6.JP8><:;\J]; 6Z\WP=l6HVO°[JPa 8><:Y.J];\J 6Hj n j a$= Z~OK= ¾Ã= n Y= 47a$= ¾Ã6H8gJ
JPa$6HZ JPV#nIjJ V7<>jkaI8:< Y.JPcHWP= n 6+V76XJ !Xa\JP4KJ O7= 47Z\J]4#J JPZ\[]8:<:Vm6-; = V7<>VmOK6jJ½jkJP<:VE[]YH<:8/1
#
¡¢= ZIYH6H<2OKn\J]8:j+6HZ~OK6TJE= 4mc.J476V7n 82O°JPZ~O76 vnIjJE= 4mc.Jn 6 Vmn G VmO7<>O7n < ¢JPV5; 6jJ]<:Vt= 4mc.JPV5; =
Vm<:VmO76HjkJI¾»jkJPZ~OK6Z ; = = VEjk6V7j+= Vb66<>O7= VE= 4m<:n ZI; = Vb;\J]VE= 47cHJPVJPaI8:<:YHJP;\JPVv6Hj?YH= Z mn Z~OK= ¾ '
= n V76 7JI¾t6H8:J k=4m6HV7nI8>O°J]; = ¾§6jOK6H4mjk=PV#; 6+66<>O7= V#Vm= G 4m6= V#YH= 4ma= V¾§; = YH= Z mn Z~OK= ; 6
' '
= 4mc.JPVvJPaI8:<:YHJP; = V1
=PVvneOK<:8>L< !HJPjk=PVÁ;I=+Y= Z Y6H<>O7=X; 6= 47cHJ-476HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6Aa$= 4n 6 j-n <2OK=jkJP<:VÁ[PYH<>8 JPZ\J]8:<:V7JP4
= VÃ66<>OK=PVE;\JPVv= 47cHJPVEVm= G 4m6-= VEY= 47a$= VÃ'n JPZ ; = 4m6H; n !<:j+= VTOK='; = n j©V7<2OK6jJ+; 6#= 4mc.JPV
J-n jkJM9 ZI<:Y.Je15¹¬a\JP4OK<:4Á;\JJPZ [P8:<>V76E; JM= 47cHJ-476HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6ba$='; 6Hj+= V¢;IL< !H64V76=Y= 47a$=-U]JP<
a\J]4KJ J 6HVmn 6H4m;\JI¾= nV76-U]JP<§a\JP4KJ J ;I<:476<>OKJI¾=PnV76XZ\WP= U]JP<§J 8:n F~J]4EZ 6Z n j ¾6-JPV7Vm<:j
a$= 4M;I<gJPZ~OK6]1 LÁJPj+= VMJ nIjº6¨sI6jkaI8:= KX¹EZ JP8:<>V76kJ 6HVmOKJPY.JJ]a 476V76HZ~OKJP;\J Z\J{§<>F n 47J Be120 ¾
= ZI; 6; n JPVMY= 47;\J]VMVKW]= JPjkJP4747JP;\JPVA6+OK4KJ]YH<:=PZ\JP;\JPVAZ\J]VM; <>476Hcde6VM6+V76ZO7<:; =PVM<:ZI; <:YHJP; = V
Z\J \F nI4KJI1
#
ienIa= ZI; =n 6b=XJ]O747<>O7=MVm6 7JMU 6Z YH<>; =6 7[JP;I=PO°JPZI; =JP8>F n jkJPVSVm<:j+a 8:< \Y.J]cHd'6HV5O°JP<>V¢Y= jk=
' ' #
Y= Z V7<>; 6H47JP4¢n 6bJPj-G\JPV¢JPV¢Y= 47; JPV¢= 47JPj JPjJ]474KJ];\JPVNV7= GI476b=-j+6HVmjk=#a=PZO7=-; =-6<2se=-; 6
Vm<:j+6OK4m<:YHJ-;\J+6VmOKJPY.JI¾}6O°J]j-G jJPa 4m=U 6H<2O°JPZI; =X6HV7Vm6M6<2se=k;I6@Vm<:j+6O747<gJ-a JP4KJa$= V7<>YH<:=PZ\JP4
0^
Y
45 N
30 N
60o 35o X
s
5 - A53i3 - s c;0 5[df 369 5
=¯5
5 - =V c; 5[9 - 53y . 5J3534\ .;0 40
s@aQKy :; s c5 - 9 A
^c ;3.0 `g
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6 5,.a> K >B ;0 5I4l $530 5I =F4l .. - 5I - 5
