Petroleum Production Engineering Arabic PDF

‫ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ‪ -‬ﻗﺳﻡ ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺟﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻋﺑﺩﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺭﺷﻳﺩ ﻫﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩٨٨‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺑﻐﺩﺍﺩ ‪٤٥١‬ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪Barzan Ibrahim Ahmed ‬‬
‫‪Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Faaiz Al‐Zubaidi ‬‬
‫‪Assistant Lecturer ‬‬
‫‪Kirkuk University‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company‬‬
‫‪Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

‫ث‪ -‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫د‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ج‪-‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ذ‪ -‬إﻧﺘﺎج طﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬ ‫ح‪-‬‬
‫ح‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ظﺮوف اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ر‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ‬ ‫خ‪-‬‬
‫ز‪ -‬إﻧﻌﺎش أو ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ اﻵﺑﺎر‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫د‪-‬‬
‫س‪ -‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
‫ش‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‬
‫ص‪ -‬ﺗﻜﮭﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫‪ -٣‬أﻧﻮاع إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫طﺮق اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬
‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫طﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮة ﻋﺰل واﺣﺪة وأﻧﺒﻮب إﻧﺘﺎج واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﻲ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮب إﻧﺘﺎج واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﺎ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎن ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺰدوج ﺑﺰوج ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻌﺪات إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻛﻤﺎل اﻻﺑﺎر‬
‫ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﯿﻼد وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ راس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﻮة اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫ث‪ -‬ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻣﺎن اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﺧﻮاﻧﻖ وﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫ح‪ -‬ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻻﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻻﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬ ‫طﺮق ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺸﻮات‬
‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺠﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫ث‪ -‬ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ح‪ -‬ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺪوﯾﺮ‬
‫‪-٥‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ إﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬

‫‪-٦‬ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ أﺑﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫‪-٧‬ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫‪-٨‬ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ήѧΒΘ‬‬‫‪όΗΚѧϴ‬‬‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪ˬςϔϨѧϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫·‪ϧ‬‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ ϲ ѧϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪Ε΍‬‬‫‪έΎ‬‬
‫‪ϤΜ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬
‫‪ѧγ ϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ήѧΒϛ΍ϥΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫إن ﺣﻔﺮ اﻵﺑﺎر ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ‪ΣϷ΍‬‬
‫‪ϴ‬ﺔ‬ ‫‪ѧδϴ‬‬‫‪΋‬‬
‫اﻵﺑﺎر ھﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﮭﺎ وھﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أداة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ήϟ΍‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΔѧΒϗ΍‬‬‫‪ήϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬ ‫‪ϊ ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϤΟϭ‬‬ ‫‪ίΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϐϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫ﻟﺬا ﻓﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺣﻔﺮ اﻵﺑﺎر وإﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ وإﻋﺪادھﺎ ﻹﻏﺮاض إﻧﺘﺎج‪ς ϔϨѧϟ΍‬‬
‫واﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ وإداﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧΈ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬‫‪ΓήѧηΎ‬‬‫‪ΒϤϟ΍ϞѧΟϷ έΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΑϵ ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ήѧϔΣ‬‬‫‪Δϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬‫‪ϞϤϜΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬
‫‪Ϥόϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬ ‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫إن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺟ‪Ϥ‬‬
‫ ‪(Ideal‬‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧѧΜ‬‬‫‪Ϥϟ΍ϝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϑ ήѧѧόϳϭ‬‬
‫‪Δѧѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϧϮΑέΎ‬‬‫‪ϛϭέΪϴ‬‬ ‫‪Ϭϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ω΍‬‬‫‪ϮѧѧϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϰѧѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬ ‫‪ΔѧѧϳϭΎ‬‬‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫΃‪ѧѧϘΒτϟ΍ϭ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬‫‪΋‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ΪΘ‬‬‫‪Αϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϒϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϜΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪έΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΒΘ‬‬
‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ήѧѧψϨΑ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫΃‪ϨϳάѧΧ‬‬
‫)‬‫‪ˬΔѧϔϠ‬‬
‫‪ϛ‬‬‫‪Ϟѧѧϗ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΐ ѧϠ‬‬
‫‪τΘ‬‬‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫)‪ϪѧϧϮϜϟcompletion‬‬
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‫واﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ( و ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﯾﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻠﮭﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﺪرة ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﯿﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺧﻼل ﺣﯿﺎﺗﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪ν έϷ΍‬‬ ‫‬

‫‪ϞѧΧ΍‬‬
‫‪Ω‬‬‫‪ΪѧΘ‬‬‫‪Ϥϳ‬‬‫΃‪ϱ ΪѧϳΪΣ ΏϮѧΒϧ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϋ‬‬ ‫‪ΓέΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΒϋ‬‬‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΢Βѧμ ϳ‬‬‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϬϨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ζϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϤѧδΗ‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬ ‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪ήϔΣ‬‬
‫‪ΪόΑ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϱ άѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ν ήϐϟ‬‬
‫‪ήΌ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻀﻊ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮات أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺣﯿﻦ أذن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﻋﺪاد‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻠﮫ‪.‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت إﻧﺰال أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﻣﻌﺪات اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‪،‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ إﻣﺎم اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ )‪،(perforations‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت وﺿﻊ ﺷﺠﺮة رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ )‪، (X-mass tree‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت رﺑﻂ رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΔѧϛήΤΘ‬‬ ‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪˯΍‬‬
‫‪ΰΟϷ΍‬‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﮭﻢ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ وھﻲ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ)‪ϭ (Casing, Csg.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ρϼѧμ Θ‬‬
‫‪γ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ϤόΑ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪Ϭϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ΪΒΘ‬‬
‫‪ѧγ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϦѧϜϤϳ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬ ‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϞΧΪѧΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪˯΍‬‬‫‪ΰΟϷ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪Δϓ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϛ‬‬‫‪ϲ ϫϭ‬‬
‫)‪.(workover operations‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪-:Petroleum Production System‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪ΔϠ‬‬
‫‪ϤΟ‬‬‫‪Δγ ΍‬‬‫‪έΩ‬‬‫‪ΐ ΠϳˬέΎ‬‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ‪ΑϷ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϠ‬‬
‫‪Ο΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ήѧϔΣ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϑ΍‬‬ ‫‪ΪѧϫϷ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϖѧϘΤΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ ˬέΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΒΘ‬‬
‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ήѧψϨΑ‬‬
‫‪άѧΧΆΗ‬‬ ‫‬‫·‪ϥ‬‬
‫‪ΐ ѧΠϳ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪ΔѧϤϬϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϟϣ΍‬‬ ‫‪Ϯόϟ΍‬‬
‫وﺑﺄﻗﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ إﻣﺎ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﮭﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

‫أ‪ -‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫أ‪ -‬اﻻﺑﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫ب‪ -‬اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ب‪ -‬إﻧﺘﺎج طﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ب‪ -‬اﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬
‫ت‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ظﺮوف اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ت‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬ ‫ت‪ -‬اﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ‬
‫ث‪ -‬إﻧﻌﺎش أو ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ اﻵﺑﺎر‬ ‫ث‪ -‬اﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
‫ح‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‬
‫خ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﮭﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫‪ -١‬ھﺪف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

‫إن ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﺪف ﻣﻦ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ھﻮ أھﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺪف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫واﺿﺤﺎ وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﻛﺎن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺑﺌﺮ ﻟﺤﻘﻦ ‪(Gas‬‬
‫)‪ injection‬أو )‪ (water flooding‬أو ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺑﺌﺮ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ήѧϔΤΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ΔѧϔϠ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬
‫‪ΨϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪έΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΑϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥ· .έΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΑϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ήѧϔΣ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬ ‫‪Δϴ‬‬
‫‪γΎ‬‬‫‪γ Ϸ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϑ΍‬‬ ‫‪ΪϫϷ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϑ ήόΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΐ Πϳ‬‬ ‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϤϛϹ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ω΍‬‬ ‫‪ϮϧϷ‬‬‫‪ι Ϯϐϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϞΒϗϭ‬‬
‫ﻹﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪1- Exploration and evaluation wells.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف‬
‫وھﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮھﺎ وإﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف واﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪2- Production wells.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫وھﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮھﺎ وإﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ أو اﻟﻐﺎز وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪3- Injection wells.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬
‫‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΠΘ‬‬‫‪Ϩϣϭ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϳϭΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϴ‬‬‫‪ϛ‬‬
‫‪Ω΍‬‬‫‪ϮѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϦѧϘΣ‬‬
‫΃‪ϭ‬‬‫‬
‫‪ίΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϐϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫΃‪ϭ‬‬
‫‬‫‪˯Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϦѧϘΣ‬‬
‫‪ν ήѧϏϷ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϛ·ϭ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϫήϔΣ‬‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬
‫‪ѧϳ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪έΎ‬‬
‫‪Αϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ϫϭ‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﻄﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪4- Geological studies wells.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻠﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫أﺑﺎر اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‪،‬وھﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮھﺎ وإﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪5- Measurement and observation wells.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫أﺑﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮھﺎ وإﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪6- Special operation wells.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫وھﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮھﺎ وإﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺠﺮة‪.‬‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ وﺟﺮﯾﺎن ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﯿﺺ ھﺬه اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﯾﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬
Prepared by: Barzan Ibrahim Ahme/Senior Reservoir Engineer/North Oil Company
Modified by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University

Δϳέϭήѧѧο ϭ Δϴ ѧγ Ύγ΃ ϲ ѧϫ ΔѧϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍
έϮΨѧμ ϟ΍ ΪѧѧϳΪΤΘ ϟ ϱ ήѧѧΠΗϲ ѧΘ ϟ΍
ΔѧϳήΒΘΨϤϟ΍ ϭ ΔѧϴΟϮϟϮϴ Πϟ΍ ΕΎ ѧγ ΍
έΪϟ΍ ϥ΍
‫ وﻣﻦ أھﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ھﻲ‬،‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ أﺳﻠﻮب إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬
.‫ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ووﺟﻮد اﻟﻔﻮاﻟﻖ‬

ΔѧϳΫΎ ϔϨϟ΍
Ύ
ѧϬΑϥϮѧϜΗ ϲ ѧΘϟ΍ΔѧϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍Ε΍ ΪѧΣϮϟ΍ϥΎ ѧϓ
ΎѧϬΘ ϳΫΎϔϧήѧϴ ϐΗϯ Ϊѧϣϭ Δϴ ϨϤϜϤϟ΍ έϮΨμ ϟ΍ ΔϳΫΎϔϧ 

ΔѧϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍ Ε΍ΪѧΣϮϟ΍
ΖѧϧΎ ϛ΍ Ϋ·ΎѧϤϋ ϒѧϠΘ ΨΗϝΎ ѧϤϛ·ϭ ε Ύ ѧόϧ·ΕΎ ѧϴϠϤϋ ΐ ΟϮΘ ѧδϳ ήѧϴΒϛϞϜθΑ ΓήϴϐΘ ϣ
.‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ‬

Ώήѧϗ έϮΨѧμ ϟ΍ ΔѧϳΫΎϔϧ ϲ ѧϓϞѧλ Ύ Τϟ΍
έήπ Θ ϟ΍
έ΍ ΪϘϣϭ ήϔΤϟ΍
Ϟ΋ ΍ϮδΑ Δϴ ϨϤϜϤϟ΍ έϮΨμ ϟ΍‫ ﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
.‫اﻵﺑﺎر‬
Production rate ‫ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬-‫ب‬

Ϧѧϣ ΔϳΩΎ ѧμ Θϗ΍ΓέϮѧμ Α ΔѧϴϧϮΑέΎ ϛϭέΪϴ Ϭϟ΍
Ω΍ϮѧϤϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ ΔѧϴϤϛ ϰѧμ ϗ΃ ϰϠϋ ϝϮμ Τϟ΍ ΎϤ΋΍Ω
ϥϮϜϳ ϑ ΪϬϟ΍‫إن‬

ϲ ѧΘϟ΍Ϟ΋΍Ϯδϟ΍ ΐ δϧϭ ‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮر وﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮء ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﯾﺠﺐ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﻮاع‬

Ϟ΋ ΍Ϯѧδϟ΍ ϩάѧϫήѧϴ ϐΗϯ Ϊѧϣϭ (ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍ ϲ ѧϓ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ )أي ﺗﺤﺖ ظﺮوف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬

Ϟ΋ ΍Ϯѧѧδϟ΍ωϮѧѧϧ Δѧϓ ήόϣ ϱ έϭήѧѧπ ϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ Ϫѧϧ΍
ΚѧѧϴΣ ήѧѧΌΒϟ΍ϲ ѧϓΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ΔѧΠϴ ΘϧΓέ΍ήѧѧΤϟ΍ϭςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍ήѧѧϴ
ϐΗΪѧѧϨϋ
ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍
ΔϟΎ Σϲϓ ήΌΒϟ΍‫ﻣﺎء( وﻛﻤﯿﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ إن ﺗﺠﺮي ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺻﻌﻮدا إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬،‫)ﻏﺎز‬
ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍
ΔѧϧΎτΑ ήѧѧτϗ ΩΪѧѧΤΘϳϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ϝΪѧѧόϣϱ΃ ϝΪѧѧόϤϟ΍ ΍άѧϫ α Ύ ѧγ ΃
ϰѧѧϠϋϭ.ϦѧϘΤϟ΍ ΔѧϟΎΣϲ ѧϓβ ϜόϟΎ ѧΑ‫أو‬
.(production Tbg) ‫( أو أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬production Csg)
Multiple completion ‫ إﻧﺘﺎج طﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻜﻤﻨﯿﮫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﺣﺪ‬-‫ج‬

