15 The Derivative in n-Space 15.1 Concepts Review 1. real-valued function of two real variables 2. level curve; contour map 3. concentric circles 4. paralle! lines Problem Set 15.1 fans bo «6 a, aS+a? e 2x7, x40 f Undefined ‘The natural domain is the set of all (x, y) such that y is nonnegative. Ra 4 ” a 6 e da 1+a?,a20 e Pexxe0 f. Undefined ‘The natural domain is the set ofall (x, y) such that x is nonzero. Instructor’s Resource Manual # - 16sin(=]=16 : (3) 6. x? sin(n?) = 4.2469 e144 sin (.1(4.2)] = 0.6311 4a 6 b. 12 «2 Bcos 6)? +1.44=3.1372 e. (-2e0s2)!? +9 =9.9123 8. F(teost, sec*s) 6. FSO. g()= Flat? explin?)+(e?)? 7. 26 isaplane, 8, x+2=6isaplane. Section 15.9 7149, x+2y+2=6 isa plane, 6-2? isa parabolic cylinder. 2 A, x? +y? 427 =16, 220s a hemisphere =P 18, x=2y,y# 0:2" y, ye 712 Section 15.1 Instructor's Resource ManualZoy es k= 0: yaaa? Parabola except (0, 0) and (—1, -1) keitey (hts TIntersecting lines except (0, 0) and (-1, -1) kad: Phys 2e42y? 21. 2 +y c T z 3 6 Hyperbola except (0. 0) and (-1, -1) ket te yadredy? «2? bal wa, 6 Co Hyperbola except (0, 0) and (-1.-1) y Instructor's Resource Manual San Francisco and St. Louis had 2 temperature between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit Drive northwest to get 10 cooler temperatures, and drive southeast to get warmer temperatures, Since the level curve for 70 runs southwest {0 northeast, you could drive southwest or northeast and stay at about the same temperature, ‘The lowest barometric pressure, 1000 nillibars and under, oecurred in the region of the Great Lakes, specifically near Wisconsin. The highest barometric pressure, 1025 millibars and over, occurred ‘on the east coast, from Massachusetts to South Carolina, Driving northwest would take you to lower barometric pressure, and driving southeast Section 15.1 7432. 28, 30, a. 3, 33, 34. 714 would take you to higher barometric pressure. Since near St. Louis the level curves run southwest to northeast, you could drive southwest or northeast and stay at about the same barometric pressure, 2? +y? 427 216: the set of all points on and outside the sphere of radius 4 that is centered at the origin ‘The set of all points inside (the part containing the z-axis) and on the hyperboloid of one sheet; S15 points inside and on the ellipsoid Points inside (the part containing the z-axis) or on ey oid of one sheet, = the hyperboloi et He excluding points on the coordinate planes Since the argument to the natural logarithm function must be positive, we must have atay242? 50. This is true forall (x,3:2) (0,0,0). The domain consists except (x, 9.2 all points in R? except the origin, Since the argument tothe natural logarithm function must be positive, we must have xy > 0 This occurs when the ordered par (x,y) isin the first quadrant or the third quadrant of the sgyplane, There is no restriction on z, Thus, the domain consists ofall points (x,,2) such that x and y are bath positive or both negative. x+y? +27 =k, k>0; set of all spheres centered at the origin 1002? + 16y? +252? =k, k> 0; ey 2 Fete + Enh set of all ellipsoids centered i 6 2 at origin such that their axes have ratio Maes Section 15.1 the elliptic cone and all hyperboloids (one and two xis for axis such that a:bie is 0 3:3:4, 36. + the elliptical cone nd all hyperboloids (one and two sheets) with x-axis for axis such that a:bie is 1.2 4)( 2): or 23:6 () @) 37. 4x7 -9y? =k, kin R; -% 1, ik 40; 2x planes y=+2* (for k= 0) and all hyperbolic wn (2}.(2) ornate eisai with the x-term) ‘concentric circles centered at the origin, 39, a. All (x,y,z) except (0,0,0,0) which would cause division by 0 Be AM (Aap. 6. All (5, x.y) that satisfy af tad 4.x) 1: other values of (2ioxaye%q) Would lead tothe square root ofa negative number. 40, Ifz=0, then x=0or x=+V3y. Instructor's Resource Manual41. a, Ais the least steep path and BC isthe most steep path between 4 and C since the level curves are farthest apart along AC and closest together along BC. b. [AC] = (5750)? + (3000)? = 6490 fe |Bc| = ¥(580)? + (3000)* = 3060 c 42. Completing the squares on x and y yields the equivalent equation S(%.y) + 25.25 = (x-0.5)? +3942), an elliptic paraboloid. Instructor's Resource Manual 3 sinxsiny (ay?) Section 15.1 71515.2 Concepts Review 2d fim (Leah, y0)=Sls0. 0) 90 A : derivative off with espect tox partial si es 3 Byax Problem Set 15.2 1M 2 716 See. y)=82x- yi HylX, y) = A229)? Salty) as Gy) (ar-y (ax — »? Lele 20" cose fy(x, y) =e" sinx fue n=(-J)o2 74769) =-2x(3x? + y?)49; (Jor strPan «(Borat Gy ¥) Sule y= xc? Py? yO y= =? = yy" 2 Sulu v= ves flu, v) = uel” Bl Y= ye By y) = te Section 15.2 10, M 13. 4 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. Le(% y= 41+ (Ax TPT: Syl, y= + 4x=79P 1 Fol. 2 Sex, y) = —Daysin(x? +»); Sole, 9) = 29? sinta? + y?) +0962? +92) Subst) =-25e Fs f(s. yee F F(x, y) = 2eosxeos y:Fy(x. y) =-2sinasin y Solr, 8) =97? £0828; fa(r. 8) =-6r? sin28 Lala. y) = 4a? -327 95; Say Y) = Vay? - 15298 Sylay) = 6x2y? 59 8; Syl 9) = day? 152794 Sale. y= SP +? SG?) Say 9) = 602 (2? +? P(2y) = 120s7y(x3 +92)? Lye Y=58 + $Oy); Syel% Y= 40y(0 +? Px?) = 12037 yx? +97)? Lal 9) = 66 05 y; fay, y)= 60 siny Lyle = 3 et sin yt fye(. y)= ~6e™ sin y Sele De ydeeyry hs Soy) ey yetyy? Instructor's Resource Manual2, 2. 24, 28, 26, 27, Lee axle ey: Soy a (Py ye Py?) Fox y)= FG. Fy = FG. Fels, y)=(28+ yo? 4394? Fh = 2 =01538 Fy(a y)=(a4 29h 1 Feros Lae =P ys 4 Sa(5.-2) == -0.1905 Lyle y= Dayle? + yt: as Sy(5.-2)=-> = -0.4259 Sex y) =e” sinh x: Fall) =esinh(-I) = 3.1945 Sy =e" cosh a: Jyh) = ecosh(-l) = 4.1945 Let 2= f(xy) GylE = The slope is /y(3, 2 whe Let = fle. »)=(1/3936~ 982 ~4y2)!?2 Sey) =(-$)p0s-92 yy? 8 ‘The slopes fl. -2) =x «0.040, ees se ftasy=(S) 0 2974-20!” Instructor's Resource Manual 9x 1H J = TT yoy 36) Se 20 =3 28, S)o6-2)'". (x, v= (S)os us Salty (-§)06- ey? Sx(2,3) 29. YK) ¥,(6,10 30, a (100, 300) =~. ton? per degree 7 100 32. HRW. TIT. T), =VCRTV) 4 TV") =0 re Gye =H 37 Sys y)= Oy Therefore, fug(x. Y+ Syl 9) 34 fl. = 2a(? 4? Sal y)=-202 - oP yy! Lye Y= Py? +? Sy e9) 220 PP +P YT 35. Fy(x, y)=15xty* 6? Fay(x. 9) = 60x49 - 1227, Byp la 9) = 1804)? 1202 36. falx, 9) =[-sin(2x? - »? 9142) Section 15.2 717= -drsin(2x? - y?) SFaal® y) = (Ax)feos(2x? — y?)]C4x) Seg) + [sin(2x? - 7 J1-4) ~ Afeos(2x? — ¥*)I-2y) 16x"[-sin(2x? - y*)1C2y) = 32x? ysin(2x? - y?) + Bycos(2x*— y?) 38, a. e 39, Sym L(x, y, 2) = Oxy — yz Syl yo 2) = 32? — 2242927; Sy(0,1,2)=8 Using the resulting, f(s ¥.2) 40. a, 122 +y2 427 be Sys yz) = By ty? +25 fy0. 1 = 64 fey. aaa sy 42): Seas Y. 2) = 127 +9? +2)? Al. fe(y.2) = -yze"? ~ yy 27) 6x-2, m8 Section 15.2 43, If f(a, y)=a4 49? 412, Gla, 9) = 397: ‘Jyll.