.0 5$.w> K>B;0 5
-
=F 5`@a:
F~1 = (30cos35)~i + (30sen35)~j = 25, 579~i + 15, 675~j
F~2 = −(45cos60)~i + (45sen60)~j = −26, 450~i + 36, 406~j
¨ - c @as t53.0 :K§. - > h;0 ] =A4l .. - ~ ; hdf 369 ~ ;>EpS5
V ]5
0 ] 3. - 697
i F2
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69 1
53K - . - br +- ;0
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m4 - Q;0 m5
=V h> -
Kª;0 5©df
69 :5o.w> K >B; 5e. r535 - =F J5
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df 369 5 @B`5
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6 5& .5
;_ :;0 5&=|. 5
53 4
+ K=F H - . -
F~1 F~2
-
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~ = F~1 + F~2 = (25, 579 − 26, 450)~i + (15, 675 + 36, 406)~j
R
H - . - J( edf
6 s353K - . - 5
_^s;0 ;0 c4l
~ = −0, 871~i + 52, 081~j
R
z
4
5
. - 67 V
^:0 s; sdf 369 c
5
K - . - Q5 - ^F 4
53. - :;0 F.0 s
s
!B
H ;=A 5, .;0 A9 K K ` V. - .5
;0 ;Qe 5¨ 535
. 5,;
- 35$; Fdf
6 F35
K - :. -
$5
53o=A ; - 3=A 5N@a
q
R= (0, 871)2 + (52, 081)2 = 52, 088N
¨ - ¨@a b, 4l. 5 ©=FMB;K ; ©> - df 369 Ja4l - . - Ja= 5
9 :Ky $4l 535
©5 - ^
R
53= @aK A53 - ./0 s==F c@BobQ5_ ; F =F s. - 697: F;> - Gz$ _ s@ae^cdf
Fr
Y
{<:F n 47JXBe1CB KN{\= 47cHJX4m6HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6AV7= GI476@J6HVmOKJPY.J
YHJP8:Yn 8gJP; J@J@<:Z~OK6Z V7<>;\JP; 6]¾ea$='; 6Hj+= VNY.JP8>YHn 8:JP45= VÁYH= VmV76Z = V; <>476¤OK= 4m6HVÁ; 6EJ]YH= 4m; =#Y= jkJ#JPV
6¨sIaI476HVmV7d'6HVEJPa 476V76ZOKJP;\JPVÃZ\JV76c.WP= 0 1 B-;\JXJPnI8gJ 0 1Á®E6HVmV76@jk='; =OK6476jk= VT= VfVm6HF nI<:Z~OK6V
Y= V7Vm6HZ = Vv; <>476O7= 476VTa\JP4KJXJ-= 4mc.J476V7n 82O°JPZ~OK6 K
−0, 871
λx = = −0, 00167
52, 088
52, 081
λy = = 0, 9999
52, 088
P= O76Mn 6M=+YH=PV7V76Z = ; <>476O7= 4 λ #ZI6HF~J]O7<>UP= ¾}6MYH=Pjk= 7[+;I<:V7Vm6Hj+= VEZ JJPn 8:J 0 ¾Y= V7Vm6HZ =PV
'
; <>476¤OK= 4m6HVZ 6F~J]OK<2U = V<>Z ; <>Y.JPj©n 6X= Vj+6HZ = 4m6HV PZIF n 8:=PVb6HZ~OK4m6X= U 6O7= 4A6= 6H< sI= ;I6+4m6¤Q
x
%
64 HZIYH<gJX6HZ~OKWP=Z =kV76ZO7<:; = = 47[P47<>= ¾ ; 6V7V76#jk='; = ¾\Vm6M; 6V76 7JPjk=PVÃV7JPG64T= PZ FPn 8:=Xn 6-J
+ ' %