ϰѧϟ· ΔѧΟΎΤϟ΍ ί ήѧΒΗϥΎ ѧϴΣϷ΍ ξ ѧόΑ ϲϓ ϭςϔϨϟ΍
ϰϠ ϋΔϳϭΎ Σ ΓΩΪόΘ ϣϪϴϨϤϜϣ ΕΎ ϘΒρ έΎΑϵ ΍
ξ όΑ ϕήΘ ΨϳΪϗ

Ε΍ ΪѧΣϮϟ΍ ι ΍ ϮѧΧϭ ΩΪѧϋ ϰѧϟ·
ϩΎΒΘϧϻ΍ΐ ΠϳΔϟΎ
Τϟ΍ ϩάϫϲϓ ϭ ΪΣ΍ ϭήΌΑ ϦϣΓΩΪόΘ Ϥϟ΍
ΕΎ ϘΒτϟ΍ ϩάϫΝΎΘϧϹ΍

ΪѧѧϗΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ϩάѧϫ ϲ ѧϓ
ϭ ήѧѧϴ
ΒϛϞϜѧθΑ ΎϬѧπ όΑ
Ϧѧϋ ϒѧѧϠΘΨΗ ΔѧϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍Ε΍ ΪѧѧΣϮϟ΍
ΖѧѧϧΎϛ΍
Ϋ·Δѧλ ΎΧϭ Δѧϴ
ϨϤϜϤϟ΍

ΎѧϬϨϣ ΕϻΎ ϤΘ Σ΍ ΓΪϋ άΧΆϳ ΪϗήΌΒϟ΍‫ إن إﻛﻤﺎل‬.‫ﯾﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺼﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﻌﺎش واﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬

ϝΰѧѧϋ Ε΍ ϮѧѧθΣ Δτѧѧγ ΍ ϮΑήѧѧΧϷ΍ Ύ
Ϭѧπ όΑ ϦѧϋϞѧѧμ ϔϳΓΪѧѧΣ΍ϭ ΔѧϧΎτΑ
ϞѧѧΧ΍ ΩΝΎ ѧΘϧ΃ΐ ѧϴΑΎ
ϧ΃ΓΪѧѧϋϝΎϤόΘѧγ ΍
.‫( أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل طﺮق أﺧﺮى ﺳﺘﻄﺮق إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬production packers)
Reservoir oil drive mechanism ‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬-‫د‬

‫إن ﻧﻮع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺒﮭﺎ وأﯾﻀﺎ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺤﺪد ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬

ϲ ϟΎ
ѧΘ
ϟΎ
Αϭ (gas oil contact) ίΎ
ѧϐϟΎ
Α
ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϭ (oil water contact) ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
.‫ﺳﯿﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ طﯿﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬
Well stimulation ‫ إﻧﻌﺎش أو ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ اﻵﺑﺎر‬-‫ھـ‬

ξ ϴ ϤΤΘϟΎѧѧΑΔѧѧϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍ ΕΎѧѧϘΒτϟ΍
ΔѧѧΠϟΎ
όϤΑ΢Ϥѧѧδϳ
ϕΎ ϴѧѧγ
ϖѧѧΛϭϢΘ
ѧѧΗ
ϥ·ΐ ѧѧΠϳέΎѧѧΑϵ ΍
ΐ ѧѧϴ
ϘΜΗ
Δѧѧϴ
ϠϤϋ ϥ·

ΔѧϧΎ
τΑέΎѧϴΘ Χ΍ ϰѧϠϋ ήΛΆϳΎ π ϳ΃
΍άϫϭ Ύ
ϬΘϴΟΎΘ
ϧ·ΓΩΎ
ϳί ν ήϐϟ(fracture) ‫( أو ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﯿﻖ‬acidizing)
.‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
Sand control problem ‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬-‫و‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ (sandstone reservoirs) ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ‬
ΔѧϴΟΎΘ
ϧ·
ϰѧϠ ϋ ήΛΆѧϳ ϲ ϟΎ
ѧΘ
ϟΎ Αϭ ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ΏϮѧϘΛ
Ϊѧδ ϳ
Ϊѧϗϭ ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
Δѧϴ
Ϡ ϤϋϰѧϠϋ ήΛΆѧϳ Ϫϧ΍Κϴ ΣέϮΨμ ϟ΍ ϲϓ
‫ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﺠﺐ اﻧﺘﻘﺎء طﺮﯾﻘﺔ إﻛﻤﺎل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ أو ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﻘﻦ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬
.‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﯿﻤﺎوﯾﺔ أو اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﺟﮭﺰة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﻘﻠﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬
6
‫)‪(Workover Frequency‬‬ ‫ز‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‬

‫‬
‫‪ΪѧΑϻ ΓΩΪѧόΘ‬‬
‫‪ϣ‬‬‫‪ΏΎ‬‬‫‪Βѧγ Ϸϭ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫΃‪ήΧ‬‬‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪Ϧϴ‬‬ ‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪Ϧϴ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬‫‪Ρϼμ Θ‬‬ ‫‪γ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬‫‪˯΍‬‬‫·‪ήΟ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϬΘ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪όο ϭ‬‬‫‪ΐϠ‬‬
‫‪τΘ‬‬‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪έΎ‬‬‫‪Αϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫·‪ϥ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΓέϮѧμ Αϭ‬‬ ‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥόϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫وان ﯾﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر إن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪات إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ﻹﺟﺮاء ‪ϩάϫ‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻌﺪات رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﯿﻼد وأﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬
‫ح‪ -‬ﺗﻜﮭﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج )‪(Prediction of Reservoir Behavior‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻵﺑﺎر ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ )‪(Kh‬‬
‫)‪(productivity index PI‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮع اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ )ﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ(‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻤﻦ ) ‪(original or initial pressure pi,p0‬‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧθϨϣ‬‬ ‫‪ϝϼѧΧ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪ΔѧόϗϮΘ‬‬ ‫‪Ϥϟ΍ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΕϻΪѧόϣ‬‬ ‫‪ΏΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧδΘ‬‬ ‫‪Σ΍‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ѧϳ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϠ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬ ‫‪ΤΗ‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΪѧόΑϭ‬‬ ‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϣϮϠ‬‬ ‫‪όϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϩάѧϫ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻮط ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﺤﻘﻦ وﻧﻮع اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺠﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﻄﺮ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻼزم‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϊ ѧϓ‬‬ ‫‪ήϟ΍ΐ ϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϟΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧγ Ϸ‬‬‫‪Δϴ‬‬ ‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ΒϘΘ‬‬
‫‪ Δѧϴ‬أو‪ѧδϤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‪ϧϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧΟΎ‬‬ ‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Δγ ΍‬‬ ‫‪έΩ‬‬ ‫‪ϲϓ‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϣϮϠ‬‬ ‫‪όϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϩάϫ‬‬ ‫‪ϰϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬ ‫‪ΩΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϤΘ‬‬‫وأﯾﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن‪ϋϻ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϊ ѧѧϓ‬‬‫‪ήϟ΍‬‬‫‬ ‫‪ˬΔϴ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧδ ϴ‬‬‫‪΋‬‬‫‪ήϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪Ψѧѧπ ϤϟΎ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬‫‪ϊ ѧѧϓ‬‬‫‪ήϟ΍‬‬‫‪ˬί Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧѧϐϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪ϊ ѧѧϓ‬‬
‫‪ήϟ΍Ύ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧϬϨϣϭ (Artificial lift) έΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧΑ϶ ϟ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ϋΎ‬‬ ‫‪Ϩτѧѧλ ϻ΍‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫‬
‫‪ϱ ϮϧΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΜ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ι ϼΨΘ‬‬ ‫‪ѧγ ϻ΍ϝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϤϛ· ϰѧѧϟ· Δϓ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧο ϹΎ‬‬ ‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άѧϫ‬‬ ‫‪ήѧѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Βϟ΍ϝΎ‬‬ ‫·‪ѧϤϛ‬‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬ ‫‪ϴ‬‬ ‫‪Ϥѧμ Η‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϰѧѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ ήϴ‬‬ ‫‪Λ΄ѧѧΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϨϣ‬‬ ‫‪ωϮѧѧϧ‬‬
‫‪ϞѧѧϜϟ‬‬
‫‪Κѧѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬
‫‬
‫΃‪ϭ‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ίΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϐϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫΃‪ϭ‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪˯Ύ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϦѧϘΣ‬‬ ‫‪ϦϤѧπ Θ‬‬ ‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϟ‬‬‫‪ΔѧΟΎ‬‬ ‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬ ‫‪ϮϋΪѧѧΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϊѧѧϗ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫)‪ϭ (secondary recovery‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﺤﺮاري )‪.(thermal recovery‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫‬
‫‪ήѧѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪΋‬‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪Ω΄ΑϢ‬‬ ‫‪ϜΤΘ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϨϜϤϳ‬‬
‫‪ϱ άѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫)‪Ϯѧϫ (well hook up‬‬ ‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ςѧΑέ‬‬
‫΃‪ϭ‬‬‫‬
‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϝϴ‬‬‫‪ϧΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϝϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪ϜѧθΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫·‪ϥ‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ إن دﻋﺖ اﻟﻀﺮورة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﻹدارة وﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‪.‬‬ ‫أ‪-‬‬
‫اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ وﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﻛﻤﺎل وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ب‪-‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ظﺮوف اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ وﺣﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΪѧϤΘ‬‬
‫‪όϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ςϐѧπ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪έΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΑϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϋ‬‬
‫‪ίΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϐϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Εϻί Ύ‬‬‫د‪ -‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎت اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ϋ‬‬
‫‪ΏϮϠ‬‬ ‫΃ ‪ѧγ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ϲ ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Αϭ‬‬‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺰل اﻷوﻟﻲ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪Types of well completions‬‬ ‫‬

‫‪έΎ‬‬‫أﻧﻮاع إﻛﻤﺎل‪ѧΑϵ ΍‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث أﺻﻨﺎف رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻻﺑﺎرھﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫اﻧﻮاع اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح )‪(open completion‬‬

‫‬
‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬‫‪ϧϮΑέΎ‬‬
‫‪ϛϭέΪϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϫ‬‬ ‫‪Ω΍‬‬
‫‪Ϯѧϣ‬‬‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ΔѧϳϭΎ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Δϴ‬‬‫‪ϨϤϜϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬ ‫‪ΔϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫وھﻮ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺬي ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ϕϮϓ‬‬
‫)ﻧﻔﻂ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻔﺮھﺎ‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻢ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﺤﻘﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة دون ﺗﻐﻠﯿﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١-١‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎه ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻮزن وﻛﯿﻤﺎوﯾﺔ طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺗﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻛﻠﻒ إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﺘﺸﻤﯿﺖ واﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ وﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ھـ‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ إذا اﻗﺘﻀﻰ اﻷﻣﺮ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫و‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﻻﺣﻘﺎ إذا دﻋﺖ اﻟﻀﺮورة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫إﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪات ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻐﺎز أو اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻋﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﻌﺎش ﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﻗﺪ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﯿﻦ وأﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ طﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ )اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺰدوج(‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫)‪(liner completion‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل‬

‫ﯾﻘﺴﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‪-:‬‬
‫)‪(perforated liner completion‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ ˺‪(٣-‬‬
‫‪ϞϜѧθϟ΍‬‬‫‪) .ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϺϟ‬‬‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬‫‪΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ϘΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΓέϮμ Α‬‬‫‪ΔϧΎ‬‬
‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϩάϫ‬‬ ‫‪ΐϴ‬‬‫‪ϘΜ‬‬ ‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ϳ‬‬‫‪ϚϟΫ‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ‪ΪόΑ.‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﻧﻌﺎش اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺼﻮرة اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ωϮѧϨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϫ‬‬ ‫‪ήϳϮΤΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϜϣϹΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άϫ‬‬‫‪ϊ ϣϭ‬‬
‫‪ήΌ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϑ ϮΟ‬‬ ‫‪ϮΤϧ‬‬ ‫‪Ϟϣήϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϡΪϘΗ‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϖϴ‬‬ ‫‪όΗ‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪Ϭδϔϧ‬‬ ‫‪ΔϟΰΘ‬‬ ‫‪ΨϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΔϧΎ‬‬‫ھـ‪τΒϟ΍-‬‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫إﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪات ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬اﻟﻜﻠﻒ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ و اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺖ ووﻗﺖ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻋﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﺣﺠﺐ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺟﻮف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺖ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫)‪(screen and liner completion‬‬ ‫ا‪ -‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬

‫‬
‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬
‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ΔϜΒѧθϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϋϮϤΠϣ‬‬
‫‪ϊ ѧο ϭϭ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧΠΘ‬‬
‫‪ϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϕϮѧϓ‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ζѧϴ‬‬‫‪ΒΜ‬‬‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ωϮѧϨϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άѧϫ‬‬‫‪ϲϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬
‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-١‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻛﻠﻒ إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬ﻋﺪم اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻒ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ھـ‪ -‬ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ )‪(sand control‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪات ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻋﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﻌﺎش ﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ وﻗﺖ إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺳﮭﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪(Perforated casing completion‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬

‫‬
‫‪ΓέϮѧμ Α‬‬
‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϫ‬‬
‫‪ΐ ϘΜ‬‬
‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Λ‬‬
‫‪ΞΘ‬‬‫‪ϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ τϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺖ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ‪ϝϼΧ‬‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪.(٤-١‬‬
‫أ ‪ -‬ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﻧﻌﺎش اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺼﻮرة اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ج ‪ -‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫د – اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ھـ ‪ -‬اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﯿﻖ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺟﻮف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻣﻊ ھﺬا ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺤﻮﯾﺮ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫و – إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ طﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ واﺣﺪة‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔϳΩΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧμ Θ‬‬‫‪ϗ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Γήѧѧϓ‬‬
‫·‪ϭ ϰѧѧϟ‬‬
‫‪ϱ ΩΆѧϳ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϫϭ‬‬‫‪ˬήѧѧμ ϗ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϕήϐΘ‬‬ ‫‪ѧδϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫ز –‪ΖѧѧϗϮϟ΍‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪات ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬اﻟﻜﻠﻒ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ و اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺖ واﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻋﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺟﺮاء أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎت ﺑﻌﺪ إﻧﺰال اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺪا اﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﯿﻠﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬اﻟﺨﻄﻮرة اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫)‪(Conventional tubular configuration‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬

‫‬
‫‪ˬΓΪѧϘϋ ٤ ١/٢‬‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ήѧΒϛ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬
‫‪τΒϟ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ΟέΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ήѧτϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϴ‬‬
‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϥϮѧϜϳ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϫ‬‬
‫‪ΔϳΪϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ϘΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϤϛϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫إن ‪ϕήρ‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬
‫)ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ(‬
‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫طﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧѧΘ‬‬
‫·‪ϧ‬‬
‫΃‪ΏϮѧѧΒϧ‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬ ‫‪ΓΪѧѧΣ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϝΰѧѧϋ‬‬ ‫‪ΓϮѧѧθΣ‬‬
‫‪ϡ΍‬‬‫‪ΪΨΘ‬‬
‫‪ѧѧγ Ύ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﻲ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮب إﻧﺘﺎج واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﺎ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎن ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺰدوج ﺑﺰوج ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫)‪(Single zone Completion‬‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫إن اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ إﻟﻰ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ھﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﺌﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫إن اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻠﮭﺎ‪ϩάѧϫϭ .‬‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ΪѧΟ‬‬
‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ΕϻΪѧόϤΑ‬‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ΓέΪѧϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϟ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪έΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΑϵ ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ωϮѧϨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άϫ‬‬
‫‪ϡ΍‬‬‫‪ΪΨΘ‬‬
‫‪γ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ήμ ΤϨϳ‬‬
‫وﺑﻀﻐﻮط ﺟﺮﯾﺎن وإﻏﻼق ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-١‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وأﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫‬
‫·‪ ϻ‬إن‪ΕϻΪѧόϣ‬‬
‫‪ΪѧΣ΍‬‬
‫·‪ϭ ϥ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓΝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫΃‪ϧϹ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ‬‬ ‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧϘϠ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ύ΍‬‬‫‪ήѧϔϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﯾﺘﻢ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ‪ϝϼѧΧ‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-١‬‬
‫وان اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ھﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ أو ل‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﯿﻤﺎوﯾﺔ ﻛﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ)‪ (Corrosion inhibitors‬أو ﻣﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﺎراﻓﯿﻨﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺘﻠﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻣﺴﺎرات ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ واﻟﺨﺪش واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻗﺎع اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪ ،‬وﺿﻐﻂ رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫‬
‫‪ϥϮѧϜϳ‬‬‫‪Ϧѧϟ‬‬
‫ ‪ϑ Ϯѧγ‬‬
‫‪ϚϟάѧΑϭ‬‬ ‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϝΰѧόϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧθΣϭ‬‬ ‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬‫‬‫΃‪ΏϮѧΒϧ‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬ ‫‪ϼϛ‬‬‫‪ϡΪΨΘ‬‬‫‪δϳ‬‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϤϛϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬‫‪ωϮϨϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άϫ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϝϼѧΧ‬‬‫‪ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬
‫‬‫΃‪ϭ‬‬‫‬‫‪ςѧϘϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝϼѧΧ‬‬ ‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϊ ϣ‬‬
‫‪ΔϧέΎ‬‬‫‪Ϙϣ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϨϜϤϣ‬‬‫‪ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ϧϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϝΪόϤϟ‬‬
‫‪ϯ Ϯμ Ϙϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ήΌ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔϗΎ‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪ϖϴ‬‬‫‪ϘΤΗ‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وأﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻌﺎ )‪.(٨-١‬‬
‫إن ﻣﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ ھﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن أو ﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮا‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬
‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ςϠ‬‬‫‪ѧδϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ςϐѧπ ϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΓΩΎ‬‬‫·‪ѧϳί ϰѧϟ‬‬‫‪ϱ ΩΆΗ‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬إﻻ اﻧﮫ‪Ϊϗ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺗﺴﺮب ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج )‪.(tubing leak‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌﺎزل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﮫ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ أو ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻏﻼق اﻷﻣﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أھﻤﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‪.‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ϞѧΜ‬‬‫‪ϣ‬‬‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϞѧΧ΍‬‬‫‪Ω‬‬‫‪Δѧλ Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ψϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Δϣϼѧδϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫΃‪ΓΰѧϬΟ‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϴ‬ﺮ‪ξ ѧόΑ‬‬ ‫‪ϓ‬‬
‫‪ϮѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ˬΏΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϫάѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϡΪϋ‬‬
‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫‪λ ϭ ("no-go" nipple) -‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϥΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϳήΠϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪ψϨѧϣ‬‬‫)‪ϭ΃(safety valve‬‬ ‫‪ϥΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϣϷ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϡΎ‬‬
‫)‪Ϥѧλ ϭ (bottom-hole choke‬‬ ‫‪ήѧѧΌ‬‬
‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϳΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϭϧ‬‬
‫‪ϖϧΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΧ‬‬
‫)‪.(flow regulator‬‬
‫‪ -‬وﺻﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺰال )‪ ، (landing nipple‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬وﺻﻠﺔ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن )‪ ، (flow coupling‬اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

ήϳϭΪ˰ѧѧ˰Θ
ϟ΍
ΔѧΑ΍
ϮΒΑ
Ύ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰π ϳ΃
ϰ˰ѧѧ˰ϤδΗ
ϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍
ϭ (sliding sleeve) ΔѧϘϟΰϨϤϟ΍
ΔѧΑ΍
ϮΒϟ΍ -

ΪѧόΑ
Δѧϓ
ΎΜ
Ϝϟ΍
Ϟѧϴ
Ϡϗ
ϊ΋ ΎϤΑΝΎΘ
ϧϹ΍ ΏϮΒϧ΃ ΔΣ΍ί Ϲ ϮϬϓ
Ύ
ϬϨϣϲγΎγ Ϸ΍
ν ήϐϟ΍(circulating sleeve)
.‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
(pumping well) ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﺮاﺳﯿﺔ‬

ϊ ѧϘϳ
ϖѧϤϋ
ϰѧϟ· pump seating nipple ΔΨѧπ Ϥϟ΍
βϴ
ѧϠ
ΠΗ
ΔϠѧλ ϭϭ
ΝΎѧΘϧϹ΍
ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ ϝ΍ΰѧϧ·
ΎϨϫ
ϢΘϳ
.(٧-١) ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬.‫( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬working fluid level) ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
16
(Gas-lift well) ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز‬

΍άѧϫ
Ϟѧμ ϳν ήѧϐϟ΍΍άѧϬϟ
Δѧμ μ Ψϣϊ ѧϓ
έΕΎ ϣΎ
Ϥѧλ ϝϼѧΧϦѧϣϢѧΛ
ϲ ϘϠΤϟ΍
ύ΍ήϔϟ΍
ϲϓ ίΎϐϟ΍
ϦϘΣΎϨϫϢΘϳ

ϥί ϭϒѧϴ ϔΨΗϖѧϳήρ Ϧѧϋ΢τ ѧδϟ΍ϰѧϟ·
ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϊϓέΔϴϠ
Ϥϋ ϲϓΪϋΎ δϳϚϟάΑϭ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
ϦѧϣίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϦѧϘΤΑϚѧϟΫϭΔѧϴ
ϘϠΤϟ΍
ΔΤѧδϔϟ΍ϝϼѧΧϦѧϣΝΎΘϧϹ΍
ϦϜϤϳ ϭ΃ˬ (٩-١) ‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﺧﻼل أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
17
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬

‫)‪(Single- well with alternate completion‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϦѧϜϤϳϭ .ϝΰѧϋ‬‬‫‪ϲΗ‬‬‫‪ϮѧθΣ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧϴ‬‬‫‪ѧΑ‬‬‫‪ϝΰѧόϳϭ‬‬
‫‪ήѧΌ‬‬
‫‪ΒϠ‬‬‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ϲ΋‬‬ ‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪ΪѧΘ‬‬‫‪Αϻ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϛϹ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΪѧϨϋ‬‬‫‪ϞϳΪΒϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΞΘ‬‬‫‪ϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ τϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΐϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϘΜ‬‬
‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪Ϩϫ‬‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬
‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫إﻧﺘﺎج ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ إن ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻨﺰاف اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺟﺰء أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮫ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ )اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٠-١‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΏϮѧϘΜ‬‬‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ϪѧΟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϮϤϟ΍ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫΃‪ϧϹ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ‬‬‫‬
‫‪˯ ΰѧΟ‬‬‫)‪ϲ ѧϓ(Blasting joint‬‬ ‫‪ήѧϴ‬‬‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‪ΠϔΗ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺪش اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﮫ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﮫ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺠﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪران‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫)‪(Dual completion‬‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ إﻟﻰ إﺟﺮاء ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻤﻌﺪل أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬وﻗﺖ أﺳﺮع ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﺼﺮوﻓﺔ )‪.(faster payout‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬أﻣﻮر ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‪.‬‬
‫وھﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮة ﻋﺰل واﺣﺪة وأﻧﺒﻮب إﻧﺘﺎج واﺣﺪ‬
‫)‪(Dual completion-Single packer, Single tubing string‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϦѧϣϰѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋϷ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΞΘ‬‬‫‪ѧϨϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΞΘ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϨϳ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϨϴ‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ھﻨﺎ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪Α‬‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١١-١‬وﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺑﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‪،‬‬
‫إﻻ إن اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﺮض ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻣﻮاﺋﻌﮫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺄﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ أوﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫΃‪ΏϮѧѧΒϧ‬‬
‫‬‫·‪ήѧѧθΣ ϰѧѧϟ‬‬
‫·‪ϱ ΩΆѧΗϥ‬‬‫‪ϦѧϜϤϳ ϰѧѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋϷ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΞΘ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬ ‫‪ΔѧϣΩΎ‬‬‫‪Ϙϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔΒϠ‬‬‫‪ѧμ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ω΍‬‬
‫‪ϮѧѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ςϗΎ‬‬‫‪ѧδΗ-٤‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﻲ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮب إﻧﺘﺎج واﺣﺪ‬

‫)‪(Cross-over dual completion – single tubing‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϳήΟ‬‬ ‫‪ϖϧΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΧ‬‬‫‪ϡ΍‬‬‫‪ΪΨΘ‬‬‫‪ѧγ Ύ‬‬
‫‪ΑΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫΃‪ϧϹ΍ΏϮѧѧΒϧ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝϼѧѧΧ‬‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ΞΘ‬‬‫‪ѧϨϣ‬‬‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϣ‬‬‫‪ϱ ΃ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫·‪ϧ‬‬
‫‪ϦѧϜϤϳ‬‬ ‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϥѧμ Θ‬‬ ‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϫ‬‬‫‪ϊ ѧϣ‬‬
‫) ‪- ١‬‬‫‪ϞϜѧη‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫اﻋﺘﯿﺎدي )‪ (regular flow choke‬أو ﺧﺎﻧﻖ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (cross-over choke‬ﻛﻤ‬
‫‪.(١٢‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫إﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﯿﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ و ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ﺑﺮﻓﻊ اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ أوﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪(Parallel dual completion‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﺎ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎن ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (١٣-١‬وﻣﻦ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎھﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﻧﻌﺎش أو اﺳﺘﺼﻼح أو رﻓﻊ ﺑﺼﻮرة اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ أي ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ دون اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﺎھﻈﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺰدوج ﺑﺰوج ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬

‫)‪(Parallel dual with two alternate completions‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮ واﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ )اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٤-١‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ )‪(Triple completion‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϞϜѧθϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϛ ϝΰѧϋ‬‬‫‪Ε΍‬‬‫‪ϮѧθΣ‬‬ ‫‪ϊ ѧϣΝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧ· ΐ ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ΑΎ‬‬‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﻧﺒﻮﺑﯿﻦ أو ﺛﻼﺛﺔ΃‪ϧ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ωΎ‬‬‫‪ΟήΘ‬‬‫‪ѧγ ΍‬‬‫‬
‫ ‪Δϋήѧγ‬‬ ‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪α ϮѧϤϠ‬‬
‫‪ϣ‬‬‫‪ϦѧδΤΗ‬‬ ‫‪ϭ‬‬ ‫‪ΪѧΣ΍‬‬‫‪Ϯϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ήΌ‬‬
‫‪ΒϠ‬‬‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪Δϴ‬‬‫‪ϟΎ‬‬‫)‪ ،(١٥-١‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ‪ϋ‬‬
‫رؤوس اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﺼﺮوﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪدات اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ )ﺑﺘﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ( ‪PWC‬‬