~2)=12. Therefore, along the tangent line Ay=1=> A2=12, so (0,1, 12) is tangent vector (since Ar = 0). Then parametric equations rel ofthe tangent line are | y= -2+r Then the 254124 point of xp-plane at which the bee hits is (1, 0,29) [since y= 0=91=2=>x=1,7= 29] 44, The largest rectangle that can be contained in the circle isa square of diameter length 20, The edge ofsuch square has length 10V2, so its area is 200, Therefore the domain of dis A(x, y):0y-x 3 yexte (-prynx se yerts ‘The case fory e ae ( a) __ 2-20) Me ae ey ee Gen ace etter ‘Therefore, cites =m. 47, 1, Moving parallel to the y-axis from the point (1, 1) to the nearest level curve and approximating 4, we obtain » b. Moving parallel to the x-axis from the point (4, 2) to the nearest level curve and az i approximating —, we obtain pproximating = 1-02 ft 2= -25-(4) 3 Instructor's Resource Manual 48, a Moving parallel to the x-axis from the point (-5,-2) to the nearest level curve and. a approximately =, we obtain PP ve Lid Ss 3S Moving parallel to the y-axis from the point (0,2) to the nearest level curve and ar approximating “=, we obtain vP ay HT: ee: iN {H) Wf Sy? 0;x? +y? <1. Sisthe interior of the unit circle centered at the origin. Require y—x? #0, Sis the entire plane except the parabola y Instructor's Resource Manual12, The only points at which fmight be discontinuous occur when xy = 0. tim 800) e039 F(@, 0) for all nonzero ain, an im Sin). Dati Ege F0h forall bin R. Therefore, fis continuous on the centre plane, 13, Requitex—y+1 2 0;y < x41. Sis the region below and on the line y=x+ 1. 14, Require 4-x?—y? >0;x7 +)? <4, Sis the interior ofthe circle of radius 2 centered at the origin, im —* (990.07 +0 15, Along x-axis (y= 0): Along y=: 2 lim lim, . (90,0) 2? (H y)-H0,0)2 2 Hence, the limit does not exist because for some points near the origin lx, ») is getting closer to 0, tfc aii gets 0) 16, Along y=0: lim —°—=0. Along y =x 290740, 2 PHP ig ltt m2 tim 2* Bogeg 022 2) jg a2 17. tim : 4034 + (mx)? 29038 xy O04 +y 18. [lear ce in some S neighborhood of (0,0) since . Therefore, e does not exist. Poy (= 9)-0,0) lim er aor ey Instructor's Resource Manual 19, ‘The boundary consists of the points thet form the outer edge of the rectangle. The sets closed. 20, ‘The boundary consists of the points of the circle shown, The set is open. y 21, The boundary consists ofthe circle and the origin. The set is neither open (since, for example, (1, 0) is not an interior point) nor closed (since (0, 0) is notin the set). y 22, The boundary consists of the points on the line x= 1 along with the points on the line x= 4. The set is neither closed nor open. 3 33 2 Te ounce pe ys) ne ith peter Section 15.3 724which y S 1. The setis open. 24, ‘The boundary is the set itself along with the origin, The set is neither open (since none of its ints are interior points) nor closed (since the origin is not in the set) y y xin 4y? _(+2yNx-2y) e2y 29 We want seo=ne2(2]( 26, Let Land M be the later two limits. UG +a, NRL M]) s/f )-L+lfle Mls E+ 25, for (x,y) in some S-neighborhood of (a, b) = ‘Therefore, lim (Gy) +80 cc yids, fF Dt 8E IT L+M. 27. Note: (x, y)>(0, 0) is equivalent tor» 0. a does not approach 0 as r—> 0. 17 g951!3.9 fy) ro. 722 Section 15.3 a. Oy 2x ty? = cos 0-40 as 4d f(%. y)=(reos6YX(rsind}Xc0s28) (See introduction to this problem for third factor.) 7 sin26c0s28 _ 7? sino “2 +0 as r70. 1 cos? asin? © LEM TP oer sne ( cos? Osin? @ } cos? B47? sin 8 2f__sin?o (+r? sin? Oran? @. converges to 0as r—+0 since the faction is bounded (the numerator is in [0, 1] and the denominator is greater than or equal to 1). If LC, y)=0. if, This 2 = f, This one is not easier in polar coordinates. Here is a Cartesian coordinates solution. Along curve x= y?: ; 2 et whic does nt vay (fh tyt 2 approach 0. Conclusion; The functions of parts a c,d, and e are continuous atthe origin. Those of parts b and fare discontinuous atthe origin. 28, fis discontinuous at each overhang. More interesting, fis discontinuous along the Continental Divide. 2 in {L,2)} [For a2 +y? ly the particle hits the hemisphere ‘and then slides tothe origin (or bounds toward the origin); for 27 + y? =1, it bounces up: for x? + y? >1, it falls straight down] b. (Gey, 2):x7+y? = 1.251} (As one moves ata level of2= | from the rim ofthe bow! toward any position away from the bowl there is a change from seving all ofthe interior ofthe bow! to seeing none of it.) & {(e.y.2):2~ 1) ey, 2) is undefined (infinite) at (x,y, 1] 4d. ¢ (Small changes in points of the domain result in small changes inthe shortest path ‘rom the points to the origin.) Instructor's Resource Manual30. fis continuous on an open set Dand Fy isin D isa Ssuch that 0< Ry ae yields |x| =~x, so/fis continuous for x < 0. Thais, is discontinuous along the positive x-axis. |+1, s0,fis continous if Jo}+1=[—I]. Squaring each side and simplifying Let P=(u, v) and Q = (x, y). __ ]OP|+|00| if P and Q are not on same ray from the origin and neither is the origin Suv.xy)= {el otherwise ‘This means that inthe first ease one travels from Po the origin and then to Q: inthe second case one travels directly from P to Q without passing through the origin, so fs discontinuous onthe set, (u,v. x. »):(u, ¥) = k(x, 9) for some k> 0,(u,)#0,(x, y) #0). WRay?y aay? Fu(0. »)= jis ih ean? Lye, 9)= fin] O+h, Spal, 0)» fig BE* oo lim = Lal, 0+ h)~ fel, 9) = tim 2@0*D=L9) _ Say(0. 0)= Jim 5 jin= Therefore, fy(0, 0) # fre(0, 0). Instructor's Resource Manual Section 15.3. 723interior ofthe set. The function is continuous at boundary point P of Sif /(Q) approaches ‘S(P) 28 Q approaches P along any path through points in Sin the neighborhood of P. 37, If we approach the point (0,0,0) along a straight path from the point (x.x,x). we have 2((2) im ee lim, (xa18)9(000) P4427 (x2,2)-9(0,00 38 © the limit does not equal to (00,0) the function is not continuous atthe point (0.0.0). 38, Lf we approach the point (0,0,0) along the scans, we get 136, A function fof three variables is continuous ata tim @ey@z22- im Sat point (,2,) if f(a.8.c)is defined and equal to x0.) 1000)? EOF) (001-000) 22 the limit of f(s.y.2) as (2) approaches Since the limit does not equal f(0,0,0). the (c.b.0). In other words, function isnot continuous atthe point (0.0.0). J2.3,2)= Slade) tea 2 function of thee variables is continuous onan open set Sif ts continuous at every pint in the 15.4 Concepts Review Problem Set 15.4 1. gradient 2. locally linear | (yay ats) 2. (3x2y, x8 -3y7 3. Leis ZLeniyi+201 (8.294) ax Ot Gy 3. Vfl y= ((2i(079) + (€7 10, x6) 4, tangent plane ysis) 4. (axpcosy, cory -ysiny) 5. e497 (y(049).2) 6. Vlas y) = (Asin*(a?yeos(x? y)IC29), Hsin? (a? yMeos(x7 WIC? )) = Bxsin®(x? y)eos(x?y)(2y, 2) 1 (tyes? (2) 8. (242,249.92 422) 724 Section 15.4 Instructor's Resource Manual9 Ofte, y= (ay Mer) +(e V2). Pe, Pye CD) = xe (y(42).x.-9) 10, (ctetyeayt esis yesy sete yay ates yt ay telnet y+) 1. Uf 9) = (2ay~ 92 22 =2ay): 72. 3) =(-21, 16) 2,3) +{-21,16)-(x42, y-3)= 30+ (-21x~42+16) ~ 48) Lx + 16-60 1 We y= y+3y7, +619). s0 Vf(2,-2) Tangent plane: (2, ~2)49(2, ~2)(x-2, #2) = B+ (-12, -16)-(x-2, #2) = 8+ 12x +24 - 16y~32) ~ Igy 16). reel 13. Vfl. y) = (-nsin(xx) sin(ay), noos(nx) cos(ny) + 2ncos(2ny)) wf. 4-0 -2n) (4 S)o(o.-29) (x y -2nyt(2-1) 1+(0-2ny+n); 2 14. srno(% -5) Wf (2-1) =(-4,-4) ye 2=f(2,-1)+(-4, 8) -(x-2, y4I) “44 (4+ 8-4y-4) nae =4y 18. uy. (6 Tangent hyperplane: (0,2. -D+0/C,2, -D-(e=1, y=2, 241) #44 (7, 8-2) (xh y=2, 24) 4+ (Ix—7- 8y+ 16- 22-2) wo Tx- 8y-22 #3 16. Uf(x. y, 2) = (y242x, a2, 9); V/(2, 0, -3)= (4, -6, 0) 2,0, ~3)+(4, ~6, 0)-(x-2, y, 243) = 4+ (4x -8-6y+ 0) ~6y—4 1”. ixy,z) 222 <6eely!=ly+2ay-2= ‘we have the following system of equations: 19, Let F(x.y,2)= 2? -6x42y? ~10y+2ay-2 =0 Beene ced VF (x,y,2) = (22-64 2y.4y—10428,-1) 2x+4y-10=0 The tangent plane willbe horizontal if Solving this system yields x= 1 and y= 2. Thus, VF(x.y.2) =(0.0.4), where k #0. Therefore, ee Instructor's Resource Manual Section 15.4 72520. a 726 there is @ horizontal tangent plane at (xy) = (12). 