= 4mc.JX476V7n 82O°JPZ~OK6= 4mjJ-6j4768gJPcHWP=+JP=X6H<2se= x j+6H; <>; =XZ =+V76HZ~O7<:; =kJPZ~OK< Q = 47[P47<>=a$= Vm<2Q
O7<>U = fG JPVmOKJkY.J]8:YHnI8gJP4T=kJP47Y=YHn m==+YH= VmV76HZI= M<>F n\JP8JQ I¾_ I0.q~xe¾ a$= 4mOKJPZ~OK= ¾\O76Hj+= VÃn 6
'
θ = 100, 106
x
o 1Ár±Y= jk= 7[64KJX6HV7a$6H47JP; =+6HVmV76 PZ F n 8>= AjJP<>= 4n 6 90
' % o
Fr
Y
θx
{§<:FPn 4KJXBe1_^ K ÃZ F n 8>= Vf6HZ~OK4m6@JX= 4mc.J476V7n 82O°JPZ~O76@6A= Vf6<2se= VTYH='= 4m; 6HZ\J]; =
53 47='YH6; 6HZI; =; = j+6HVmjk= jk='; = ¾a='; 6Hj+= V#Y.JP8>YHn 8:JP4#= PZ F n 8>=n 6 J = 47cHJ476V7n 82O°JPZ~OK6
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n 6@V76OK47J]O°J]476Hjp; =+6Hn <:8>u:G 4m<:=#YH<:ZI6Hjk[]OK<>YH=V764KWP=+6¤sea 8><:Y<>O°J]; = V= a$= 4OKn Z\J]jk6ZO76P1
`¦YH= Z Y6H<2OK=;I66Hn <>8:u>G 47<>= ; 6k= 4mc.JPV@6Hj n j a$= Z~OK= jJ]O76H4m<gJP8tFP6H4KJ]8:j+6HZ~OK6 kneOK<:8>L< !HJP; =
a\J]4KJM; 6¤OK647j+<:Z\JP4Án jkJ@= 4mc.JM<>Z Y PF Z <>OKJI¾~O°JP8$YH=Pjk=#n jJ@476HJPc.WP=M; 6JPa$= <:=#= n n jkJ@=P47c.J
Z 6YH6V7VK[]47<gJAa\JP47J 6Hn <>8:<>G 4KJP4 S6HV7Vm6Ã=PnkJ]'nI6H8:6fVm<:VOK6HjkJ; 6f= 47cHJPVH1LN6 7JPj+= Vtn j 6¤se6Hj+a 8:=
'
JPZ JP8:<>VKJPZ ;I==+aI47= G 8>6HjkJ-6¤sea$= VmO7=kZ\J+{§<>F n 4KJXB'1_y
4500 N
30o
B
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1200 cm
300 cm
{§<>F n 47JXBe1_y KNrNn <>8:u>G 47<>=-; 6= 47cHJPVT6HjonIjoa=PVmOK6
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YHJPa\J !#; 6 JPZn 8gJ]4=k66<>OK=+;\JX= 47cHJk; 6#yhP J]a 8:<>Y.JP;\JXJ+; <:4m6H<>OKJ; =a$= VmO76P1LÁJPj+= V
4m6H; n !<:4v6HVmV76MVm<:VOK6HjkJ+Jkn j= ZI; 6@O7=e; JPVEJ]VT=P47c.J]VÃ6ZUP= 8>U'<>;\JPVv6HVmOKWP= J]a 8:<>Y.JP;\J]Vv6jn j
9 ZI<:YH= a$= Z~OK= ¾Z = Y.JPVm= ¾J =P47<:FP6Hjw;I= VA6H<2se= VAYHJP4mO76HV7<:JPZ = V@JPaI476HVm6HZ~O°J]; = VMZ J {§<>F n 47J½Be1_y
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'
;\J]Vv= 4mc.JPVÃJPa 8><:YHJP;\JPVfZ\J]'nI6H8:6Aa$= Z~OK=kV76 7J+Zn 8gJI1¢iIJPG$6Hj+= VÃJP<:ZI;\J'nI6#a$=e;I6Hj+= VT476HaI476¤Q
'
Vm6HZ~O°JP4vn\JP8>'nI6H4T= 47cHJkJ]O74KJ.U VE;\JXV7=PjJ-U 6¤OK= 4m<gJP8; JPVÃVmn\JPVvYH= j+a$= Z 6HZ~O76HVvY.JP4OK6HVm<gJPZ JPVH1