‫)‪permanent well completions, (Unconventional tabular configuration‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺖ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺑﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ ،(١٦-١‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إن ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب إﻟﻰ ½‪ 4‬ﻋﻘﺪة‪ .‬وان ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ أو اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎھﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ وﻛﻠﻒ اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ دون‬
‫أﯾﺔ ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ اﻻﺧﺮئ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوﺛﮫ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻘﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ وﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺎراﻓﯿﻨﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻹﻏﺮاض اﻹﻧﻌﺎش اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺣﻘﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﻌﺮض اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﺎن اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ھﻲ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺮي إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وأﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﻣﻘﺎﯾﯿﺴﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺮي ﻓﯿﮫ إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫)‪(Completion Equipment‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬ﻣﻌﺪات إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ووﺿﻌﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻠﮭﺎ وﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬
‫اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻛﻤﺎل اﻻﺑﺎر‬
‫ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﯿﻼد وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ راس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﻮة اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫أ‪ -‬ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻣﺎن اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺧﻮاﻧﻖ وﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫ت‪ -‬ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻻﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻻﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬ ‫طﺮق ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺸﻮات‬
‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺠﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ت‪ -‬ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺪوﯾﺮ‬
‫)‪(production casing‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϟϼΧ‬‬ ‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ѧϳ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϛ‬‬‫‪ˬςϔϨѧϟ΍ΝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧ· (Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬‫΃‪Σ‬‬
‫)‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϟϼΧ‬‬ ‫‪ϱ ήΠϳϭ‬‬ ‫‪ήΌ‬‬ ‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝΰϨΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲΘ‬‬‫وھﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧϧΎ‬‬
‫‪τΒϟ΍ω΍‬‬ ‫΃‪Ϯѧѧϧ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϒѧѧϠ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ΨΗ.Ύ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧϬΑ‬‬‫‪ΔѧѧϘΤϠ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϩΰѧѧϬΟϻ΍ϭ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧѧϟί Ύ‬‬
‫‪όϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ε΍‬‬
‫‪ϮѧѧθΤϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϹ΍ΐ ѧѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ΑΎ‬‬‫‪ϧ΃ϝ΍‬‬‫·‪ΰѧѧϧ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΔѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪έΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪Χ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬
‫‪ѧϳϭ .Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϤϟΎ‬‬‫‪ϋ‬‬ ‫‪ϞϤόΘ‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ وﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ )‪δϤϟ΍(API‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮء ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل واﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Production Tubing‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫وھﻮ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺰاﻟﮫ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻹﻏﺮاض اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة وإﻧﺰال أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس‪ .‬ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ )‪ (API‬اﻟﻤﺘﺪاول ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Liner‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬

‫وھﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻘﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻻ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬وﺗﺆدي ﻏﺎﯾﺘﯿﻦ اﺳﺎﺳﺘﯿﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺖ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.((٣-١‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.((٢-١‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ ﻟﺘﺼﻠﯿﺢ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺘﻀﺮرة ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺑﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻤﻊ ﻏﺎزي‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺰود ﺑﺸﻘﻮق طﻮﻟﯿﺔ أو ﺗﺜﻘﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ إﻧﺰاﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰود اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻌﺪة ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ )‪ (Line Hanger‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻖ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪..‬‬
‫)‪(Production Packer‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﺸﻮة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺸﻮات داﺋﻤﺔ )‪ ، (Permanent-type‬اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺧﺮاﺟﮭﺎ إﻻ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻄﺤﻦ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ‪ ،‬وﺣﺸﻮات ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﺎدﺗﮭﺎ )‪ (retrievable-type‬ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وإﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ھﻮ ﻋﺰل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ادﻧﺎه‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﻣﻦ أﯾﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﺤﻘﻦ أو اﻹﻧﻌﺎش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻦ أﯾﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﺑﺎت ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ )اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﺮورة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺿﻤﺎن ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰود ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل ﺑﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت أﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪.(Subsurface Safety valves‬‬
‫‪Production Packers‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫طﺮق ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬
(Mechanical Setting) ‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬-١

ΔѧΛϼΛ
ϙΎѧϨϫ
αΎ ѧγ Ϸ΍
΍
άѧϫ
ϰѧϠ
ϋϭ
ˬϦϴ
ѧόϣ
ϩΎѧΠΗ
ΎΑ
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ΏϮѧΒϧ΃
ϚѧϳήΤΘ
ΑΔѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
Ε΍ ϮѧθΤϟ΍ Ζϴ ΒΜ
Η
ϢΘϳ
:‫أﻧﻮاع ﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل‬
(Weight-Set Packer) ‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻮزن‬-‫أ‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﺰل ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ وزن أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻌﺪ إن ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

ϊ ѧϤϘϟ΍ϊ ѧϓ
ΩϢΘϳΚϴ ΣϪδϔϧ ‫( وﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ وزن اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬Cone, Slips) ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻤﻊ واﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺎت‬

ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϢΘϳ
ϚϟΫ‫ وﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺎت ﻟﯿﺠﺒﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎع ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻹﯾﻼج ﻓﯿﮫ‬

έ΍ ΪѧѧΠϟ΍
ϊ ѧϣ
Ϣ ΤΘѧϠϳ
ϰѧѧΘ
Σ ˬΓΩΎѧϋρΎ ѧτϤϟ΍Ϧѧϣ ϥϮѧѧϜϳϭ (Packing element) ϝΰѧѧόϟ΍
ήѧѧμ ϨϋϰѧѧϠ
ϋ
.‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺰل اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬

Ϧѧϣ ωϮѧѧϨϟ΍
΍άѧϫϡ΍ΪΨΘѧγ ΍
Ϟѧѧπ ϔϳ .ϰѧѧϠϋϷ΍ϰѧѧϟ·
ΏϮѧѧΒϧϷ΍
Ϊѧѧη
ϲ ѧϔϜϳ
ήѧѧΌΒϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍ ωΎ ΟήΘѧγ ϻϭ
.‫اﻟﺤﺸﻮات ﻓﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ واﻟﻘﻠﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
( Tension-Set Packer) ‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﺪ‬-‫ب‬

ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍ ωΎΟήΘ ѧγ ϻϭ .ϰѧϠ ϋϷ΍ ϰѧϟ·ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ ΐ ΤδΑ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϩάϫϲϓ ϝΰόϟ΍‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬

ϕήѧϓ ΎѧϬϴ ϓϥϮѧϜϳ ϥ·ϊ ѧϗϮΘϳϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍ϭ ΔѧϘϴϤόϟ΍ ήѧϴϏ έΎ Αϵ ΍
ϲϓϪϣ΍ΪΨΘ γ΍
Ϟπ ϔϳ .‫ﯾﺴﻠﻂ وزن اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬

ϲ ѧΘ ϟ΍
έΎ ѧΑϵ ΍
ϭ΃˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍
ϦѧϘΣ ν ΍ ήѧϏϹ ΓΪѧόϤϟ΍ έΎѧΑϵ ΍ϞѧΜϣϭ .ϰѧϠ
ϋϷ΍ ϰѧϟ·Ϟϔѧγ Ϸ΍
ϦѧϣϝΪΘόϣςϐο

έΎ ѧΑϵ ΍
ϲ ѧϓϥί Ϯѧѧϟ΍
ήϴΛ΄ѧѧΘ
ΑΖѧѧΒΜ
ϳϱ άѧϟ΍ωϮѧѧϨϠϟϼϳΪѧѧΑωϮѧѧϨϟ΍
΍
άѧϫήѧѧΒΘόϳϭ .ε Ύ ѧόϧϹ΍
ΕΎѧϴ
ϠϤόϟ
ϊ ѧπ ΨΗ
.‫اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن وزن أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺎ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺘﮫ‬
(Rotational-Set Packer) ήϳϭΪѧΘ ϟΎ

Α
ΖѧΒΜ Ηϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍
Ε΍ϮѧθΤϟ΍-‫ج‬
.ςѧѧϘϓ
ήϳϭΪѧѧΘϟΎΑ‫ أو‬.ΪѧѧΣ΍
ϭ ϥ·ϲ ѧѧϓϪѧѧϧί ϭ
ςϴϠѧѧδΗ ϭ ΝΎ ѧѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΃ήϳϭΪѧѧΘΑ
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
ΖѧѧϴΒΜ
ΗϢΘѧѧϳ

ΔѧϳΩϮϤόϟ΍
έΎ ѧΑϵ ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
Ϫϣ΍ΪΨΘѧγ ΍
Ϟѧѧπ ϔϳϭ .ϦϴѧϤϴ ϟ΍ϰѧѧϟ· ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΃έϭΪѧѧϳ
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
ωΎΟήΘѧγ ϻϭ
.‫اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﺮق ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ أو ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
(Hydraulic Setting) ‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ‬-٢

ΓΩΎ
ѧϳί ϢΘ ѧϳϚѧѧϟΫΪѧѧόΑˬΔѧϧΎ τΒϟ΍ ϞѧѧΧ΍ΩΏϮѧѧϠ τϤϟ΍ϖѧѧϤόϟ΍ϰѧѧϟ·
ΎѧϬΗ Ύ
ϘΤϠ ϣϭ ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍ϝ΍ΰѧѧϧ·Ϣ Θѧϳ ϥ· ΪѧѧόΑ

Ϧѧϣ ωϮѧѧϨϟ΍ ΍άѧϫ Ϟϔѧγ ΃ ϲ ѧϓ.ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍ βϴ ѧϠΠΗϢΘѧϳϰѧѧΘ
Σ Ύϴ
ΠϳέΪѧѧΗΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΃
ϞѧѧΧ΍Ω ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍

βϴ ѧϠΠΗ ϭ ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ΪϋΎ ѧμ Η ΕΎ ѧϴϠϤϋ ˯ΎϨΛ· Ύ
ϘϠϐϣϰϘΒϳ (shear plug) ‫اﻟﺤﺸﻮات ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺪاد ﻗﺺ‬

ΩϭΪѧΣ ϰѧϟ· ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ΓΩΎ ѧϳί ϭ΃ ˬϲ ϧΪѧόϣ ΐϴ ѧπ ϗρΎ Ϙѧγ ·
ϖϳήρ Ϧϋ ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﮫ إﻣﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺸﻮة‬

ϝΩΎѧѧόΘ ϟ΍
ϡΎ Ϥѧѧλ ϝ΍ ΰѧѧϧ· ϭ΃ ΔѧѧϴϧΪόϣ ΓήѧѧϜΑΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍Ϟϔѧѧγ ΃
ϖѧѧϠ Ϗ ϢΘѧѧϳ ϯ ήѧѧΧ΃ω΍Ϯѧѧϧ΃ϲ ѧѧϓϭ .Ύѧѧϴ Ϡϋ
.‫( إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ وﺻﻠﺔ رﺑﻂ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة‬Equalizing check valve)

ϰѧϠ
ϋ Ωϼϴ ѧϤϟ΍ΓήΠѧη ςѧΑέϭ ήѧΌ Βϟ΍ ϞѧΧ΍ΩΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ΏϮΒϧ΃ ϝ΍ΰϧ·Δϴ ϧΎϜϣ· Ϯϫ ωϮϨϟ΍΍
άϫ Ύ ϳ΍
ΰϣ Ϣϫ΃ Ϧϣ

΢Ϥѧδϳ Κѧϴ Σˬςϐѧπ ϟ΍ Δѧϴ ϟΎόϟ΍έΎ Αϵ ΍ϲϓ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ϩάϫ Δϴ Ϥϫ΃
ήϬψΗ ϭ .‫رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة‬

Γήτϴ ѧδϠ ϟ ϡί ϼѧϟ΍ϊ΋ ΎϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ Δϓ ΎΜ ϛϞϗ΍ϊ΋ ΎϤΑ‫ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈزاﺣﺔ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬،‫ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺪون ﺳﻔﻂ‬
ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ ΔѧϛήΣ ΎѧϬϴ ϓϥϮѧϜΗ ϲ ѧΘ ϟ΍ ΔѧϠ
΋ΎϤϟ΍έΎΑϵ ΍
ϲϓ Ϫϣ΍ΪΨΘ γ΍ Ϟπ ϔϳϭ .‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬
.‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺄي اﺗﺠﺎه ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﺑﮭﺎ‬
27
(Electric Setting) ‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬-٣

Δτѧγ ΍
ϮΑΎ
ѧϬΘϴ
ΒΜ Η
ϱ ήѧΠϳϭϲ΋ΎѧΑήϬϛϮϠΑΎ
ѧϗ
Δτѧγ ΍ϮΑ Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
Ε΍ϮѧθΤϟ΍Ϧѧϣ
ωϮѧϨϟ΍΍άѧϫ ϝ΍
ΰѧϧ·ϢΘϳ
.ΔѧϧΎ
τΒϠ
ϟ
ϲϠ Χ΍Ϊѧϟ΍
έ΍ΪѧΠϟ΍
ϰѧϠ
ϋ ΎѧϬΘ
ϴΒΜ
ΗϭΔѧϴ
ϠΧ΍Ϊϟ΍ΎϬ΋΍ ΰΟ΃ϚϳήΤΗϰϟ·
ϱ ΩΆΗΔϴϠ
Χ΍ Ω ΔϨΤη ήϴΠϔΗ
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺰال أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﻌﺸﯿﻘﮫ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬
(Sliding Sleeve) ‫ اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ‬-٥

ΏϮѧΒϧ΃Ϟϔѧγ ΃΢Θѧϓ
Ύ
ϬΘτѧγ ΍
ϮΑ
ϦѧϜϤϳΔѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍
ϕϮϓϊ ο ϮΗΔλ Ύ
Χ ΔϠ
λ ϭ Ϧϋ ΓέΎ
Βϋ ϲ ϫϭ

ΕϻΎ ѧΣ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϪѧϠ
Θϗϭ
ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϰѧϠ
ϋΓήτϴѧδϟ΍ ϭϞ΋΍
Ϯѧδϟ΍
ήϳϭΪѧΗ
ΕΎ ϴ
ϠϤϋ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج )ﻓﻮق اﻟﺤﺸﻮة( ﻹﺟﺮاء‬
‫ وﯾﺘﻢ ﻏﻠﻖ وﻓﺘﺢ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ إﻧﺰال آﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺣﺪﯾﺪي إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬.‫اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح‬
.‫داﺧﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
(Subsurface Control Equipment) ΢τѧδϟ΍

ΖΤΗ
Γήτϴ
δϟ΍
Ε΍
Ϊόϣ-٥
:‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
(Subsurface safety tubing valves) ‫ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت أﻣﺎن أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬-‫أـ‬