3 Let Fos.y.2)=¥ PF t«.2)= (3220-1) The tangent plane willbe horizontal if VF (x.y.2)= (0.0.4). where k #0. Therefore, ‘There (0.9). (Note: there are infinitely many points since y can take on any value) ‘we need only solve the equation 3x7 is a horizontal tangent plane at (x) a, The point (2,1,9) projects to (2.1.0) on the _xy plane. The equation of @ plane Containing this point and parallel to the x- axis is given by y=1. The tangent plane to the surface at the point (2.1.9) is given by SQM + TFN) =94+(12,10)(x-2,y-1) 2x4 109-25 ‘The line of intersection of the two planes is the tangent line tothe surface. passing through the point (2,1,9) , whose projection in the ay plane is parallel to the x-axis. This line of intersection is parallel to the cross product ofthe normal vectors forthe planes, The normal vectors are (12,10,~1) and (0,1,0) forthe tangent plane and vertical plane respectively. The cross product is given by {(12,10,=1) (0.1.0) =(1.0.12) Thus, parametric equations for the desired yl) x=2+e yel 220412 b. Using the equation for the tangent plane fiom the previous part, we now want the vertical plane to be parallel to the y-axis, bt still pass through the projected point (2,10). The vertical plane now has ‘equation x= 2. The normal equations are given by (12.10,~1) and (1,0.0) for the tangent and vertical planes respectively, ‘Again we find the eross product of the normal vectors: (12,10.=1)(1,0,0) =(0,10,10) ‘Thus, parametric equations forthe desired Section 15.4 2, ° tangent line are y=l40r 2294100 Using the equation for the tangent plane from the first part, we now want the vertical plane to be parallel to the line y=, but till passthrough the projected point (2.1.0). The vertical plane now has equation y~x+1=0. The normal equations are given by (12,10,-I) and (4-10) forthe tangent and vertical planes respectively. Again we find the eross produet ofthe normal vectors: {12,10,-1)«(1,~1,0) =(-1,-1,-22) ‘Thus. parametric equations forthe desired tangent line are ‘The point (3,2,72) on the surface is the point (3,2,0) when projected into the xy plane, The equation ofa plane containing this point and parallel tothe x-axis is given by y-=2. The tangent plane to the surface atthe point (3,2.72)is given by = 48x+108y—288 “The line of intersection ofthe two planes is the tangent line to the surface, passing through the point (3,2.72), whose projetion in the ay plane is parallel tothe canis, This line of intersection is parallel to the eross product ofthe normal vectors for the planes. The normal vectors are (48.108,-1) and (0,2,0) for the tangent plane and vertical plane respectively. The cross products given by {48.108,~1)(0,2.0) = (2,0,96) “Thus, parametric equations for the desired tangent ine are xa342 yo2 22724961 Using the equation for the tangent plane from the previous part, we now want the vertical plane to be parallel to the y-axis, ‘but stil passthrough the projected point Instructor's Resource Manual,(8.2,72). The vertical plane now has equation x=3. The normal equations are given by (48,108,-1) and (3,0.0) for the tangent and vertical planes respectively. ‘Again we find the eross product of the normal vectors: (48,108,~1)(3,0,0) =(0,~3.-324) Thus, parametric equations forthe desired tangent line are 2-31 12~ 3241 Using the equation for the tangent plane from the first part, we now want the vertical wore) of fol” (-5, 5) “Tangent plane: z= f(l.-D+0/(l, -I)-(e-L. y+) Set Sy 24, Let a be any point of $ and let b be any other point of S. Then for some c on the line segment between a and b: F(b)~ f(a) = Vf(c)-(b—a) = 0-(b—a)=0, so Alb) = fla) (for all b in S). 25. Vf(p)= Vale) = VIS (P)- gp) =0 = S(p)- g(p) is a constant. 26. Vf(p)= P= Vite, »)= (xy) 3 felt =H SK =P = Sex, y= 42? 4a) for any function of and f(x, y)=4y? + B(x) for any function of x 2 asta pielet yee forany Cink Instructor's Resource Manual lel, n+) [nse aol» 10+(-5,5)-(s-1.y+1) plane 1 be parallel othe line x ==», but sill pass through the projected point (G.2.72). The vertical plane now has equation y+x-5=0. The normal equations are given by (48,108,~1) and (1.1.0) forthe tangent and venical planes respectively. Again we find the eross product ofthe normal vectors: {48,108,~1)(1,1,0) = (1,-1,-60) ‘Thus, parametric equations forthe desired tangent line are a4 = 10+ (-Sx+5+5y+5) \wasteeey QS 2077 NwSSsrteeey PA oe me NNN a, The gradient points in the direction of ‘greatest increase of the function. b. No. IFit were, [0+4|-[o|=0-|H]5(h) where 5(h) +0 as h—+0, which is possible, Section 15.4 72728. vip SLB B28; UD yy 2 La ee ae aH Lj Le Bi Bp ce ne =0+¥e Wi) (ap = 22s Lj ED “eee eo a oar ip vj SUES (de (a8) (SB A 1438}. %x) (LBs) =s¥e+20h 728 Section 15.4 bB @ a +8), , Uf +8), a - Uf +8) ae ee = Bie Li "ay" ‘ay i bx; tae a Ly Fier Li (ex, : Ox 7 a," _. 1B Be a Gi) vies i= AeLh, »82Li, 2, 2, Lh oD, (ii) wel= ae, 2D, SD, fpr L)io( Bee L iB Be vor(reneD) os Bs Bey tone Fie Lien DL, vo EaeZrened) =s¥e+ 80 Instructor's Resource Manual15.5 Concepts Review 1, Lo+hw F009) 4 De fel, y+ ugfy(% Y) 3. greatest increase 4. level curve Problem Set 15.5, 2 Daslayd=(xrty2, yin Hf Dy f0. 4)=802 #113137 3 DySle = See yu (ween a(ersseny) hd. 2.10.2) 240.7) 3 4 Disey) ~er-a.aeeonl( Ze -»| DSC. 5. Dafx =e (sin y.c08y) [(e- 5) aod): (v2+s6) 6. DySlay = 0.9659 Dif ~ = 3.7132 Instructor's Resource Manual 10. n. 13 Dues »2)= (28, 29, fe “1 Dyfl21. 2 Dyf(, 1, 2)= V2 -1= 0.4142 . Fincreases most rapidly in the direction of the eration. Wes. )=(322 ¥Q2,-1)=(12.-5) (12,5) 3 rate of change of tx) in that direction at that point is the magnitude ofthe gradient. Ki2, -s)]=13 ») is the unit vector in that direction, The V/s. y)=(e¥ cose. e”sinx): oft. 0)(-.) weet er ‘The rate of change in that direction is 1 2} ee 9.2) (208, F(t, 1, 2)=(-4.2, =I) Aunt vector in that direction is (ale 2.1), The rate of change in that direction is V21 = 4.5826. 3. F increases most rapidly inthe direction of the gradient. U/tx, 20, ye"): ‘W/(2. 0, ~4)=(1, -8, 0) (1,-8.0) isa unit vector in that direction (1. ~8. 0}| = V65 ~ 8.0623 is the rate of change of fx, y, 2) in that direction at that point. ~9f(x. y)= 2s, y): FE 2)=2(-1 2) is the direction of most rapid decrease. A unit ‘vector in that direction is w Section 15.5 72914, -W/(x. 9) =(-Seos(Bx~ y), c08(3x-3)); AF 2G) ost apd derease. A unt vector in that direction “(3 se 31) (3,1) is the direction of 19, a, Hottest if denominator is smallest; ie., at the origin. 2 15. The level curves are For p=(1, 2) -200(2x, 2y, 22) Grr ayreztye vr, -1 o-(-2)o. =i) (1-1) is one vector in the direction of be UTy. k= 2, so the level curve through (1, 2) is or y= 2x? (x # 0), reatest increase. VfUl,2)=(-4.1), which is perpendicular to the a parabola at (1.2). Yes - 20. -V¥(x, y, 2) 2,2 ove-(*?49"42") (5, -2y, -22) dey : = 200048749727), y, 2) is the direction of greatest decrease at (x,y, 2), and it points away from the origin, 16, At (2,1), x? +4y? =8 is the level curve. WFC, 9) = (28, By) ¥F(2.1)=4(1. 2), which is perpendicular to the vray? ez?)? # cos [Payee \ lvteanent@ 1 f ; (Baye) Beta ; [Core piel F hana which origin. 22, Let D= yx? +y? +2? be the distance. Then we /dT ab dT ab at aD\ 4D x “dD dy "aD @ | iter points towards or away from the DiS (ld) 18. (2 5) icone ais the unt vector toward the origin is ~j 730 Section 15.5 Instructor's Resource Manual(ae oteey le yz) aD which ether points towards or away from the origin. 