0q
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4m6HV7nI8>O°J]ZO76A; =kVm6HF nI<:Z~OK6Aj+=e; = K
~ = Rx~i + Ry~j
R
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'
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R y
R x = Fx = 0
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6<2se= x ¾;\JPV n = 4mc.JPV5; =Vm<:VOK6HjkJb6f; =Aj+6HV7j+=j+=e; =E= V n OK647j+= V56Hj F Y= 474m6HVma= ZI; 6Hj
x
JPVTY= jka$= Z 6Z~OK6HVTYHJP4mO76HV7<:JPZ\JPV¾\6Hjo4m6H8:JPc.WP=XJ]=+6<2se= y ¾e;\JPV n = 47cHJPVT; =XV7<>VmOK6jJe1
y
6V7V76Áa$= 47G 8>6HjkJ¢OK6jk= V; n JPV= 47cHJPV Kn jkJ= 47cHJ F~ ;I6Á<>Z~OK6HZIV7<:; JP; 6N<:F n JP8Pyh] 6N= neOK4KJ
= 4mc.J T~ YHn 7J½<:Z~O76HZ Vm<:;\JP;I6k; 6V7Y= Z 6YH<:; JZ = j+<:Z\J]476Hj+= Vba$6H8:J 8>6O74KJ½À Vm6Hj J Vm6O7<:Z \J
'
6j YH<>jJ ¤1"Rv6a 476V76ZOKJPZ ; = JPV-= 4mc.JPVM6HZ~U = 82U'<:;\JPV6jºO76H47j+= V-;I6 V7n\JPVXY= jka$= Z 6Z~OK6HV
YHJP4mO76HV7<:JPZ\JPVfO76H476jk=PVf'nI6 K
F~ = (4500 × cos 30)~i − (4500 × sen 30)~j
T~ = −(Tx × sen 14, 03)~i + (Ty × cos 14, 03)~j
{}J !6HZ ; =Y= j n 6f=Vm= jkJ]O 4m<:=v;\JPV n Y= j+a= ZI6HZ~OK6V5Z\Jb; <:4m6HcHWP= x V76 7J]jZn 8>= V§OK6476jk= V
'
n 6 K
(4500 × cos 30) − (Tx × sen 14, 03) = 0
3547='YH6H;I6HZ ; =+<:FPn\JP8:j+6HZ~O76b6Hjo4m6H8:JPc.WP=+J; <>476HcHWP= y O76H476jk=PVf'nI6 K
−(4500 × sen 30) + (Ty × cos 14, 03) = 0
ÂÃjkJMU 6!#n 6@=XV7<:VOK6jJ6HVO°[X6Hjo6n <:8>u:G 4m<:=
Tx = 16.075, 22N
Ty = 2.319, 18N
3= 4O°JPZ~O7=+a$='; 6Hj+= Vf6HVmYH4m6U 64En 6 K
T~ = −16.075, 22~i + 2.319, 18~j
0x
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=Xj e; nI8:=; =U 6¤OK= 4 T~ 1N¹EVmV7<:j ¾IO76H476jk=PVf'nI6 K
q
T = (16.075, 22)2 + (2.319, 18)2 = 16.241, 65N
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xel = x
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Qx = y el dA = y dx = x dx
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Qy = xel dA = x x2 dx = x3 dx
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Qy = × = 24.000
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!