Ε΍ ΪѧόϣϕΎ
ѧϔΧ΍
ΔѧϟΎ
Σϲ ѧϓ
Ϧϴ
ѧόϣϖѧϤϋ ΪѧϨϋήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϖѧϠϏ ϲ ѧϓ
ΝΎ
ΘϧϹ΍
ΏϮΒϧ΃ϥΎϣ΃ΕΎϣΎϤλ ϡΪΨΘδΗ

ϝΎѧΜϣˬΎѧϬϠ
Ϥϋ ‫ﺔ‬ѧϴ
ϜϴϧΎ
ϜϴϣϰѧϠ
ϋ ϚϟάѧΑ
ΓΪѧϤΘόϣϝΎ Ϝѧη·ΓΪόΑΕΎϣΎ
Ϥμ ϟ΍‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ھﺬه‬.‫اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ‬

ϦѧϜϤϳϭ (flapper valves) ϕΎϔѧμ ϟ΍ΕΎϣΎϤѧλ ϭ (ball valves) ΓήѧϜϟ΍
ΕΎϣΎϤѧλ
ϚѧϟΫ
ϰѧϠϋ
.‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
Bottom-Hole Choches & Valves ‫ﺧﻮاﻧﻖ وﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-‫ب‬

ϊ ѧϨϤΗ ϚϟάѧΑ ϭήѧѧΌΒϟ΍α΍ έ ϥΎѧϳήΟςϐѧѧο ξ ѧϔΧ ϰѧѧϠ ϋ
ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍ήѧѧόϗΕΎϤѧπ Ϩϣϭ ϖѧѧϧ΍ϮΧϡΪΨΘ ѧδΗ
ΎѧϬΘ ϴΒΜΗϭ ΎѧϬϟ΍ΰϧ· ϦѧϜϤϳ .Δϴ Ττѧѧδϟ΍ ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ρϮѧѧτΧϭ Γήτϴ ѧδϟ΍ Ε΍Ϊѧѧόϣ
ϲ ѧϓϊ ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍ΩΎ
ѧϤΠϧ΍

Ϯѧϫ Ύ ϬϟΎϤόΘ ѧγ ΍
Ϧѧϣϲ ѧγ Ύ γ Ϸ΍ ν ήѧϐϟ΍‫ إن‬.‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة ھﺬه اﻷﺟﮭﺰة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﻂ ﺳﻠﻜﻲ‬

Δϴ Ττѧδϟ΍ Ϣ ϜΤΘ ѧϟ΍ΓΰѧϬΟ΃ ϭ ρϮѧτΧ ϲ ѧϓΩΎѧϤΠϧϻ΍ϊ ѧϨϤϟΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ ϲϓϊ΋ ΎϤϟ΍ϥΎϳήΟ ΪϴϘΘ
ϟ
ΓΰѧϬΟϷ΍ ϩάϫ ϥΎ ϓ Ϛϟάϛ .(‫( )ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء‬hydrates) ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﮭﯿﺪرات‬

Δѧϴ ϟΎ
όϟ΍έΎ ѧΑϵ ΍
ϲ ѧϓ ϪѧϴϠ
ϋ ΎѧϬϴϓΓήτϴѧδϟ΍ ϦѧϜϤϳΩϭΪѧѧΣϲ ѧϓ
΢τѧδϟ΍
ςϐѧѧο ˯ΎѧϘΑϹ ΔϠϴ
ѧγ ϭ ΊѧϴϬΗ

Δѧόϴ Βρ ΓέϮѧμ Α ήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧϳήΟ ΓΎ
ѧϴ
Σ ΓήѧΘϓΔѧϟΎ
ρ·ϰѧϠ ϋΪϋΎ ѧδΗ ϲ ѧϬϓ
ϯ ήѧΧ΃
ΔϬΟ Ϧϣϭ .‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
.‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
( Bottom-hole chokes) ‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﻖ ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-‫ا‬

ϢϤѧμ ϣϮѧϫϭξ ΑΎѧϨϟ΍
Ϊѧη ήϴΛ΄ѧΘ
ΑϞѧϤόϳΝΫΎ ѧϤϧ
ϙΎ ѧϨϫˬήѧΌ
Βϟ΍ήѧόϗ
ϖѧϧ΍ϮΧϦѧϣΔϔϠΘΨϣ ΝΫΎ ϤϧΪΟϮϳ
(Ground

ϲ ѧο έϷ΍ ΪѧόϘϤϟ΍ϖϧΎѧΨΑϰϋΪѧϳϭ ΔѧϠϴϘΜϟ΍
ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍‫ﻊ‬ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍
ϭ΃ ΔϴϟΎ
όϟ΍ρϮϐπ Ϡ ϟ
(Positive ΐ ѧΟϮϤϟ΍ϖϧΎ ѧΨϟΎΑϰϋΪѧϳϭ ϞѧϗϷ΍
ρϮϐѧπ Ϡ ϟ
ϪϤϤѧμ ϣ‫ وﻧﻤﺎذج أﺧﺮى‬،Seat Bean)

ϦѧϣϝΎѧΧϭΖѧΑΎ
ΛϝΪѧόϤΑΞΘ ѧϨΗ
ϲ ѧΘϟ΍
έΎѧΑϵ ΍
ϲ ѧϓΓΰѧϬΟϷ΍ ϩάѧϫϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍
Ϟπ ϔϳ .Orifice Bean)
.‫اﻟﺮﻣﺎل‬
28
(Bottom-Hole Regulators) ‫ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-‫ب‬

ΪѧϤΘόϳϭ .ξ ΑΎѧϨϟ΍
ϰѧϠ
ϋ Ϊѧθϟ΍
ήϴ Λ΄ѧΘ
ΑϞѧϤόϳ
ΪѧόϘϣϭ
ϡΎϤѧλ
ϦϣΕΎϤψϨϤϟ΍
ϩάϫϥϮϜΘ ϳΔϣΎ
ϋΓέϮμ Α

ϖϧΎ ѧΧ
ϦѧϋϒѧϠ ΘΨϳ
ίΎѧϬΠϟ΍΍
άϫ ϥ· .‫اﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ‬

ϝΪѧόϣϦѧϋήѧψϨϟ΍
ξ ѧϐΑ ϡΎ
Ϥѧμ ϟ΍ήѧΒϋςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϕήѧϓ
ϯ ϮΘѧδϣ
ϰѧϠϋ
φϓ Ύ
ѧΤϳ
Ϫϧ΍Κϴ ΣϦϣήΌΒϟ΍
ήόϗ
.‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬
(Subsurface safety valves for injection wells ‫ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻷﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻷﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬-‫ت‬

ϲ ѧϓϲ ѧϔϠ
Ψϟ΍ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ ϊ ѧϨϣϲ ϓ(Check valves) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬

ϢΘѧϳϩΎѧΠΗϻΎΑϢѧϜΤΗ ΕΎ ϣΎ Ϥѧλ ΓΰѧϬΟϷ΍ ϩάѧϫ έΎѧΒΘ
ϋ΍ ϦϜϤϳ .(Injection wells) ‫أﺑﺎر اﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬

ϥΎ ѧϳήΟ Ι ϭΪѧΣ ϥϭΩ ΔѧϟϮϠ ϴΤϟ΍Δϴѧγ Ύ
γ Ϸ΍ΎѧϬΘ ϔϴυϭˬϦϘΤϟ΍ έΎΑ΃
ϲϓΝΎΘϧϹ΍
ΏϮΒϧ΃
ϲϓ Ύ
ϬΒϴϛήΗ

ωϮѧϧ ΕΎ ϣΎϤѧμ ϟ΍ ϩάѧϫϦѧϣϭ .Δϴ Ττѧδϟ΍ Ε΍ ΪѧόϤϟ΍
ϕΎ ѧϔΧ·
ΔѧϟΎΣϲ ϓ(reverse flow) ‫ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬
.‫( وﻧﻮع اﻟﻜﺮة‬Stem and Seat type) ‫اﻟﺴﺎق واﻟﻤﻘﻌﺪ‬
‫ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﯿﻼد وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-٦

(Christmas Tree(X-mas tree)&Wellhead Assembly

ήѧΌΒϟ΍
α΃ έϰϠ ϋ ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ Εϼλ Ϯϟ΍ ϭ (Flanges) ‫إن ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﯿﻼد ھﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﺸﻔﺎت‬

ΓήΠѧθϟ΍
ϩάѧϫ έΎѧϴΘΧ΍ϢΘѧϳ .ϥϮϜѧδϟ΍ ϭ ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ΕϻΎѧΣ ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧѧΌ
ΒϠϟ Δѧϴ
ϠΧ΍Ϊϟ΍
ρϮϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ϰѧѧϠ
ϋήτϴ ѧδΗϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍ϭ

ΕΎ ѧϧΎ
τΒϟ΍α ϭ΅ έ ΖѧϴΒΜΗ
ϢΘ ѧϳΚϴ Σ .‫وأﺟﺰاﺋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮء ﺗﺼﺎﻣﯿﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﯿﮫ‬

Ζѧϴ ΒΜΗϢΘ
ѧϳϝΎѧϤϛϹ΍
ΕΎ ѧϴ
Ϡ Ϥϋ ˯ Ύ ѧϨΛ·
ϲ ѧϓϭˬΎѧϬΘϴ
ΒΜΗϭ
ΎϬΘ ϴ
ϤѧδΗ ϭ ΕΎ ѧϧΎτΒϟ΍
ϞѧϳΰϨΗ
ϭ ήѧΌΒϟ΍ήѧϔΤϟ΍ΔѧϴϠϤϋ ‫إﺛﻨﺎء‬

Δϴѧδϴ ΋ήϟ΍Ύ
ѧϴϠόϟ΍
ΕΎ ϣΎϤѧμ ϟ΍ ϚϟάѧϛϭˬΎϬΗ ϼϴ λ ϮΗϭ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

ΔѧϴΒϧΎΠϟ΍
ΕΎ ϣΎϤѧμ ϟ΍
ΖѧΒΜ Η
ϚϟάѧϛˬΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ϲϓϱ ήΠϳ ϱ άϟ΍ ςϔϨϠϟ
ΔΒδϨϟΎΑΓήΠθϟ΍
ϰϠϋήτϴ δΗ
ϲΘ ϟ΍
.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ادﻧﺎه‬.‫إﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ‬
29
‫‪X-mas tree and Wellhead Assembly‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ إﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬-٥

(Well Completion Program and Control)

Δѧϴ ϤϫϷ ΍ήѧψϧϭ .Δѧϴ
ΟΎΘϧϹ΍ ΔѧϧΎτΒϟ΍
ΔϴϤѧδΗϭϝ΍ΰѧϧ·ϭήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ήѧϔΣΔѧϳΎ ϬϧΪѧόΑ
ήΌΒϟ΍ϝΎ
Ϥϛ·Δϴ
ϠϤϋ΃ΪΒΗ

ϊ ѧϣΔѧϗΪΑΎѧϬΘ
ΠϣήΑ ϦѧϣΪѧΑϻ ϪѧϧΎ ϓ
Ύ
ѧϬ΋
΍ήΟ·˯ΎϨΛ·ήΌΒϟ΍
ϰϠϋ ΔόϗϮΘ Ϥϟ΍
ήρΎ ΨϤϟ΍ΓήΜϛϭΔϴϠ
Ϥόϟ΍
ϩάϫ

ϭ΃ ήѧѧϔΤϟ΍
ΝήѧѧΑ
ϝΎϤόΘѧγ ΎΑϭ (˯ Ύ ѧϔρϹ΍
ϕήѧѧϓ
ΎϬϨϤѧπ Α) Ύ
ϣΪѧѧϘϣΕ΍ ΪѧѧόϤϟ΍
ϭ ΕΎϣΰϠ ΘѧδϤϟ΍
Δѧϓ
Ύϛ
ΔѧΌ
ϴϬΗ
.‫اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح‬

ϞѧδϠ δΗ ϭ Δѧϣίϼϟ΍ ΔѧϘϳήτϟ΍ ΢ϴѧο ϮΗ ν ήѧϐϟ ςϴ ѧδΒϟ΍ ωϮѧϨϟ΍ Ϧѧϣϭ ϱ ΩΎѧϴ
Θ ϋ΍ϝΎ ѧϤϛ·ΞϣΎ ѧϧήΑ‫ﺳﻨﺄﺧﺬ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬

ϞѧϘΗϷ ΓΪѧϤϟΖϨϤѧδϟ΍ ΐϠ ѧμ Η
έΎ ѧψΘ ϧ΍ϭ ˬΎ ѧϬΘϴΒΜΗ ϭΎ ϬΘ ϴϤѧδΗ ϱ ήѧΠϳϭ ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺰال اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‬-١
.(Preventers Blow-out) ‫ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺎت اﻻﻧﺪﻻع اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬٧٢ ‫ﻋﻦ‬

ήѧΌΒϟ΍ ϞѧΧ΍Ω ΖϨϤѧδϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ΕΎ ѧϔϠΨϣ Δѧϳ΃ ϒѧϴ ψϨΘ ϟΐ γΎ Ϩϣ ήϔΣ ΏϮΒϧ΃ Δτγ ΍ ϮΑ Γήϓ ΎΣ ϝ΍ ΰϧ· Ϣ Θϳ -٢

ΔѧϓΎψϧ Ϧѧϣ Ϊѧϛ΄Θ ϠϟήѧΌ Βϟ΍ ϞѧΧ΍ ΩϦϴ ѧτϟ΍ ήϳϭΪѧΗ ϱ ήΠϳϭ ΏϮϠ τϤϟ΍ ϖϤόϟ΍ ΡϮο ϭ Ϧϣ Ϊϛ΄Θ ϟ΍Ϣ Θϳϭ
.‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺮة واﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬.‫اﻷﺧﯿﺮ‬