23, He should move in the direction of 9S (0) = ~(Fel). fy(P)) = -(- “Ge 1). Oruse (2 1). The angle a formed with the Bast is tan™ (3)=255 (N63.43°E), 24 Dsf2.4)=(3, og -4) =-82. 25, The climber is moving in the direction of (a) 1). Let ao Sle, y) = 30006-2227? )100, Spt y= soe? (2 ‘£(10, 10) = -600e" (1,2) She will move ata slope of 1, (10.10) = -6006"* (1, 2) 3003)e"? = 21.1229 She wil descend Slopes bout 21 & para aaa Bay ey Atr=0: [a|-2|=-In|]]+C> C= In Heb yl | =Infy|+c Infp[+1n2 = In to]=2 Instructor's Resource Manual toxy=-2. V7(-2, 1)=(-4, -2), so the particle ‘moves downward slong the curve. 27, VT(x, y)=(-dx, -29) ae » Sag F--, a ar a a a 2 t= has solution ince the yooh bas sot 2y?, Since th particle starts at (~2, 1), this simplifies to 2y?. 28, f0,—1)=5(-1,1) (See write-up of Problem 23, Section 15.4) Days ua) SCs =1) = (uy, t)-(-5, 5) = ~Su + Sup (-1,1) (in the direction ofthe gradient); Jean b. (1, 1) (direction perpendicular to gradient); (a) Section 15.5 73130. 732 b. b. 102») ayy e HO) = (tos at.tsin 1,1), $0 o(1) = (1,0, 1). Therefore, when = 1 the bee is at(-1, 0, 1) and YT(1, 0,1) = -5(-1,0.1). ¥()=(cosnt —atsin a, sin mt cosnt, 1). so (I) = -1,-n. I) = ED L= FD isthe unit tangent vector at (1,021, “Tray 2a D,T(l. 0,1) =u-V7C1. 0,1) ACERS D ao a4 n? fa+n? ‘Therefore, the temperature is decreasing at about 2.9°C per meter traveled when the bee is at (-1, 0, 1 when 1= 1s. First express T'in terms of.) oe 10 _ 10 xaytez? (roosm)? + (sina)? +(Q? 27 TW)= 52:7") = 10:1) =-10 Method 2: (Use Chain Rule.) aT 10 DTy=ZE = (DD). 50 TO =(DT-1 Dngera) = pew?) =-10 ‘Therefore, the temperature is decreasing at about 10°C per second when the bee is at (-1, 0, 1); i. when rls. Incach ase cos $= sin Bor cos $=-sin 0, Dif = ns ( watoenet8 Me-4y Ths, 2 2 2 2 43 Df) HD fF =(u-VfP +0-¥) oup=($.3) in h)=tt 50 PPP Dad? =u OPP +91) 5 af Is? cos? 6 +|¥/)? cos? Afet3f, 28: IVP (cos? 6-+c0s? The simultaneous solution is =P (ens! 8 rc0s! 9) Se =10, fy =15, 50 Vf =(10, 15). =|V/lP cos? +sin?@ =|v/P. Without loss of generality, let 3 i andv=J.1f Gand are the angles i" between u and Wf, and between v and V/, oi Be then: 1. 046-5 GF WF is in the Ist quadrant “Peo Tso ae Bo 2, = 244 (if VY is in the 2nd quadrant) = 400.120) 3. 940-35 (WF isin he Sr quadrant) pet) 4.62240 OF OF isin he 4h quadan. Section 15.5 Instructor's Resource Manual20-30 1 330-2003 p,pey~ 2022 & AC) Sy(D)=0: 32. Graph of domain of f _ [0 in shaded region 10.9-{ cee} lim, f(x. y) doesnot exist since tatoo ”) (% y) 9 (0, 0) along the y-axis, lx») = 0, but along the cure. fts,9) = | Therefore, Fs not differentiable atthe origin. But D,F(0, 0) exists forall w since L(0+h,0)~ [0.0) _ ji, O- 8 (0. 0)= tin tim 2-2 F210.) ho A nao he = fim(0)=0. and fad ° 0-0 £0. 0+h)~ f(0.0) 0, 0) = Him LO OF A= £0. 9) _ jigy 9-O L090 h 0h = lim(0)=0, s0 9f(0.0)=(0.0)=8. Then Dyf(0,0)= ¥f(0.0)-u = 0-u=0. 15.6 Concepts Review 2 yPeoss+2xy(-sin1) cos} f-2sin® reost Instructor's Resource Manual 33, Leave: (0.1 35, Leave: (3,5) 36. (4.2, 4.2) » 22% ea Section 15.6 733Problem Set 15.6 4 om \32) 40292 ML a (2ay? (07) + Bx? y* 2) = (2° 31?) +(H9)(20) = 12" (ay = y?-sins) +(x? - 2ay(cos#) aw dt = (sinr-+ cost)I-3sinteos’) * = (ef sin y +e? c0sx)(3)+ (e¥ cos y+e” sin \2) =3e™ sin 2¢+3e™ cos + 2e™ cos 2t+ 2e™ sin3t aw at ee? 2y-ptanty tan? e (2 [- Jest ran SEE a «BEI toate z . tant ‘an ‘ane = [22 (eostay2? 1G) +112? cos(1n2?)12) + [292 c08(927)]0) at = (3y27 42121 + 2yedeos(ags?) = (6 +216 + 2¢)eos(t?) = 74 cos(7) Be ye syne sH-2 + (942K = 2-1 P)—2e F422) —(D = AP 241 1, Y ecepnon(hedenate-tseo? «Pera 8 Beare tyre?) ol) ar »(2)| 9. & =e (anyscoss) +e?” (2yysins) = 22°" (xscosr+ysins) = 2s? sintcosr-+tsin? s)exp(s? sin? 1+? sin? 5) 8 eee yen) et)ettes yy 4 yy sett) = 2D) 10, Dh atlat yt Ca We) +I N80) = ae Ow ___xCssinst) y(scosst) 25?) Ot (ayes le (sta yest? y+) coh stiest2y? 12, Bae yyy (PHN D+ M221) eM (yx) =e" (0)=0 “(i at Ny, 2) 4 2% wcyenyeteriten=tosaseren (SE) ae) Ql, =1, 2), 13. & = (2ay)(2)+(22X-2st) = 421+ 5-51?) ~ 2s0(21+5) n 734 Section 15.6 Instructor's Resource Manual2, dr V(r y= nth, & 17, H(t) 7 5 inlyr, ah Fes inn ae av ar) g(t © wcann(£) oF) (2) =112008 ine 41 N20, 400) 11200 in3 | board ft = 244,38 board Tye 144i? fuyr 18, Let 7 yy Bergh at ONG Oy oY Ia) +e EIQ) ay 7) «+, sotne temperature is atlo,0 decreasing at 8%/nin, 19, The stream carries the boat along at 2 fs with respect to the boy. Boat 7 Instructor's Resource Manual x 6,y=12, 5 «605. Thus, = N30 = 447 ts = (Je(3)-O (3) = 21,782 inJimin 2. nen #7, GA +4y) 32 s4y Se acme pam a tay = aa _. 22, Let F(x, y) = ye +5x-17=0. ye $9) Lyset Giny-ysinx) _ ysinx~siny de xcosy+cosx xcosy+cosx 2 2 2 cosy~y? sin. A2xcosy—y? cos) =x? sin y -2ysinx 2xcos yy cos x sin y+ 2ysinx 25, Let F(x, y, 2) =3x72+ y? ~92? =0. oz Section 15.6 735Jenuey eosnosey ssojonnsuy gsLuonses 9h e N 05 .0ps09(,99+49,2)0—,99 + 000 = 22% S00 go + ae “iyo suoniuny aze 2 pue 'g ‘D 2124 (S2U}S03 JO MET) OPS0DG0T~ 9+ ,= 22 “EE -ynsox pousap a spk 1 = 3un:97 =00,f+00. A{5)- CDS AMG PHM" 2) stu TOK), S- exmn(-) nae enn -cemne > wap (f= (Gm) f TE wns -e.a(E-)= ZL, seivosuye-zpor= exo. o-an.a(2)='¢ (ezp)o-(ex)o=(en).4 wo.seen.s(2)- s(ovapsoougy) (nzpus) +6} WO ,()+6h= Ont ‘uaa uorouy sonoqied 5p 204 ‘SMU os +os(2)-t0es (00S) (3) = w4eraay—xe nay tone, seen (2) = ORORDS OMS = z woseonp(=)=« a OMOS +O se)s-- BEES = ‘ 3 “(9 50040, oe (1-9 5040; ‘Sursn pur Surpuedxa) (42)+ .(*2)= w8=xassyn np f-= moms J =a 21 1 ; pur Supuedea) 2(“2)+ .(*2) losor 42+ guis*s + = (2,4 (2) smu, “8092+ guis*2-= 02,4 te o- lous “+9s00 [a—y5n + (4d H+ (74) = Cen en ens ( a) + 05 *(gs004y"z + (guiss-)*2 = O44 Or 4 tee leg te oe (148+ 568) 4 Extn Ae) = I 4 Fa ta gus 2 gs00 "2 = “4s 4 tate = ae 10 aye so, uonou “2 ayn asn any er aioyn Gan “OE HoH 1 95n OM “BZ some 8070 soko s0%0 no ie 201 tele we a xs092 ,2¢ pa xusse+ a =(24-)f 91-92‘When a = 200 and b = 150, c = (200)? + (150)* - 2(200)(150)cos 40° = 62,500 ~ 60,000 cos 40°. It is given that a' = 450 and 6’ = 400, so at that instant, (200450) + (150)(400)-[(450X150) + (200%400))c0s 40° [62,500 60,000: ‘Thus, the distance between the airplanes FO = Fam (0+ FX O+ FY O+ FeO) GMa‘) 2GMmxx'(t) ayer? 2GMimyy'()_,_2GMmzz"() Say tee Gaye _ GMa? + y? +22) (eyes on 15.7 Concepts Review 1, perpendicular 2 (1-1) 3. x-44(y-)+6(2-1) = 0 4 Lav Lay ont ay Problem Set 15.7 1. VRC y,2)=2(8, 92) vF (2,3. ¥)=2(2,3, v3) Tangent Plane: 2(s-2)+3-3)+V5(2-V3)=0, oF 2x+3ytv3e=16 2. VFla y. 2) = 2(8, 948 v#( 2 By nafs 1.28) Tangent Plane: He-pary-90nAf 3. Let F(x, y, 2) 232 -y? 4224120. YF (x, y. 2)=(28, -2y, 22) =2(x, = 95 2) xt y+2V2z=8. Instructor’s Resource Manual um(xx'(0)+ yy" (t+ 22°) 288. easing at about 288 mph, 9 (1.3. V)=2(4 -3, 99), 50 (l-3. 47) is normal othe surface athe point. Then the tangent plane e=1)-39-3)+V7(¢-VF) =0, of more simply, x-3y +7: Vf y. 2)=2(t ¥, -2): VP(2,1,1)=2(2, 1-1) ‘Tangent plane: 2x-2)+1-1)-Me-1) =O, or e+ y—2=4. wean (Sosve2 Tangent plane-2=2=1(2-2}+1)-2),0r sey-2=2, Let f(z, y)=xe7. OF ya(e?, 2) wy.) Then l,~2, I)is normal tothe surface at (1,0, 1), and the tangent plane is Wx=N-29-0)= (2-1) =0,or-2y-2=0 Ofte, 9) =(-40™ sn 2, 6600822): w(§.0)-(-24.-3) Section 15.7 7378. nM. n 13. 738 Tangent plane: 24+1= -28(-3)-20-0. Let r= fle 2207s Axy?de + 6x" yy. For the points given, 0.01, dy =0.02. 4(-0.01) + 6(0.02) a2 = (099, 1.02) f(L.) = 2(0.99)°(1.02)° ~2(1)?(1)? = 0.08017992 08. de = (2x~Sy)de+(-Sx+Ddy -11)(0.03) + (-9(-0.02) = ~0.15 be = f(2.03,2.98)- (2.3) dz =2x det yay -y000(!