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Qy 24.0
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Z
ydA = yA
E9<=A#<C<#69: pc<C2/6B,N4M8;<REB<=:02/EB:0@/6(EB<=A¤<R6B:ipc< x dQ4769A#<=D*S5,/6 y = 0 dQ6K?\<-8;4U)32547<g)OT<=87I9)
8;69D7,N.G4U)325476 Sj,N6R)347,Q)kD7<=rN876#)kD769I9J-<`#25,/.0)Nde876BD;4U)32/@/<X)-?\6B2Q)-Df<AC<-AC6B2547<k876BD7,/.i4U)-2L4M6
S5,/6X)34M,/)qD;<=r/876%<q69: pN<q2/6B,N4M8;</a ¢ )-8M)EF)3.0E9,N.V)-8W<Y3)-.0<-8@/<tA#<=A#692L4M<Z47<=A#69A#<=D,/A
6B.069A#692L47< ∆A d @/:GD;4M)-2L4M6 y @/<k6B:ipc<g2/6B,N4M8;</a ¢ )-87)g69D7D;669.G69A#692L4M</d\<kAC<-AC6B2547<R@/6
6BA876B.V)-I9J-<#)-< 69:ipc< 2/6B,N4M8;<C`(@Q)-@N<#?H<=8
∆F
∆M = ∆F × y = (ky∆A) × y = ky 2 ∆A
=< 8;4M)-2L4M</d?/)-8M)q<=rN4M6B8R< A#<=A#692L4M<q876BD7,/.i4U)-2L476 M Sj,N6)34M,/)tD7<-r/876)D76BIFJ-</dr/)-D;4M)
¢
D;<=AR)38'4M<j@/<=D<=D ∆M S5,/61)347,Q)-AD;<=r/8;6+)D76BIFJ-<Nd{)-D7D;:0AdN4M6B8769A#<=DS5,/6 R
MR =
Z
ky dA = k2
Z
y 2 dA
a
£ :02L4M6 n 8M)3. y dA Sj,N6k)-?Q)-8;69EB6R2Q)ZS5,Q)-I9J-< a `CE9<=2 69E9:G@Q)EB<=AC<XAC<-AC6B2547<X@N6
D n ,/2/@Q)t<=87@/6BA <=, A#<=A#692L4M<q@/6:G2/`98;E9:0)t@/6,/AC)tD76BIFJ-<69A 876B.V)-I9J-< )-<q69: pc< x d'6`
2
R
AC)34M6BAR)u4M:0E9)-A#692L4M6 876B?/876BD76B254M)-@/<?H<=8 I a :G2L4M698;69D;DM)-2L4M6R2/<-4U)381S5,/6 I D76B8M[D;69A#?/876
?H<=D7:i4M:iY=</dc,/AR)WY-6 Sj,N6+) [-8;6F)6 y D76B8MJ-<#D76BAC?N876(?\<-D7:G47:GY-<=D9a
2
x x
<qAC6BD7A#<qA#<j@/<Sj,N6X@/6lQ2/:GAC<=D<qA#<=AC6B2L4M<@/6D76 n ,/2/@Q)q<=87@N69A 6BA 876B.V)-I9J-<q) x d
?H<c@N69A#<=Ds@N6BQ2/:G8<1AC<=A#692L47<1@/6*D76 n ,/2/@Q)W<-87@/6BA 6BA 8769.0)-IFJ3<W)-<169:ipc< y dj6@/69D;D76fA#<c@/<
4769876BAC<-D
Ix = y 2 dA Iy = x2 dA
R R
H n eH"
' 1 " y ' 1 n K
K 1$&K
?N87<jE969@N:0A#692L4M<x?Q)-87)EF)-.GE9,/.0)-8 <=DeA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6vD;6 n ,/2N@Q)*<=8;@/69A ?\<=8:G2L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<x@/:08;6B4U)
` :0@ 2L4M:GE9<%)-<%,N47:0.0: )-@N<g?Q)-87)%E9)-.0EB,/.V)38m<=D(A#<=AC6B2L4M<=Df@/6?N87:0A#69:G8M)R<-87@/6BAXa 6B2L4M876#)-D
:G2 ¦ AC6B8M)-DvOT<=87AC)-Dv?H<=D7D Y=6B:0D>?\<j@/6 D76*)-@/<34U)-8s)1D;, n 698;:0@Q)(2Q)1)-,/.V) Sj,/)-2/@/<169D;4M[FY-)3AC<=D
E9)-.0EB,/.V)-2N@/<R<=DmAC<=A#692L47<=Dm@/6?N87:0A#69:G8M) <=87@N69A ?\<=8*:02L4M6 n 8M)3IFJ-<g@N:0876l4U)Na 6B.069A+r/8M)-2N@/</d
4769A#<=D
¡ a*D;E9<=. 6 D76>,/AR)O£)3:ipN)@/6v.V)-8 n ,/8M) dx du?Q)-87)-.06B.V))-<x6B:ipc< y <=,K,/AR)O£)3:ipN)@/6v.V)-8 n ,/8M)
dy
dN?/)-8M)-.G69.0))-< 69:ipc< x a
a*D;E9876lY=6 D76+)#6wpc?/876BD7DMJ3<RS5,/6(@/6B/2/6+) [-8;6F)
d/@/) O£)-: pN)W69D7EB<=. :0@Q)
dA