ΓΩϮѧΟ ϦѧϣΪѧϛ΄Θ Ϡϟ(Cement Bond Log; CBL) Δϴ Θ ϨϤѧδϟ΍ ΔѧτΑ΍ήϟ΍ β ѧΠϣ ϝ΍ ΰѧϧ·Ϣ Θѧϳ -٣
.‫ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺖ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮء ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺠﺲ‬

ϰѧΘ Σϭ ΐ ѧγ ΎϨϣ ϝΎ ѧϤϛ· Ϟ΋ ΎδΑ ΎϴϠ ϛ ήϔΤϟ΍ Ϧϴρ ΔΣ΍ ί ·ϭ ήΌ Βϟ΍ ήόϘϟ΍ ϰϟ·ΝΎ ΘϧϹ΍ ΏϮΒϧ΃ ϝ΍ ΰϧ· Ϣ Θϳ -٤
.‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻄﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ΏήѧδΗ ΩϮΟϭ ϰϠ ϋ ΔϟϻΩ ϲ τόϳ ϱ άϟ΍ ϭ ˬϝΎ ϤϛϹ΍ Ϟ΋ Ύδϟ ϥΎ ϳήΟ ϱ΃ φΣϼϳϭ ήΌ Βϟ΍ϙϮϠ γ ΐ ϗ΍ ήϳ -٥
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

ˬϦϴ ѧτϟ΍ ΔѧΣ΍ ί ·Δѧϴ ϠϤϋ ΪѧόΑ(‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬Ύ ѧγ ) Ύѧϴ όϴ Βρ ήѧΌΒϟ΍ϙϮϠ ѧγ ϥϮѧϛϭ ˬΏήѧδΗ ΩϮΟϭ ϡΪϋ ΔϟΎ Σ ϲ ϓ-٦

Ύѧϴ
Ϡόϟ΍ ΔѧϳΎϬϨϟ΍ ϕϮѧϓ ΍ήѧΘ ϣ˼ ˹ ϖѧϤϋ ϰѧϠ ϋΎѧϬΘϳΎ Ϭϧ ϥϮѧϜΗ Κѧϴ ΤΑ ϖѧϠ όΗϭ ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ ΐ ѧϴΑΎϧ΃ϊ ѧϓήΗ

έ΍ήϘΘ ѧγ ΍ϭςϐѧπ ϟ΍ έ΍ ήϘΘ ѧγ ΍
Ϧѧϣ Ϊѧϛ΄Θ Ϡ ϟˬϦϴ Θ ϋΎѧγ ΓΪѧϤϟ ήΌ Βϟ΍
ΐ ϗ΍ ήϳ .‫ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
.(Tubing Head Spool)‫ وﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬،‫ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺎت اﻻﻧﺪﻻع‬-٧

Ωϼϴ ѧϤϟ΍ ΓήΠѧθϟ ϲϠ ϴ ϐѧѧθΘ ϟ΍ςϐѧѧπ ϟΎ Α΍ΪѧѧϴΟ κ ѧΤϔΗ ϭ ΎϬΗΎϣΎ Ϥѧλ ΐ ѧϛήΗ ϭΩϼϴ ѧϤϟ΍ΓήΠѧη ΖѧѧϴΒΜ Η-٨
.‫ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻤﺎم‬١٥ ‫وﺑﺪﻗﺔ وﻟﻤﺪة ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ‬

ΔѧϳϭΎ Σ ˬςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϰѧϠ ϋ Γήτϴ ѧδϟ΍ ΓΰϬΟ΃:‫ ﺗﺮﻛﺐ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وھﻲ‬-٩
.‫ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت وﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬

ΔѧϠϣΎ Σ ΔѧΌΒόΗ ΪѧѧόΑ ΎѧϬϴ Ϡϋ Γήτϴ ѧδϟ΍ ϭ Ύ ѧϬϟΎѧϴϠόϟ΍
ΔѧϳϭΎ Τϟ΍ ϞѧѧΧ΍ ΩΕΎ ѧϗϼρϻ΍ ΔѧϠ ϣΎΣ ϝ΍ΰѧѧϧ΍Ϣ Θѧϳ -١٠
ϕΎ ѧϤϋϷΎ ΑΓΩΪѧΤϤϟ΍ ΐ ѧϴ ϘΜ Θϟ΍ϞѧΣ΍ ήϣ ˯ Ϯѧο ϰѧϠϋ ΎѧϬΘ ΒΜΗϢΘ ѧϳϭ .Δѧϣίϼϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϗϼρϻΎ ΑΕΎ ϗϼρϻ΍

Δϴ ΗϮѧѧμ ϟ΍ ϭ Δѧѧϴ΋ ΎΑήϬϜϟ΍ ΕΎ ѧѧδΠϤϟ΍
˯ Ϯѧѧο ϰѧѧϠ ϋ ϝΎ ѧѧϤϛϹ΍ ΞϣΎ ѧѧϧήΑ ϦѧѧϣΓΫϮΧ΄ѧѧϤϟ΍ ΔѧѧΑϮϠ τϤϟ΍
.‫واﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
ΓήΠѧη ϲ ѧϓΎѧϴϠόϟ΍ Δϴ ѧδϴ ΋ ήϟ΍ ΕΎ ϣΎ Ϥѧμ ϟ΍ ΢ΘѧϓϢΘ ϳΩϼϴ Ϥϟ΍ΓήΠη ϰϠ ϋ Ύ
ϴ Ϡ
όϟ΍ ΔϳϭΎ Τϟ΍Ζϴ ΒΜ Η
ΪόΑ -١١
‫ وﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻹﻧﺰال ﺑﺪﻗﺔ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺷﺪﯾﺪة‬.‫اﻟﻤﯿﻼد وﺗﻨﺰل ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ΐ ѧϴϘΜ Ηΐ ϨΠΘ ϳΐϴ ϘΜ Θϟ΍ ΕΎ ϴ Ϡ
Ϥϋ ϲ ϓ.‫وﺣﺘﻰ وﺻﻮل اﻟﺤﺎوﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺒﮫ‬
31
(Casing ίΎѧϬΟ ϝ΍
ΰϧΈ ѧΑΎϫΪѧϳΪΤΗ Ϣ Θ ѧϳϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍ϭ (Casing joints) ΔѧϧΎτΒϟ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ Εϼѧλ ϭ
.‫ وﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮء ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬Collar Locator; CCL)

ΔѧѧτΤϣ ϖѧѧϳήρ Ϧѧϋ ΢τѧѧδϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ ΕΎ ѧѧϗϼρϻ΍ ήѧѧϴΠϔΗΔτѧѧγ ΍ϮΑΏϮѧѧϠτϤϟ΍ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍
ΐ ѧѧϴϘΜΗ
ϢΘѧϳ -١٢
.‫ وﯾﻼﺣﻆ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ رأس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
.ΎϬΗΎϣΎ Ϥѧλ ΔѧϓΎϜΑΩϼϴ ѧϤϟ΍ ΓήΠѧη ϖѧϠ ϐΗ ϢѧΛ
ˬϰѧϠ ϋϷ΍‫ﺗﺴﺤﺐ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت وﻣﻼﺣﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ -١٣
.‫وﯾﻼﺣﻆ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﺎ‬
ΏϮѧΒϧ΃ϰѧϟ· (ϲ ѧϘϠ Τϟ΍
ύ΍ ήѧϔϟ΍ΕΎ ϣΎϤѧλ ϭ ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ΃
ΕΎ ϣΎ Ϥѧλ )
ήѧΌΒϟ΍‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ رأس‬ -١٤
.(‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن )ﺣﻔﺮة اﻟﺤﺮق‬

ΓήѧϔΣ ϲ ѧϓ
ίΎѧϐϟ΍ϭςϔϨѧϟ΍ ϕήΣ ϱ ήΠϳϭ ˬΓήϴ ϐλ ΔΤΘ ϔΑϭϒϴ ψϨΘϟ΍
ν ήϐϟ ϥΎ ϳήΠϠ
ϟήΌ Βϟ΍
΢Θϔϳ -١٥
.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬٣٠٠ ‫اﻟﺤﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬

ϢѧΛϲ ѧϘΒΘϤϟ΍Ϧϴѧτϟ΍ϭ΁˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍
ϭ΃ ϝΎ ѧϤϛϹ΍ Ϟ΋ Ύ
γ Ϧϣ Ύ
ϣΎ ϤΗήΌΒϟ΍ϒϴ ψϨΗϢΘϳϰΘ ΣϕήΤϟ΍ ήϤΘδϳ -١٦
.‫ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺟﺎھﺰا ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺘﻘﯿﻤﻲ‬.‫ﯾﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
(Perforating Oil and Gas Wells) ‫ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ أﺑﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز‬-٦

ϊ ѧϴ
ϤΟϭ ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϑ ϮѧΟ Ϧϴ ѧΑϲϓ ΎѧϛϝΎѧμ Η ΍ϖѧϴϘΤΘ ϓ.ϦτΒѧϤϟ΍ ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍ϝΎϤϛ·
Δϴ ϠϤϋϦϣ ˯ ΰΟϢϫ΃ ΐϴϘΜΘ
ϟ΍ϞϜθϳ
.ϪѧϨϣι ϼΨΘ ѧγ ΍ϭ
ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧ·ϞѧΜ ϣ΍ϖѧϴ ϘΤΗ ϭ ϦϤϜϣ ϊ τϘϣ ϞϛϢϴϘΘϟϱ έϭήο ˬΎϬΑΏϮϏήϤϟ΍
Δϴ ϨϤϜϤϟ΍
ϊ ρΎϘϤϟ΍

Ϧѧϣ ΓήѧѧϴΜϛϖρΎѧϨϣϲ ѧϓϭ Ϫѧϧ΍ϻ· ˬΓΪѧѧϴ
Ο ΓέϮѧѧμ ΑέΎѧΑϵ ΍
Ϣѧψόϣ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ
Δѧϣίϼϟ΍ΔѧϴϨϘΘϟ΍
ήϓϮѧѧΗ
Ϧѧϣ
ϢϏήϟΎ ѧΑϭ

ϞѧΜϣϷ΍ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘ
ϟ΍ΕΎѧΒϠτΘ ϣ ϢѧϬϓ ϡΪѧϋ ϰѧϟ·ϚѧϟΫΐ Βѧγ ΩϮѧόϳϭ .‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﺿﯿﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
(Gun Clearance) ΔѧϧΎτΒϟ΍ έ΍ ΪΟϭ ΕΎϗϼρϻ΍ ΔϠϣΎΣϦϴ ΑΔϠλΎ ϔϟ΍
ΔϓΎ δϤϟΎΑ
Ϣ ϜΤΘϟ΍
ϰϠ ϋΓέΪϘϟ΍ϡΪϋϭ
.‫ وأﺧﯿﺮا ﺗﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ إﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺮﺛﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻹﻋﻤﺎل‬.‫ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺟﯿﺪة‬
(Perforating Techniques)
ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘ
ϟ΍
ϕήѧρ
:‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ طﺮق رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻨﺔ ھﻲ‬
(Bullet Perforators) ΔѧϳέΎϨϟ΍

ΕΎ ϗϼρϻΎ Α
ΐϴ ϘΜΘϟ΍-‫ا‬

ϲ ѧϓ
ΔѧϳέΎ Ϩϟ΍ΕΎ ѧϗϼρϻ΍ϡΪΨΘ ѧδΗˬήΒϛ΍‫ ﻋﻘﺪة أو‬٣ ١/٤ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻨﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

ΓΪѧѧϘϋ /Ϟѧѧρέ ˿ ˹ ˹ ˹ Ϧѧϣ Ϟѧѧϗ΍
ςϐѧѧπ Ϡ ϟ
ΎѧϬΘϣϭΎ Ϙϣ ϲ ѧΘϟ΍Ύ
ѧϬϔϠ Χ ϲ ѧΘϟ΍
έϮΨѧμ ϟ΍ ϭ ΔѧϴΟΎΘϧϹ΍ ΕΎ ѧϧΎ
τΒϟ΍ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΗ

ΎѧϬΘ ϣϭΎ Ϙϣ ϥϮѧϜΗ ϲ ѧΘϟ΍
ΔѧϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍ ΕΎ ѧϨϳϮϜΘ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓήѧΒϛ΍ Ύ
ѧϗ΍ήΘΧ΍ ϖѧϘΤϳ ΔѧϘϳήτϟ΍ϩάϬΑΐϴ ϘΜΘ ϟ΍
ϥΎ ϓ΍άϟ.‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬

ϦѧϜϤϳ ϻ ΏϮϠ ѧγ Ϸ΍ ΍άѧϫ ‫ إﻻ إن‬.ϯ ήѧΧϷ΍ ϕήѧτϟ΍ ϊ ѧϣ ΔѧϧέΎϘϤϟΎ ΑΔѧόΑήϣ ΓΪѧϘϋ/Ϟѧρέ ٢٠٠٠ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﯿﻼد أو أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت اﻻ اﻧﮫ‬
.Ε΍ έΎѧΠϔϧϻ΍ ΕΎ ѧόϧΎ ϣΩϮѧΟϮΑϭ ϝΎѧϤϛϹ΍ϭ΃ ήѧϔΤϟ΍ Ϟ΋ Ύ
γ ςϐο Γήτϴ γ ΖΤΗ ϲ ϫϭ έΎΑϵ ΍
ΐϴ ϘΜΗ
ϲϓ
ϞϤόΘ δϳ
ϭ΃ ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍ϰѧѧϠϋ Γήτϴ ѧδϟ΍
ΔΑϮόѧѧλ ΐ ΒѧδΑ ΔѧϐϟΎΑΓέϮѧѧτΧ ˯ ΍ ήѧѧΟϹ΍ ΍άѧϫϞϜѧθϳςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍ΔѧϴϟΎόϟ΍έΎѧΑϵ ΍
ϲ ѧϓϭ