}ea00 003 a2 = f(-1.98, 396) f-24) = Inf(-1.98)?(3.96)]- In 16 = 1030151 Let 2= f(xy) =tan“tay, (-0.5)(-0.03) +¢ 1+ (4)(0.25) Az = f(-2.03,-0.51)- f(-2,-0.5) = 0.017342 Let Fx y, = 2ay-y? Br 4 dy- YF (ay, 2) = (2x-2y-8,-2x-2y44, =I) ‘Tangent plane is horizontal if VF =(0, 0, &) for any k#0. 2e-2y-8 =O and -2x~ 2y+4=Oifx=3 and Then z= 14. There is a horizontal tangent plane at (@,~1,~14). 3.1) is normal to &x—3y-2=0, VF (x, y, 2) (4x, 6, =!) is normal to Section 15.7 2x? 43)? at(x,y,2) dr = Band 4s then 6y=-3, ifx=2and y= sasai(2 15, VF(O, ~1.2)=2(0.2, 2)= 40,11). For G(x, y.2)=32 +)? +22 -624+7=0, 0, -1, =1) = -2(0. 1.1). (0.1.1) is normal to both surfaces at (0.1.2) 50 the surfaces have the same tangent plane: hence, they are tangent to each other at (0,-1.2) 16. (1.1, 1) satisfies each equation, so the surfaces intersect at (1, 1, 1). For (eer y fx »)= (299. 2"); FU. 1)= (2.1)s $0 (2,1, =1) is nommal at (LAD. For F(x, y. 2)=x? -4y43=0; Ws ¥.2)= (2-4, 0): f(A. 1)= (24,0) $0 (2, ~4, O)is normal at 1)-(2, =4,0)=0, so the normals, hence tangent planes, and hence the surfaces, are perpendicular at (1,1, 1). 17. Let F(x, yz) x 42y? 4327-1 ); VF (xy. 2)=2(s, 2y, 32) is normal tothe plane. ‘A vector in the direction ofthe line, (2.8, -6)=2(1, 4-3), is normal tothe plane. (x.2y.32) = (14,3) and (x, 2) is on the surface for points (1,2. -1) [when k=1] and (1,-2.1 [when k= —1], 18, Let F(x, y, 2)= F(x». 2) 2 2a Instructor's Resource ManualThe tangent plane at (x9 3o(x- Xo) , oly Yo) 19. 29x, 4y. Vf(l. 2, 2)=2(0,8.8) Vgtx, y.2)=2(2x.-y.3 FU. 2,2)=4(. 1,3) {9,8,8)x(1,~1.3)=(82,-19, -17) 1432, y=2-192.2=2-17¢ Line: 2 20. Let f(x, y.2)=x-27, and gtx. y. (x. y. 2)=(1, 0, -22) and Veit = (0.1,-3) (1.0,-2)x(0.1-3)=(2.31) Line: x=1421,y= +34 let 21, dS =S4dd+ Syd Wage —4 (4-WP (4-9 0.4 = 36: dns 36d __Sda+9aW 256 a 5lad|+9|aw| _5(0.02)+9(0.02) Thus, jd s AAT «S00 = 0.004375 Wad daw. (a-#yP as 22. V= wh, dl =dw h=36 Y= whdl + thdw + bwdh = 3024 in} (1.75 10) 23. Vem ha¥ = 2nrhdr+nrdh [AV] < 2nrhldr|+ nr? [di < 2erh(0.02r) + nr?(0.03h) O4ne?h+0.03n7h = 0.077 Maximum error in Vis 7%. Instructor's Resource Manual m, rasil.e)=2nfe z aT = fydL+ fgg aT __x(gdL—Ldg) _ gd -Ldg Alea) Yel we er la RR A OR RE OR RE Sant — OR (R +R PR (Ri +R 25, Solving for R, R RUAR, + Rd (RR? blafi|+ Rata (+R) Therefore, dR lok < Then at R =25, (25)(100) 254100 (100)? 0.5) + (257(0.5) (125 Ry = 100, dR, IR, =0.5. R= and |dR| <: 34, 26, Let F(x, y, z)= 27 +9? +227, F(x, y, 2)= (28. 2y. 42): vr [12.2 vi ES we 2 FU,2. 022022) (5 2 2 pele direction of Right, and (a y=) =(h 2,1) +44 of the bee along its line of flight s seconds after takeoff. Using the parametric form of the line of flight to substitute into the equation of the plane yields r= 3 as the time of intersection with the 1 3) isthe location 3 Section 15.7 739equation ofthe line yields x= 5. y= 10,2 = 950 plane. Then substituting this value ofr into the (He-a-(t Jee a(t Jano (5. 10,9). “ the point of interses x2 242 21. Let FUx.y,2) 292 = fe let (a,b ©) be any point a*b*e on te surace of F. Points of intersection of he tangent plane on the Coordinate axes ae (34 0,0) (0,36. O)-and VF Ux. (0.0, 3). ‘The volume ofthe teraedron is 1 1 (2, OE es ‘pate b4) hate VF (a. by ed. le ST (a constant. ‘An equation of the tangent plane at the point is be. I Fla. y.2)= E+ yp +h, then VF 92120 lt Jer) “The equation of the tangent i BE ae A . lee $)e sara) Oo fee een ihe Interepts are af. ayfpp-ayp: 0 the sum is a( fap + f¥m + Vio) = @? 29. flx =P +?! FB,A=S Sel y= xa? PN? fe, = 4, Sexls = POPPY: fi Soy. y=? +?) Sy 2H s fax ‘Therefore, the second order Taylor approximation is F(x, 9) =54+0.6(x—3)+0.8(y— 4) + 0.510.128 ~3)? + 2(-0.096\x-3)(y—4) +0.072(y ~4)"] a, First order Taylor approximation: f(x,y) = 5+0.6(x-3)+0.8(y-4) Thus, /(.1,3.9) = 5+0.6(0.1)+0.8(-0.1) = 4.98 98196 be F(G.1,3.9) = $+0.6(-0.1) + 0.8(0.1) + 0.5{0.128(0.1)? + 2(-0.096)0.1)(-0.1) + 0.072(-0. ec. G1, 3.9) = 4.9819675 740 Section 15.7 Instructor's Resource Manual~ 15.8 Concepts Review 1. closed bounded 2. boundary: stationary: singular 3. flo. 30) =0 A. Saxo. Yo)Syy(40. Yo) ~ fay(X0- YO) Problem Set 15.8 1. fla, »)= (22-4, 8y) = (0.0) at (2,0). stationary point. D= furhyy ~ £2, = 2X8) (OF =16>0 and fag =2>0. Local minimum a (2,0) 2. Uflx, y)=(2x-2, 8y+8)=(0,0) at (1,1), a stationary point, D = fur fyy ~ £3 = 2X8)~(O}2=16>0 and Seg =2>0, Local minimum at (I, 1). 3. O/C 9) = (80-269) = (2x062 0.69) = 0.0), at (0,0),(0.5,0).(05.0)a stationary points fog = 242? 2; D= faSyy ~f3 = 0242 -246)-(0F = 12(12x7 -1). {At(0,0): D= 12, s0(0.0) iba sade point. ‘At (05,0)and (05.0): D =24 and fy =6 50 lc minima occur these pins. 4. yes. N=(y?-128,257-6) D> Saxby ~ f= (1D22-6)~ (29? = Ay? + 64-18), Seg = 12 At(0, 0): D= 72, and fay =-12. s0 local maximum at (0,0). ‘At (46): D=—144, so (3.ty) are saddle points. (0, 0) at stationary points (0.0),(3,~6) and (3.6) 5. U(x y) = (ys x) =(0. 0) at (0, 0), a stationary point. D= fur hyy ~ £3 = (ON0)~(? = ~1, 50 (0, 0) isa saddle point. 6 Let Uf(x, v= (x? ~6).3y? ~61)=(0, 0). Then 3x? -6y=0 and 3y? ~6=0. Solving simultaneously, obtain solutions (0, 0) and (2,2) Sex = 68: D= Sachyy ~ £3, = (62N6y)-(-6)° = 36 (xy=1) At 0, 0}: D <0, $0 (0,0) isa saddle point. At(2,2):D>0, fax > 0, $0.8 local minimum occurs here. 2-9 we? 1 Ux y) (5 a2 ‘).0 0) ar(1, 2). ey D= fechyy ~ £3 = (4X-308y-3)- 0? 32x 8F Ah fgg eax? AU(1,2):D>0, and far > 0. $0 local minimum at (1,2) Instructor's Resource Manual Section 15.8 741U(x. y) = ~Dexp(-x? - y? +4y)(x. y-2) 10, nL n 742 (0,0) a (0.2). D = Ses fyy ~f5, = exp 242 ~y? 4 Ay ds? ~2,4y? —16y-+14)~(y)-84)?). Sag = (Ax? ~ Dyexpl-x? ~ y? +4y) AU (0,2): D>0.and fey <0, s0 local maximum at (0,2) Let /(%.») = (-sinsr~sin(x+ y),—sin y~sin(x+9)) = (0,0) ‘Then (ee =0 ) Therefore sin y+sin(x+y)=0 sinx=siny, so x= y=. However, these 4 values satisfy neither equation. Therefore, the ‘gradient is defined but never zero in its domain, and the boundary of the domain is outside the domain, so there are no critical points. Wx, y) =(2x- 2ac0s y, 2axsiny)=(0, 0) at (0#4) @o D= Saxby ~ £3 = (2\2axcos y)~(2asin yy, Sex = ac(0.28): Dota? <0, so(0.2 saddle points. At (a,0); D=4a? >0 and fz, >0. so local minimum at (2,0) We do not need to use calculus for this one. 3xis minimum at 0 and 4y is minimum at -1. (0,-1)is in S, so 3x 4y is minimum at (0, 1): the minimum value is ~4, Similarly. 3x and 4y are cach maximum at 1. (1,1) isin S, so 3x + 4y is ‘maxirmum at (1,1): the maximum value is 7. (Use calculus techniques and compare.) ‘We do not need to use calculus for this one. Each of x? and y? is minimum at 0 and (0, 0) is in S, so x?-+y? is minimum at (0, 0): the minimum value is 0, Similarly, x? and y? are maximum at and y= 4, respectively, and (3, 4 isin S, 50 224 y? is maximum at 3, 4): the maximum value is 25. (Use calculus techniques and compare.) Chapter 15: The Derivative in n-Space 1. Uf(a, 9) =(2x.~29) =(0.0) at(0, 0). D= Saxfy ~ 3) = 2X-2)-(O)2 <0, $0 (0, 0) is a saddle point A parametric representation ofthe boundary of Sisx= cos , y= sin ¢in (0.2%). £9) =c0s21-1 08211 is maximum if eos 2 1, which occurs (x(0), (0) = ¢08" Fin? +1 for 1=0, , 27. The points of the curve are (41,0).f(41,0) fix.) = £0521 is minimum if cos 2 no3e 35 the points of the 2°” ThePoins curve are(0.