a )3.0E9,N.V)-A D;6_<=DA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6(D;6 n ,/2N@Q)C<=8;@/69A I = y dA 6 I = x dA a
x
R 2
y
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?H698PO E9:G6g876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)38W@/6krQ)-D;6 b 6%)-.i4M,/87) h 69A 876B.V)-I9J-<)-<=D6B:ipc<=D x 6 y S5,/6%?Q)-D;DM)-A
8;69D7?H69El4M:iY-)3AC6B25476(?\6B.V)rQ)-D;6K@/) D;69I9J-<R6(?H69.0<rH<=8;@/< AR)-:GD) 69D7S5,/6B87@Q)ca
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dy
a ¢ )38M) 69D;4761E9)-D7<4769A#<=DxSj,N6 dA = bdy d/?\<-8;4U)32547<
Z Z Z h bh3
Ix = y 2 dA = y 2 bdy = b y 2 dy =
0 3
*<-476KS5,/61@/6BYj:G@/<R)O£)-: p/) D76B8*?/)-8M)-.G69.0)) x d{<=D.0:0A#:G4769Ds@/61:G2L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<#OT<-8M)-A@N6 0 ) h a
6A#<j@/<g)-2/[-.0< n <R?H<c@/6BAC<-D_<=rN47698 I d D7]kS5,/6 ) n <-8M)C47<=AR)32/@/<g,/AC)CO£)-: pN)R?Q)-87)-.06B.V)R)
y
6(@/6(.0)-8 n ,N8M) dx d ¢ )-8M) 69D;D76KEF)-D;<#4769A#<=DS5,/6 dA = hdx dQ6f?\<-8;4U)32547<
y
b hb3
Z Z Z
2 2
Iy = x dA = x hdx = h x2 dx =
0 3
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EB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-2/@/<X) n <-8M)k<=D(69: pN<-D x 6 y d8;69D;?\6BEB4M:iY3)-AC6B2L4M6#?Q)-8M)3.069.G<=Df) x 6 y 6 ?Q)-D;DM)-2N@/<
?H69.G<#EB692L4M8;]=:0@N6K@/) D;69I9J-</a
0/ K n "k. R. f` # oBH
<=2ND7:0@N69876BAC<-Df<kAC<=A#692L47<g@/6:02N`987EB:V) I @/6,/AC)RD7,N?\6B8;O EB:06W@N6 [-8769) A 69Ao8769.0)-IFJ3<%)
,/A69: pN< AA d/E9<=2cOT<=87A#6m<A#<=D;478M)-@N<2Q) !: n ,/8M) a dN@/6fA#<c@N<WS5,/6 y `_)W@/:0DP4 2/EB:V)+@N6
,/A69.06BAC6B2L4M< dA )-< 69: pN< AA a 69D;D76KAC<j@/<?H<c@N69A#<=D69D;E9876lY=6B8mS5,/6
0
0
Z
IAA0 = y 2 dA
=< 2/D7:G@/698;69A#<L)-D) n <-8M) ,/A¤69: pN< BB ?Q)-87)-.06B.0< ) AA dH?/)-D7D7)-2/@/<C?\6B.0<#E9692L4787]=:G@/6 C @Q)
D;,/?\6B8;O E9:063a ¤ 6 y `W)R@N:0D;4 2/EB:V) @/6W,/A 69.G69A#692L4M< dA )-<C69:ipc< BB ?\<j@/6BAC<=D69D;E98;6BY=6B8
0 0
S5,/6 y = y + d dQEB<=2NOT<=8;AC6(`KAC<-D;4M87)-@/< 2Q) n ,/87)NdQD76B2/@/< d )#@/:GD;4 2/E9:0)692L4M8;6+<=Dx69: pc<=D
0 0
?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D AA 6 BB
0
0 0
∆A
y’
B C B’
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A A’
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4769A#<=DS5,/6
AA0
IAA0 =
Z
y 2 dA =
Z
(y 0 + d)2 dA =
Z
(y 0 )2 dA + 2d
Z
y 0 dA + d2
Z
dA
a
4M6B87A#< (y ) dA S5,/6t)-?Q)-8;69E96q2Q)vS5,Q)3IFJ-< a E9<-87876BD7?H<=2/@/6)-< AC<=A#692L47< @N6
G: 2/`98;E9:V)X@Q)ZD7,/?H698PO EB:06g6BA 876B.V)-I9J-<)-<Z6B:ipc<S5,/6%?Q)-D;DM)?\6B.0<ZEB692L4M8;]=:0@N6 BB dv<S5,Q)-.