ϝΎ ѧϤϛϹ΍ϭ΃ ήѧϔΤϟ΍ Ϟ΋ Ύ
ѧγ
ϯ ϮΘ ѧδϣ ρϮѧΒϫϭ Ε΍ έΎѧΠϔϧϻ΍ ΕΎ ѧόϧΎ ϣ ϲ ѧϓϞѧϠ
Χ ϱ΃Ι ϭΪΣ ϝΎϤΘ Σ΍ ΪϨϋΎ ϬΘϟΎΤΘ γ΍
.‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ أو أﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﺬا ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻮاطﺌﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ‬
32
‫ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ‬.‫إن اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺰاﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺠﮭﺎز ﺗﻔﺠﯿﺮ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

ΔѧϧΎτΒϟ΍
ΐ ѧϘΛϰѧϟ·ϱ ΩϮѧϳ
ΎѧϤϣ ˬΔѧϴ
ϧΎΛ/ ‫ﻗﺪم‬٣٣٠٠ ‫ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﻔﺠﯿﺮ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ‬

ΪѧϳΰΗΎ
ϣΪϨϋ ΎϬΘ
ϗΎ ρϭ Ύ
ϬΘ ϋήγ Δϗϼρϻ΍
ΪϘϔΗ
ϭ .‫ ﻋﻘﺪة‬٥ ‫واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ واﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
.‫ﻋﻘﺪة‬٠.٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
(Jet Perforators) ‫ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻗﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ‬-‫ب‬

ΐ ѧϴ ΑΎ
ϧ΃ϝϼѧΧ ΐ ѧϴ ϘΜ Θ
ϠϟΎϬϟΎ ϤόΘγ΍ ϞόΠϳ ΎϤϣ ΔΛΎϔϨϟ΍ ΕΎ ΒϗΎΜϟ΍
ΔϳϭΎ Σ αΎ ϴϗ
ήϐμ Α ΔϘϳήτϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΰϴϤΘΗ
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﮭﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ واﻷﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻵﺑﺎر‬.‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺷﺠﺮات اﻟﻤﯿﻼد ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ‬
١١/˺ ˿ ϭ ΓΪѧϘϋ˻ ١/́ ΎѧϤϫ Ϧϴ ϴѧδϴ ΋έ Ϧϴ ѧγ Ύ
ϴϘΑ ΔѧΛΎϔϨϟ΍ΕΎΒϗΎ Μ
ϟ΍ΕΎ ϳϭΎΣ ‫ وﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬.‫وﺗﮭﯿﺌﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج‬

΍ΪѧΟ ΔѧϴϟΎϋ Δѧϴ ΋΍ΪΘ Α΍ΔϋήѧδΑ ϊϓΪѧϨϳΐϠ ѧλ ϲ ϧΪѧόϣ ϢδΟ Ϧϣ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϩάϫϲϓ Δϗϼρϻ΍ ϥϮϜΘ Η.‫ﻋﻘﺪة‬١

ςϐѧο ΪѧϟϮΗ ϭ ήѧϴΠϔΘ ϟ΍έΎѧϴΗϞѧόϔΑϞ΋ Ύѧγ ϰѧϟ· ΔΒϠѧλ ΓΩΎѧϣϝϮѧΤΗ ΐ ΒѧδΑ Δϴ
ϧΎΛ/‫ﻗﺪم‬٢٠٠٠٠ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬

ϖѧϤϋ ‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺛﻘﺐ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪا ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وﺛﻘﺒﮭﺎ‬

ΓΩΎ ѧϤϟΔϬΑΎ ѧθϣ ϲ ѧϫϭ ΖϳΎ ϧϮϠ ϜϳΎѧδϟ΍
ϲ ѧϫ ήѧϴ ΠϔΘ ϟ΍ΓΩΎѧϣ‫ إن‬.‫ﻋﻘﺪة ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬١٢ ‫ﯾﺼﻞ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
.‫ اطﻼﻗﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺒﮫ‬٤ ‫ وان ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬.T.N.T
(Hydraulic Perforating) ‫ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ‬-‫ﺟـ‬

ϝΎ ϤόΘ ѧγ ΎΑ ϚѧϟΫϭ ΎѧϬϔϠΧ ΔѧΠΘ ϨϤϟ΍ΕΎ ѧϘΒτϟ΍ ϭ Δѧϴ ΟΎ Θ ϧϹ΍ΔѧϧΎτΒϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓϕϮϘѧη ϞϤόϟ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬

ϊ ѧο Ϯϳ (Ύ ѧϧΎϴΣ΃
ΓΪѧϘϋ ١/٤ ϲ ϟ΍ϮѧΣ) ήϴ ϐѧλ ϖϧΎ ѧΧ ϝϼѧΧ Δѧϴ
ϟΎϋ ϦѧϘΣ Δϋήγ ϭ ϲ ϟΎϋ ςϐπ Α ϲ ϟϭέΪϴϫ έΎϴΗ

ΖѧϗϮϟ΍ β ѧϔϧ ϲ ѧϓ ΔϨθΧϭ ΔΒϠ λ Ω΍ Ϯϣ‫ وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻨﺪ أﺳﻔﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺤﻘﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض‬
.‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻘﻮن )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ( ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﺮق اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬

ϩάѧϫ Ϧѧϋ ΞΘ ѧϨϳΎ ѧϤϟϚѧѧϟΫϭ ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ϦѧϘΤϟ ΓΪѧѧόϤϟ΍έΎ ѧΑϵ ΍
ΐ ѧϴϘΜΗϲ ѧϓ
ΎѧΒϟΎϏϞϤόΘ ѧδΗΔѧϘϳήτϟ΍ ΍
άѧϫ ϥ·
.‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أداﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ‬

ΓΩΎ ѧѧϳΰΑϞѧѧϘϳˬΔѧϴϟϭέΪϴ Ϭϟ΍ΕΎ ѧΒϗΎ Μϟ΍
ϭΔѧϳέΎ Ϩϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϗϼρϻ΍ ϭΔѧΛΎ
ϔϨϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧΒϗΎ
Μϟ΍ϦѧϣϞѧѧϛ
ϕ΍ ήѧѧΘΧ΍‫إن‬
ωήѧγ ΃ ϝΪѧόϤΑ ϞѧϘϳΔѧΒϗΎΜϟ΍
ΔѧϳέΎ Ϩϟ΍
ΕΎѧϗϼρϻ΍ ϕ΍ ήΘ Χ΍
ϥΎ ΑφΣϼϳ .‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ أﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

ϊ ѧϣ ϪѧϨϣϖѧϤϋ΃ ϮѧϫΔΒϠ ѧμ ϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϨϳϮϜΘϠϟΔѧΛΎϔϨϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧΒϗΎ Μϟ΍
ϕ΍ ήѧΘ
Χ΍ ϥ΍ϭˬέϮΨѧμ ϟ΍
ΔѧϣϭΎ Ϙϣ ΓΩΎ ϳί
ϊϣ

ϕ΍ ήѧѧΘΧ΍ΎѧϬόϣ ϦѧϜϤϳϲ ѧΘϟ΍
ΔѧϳέΎ Ϩϟ΍
ΕΎѧϗϼρϼϟ ΓΪѧѧϴΟΎ ѧϋ΍Ϯϧ΃ ϙΎ
ѧϨϫ ‫ إﻻ إن‬.ΔѧΒϗΎ
Μϟ΍
ΔѧϳέΎϨϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϗϼρϻ΍

ΔϠ ѧλ Ύ ϔϟ΍
Δϓ Ύ
ѧδϤϟ΍ ϥϮѧϜΗ Ύ
ϣΪѧϨϋ Δѧλ ΎΧ ˬΔѧΛΎϔϨϟ΍ ΕΎ ѧΒϗΎΜϟ΍
ϊ ѧϣ
ϪѧϨϣήΒϛ΍ϖϤϋ ϰϟ΍
ΔϠ ϴ
ϠϘϟ΍ΕΎ ϨϳϮϜΘϟ΍
.‫ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻطﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮا‬
33
‫‪Completion Fluid‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫‪Selection of completion fluid‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ‪fluid density‬‬

‫ﯾﺠﺐ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺠﺐ ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﯾﻠﺤﻘﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪Solids Content‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ΏϮѧϘΛ‬‬
‫‪ϖѧϠ‬‬
‫‪Ϗ‬‬‫‪ϥϭΩ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϟϮϠ‬‬
‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪ΤϠ‬‬
‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ΔΒϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧμ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ω΍‬‬
‫‪ϮѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Χ‬‬ ‫‪ϥϮϜϳ‬‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΐ Πϳ‬‬ ‫‪ϲ ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Μ‬‬‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϛϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϊ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϣ‬‬
‫‪ϥ΍‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺮاﺷﺢ ‪Filtrate Characteristics‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ΥΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϔΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ϧѧϋ‬‬‫‪ΞΗ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪έήѧѧπ Θ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϟѧѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ϘΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ˬΎ‬‬
‫‪ϬϧΎ‬‬‫‪ѧη‬‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪κ ΋‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧμ ΨΑ‬‬‫‪΢ѧη΍‬‬‫‪ήϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϥϮѧѧϜϳ‬‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΐ ѧΠϳ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϥϮѧϜΗ‬‬‫‪ϭ‬‬
‫‪ΓήΨѧμ Ϡ‬‬
‫‪ϟ‬‬‫‪ϞѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ΒΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Δϴ‬‬
‫‪ѧλ Ύ‬‬
‫‪Χ‬‬ ‫‪ήѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϐΗ‬‬‫‬
‫‪ˬ ﴾ clay swelling or dispersion ﴿ ϝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧμ Ϡ‬‬
‫‪μ ϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΖΘ‬‬ ‫‪ѧθΗ‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻻدﻧﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ‪Fluid Loss‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ΔѧΠΘ‬‬
‫‪ϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϰѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϪѧϨϣ‬‬‫‪Γήѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Βϛ‬‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϛ‬‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬ ‫‪ΪϘϔΑ‬‬
‫‪΢Ϥδϳ‬‬‫‪ϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ϫ‬‬‫‪Ϊϴ‬‬‫‪Πϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪Ϥϛϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϣ‬‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϔλ ΍‬‬‫‪Ϯϣ‬‬ ‫‪ϥ΍‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻀﺎف ﻣﺎدة ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ‪Viscosity-Related Characteristics‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
﴾viscosity ΔϴϜϴ
Θѧγ ϼΒϟ΍
ΔѧΟϭΰϠ
ϟ΍
ˬ﴾ yield point ﴿ ΔѧϋϭΎ τϤϟ΍
ΔѧτϘϧ
ϦѧϣϞѧѧϛ
ϞϤѧθΗ
ϭ

ϭ΍Ϟѧϣήϟ΍
ΐ ѧϠ
Πϟ
Δѧϴϓ
ΎϛϊϓέΔόγ
ϖϘΤΗϥ΍ΐ Πϳ
ϲΘϟ΍
ϭ ﴾gel strength﴿ ‫ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﻞ‬,﴾plastic
.‫ﻓﺘﺎت اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
Mechanical Consideration ‫ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬-١

.ήϳϭΪѧΘ
ϟ΍
ϭΔΒϠ
ѧμ ϟ΍
Ω΍
ϮϤϟ΍
ϝΰϋϭ
ϥΰΨϟ΍
ϭςϠ
ΨϠϟΓήδϴΘϤϟ΍
ϝΎ Ϥϛϻ΍ϭ΍ήϔΤϟ΍
ΝήΑ
Ε΍ΪόϣϞϤθΗϭ
.‫ھﻲ اﻻﺧﺮى ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
Economy ‫ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت‬-٢
.‫واﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ھﻨﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻓﻀﻞ اﺗﺰان ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﯿﻲ‬
Types of Completion Fluid ‫اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
Oil Base Fluids ,Hydrocarbon Fluids ‫ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ‬-١
Crude Oil ‫ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم‬-‫أ‬

Diesel ,Gas Oil ‫ ﻧﻔﻂ اﻟﺪﯾﺰل‬-‫ب‬
Water Base Fluids ,Clear Water Fluids ‫ ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻘﻲ‬-١
Formation Salt Water ‫ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ‬-‫أ‬

Sea Water ‫ ﻣﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬-‫ب‬
Prepared Salt Water ‫ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮ‬-‫ث‬
(Perforating Fluid) ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘ
ϟ΍
ΕΎ
ѧϴ
ϠϤόϟ
ΐ γΎ
ϨϤϟ΍
ϝΎ
ϤϛϹ΍
ϊ΋
Ύϣ

ΪѧѧϨϋΎ
ѧϴ ϘΒρ΍έήѧѧο Ι ΪѧѧΤϳ ϻ Ϟ΋
Ύѧγ ϰѧѧϠϋϱ ϮѧѧΘΤϳήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍ϥ· ΔѧψΣϼϣ ΐ ѧΠϳ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜ Θ
ϟ΍ΔѧϴϠϤϋϞѧѧΒϗ

Ϧѧϣ ΓΰѧѧϴϤϣϭ ΓΩΪѧѧΤϣω΍ Ϯѧѧϧ΃
Γέϭήѧѧπ ϟΎΑΖѧѧδϴ ϟ
ΐ ѧϴϘΜΘϟ΍
ϊ ѧ΋
΍‫ أن ﻣﻮ‬.ΔѧΠΘϨϤϟ΍ΕΎѧϘΒτϟ΍ϊ ѧϣ
ϪϟΎѧμ Η΍

ΎѧϤϴϓϭ .ΔΒϠ ѧμ ϟ΍
Ω΍ϮѧϤϟ΍
Ϧϣ ϝΎΧήΌ Βϟ΍
ϲϓ ϊ΋ Ύ
ϣ ΩϮΟϮΑ ϢΘΗ‫ إﻻ إن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﯾﺠﺐ إن‬،‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‬
.‫ﯾﻠﻲ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬
35