£1).f(0,1) = 0. Global minimum of 0 at (0, 1); global maximum of 2 at (41, 0) ‘which occurs for 14, Uf (x, »)=(2x-6, 2y-8)=0 at (3, 4), which is outside S, so there are no stationary points, There are also no singular points. x=00s f.y=sin 1, Fin (0,2x}is a parametric representation of the boundary of S. I, Y= FEO, HOY cos? 1 Gcost+sin? 1—8sint +7 8-6c0s/—8sint = FCO) FO snot ane rent in the Ist or 3rd quadrants. The corresponding. (G4) Global minimum of -2 at 15, Letx,y,2 denote the numbers, sox+y+2=N. Maximnize P2nz=n(N-x-y)= Nyx y- ay? Let VP(x, »)=(Ny—2ay-y?, Ne~ x? -23) Instructor Solutions Manual= (0.0) 2 Then (” a Nx-x? -2=' ; May Nexty. Therefore, x= y(since N= x+y would mean that P= 0, certainly not a maximum value). arty? a(reyr-y) x= y oF ‘Then, substituting into Nx— obtain Mex? ~2x? = 0, from which we obtain local maximum) Ieee, then concn: Ech uteri“. bein to find three distinet numbers. then there is no ‘maximum value of P that satisfies that condition) 16. Lets be the distance from the origin to (x,y. 2) on the plane. s? 24 y? 42? and x+2y+32=12, Minimize = f.2= 2-2y 32) + y? +. fly, 2) = (48+ 124109, -72412y #202) 504 so the shores distance is 8 ova N14 3.2071. 7 17. Let S denote the surface area of the box with dimensions x,y, 2. S= Day Dez + 2yzand Hy = 192, S=2(2y + Voy"! +¥or"). + 80 Minimize f(x, »)=a9+ Voy"! +¥ox! subject tox>0,y>0. Instructor's Resource Manual wsta, b= (y-Yox 2-Voy™) = (0.0) at Pn), D= fachyy ~ fy = WEY Sux = Wor”. (82.89) focal minimum. D#3>0, fy =2>0, 90 Conclusion: The box is a cube with edge 9°. Let L denote the sum of edge lengths for a box of dimensions x,y, 2. Minimize L = ax + ay + 4, subject t0 Vo = 92. L(x, y24xe4y + 20,20 y Let Vue, y= ax ty (a NPy— Vo). en? Vo) = (00) Then x2y=¥% and xy? =o, from which it follows that x=. Therefore x ye Py 2 8%)(3%) (4% voit (BY) (SH) 5S Lae as (I82.182): D>0, by >0 G0 oe minimum). ‘There are no other critical points, and as (x.y) > boundary, L > ©, Hence. the optimal bok is a cube. Le deme te eof hese ad boron of Stn wih be ty wand ep Se Soham ona sim nea 28)er(2), woo. rr0 S(1 w= (w= 51217? 151207) = (0,0) at (8,8). = 4 there. At(8, 8) D> 0 and S,1 >0, so local minimum, Dimensions are 8° x 8' x 4°, |. Let V denote the volume of the box and (x, 2) denote its Ist octant vertex. V= (2x 2y)(2z) = Bayz and 24x? + y? +2" er-o}re Maximize f(y. 2)= (9-9? -27)9727, y>0, 2>0, Section 15.8 743Syy <0, 80 local maximum. The greatest Vf, 2)=2(y22(9-2y? ~22), y2(9-y? -23") posible volume is (Z)s- 6B, =(0, 0) at (V3, v3). x= 4 At (ViN3), D= Spa -F3 >0 and 21, Let (x.y, 2) denote the vector; let S be the sum of its components. By e2? <8 50 2=@1-2 7)! Maximize S(x, y)=x+y+(81-2?-y?)!”?, Osa? +y? 59. Let U5(s, ») =(I-x81-2? -y?y"?,1- 1-22-77") =(0, 0), 2 y2)!2, We then abtain x= y =345 asthe only stationary Therefore, x=(81-x?-y?)!/? and y=(81-. point, For hese values of x andy, 2 = 3¥3 and $= 943 =15.59, ‘The boundary needs to be checked. Iti fairly easy to check each edge of the boundary separately. The largest 8 value of Sata boundary point occurs at three places and tums out to be 18 = 12.73. ary poi fT 2 Conclusion: the vector is 3¥3(1, 1.1). 22, Let (x,y,2) denote a point on the cone, and s denote the distance between (x,y, 2) and (1, 2.0) SP =(x- I? (9-2)? +2? and 2? =x? + y4, Minimize 5? = f(x, y) = (4-1? +(y- 2? +02 +y?), ey iM. 2(2x-1, 2y-2)=(0,0) at +} At G4} D>Oand fey >0, 50 local minimum. fEqtsen 2 4 (5)o-++2esinanyccosa) and Wey) Conclusion: Minimum distance is se4y= Tt Maine Ae) ssa) da, xin Ane (2.5} A(x.) =(12e0sa ~4xeosa+ 2esina cosa, ~I2xsina-+22?sina-+x?cos2a) = (0, 0)at (4 = 20.78. At the boundary point of x At (4 2). D>Oand 4g, <0, 50 local maximum, and A= 12V5 a=, 4=18, Thus, the maximum occurs for width oftumed-up sides = 4", and base angl 24, The lines are skew since there are no values of s and that simultaneously satisfy ¢— I = 3s, 2¢=s+2, and 143 25~ 1. Minimize f the square of the distance between points on the two lines. Sls.) = 5-140)? +(542-297 + Qs -1-1-3)? Let Vf (5,1) = (2851+ 198) +2(s ~ 21 + 2K) + 2(28 142), 285 — £4 INH) + As — 2¢4.2)(-2) + 2028-14) -D) =(285-141~6,-14s-+121~-28) = (0,0) Solve 285- 141~6 = 0,-14s + 12r-2= 0, obtaining, 7 14)? >0; fos = 28 > 0. (local minimum) icates the global minimum occurs here. De Sasha ~fa = 28X12) — ‘The nature ofthe problem is 744 Section 15.8 Instructor's Resource Manual28, 26. 3 ,)_ (15), (5¥ ,(_ 25) _ 875 GHG) GG) 5 Conlin: The minima distance beeen the ines i see Problem 21, Section 14.4.) Let M be the maximum value of fx) on the polygonal region, P. Then ax + by + (¢— M)=0 isa line that either contains a vertex of P or divides P ino two subregions. Inthe later case ‘ax + by + (cM) is positive in one ofthe regions and negative in the other. ax + by + (¢~ M)>0 contradicts that M is the maximum value of ax + by con P. (Similar argument for minimum.) a x y [at yee =I 2 8 ° 1 7 1 ° 6 3 o 2 0 a 38 ‘Maximum at (-1.2) of = y [etal 3 0 10 o 5 n 2 3 1 4 o -u 1 a =10 Minimum at (40) = > ety 0 0 0 2 0 4 1 4 6 0 1413 1473 Maximum of 6 occurs at (I.4) 7 ko o ® wo * Instructor's Resource Manual e 4.2258. (For another way of doing this problem ‘The edges of P are segments ofthe lines: Ly 2axty=8 3.2x+3y 4.x=0 4, and 21. a(x, y=? =. 2x, 9) = (0, 0) at 0.0). ‘There are no stationary points and no singular points, so consider boundary points. On side 1: 2x, so z 2'(x) = 6x =0 ifx=0. Therefore, (0, 0) is a candidate. ‘On side 2: yaar + 6,80 22 (4x46)? x? =15x? 484436, 2(x) =30x-48=0 ifr= 1.6. Therefore, (1.6,—0.4) is a candidate. On side 3: yanx so 2=(-x)? =x? =0. ‘Also, all vertices are candidates. x y z 0 0 0 16 04 24 2 2 ° 1 2 3 ‘Minimum value of 2.4; maximum value of 3 Section 15.8 74528, a Dev; ~ ma —b)(-) 25) (91 -mx? ~bx;) i Seting his result equal to zero yields 23°(sin,-m? ~b) or equivalently, = 2D - my -BY-D. a = 20 (~~) ‘al Setting this result equal to zer0 yields 0=-29.(y,-maj-b) (x4 — me; ~b) or equivalently, nSaenb-Sy, ». oS mx Therefor, eae 746 Section 15.8 Instructor's Resource Manual29, 30. oof ‘Assuming that all the x; are not the same, we find that ; ps0 ma “Lo m ‘Thus, f(m,6) is minimized. xt | a 9 | 6 16 28 36 49 a, (2s [is [3s 1m(135) + B(25) = (97) and m(25) + (5) weasels Solve simultaneously and obtain m= 0.7, b= 0.1. ‘The least-squares line is y= 0.7x + 0.1 Pay? —ax-2y45, 50 (4x4, 2y-2)=0. 0 at(1, 1) which is ouside the region. ve ‘Therefore, extreme values occur on the boundary. Three critical points are the vertices of the triangle, (0,0), (0, 1), and (4, 0). Others may ‘occur on the interior of a side of the triangle. Instructor's Resource Manual 2 4a On vertical si 2(y)= y? -2y+5, y= (0.1L 2'(y) = 2y-2, 80 20) 1. Henee, no additional critical point. On horizontal side: y= 0 2(x) = 2x? 4x45, x in (0,4). 2'(x) = 4x4, s0 F() <0 ifx= 1. Hence, an additional critical point is (1,0. On hypotenuse: x= 4 -4y 2(y) = 204-49)? +9? ~~ 4y) 2945 =33y?-S0y+21, y in (0, 1] Section 15.8 747£9) = 66)~50, 90 2()=0 if y=22, Hee, i intis (32,28 Maximum value of 1s 21; occurs at (4, 0) Minimum value of zis about 2.06: it oceurs at 31. T(x, y= 2st +y?-y 97 =(4x,2y-1) Ifx= and is the only imerior critical point ‘On the boundary x? ofy there. Ty) =2-y?)