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R
@/6B2/<-4M)-876BAC<=D#?H69.0<D AWrH<=.0< I a 4M698;AC< y dA `X<tAC<=A#692L47<q@N6X?/8;:0A#69:G8M)Z<=8;@/69A
0
@Q)gD;,/?H698;O E9:G6W69Ao8769.0)-IFJ3<k)-<k69: pc<gS5,/6 ?Q)-D7D7)g?\6B.0<kEB692L4M8;]=:0@/63d 6E9<-AC<
[gD7)-rH69A#<=D9d
0
R
%a :02Q)-.GAC6B2L4M6-d3<_4M6B87A#< dA E9<=8;8769D;?\<-2/@/6)-<_Y3)-.0<-8!@Q)f[-8;6F) A dL@/)_D7,/?H698PO E9:G6-a
¢ <=8;4M)-2L4M</dQ?H<c@N69A#<=D876B69D7EB876lY=698m) vS5,Q)3IFJ-< a @/<#D76 n ,/:G25476(AC<j@/<
R
I = I + Ad2
a§
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6(< S5,Q)-@/87)-@/<#@Q)@/:0DP4 2/EB:V)692L47876(<=Dx69: pN<-D x 6 x a
4769<=8;69AC)C@/<=D*69: pN<-Dm?Q)-87)-.06B.0<=DxD;698;Y-6W?Q)-87)R<=rN47698<gA#<=AC6B2L4M<#@/6W:02N`987EB:V) @/6+,NAR)#D76
I9J-< 69A8;69.0)-IFJ-< )W,NA69: pc</d/S5,Q)-2/@N<
[WD7)-rH69A#<=D<AC<-AC6B2547<@/6f:02N`987EB:V)+@N69D7D7)#A#69D;AR)
D;69IFJ3<69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<t)<=,N4787<69: pc</ds<-2/@/6
[qD;6XD7)-rH6<Y3)-.G<=8@/<qAC<=A#692L47<@/6X:G2/`98;E9:0)Nd
EB<=A)+EB<=2/@/:GIFJ-<@N6fSj,N6f<=D'@/<=:GD'69: pc<=D'D76
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OT,/2NE9:0<-2Q) )+*69A+r/8M)@Q) D7, n 69D;4MJ-<R@N616wpN6B87E E9:G< Sj,/)-2/@/<C69D;4M[FY-)3AC<=Dx<=rc4M692N@/<RA#<=A#692L4M<
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1 2 i n
d'aGaiaid A d A d<ZAC<-AC6B2547<@/6R:02/`B87E9:0)X@/6 £ 69A^876B.V)-I9J-<Z)X,/A 6B:ipc<Z@Q)3@/</d?H<c@N698M[ 1
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A 2 i n
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p 7, 2 · 105
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J0 =
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F · δy = T · δs
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S 2 = L2 + L2 − 2L2 cosθ
¢ <=8P4U)-2L47</d
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L2 senθ
dS = dθ
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y = Lsen(180 − θ) = Lsenθ
dy = Lcosθdθ
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x = 2Lsenα
y = Lcosα
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δy = −L sen α δα
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P · L sen α δα = Hb · 2L cos α δα
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P
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@/6(@/:GAC6B2/D7:G<=2Q)-A#692L47<8M)-EB:0<=2Q)3. @/<=Dx6B.069A#692L47<=DxSj,N6KEB<=2/DP4M:G47,/69A) 6BD;4787,N47,/8M)Na
{)-IF)-A#<=D_6B2L4UJ-<,/AC))32Q)-.0< n :V)#D7:0A#?/.G69Df?Q)-87)k692L4M6B2/@/6981)k@/:GOT6B876B2/IF)%692L4M8;6 ,/AR)kE9)-8 n )
E9<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-@/) x@/:G2 -A#:0EF)f6*,/AR)(EF)38 n ) E9<-2/D7:G@/6987)-@Q) xS5,Q)3D7: 69DP4U[347:0EF) AC) n :02N69A#<=D692
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Periódicos
Motor desbalanceado
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Hélice do propulsor
(b) de um navio
Não Periódicos Violento deslocamento
de ar devido a uma
explosão
(c)
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