+y? — 5) and (0,1), Substituting these into Tlx,y) yields thatthe coldest spot is 4. and there a 1 : 0,4) wire the temperature ( 3) me 748 Section 15.8 32, iat ree pa ( 9 the temperate is Let x2, y?, 2? denote the areas enclosed by the circle, and the two squares, respectively. Then the radi ofthe cre is 7 and he edges of the two squares are y and z, respectively. We wish to optimize A(x, ayPae? sijstio 2o[ Jo ayde mk ve equivalenty 2Var+4y +42 =, with each of, 1. and z nonnegative. Geometrically: we seek the Sinallestand largest ofall spheres wih enter at the ogin and some point in common withthe triangular region indicated since we 4 sermons pin (hy. 08) nt , the largest sphere will intersect the circle), The smallest sphere will be tangent to the tangle. The point of tangency is onthe normal line through the origin, (x, yz) =4(vR, 2,2). Substituting x= VR, y= 2,22 into the equation of the plane yields the value ¢= . so the minimum value of (+8) kd is obtained for the values of x==—~=_, Ais obtained f a ‘Thus the circle will have radius +8 and the squares will each k va n+8) Instructor’s Resource Manualhave sides ‘Therefore. the circle will use Gee (Note: sum of the three lengths is &.) units and the squares will each use as) 33, Without loss of generality we wil assume that 5 as BS 7. We will consider itinmutively clear that fora triangle of maximum area the center. (N37 y ‘of the circle willbe inside or on the boundary ¥ of the triangle; ie... and 7 are in the interval(0.]. Along with a+ f+, = 2x, this Demin a implies that a+ 82m. ‘The area of an isosceles triangle with congruent sides of length r and included angle @ is 3 sind. 2 AneadBe) =! snae le? snpod Pain 2 = FP Gina +sin Bsinf2n— (a+) 1 Asin sin -sinfa+ B)] ‘Area(AABC) will be maximum if(*) (a, B) = sine + sin B-sin(a + A) is maximum. Restrictions are Oa s Psa, and a+f2m 2)im and (x, n). We will now search Thre eral pins arethe verses ofthe triangular domino 4 for oshers AA(a, B)= (cosa —cos(a+ f),cos f ~cos(a+ f))=0 if cosa = cos(a+ f)=c0s 8. ‘Therefore, coser = cos f,s0 = f (due tothe restrictions stated]. Then cosar = cos(a +a) =cos2a = eas" aI, s0 cosa =2c0s? a—1 Solve for a: 2cos?a-cosa 1 0; (eos +IKcosa~1 cosa =—+ or cosa=ha (We are stil inthe case where a = f.) (= 22) is new critical point, but (0, 0) s out of the domain of A. ‘There are no critical points in the interior of the domain of 4. On the B =m edge of the domain of 4: Ala) = sina’ ~sin(a~n)=2sina $0 4'(a) = 2cosa. ((a) = 0 if} 5. | isa new eritical point aera0tand, (8) ri Onthe B= ~a edge ofthe domain of Instructor's Resource Manual Section 15.8 749Ala) = sinar+sin(n~@)~sin(2a—n) = 2sina+sin 2a, so Aa) = 2cosa+ 2cos2a = cosa + (2e0s? a -1)] = 22cosa~I(cosar+!). ‘Ax By * C2= Ly then the intercepts are volume ae coco (EAA) 2) che To maximize V subject to da + Bb+ Ce = 1 is equivalent to maximizing 2 = ABC subject to Aa + Bb + Cé lnad~BB .,, _ AB(\~a4~b8) ven(2)(0-2a4n—b92, 420402) = Lt (4k) wen eit ‘ rai Lietyel xe int, The plane is Exe y+ bse tor 242+ be : 30°" 30? "36 aap. ‘The volume of the first quadrant tetrahedron formed by the plane is oe Local max: (1.75, 0) Global max: ft-3.8, 0) = 2.30 39, Global max: /(1.13, 0.79) = (1.13, -0.79) = 0 -1.13, -0.79) 36, Global max: 0, 1) = 0.5 Global min: 0, -1) = -0.5 40, No global maximum or global minimum 31. Global min: £0, 1 4M. Global max: £(3,3) = f(-3,3) =74.9225 Global min: (1.5708,0) = f(-1.5708,0) 38 Global max: f(0,0)=1 Global min: f(2,-2)= f(-2,2)=e* 42, Global max: f{1, 43, 0) = 0.13 ar Global min: 1.82, 0) = -0.23 750 Section 15.8 Instructor's Resource Manual43, Global max: (0.67, 0) = 5.06 48, Global max: 2.1, 2.1) "3.5 Global min: -0.75, 0) Global min: (4.2, 4.2)=-3.5 44, Global max: (-5.12, -4.92) Global min: 5.24, ~4.96) 46% a.py=L1B0sina + 60sin B+ 48sin(2x af) = 40sina+30sin -24sin(a-+ A) L(a. B) = (164 - 160cosa)!/? + (136 ~120c0s )!/? +(100-96cos(a + ))!"2 b. (195.204) e. (226,207 45.9 Concepts Review 2 -etynay 1. free; constrained Beiacl + free: 4.0 ax + 2ay (From equations 1 and 2) parallet 5.A=Oorx+2y=0 «) 420: 6yee 3. afxy)=0 a 2. sty 63) 4 2 B Lyte 0.6) Problem Set 15.9 Ey a 1. (2x, 29) =2(y.4) 10.» 6.3) 2x= dy. 2y= dy=3 Critical points are We (10,9) (25.248). s(V5.208)=6. not clear whether 6 is the minimum or ‘maximum, so take any other point on xy = 3, for example (1, 3)./(1, 3) = 10, so 6 is the minimum value. 2 (3) =4(Be. 18) y= 82x, x= I8Ay, 427 +9)? =36 Critical poins are ($ 23) (-# aximum value of ocursat (2-2, ¢ (% 3. Let U/(x, »)=AVg(e y), where 4 Cities points: (e-3} (+ -#) (5-4) (44) Ax, y) is Oat the first two critical points and 5 at ‘the last two. Therefore, the maximum value of Slesy)i8 5, (2x44y,4442y) =A( lel) Det dy A det 2y=-A,x-yeb Critical point is (3,-3). 5. (2x,2y,.22) = 2(1,3,-2) 2e= A, 2y= 32,2: a. aay? 120, Creat pines (& -4) (8x-4y,-4x42y) = A(2x, 2y) 7 7 Lara aye de Instructor's Resource Manual Section 15.9 754752 8) 2 isthe minimum (eg. 144). 6.1.2) (6.4) ‘Therefore, (-1, 1, 1) isa critical point, and AL. 1. 1)= 3. 3 is the minimum rather than um since other points satisfying g = 0 have larger values off: For example, g(1, 1, 1)= 0. and ANA=5) 1. Let / and w denote the dimensions of the base, h denote the depth. Maximize 1{(.w, h) = wh subject to g(l 1, A) = hw + 20h-+ 2wh = 48. (wht) = A(w-+ 2h,14 2h, 21+ 20) wh = Aor + 2h). th= A(+ 2h), bw = A(2I+ 20), Iw 2th+ 2h = 48 Critical point is (4, 4, 2). V(4, 4, 2) = 32 is the maximum, (M(11, 2. for example.) Minimize the square of the distance to the plane, S(x,y, 2)= 27 + y? +27, subject to xt By-22- 420, (2x,2y,22) = 2(1,3,-2) 2x A, 2y= 3A, 22=-2A, x4 3y- 224 (2.64 at pointis (2, 9, -). The nature ofthe cri TF, problem indicates that this will give a minimum father than a maximum. The least distance to the omen LG5-S)] 6)" Let and w denote the dimensions of the base. A the depth. Maximize HU, w. )= fwh subject 0 0.601 + 0.20(0w + 21h + 2wi) = 12, which simplifies to 2lw + Jh-+ wh = 30, or a{l,¥, H)= lw + Uh + wh ~ 30, Let VV(U. wf) = AVC, w, A: (wht) = A(Qw4 A, 21+ hal +) 1. wh = Aw) 2.th= AQI+ hy 3.he= A+ w) 4. 2hw + Ih+ wh = 30 Section 15.9 10, nh. 5.(w= Dh = aw =) 6.welorh= 22 a2) 7.1=2A=w — (3)Note: w#0, for thenV =0. (7.2) (7.8.4) 10. VB. h=2N5 (9.7,8) he 22: aso @ 12. =o (1-3) (Not possible since this does not satisfy 4.) (vB. V8. 248) is eral point and (VB. VB, 2/8) = 10V5 = 22.36 fis the ‘maximum volume (rather than the minimum volume since, for example. g{1. 1. 14) MI, 1, 14) = 14 which is less than 22.36). Minimize the square ofthe distance, Sls, y. 2) 222 + y? 42°, subject to Py 2? 49-0, (29.2 2e= Day, 2y =x? Py: 4920 Critical poins are (0, 0,3) [ease x= 0} (#¥2. -1. £04) (casex#0,4=-1); and (236975, -¥973, 0) (ese x20.2¢-1} Evaluating fat each of these eight points yields 9 (case x= 0), 10(case x#0, 4-1), and > 395 (5) coe x40.2¢-1.Tetteris the smal othe least dance between the in and the surface is ff = 2.8596, re, Maximize f(x,y. 2)= xyz, subject 0 ge y.2)= cy? abs? a? b2e? “0 (ye. x2, sy) =A(26%e2x, 2a%e?y, 207622) yes 2Bex a= 2a*e?y, xy = 2a7b?z, BOP catsup eats abe } BES =. wi Cent poi ( ‘maximum, which is the Instructor's Resource ManualMinted Aes iy 8 Let i Vex. y.2). 30 C= 55. The est follows asin the solution for Problem 34, Section 15.8 14, tis clear that the maximum will occur for a (cach equals x32), triangle which contains the center of the circle, (With this observation in mind, there are additional constraints: 0< a< .0y< 2.) oe Note that in an isosceles triangle, the side a opposite the angle 8 which is between the congruent sides of length r has length 2 (2) There wish matin ne ven nfu()a( om] 13. A different hint, which wil be used here, isto let ye Ax+ By + Cz= 1 be the plane, (See write-up for subjectio g(a, ) ma+ B +72 mote sa ua eo(2} (2) n(2))-a0c09 Maximize id, B, C) = ABC subject to 2, Then a= oS) = ooo(4) = roo() so BAB. C= 0A + 6B + oC 1=0, 2 2 2 Let (BC,AC.BA) = A(a.b.c). _ (ste Then BC= 2a, AC= Ab, BA= 2e, a+ bB+eC= | 5 ‘Therefore, dad = AbB = AcC (since each equals 3aa=2m 80 a= ABC). 50.04 -C (since 2= 0 implies 4 which doesnt satisfy the ‘constraint equation). 15, Let a+ B+ y= 1, a> 0, B>0,and y>0. Maximize P(x. y, 2)=k%yP2". subject to gtx. y Let VP(x, y.2) = AV (4, y 2) Then (kas 1y 2” kp yPl2Y. kya yA +byta-d=0, )=a(a,b.) Therefore, 22% = AY = 26 since each equals kx ys"), a py 4 #0 since 20 would implyx=y=z= 0 which would imply P Therefore, Hf == a By ‘The constraints ax + by + cz din the form o(2)-0(B}o(E)-4 ecomes (SAS) mee Then terpen(2)=4 on 8 y= aa 2x1 tn loving gan (since a+ B+ 7= 1). Instructor's Resource Manual Section 15.9 753‘Since there is only one interior critical point, and since P is 0 on the boundary. P is maximum when od Bf, >” a 16, Let (x, RI Minimize f(x.» 2 gx yeexty eee ) denote a point of intersection, Let be the square of the distance to the origin. 2 4 y? 42? subject to and Ilx,y, 2) = 2e-y +32 ~28=0. Let Of(x. y. Welx. y. 2)+nVALx. y. (24.29.22) = A(LI) + 4(2-13) Laren a+) 2lyea-p Boreas Sy drty+ 5.2e-y +3 6.3A44y= 16 (1.2.3.4) 12+ T= B (1.2.3.5) BA=0 ued 6.7, y= 2,276 (8.13) ‘fi, 2, 6)= 56, and the nature of the problem indicates ths isthe minimum rather than the Conclusion: The least distance is V56 = 7.4833. 17. (12,2) = A(28,2y,0) + 4(0sh2) Dax, 2= Day + wy 2= 2, 2 +y? =2, 18, a, Maximize WO Ape =D. subject wo the constraint 0.49. Hy) = HX Heap T= O.Let Doel sn a) = (rp. ie Therefore, Ax = Ax equals 3 49). Then (ra= some 5; =0, sow=0.) ‘Therefore, nx; The maximum value of wis (4) and occurs when each x = 754 Section 15.9 b. From part a we have that xx... S| 19, Let (a. a2 2a) Therefore. d; = 22x), foreach f= 1,2... (since = 0 implies 2; = 0, contrary to the hypothesis) 2L forall i,j since each equals + a, ay 7 cas oy ‘The constraint equation can be expressed a(2} sa(2) ra(e] te ba +. +0) 2 ath: sitar fo exch ater 3. “The funtion tobe maximized in hyperane wh positve eoefcens and constant ( ‘ges seasons ons isa Hyperpher of ads 1s the ‘Thetis oly one such eral pony, the one btaned fom the above by aking the ppl “Then the maximum vale of w is where A FS] ae 20, Max: -0.71, 0.71) =f-0.71, ~ 0.71) = 0. 21. Min: 4,0) =-4 22, Max: fUL41, 1.41) = 141, 1.44) = 0.037 23. Min: 0, 3) = 0, -3) =-0.99 Instructor's Resource Manual#~ 15.10 Chapter Review Concepts Test 1. True: Except forthe rival ease of 2 ‘which gives a point, 2. False: Usef0,0)=0: fx, => Fey elsewhere for counterexample, 3. True: Since g'(0) = f,(0, 0) 4, True: Triste limit along the path, y= x. ‘5. True: ‘Use “Continuity of a Product” ‘Theorem, 6 True: Suight forward caleulation of partial ‘derivatives 1, False: ‘See Problem 25, Section 15.4. ‘8. False: Tt is perpendicular to the level curves off The gradient of F(x, y, 2)=/lx,y) - 7 is perpendicular to the gph of z~ flx,»)- 9. True: Since (0,0,-1) is norma to the tangent plane 10. False: (C@ ; For the cylindrical surface £0 y= y°, fp) = 0 for every pon the xaxis, but ip) is not an extreme value. 11, True: Itwill point in the direction of greatest increase of heat, and at the origin, ¥7(0, 0)=(1,0) is that direction, 12, True: tis nonnegative forall x,y, and it has avalue of 0 at (0, 0). 13, True: Along thexaxis, f(x, 0)» 40 as rode, 14 False: [Dy f(x, »)|=|(4, 4)-u]s 4v2 1 ai if w=(L 1 ceaaivitu=(\u)) rr 15, True: Dif (x, Y) = AVI (x, yu) vfs, ») u) = Diy f(x, ¥) Instructor's Resource Manual 16, True: 17. True: 18, False: 20, False: The set (call it S,2 line segment) contains all ofits boundary points because for every point P not in S (e., not on the line segment), there is an open neighborhood of P (i.e. circle with P es center) that contains no point of S. By the Min-Max Existence Theorem (Xo. ¥o) could be 2 singular point (5.1)-»(3) value of f,and (1/2, 1) is in he set , the maximum ‘The same function used in Problem 2 provides @ counterexample, ‘Sample Test Problems La, Section 15.10 75511, No. Onthe path y=, lim =—* =0, On the oxox oF “ Pay 0. Teyxe0 2 oa Ma nataay 404 nce [24 b. oes a exis [=] 3B. felt. ¥) tim +207)? =2y4) eee) rh. aaa = tim | (22 = 9? Soylts Y= DAP y+ 98398 “sitio 7-8 + es ha te y2)=(29e PP 20) fl 3) f(t =0 £0.2,-1)= (4-16) a ed be U(x,» 2) me = (jecosz.tysnz, 9s) Aen 0,2, -1)=-4(co0), sn). ~c0s()) fot = (-2.1612,-33659,2.1612) ~ 14, Dy Scx y= (39114924977, Ball 49279?) 6 12\ (8 ara. r-(S2)(5, i) (3v3 -6) oe: 08-9), Fy (2, y) = 15028 y4 ~ 429/ Sry 770001393 Fpl 9) = 450x298 429? 18, 2= fly are? 8. fax, ys 2)=¥° 10x92" (1,-V3, 0) is horizontal and is normal t0 the Syl. 9. 2) = Bay? Sx? 24 vertical plane that is given. By inspection, fy Sen) (8.1, 0) is also a horizon vetor and is Therefore, f-(2,~1,1)=19; perpendicular to (1, ~ /3, 0) and therefore is F,2.-h =143 f-2,-1,1)=80 parte wo the vera plane, Then = (28, 2 2°2, unit vector. 9% zyx.) 2 (2, 2)= is the corresponding 2-dimer DyS(x. Y= WH yw =(2x, oi edicey D,f(\, 2) = V3 +2 =3,7321 is the slope of the ~ tangent to the curve, 10, Everywhere in the plane except on the parabola 2 vey. 756 Section 15.10 Instructor's Resource Manual16. In the direction of V/(I. 2) = 4(9. 4) 1D. f= 1 a 4,1)= 9.50 49? =9, or fa) 7 7 : 20, = (Bx? ~y?)(-6sin3y) + (-2xy~4y* e081) aF = xe2andy oo (F) °. rt Fy + Fay 1 R= Fes + Five Sia ieee v a “a0 WE V2) (592 Fahy, +Fy -(REF}E 7 2 “eerie PAS ool se 2aew ae Pa rs ara = A<.0)=(2 sin S-[Joro(S) Gold) amol] (@ (148) os nth at Na,10, 3) 2 23, Let F(x. y, 2)=9x? +4y? +92? 34-0 VF (x, ¥.2)= (18s, By. 182), 50 8 Tangent plane is (x ~ 1) + 8(7—2)~ =1)=2(9,8, -9). 1)=0,0r 9x +8) ~92= 34. 3, rh dr+ nr? .01, then 24, Wear th: dV =V,de+ Vydh Ifr= 10, |dr]< 0.02, h=6, fa [av | < 2nrh|ar|+ nr? [dhl < 2 (10)(6\0.02) + x (100X001) = 3.42 Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 15,10 757Y(10. 6) = (100(6) = 600 Volume is 600% £3.42 = 1884.96 + 10.68 28. df= yes y lace Dll +z? Ifx= 1.y=2,2=2, dr 001, dy =-0.02, dr Therefore. (1.01, 1.98, 2.03) = {I.2,2)+ df 26. Ofte, y)=(2xy~6x, x7 -12y) =(0,0) a (0.0) and (26, 3) D= fash ~ Sig = (29~6M-12) (2x)? = 408 6y=22): fog = AY-3) At(0.0);D=72>0and fx, <0, so local maximum at (0,0). ‘At 26,3): D<0, $0 (26, 3) are saddle points. 27. Let (x.y, 2) denote the coordinates of the Ist cctant vertex of the box. Maximize ‘fix. 342) = 292 subject 10 B(x, y. 2) = 36x? +4y? +927 -36=0 (where x.,2> 0 and the box’s volume is Vex, y. 2) = fy. 2). Let W/(x, ». 2) = AVEC, 9,2) (y2.82.39) 8 = 2(72x.8y,182) (5.6.4) 1.5.6) eaaWlals) 5 9.2376 ‘The nature of the problem indicates that the critical point yields a maximum value rather than a minimum value. (For a generalization of this problem, see Problem 11 or Section 15.9.) 28. (y.3) = (28,29) ax Diy, 758 Section 15.10 "dy Day(s?) Pde 03, then df= ~0.0272. 8-00272= 7728 ind cae pins (5+) (-ypet gy} Masini orf (5 245) minimum of + at 2 v2" V2. (ce 29, Maximize V(r, h) = 77h, subject to Sr, h) = 2nr? + 2nrh ~24n = 0. (2arh,nr?) = a(4nr+2ah 227) rh= AQr+h),r=22, 7? +rh=12 Critical point is (2, 4). The nature of the problem indicates that the critical point yields a maximum value rather than a minimum value. Conclusion: ‘The dimensions are radius of 2 and height of 4 Instructor's Resource Manual