ϖѧѧϠ Ϗ ϲ ѧϓ ΐ ΒѧδΗ Ϧѧϟϑ Ϯѧѧδϓ Δѧϔϴ ψϧϊ ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍
ϩάѧϫ ϥϮѧѧϜΗΎϣΪѧѧϨϋ :ςϔϨѧϟ΍ϭ΃ ΢ϟΎ
ѧϤϟ΍
˯Ύ
ѧϤϟ΍-‫ت‬

άѧ΋ ΪϨϋ ˬΔѧΠΘ ϨϤϟ΍
ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍
ϩΎ ѧΠΗΎΑήѧΌΒϟ΍Ϧѧϣ
ςϐѧο ϕήϔΑ ΐϴ ϘΜΘ ϟ΍
ϢΘϳ
Ύ ϣΪϨϋ Ϫϧ΍‫إﻻ‬.‫اﻟﺜﻘﻮب‬
.‫ﺳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻗﺒﺎت )اطﻼﻗﺎت ﻧﺎرﯾﺔ أو ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ( اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب‬
‫ وﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺎب‬.‫ ﯾﻌﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬:‫ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻻﺳﯿﺘﯿﻚ‬-‫ث‬
Ϟѧϛ΂ ΘϠϟΓΩΎ ѧπ ϣ Ω΍ ϮѧϤΑϚϴ Θ ϴѧγ ϻ΍ξ ϣΎ ѧΣΔϠϣΎόϣ ϦϜϤϳ ˬ(H2S) ‫ﻏﺎز ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
.‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻼﻣﺴﺘﮫ ﻷي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ وﻟﻔﺘﺮة طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

ςϐѧο Ε΍ Ϋ‫ ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ طﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻜﻤﻨﯿﮫ‬:‫ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬-‫ج‬

ˬ΍ ΪѧΟ Δϴ ϟΎ
ϋ (Swabbing) ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن وﻗﺖ ﺑﺮج اﻟﺤﻔﺮ أو ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺸﻔﻂ‬
.‫أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﺄي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺷﻜﺎل‬
ΪѧѧϨϋ ΃ Ϊѧѧμ ϠϟΓΩΎ ѧπ Ϥϟ΍ ϡϮϳΩϮѧѧμ ϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϣϭήϜϳ΍Ω ΓΩΎѧϣΔϓ Ύѧο · Δѧϴ Ϥϫ΃ϰѧѧϟ·
ΎѧϨϫ ΓέΎѧηϹ΍
έΪѧѧΠΗ

ϱ ήѧΠΗ ϥ· ΐ ѧΠϳ ΐ ѧϴϘΜ
Θ ϟ΍
Δѧϴ Ϡ
Ϥϋ ϥ· ΔѧψΣϼϣ Ϛϟάѧϛ .ΐ ѧϴϘΜΘϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
΢ϟΎ Ϥϟ΍
ϭ΃ϱ ΩΎόϟ΍
˯Ύ
Ϥϟ΍ ϝΎϤόΘγ΍

Ϟ΋ Ύѧγ ϥί ϭ ήϴ Λ΄ѧѧΗ
Ϧѧϋ ΞΗ Ύ
ѧϨϟ΍ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍Ϧѧϣ
ϰѧѧϠϋ΃ΔѧΒϘΜ
Ϥϟ΍ ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍
ςϐѧѧο ϥϮѧѧϜϳ
Κѧѧϴ
ΤΑήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϞѧѧΧ΍
Ω
.‫ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻔﻂ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ھﺬا اﻟﮭﺪف‬،‫اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬
(Selection of Perforated Intervals)

ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘ
ϟ΍
ϖρΎ
Ϩϣ
έΎϴ
ΘΧ΍

Ϟѧϣ΍ Ϯόϟ΍
Ϟѧϛ
ϭ΃
ξ ѧόΑΞ΋ΎѧΘ
ϧ˯ Ϯѧο ϰѧϠ
ϋΔѧΠΘ ϨϤϟ΍ΕΎѧϘΒτϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜ Θϟ΍
ϖρΎ ѧϨϣ
έΎ ϴΘ
Χ΍‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬
:‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

ΕΎ ѧϘΒτϟ΍
ΩϭΪѧΣ
ϦϴѧΒΗ
ΕΎѧδΠϤϟ΍ ϩάѧϫϥ·ΚѧϴΣ ˬΔϴϋΎόѧηϹ΍ ϭΔϴΗϮμ ϟ΍ ϭΔϴ΋ΎΑήϬϜϟ΍ΕΎ δΠϤϟ΍ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
.‫ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻘﯿﺔ إﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-‫ب‬
.‫ اﻟﻠﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-‫ﺟـ‬
.‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬-‫د‬
:‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﯾﺮاﻋﻰ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‬

ςϔϨѧϟ΍ϊ ѧϣ
˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍ΝΎ ѧΘϧ·
ΔϠ Ϝѧθϣ ΐ ѧϨΠΘϟ
˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍ϭςϔϨϟ΍αΎϤΗϯ ϮΘδϣϦϋ ΐϴ ϘΜ
ΘϠϟ
ϰϠϔδϟ΍ ΔϳΎϬϨϟ΍
ΪόΑ-١
.(Water Coning) ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

ίΎѧϐϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ Γήѧϴ Βϛ
ΕΎ ѧϴϤϛ ΝΎ ѧΘϧ·ΐ ѧϨΠΘϟ
ίΎѧϐϟΎΑ
ςϔϨѧϟ΍αΎѧϤΗ
ϯ ϮΘѧδϣϦѧϋ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϠ
ϟ
Ύѧϴ
Ϡόϟ΍ΔϳΎϬϨϟ΍
ΪόΑ-٢
.(Gas Coning) ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
(Shale Ϟѧѧϔτϟ΍ϖρΎ ѧϨϣ ΐ ѧϴ ϘΜΗϦѧϋΩΎѧόΘΑϻ΍ϭΔѧϴϟΎ
όϟ΍
ΔϴϣΎѧδϤϟ΍
ϭΔѧϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍
Ε΍ΫϖρΎ ѧϨϤϟ΍έΎѧϴ
ΘΧ΍-٣
.Zones)
.(Casing Collars) ‫ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ وﺻﻼت اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬-٤

ˬΕΎ ѧϗϼρϻ΍ ΔϠ ϣΎΣ ‫ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻧﺠﺎزھﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت أﻧﺰال‬-٥
.(‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت )ﻋﻠﻤﺎ إن طﻮل اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ھﻮ ﻋﺸﺮة أﻣﺘﺎر‬

Κѧϴ ΣϦѧϣ ΔѧΠΘ ϨϤϟ΍
ΔѧϘΒτϟΎ Α ήѧπ ϳ ϻ ‫ ﯾﻔﻀﻞ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻛﻤﺎل‬-٦
.‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﻘﺐ اﻵﺑﺎر ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
36
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ وﺗﮭﯿﺌﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬

ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ςѧѧΑέ
ϦϴѧΤϟϭ
ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘ
ϟ΍
Δѧϴ
ϠϤϋ
ϝΎѧϤΘ
ϛ΍
ΪѧѧόΑ
Ύѧϫ΅ ΍
ήΟ΍
ΐ ѧΟ΍
Ϯϟ΍
ϝΎ
ѧϤϋϻ΍
Ϟѧѧϛ
ΕΎ ѧϴ
ϠϤόϟ΍
ϩάѧϫϞϤѧθΗ
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ او اﺟﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﻲ‬
.‫ ﯾﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﯾﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ راس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻛﺘﻤﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬-١
Original reservoir ﴿ ϲ ΋ ΍ΪѧΘΑϻ΍ ϲ ѧϨϤϜϤϟ΍ ςϐπ ϟ΍
ΪϳΪΤΘ ϟϲϠ Χ΍Ϊϟ΍ ςϐπ ϟ΍ αΎ ϴϗ ΓΰϬΟ΍ ϝΰϨΗ-٢
.‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ اﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬،﴾ pressure

ΔΒѧδϧ ΩϮѧΟϭ ΔѧϟΎΣϲ ѧϓ ﴿ήϴϐѧλ ϖϧΎ ѧΧ ϝϼѧΧ Ϧѧϣϭ ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϠ ϟ﴾ΝΎ ѧΘϧϻ΍ ΏϮѧΒϧ΍
ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ﴿ ‫ ﯾﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-٣

ϰѧΘ Σ ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟΎ ΑήϤΘ ѧδϳϭ Ύ
ѧΟέΎ Χ ϝΎ ѧϤϛϻ΍ ϊ΋ ΎѧϣΡήѧτϳ ϑ Ϯѧγ ΔѧϠ ΣήϤϟ΍ ϩάѧϫ ϲ ѧϓ.﴾ί Ύ ѧϐϟ΍
Ϧϣ ΔϴϟΎϋ
.‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم‬

ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ ήϤΘ ѧδϳϭ Ύѧπ ϳ΍ ήϴϐѧλ ϖϧΎ Χ ϰϠ ϋϭ ϲ ϘϠΤϟ΍ ύ΍ ήϔϟ΍ ϝϼΧ ήΌΒϟ΍ ΢Θ ϔϳϭ ΝΎ Θϧϻ΍ ΏϮΒϧ΍ ϖϠϐϳ -٤
.‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻢ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬

ϙήѧΘ ϳϭήϴ ϐѧλ ϖϧΎѧΧ ϝϼѧΧ Ϧѧϣϭ ΔϛήΘ ѧθϣ ΓέϮѧμ Α ϲ ѧϘϠΤϟ΍ ύ΍ήѧϔϟ΍ ϭ ΝΎ ѧΘϧϻ΍ΏϮѧΒϧ΍ Ϧѧϣ ϼϛ ΢Θϔϳ -٥

ˬϪΘ ϳέ΍ ήϘΘ ѧγ ΍ ϯ Ϊѧϣϭ ήѧΌΒϟ΍
α΍ έ ϰѧϠ ϋ ϲ Ττѧδϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ ςϐѧο ΪϋΎ ѧμ Η ΐ ѧϗ΍ήϳϭ Δϴ ϓ ΎϛΓΪϤϟ ήΌΒϟ΍

ϞѧϠΤϳϭ ϕ΍ ήѧΘ Σϻ΍ ΏϮѧΒϧ΍ ϝϼѧΧ Ϧѧϣ ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ΝΫϮѧϤϧ ϖϗΪѧϳ ˬϲ Ττѧδϟ΍ ϥΎ ϳήΠϟ΍ ςϐο ήϘΘ δϳ ΎϣΪϨϋϭ
.‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء او ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل او اﻟﺮواﺳﺐ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

Δѧϴ ϠϤϋ ΩΎ ѧόΗ ϭ ϒѧѧϴψϨΘ ϟ΍ν ΍ ήѧѧϏϻ ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ έ΍ ήϤΘ ѧγ ΍ Ϧѧϣ ΪѧѧΑϼϓ ΐ ѧγ ΍ ϭέ ϭ΍˯Ύ ѧϣΩϮѧѧΟϭ ΔѧϟΎΣϲ ѧϓ

˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ϡΎѧΨϟ΍ ςϔϨѧϟ΍ ΔϓΎψϧ Ϧϣ ΪϛΎ Θϟ΍Ϣ Θϳϭ ήΌΒϟ΍ ϥΎ ϳήΟ ςϐο ϭ ϥΎ ϳήΠϟ΍
ήϘΘ δϳ ϥ΍ ϰϟ΍
κ Τϔϟ΍

ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϭ ΝΎ ѧΘ ϧϻ΍
ΕΎ ѧλ ϮΤϓ ϲ ѧϫϭ Δѧϴ ϟΎ Θ
ϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϴ
ϠϤόϠ ϟ ΍ΰϫΎ ѧΟ ήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϥϮϜϳ ΍άϬΑϭ .‫واﻟﺮواﺳﺐ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
.‫واﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى‬
(Completion Efficiency) ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬-٨

ΰѧϴ
ϤΘΗ
ΔѧϣΎ
ϋΓέϮѧμ Αϭ. ΔѧϘϳήρ
Ϟѧϛ
Ε΍ΩΪѧΤϣϭ
ϩΎѧϳ΍
ΰϣϭΔѧϔϠΘΨϤϟ΍
ϝΎѧϤϛϹ΍ ϕήѧρ ϰѧϟ·
ΎϘΒѧδϣΎ
ѧϨϗήτΗ ΪϘϟ
:‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ﺑﻤﺎﯾﻠﻲ‬
.‫ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺘﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز‬١
.‫ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﻧﻌﺎش اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺼﻮرة اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬٢
.‫ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﻛﻤﺎل أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ طﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ واﺣﺪة‬٣

ΩϮѧΟϭ ΐ ΒѧδΑ, ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ϰѧϠ
ϋ ήѧΌ Βϟ΍(ΔѧϗΎτϟ΍) ΓέΪѧϘΑΔѧϴ
΋ΰΟ ΓέΎѧδΧ ΏΎѧδΣ ϰϠ ϋϲΗ΄Η
Ύϳ΍
ΰϤϟ΍
ϩάϫϥ΃ϻ·

ήΛ΄ΘΘѧγ ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϑ ϮѧΟ ϝϮѧΣΞΘ ѧϨϤϟ΍ϊ τϘϤϟ΍ΔϳΫΎϔϧϥΎϓϯ ήΧ΃
ΔϬΟ Ϧϣϭ, ‫ھﺬا ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ‬. ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﻮب‬
(Clay ‫ﻓﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ ﻣﻌﺎدن اﻟﺼﻠﺼﺎل‬. ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻹﻛﻤﺎل واﻹﻧﻌﺎش‬

ΔΒϠѧλ ΍Ω΍ϮѧϣΎ
ѧϬόϣϞ΋ ΍
Άѧδϟ΍ϚѧϠ ΗϞѧϤΤΗΪѧϗϭ. ϪѧΘϳΫΎϔϧϲ ѧϓν Ύ ѧϔΨϧ΍
ΔΒΒѧδϣ ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓminerals)
. ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍ ΔϳΫΎϔϧν ΎϔΨϧ΍ϲ ϟΎΘϟΎΑϭϪ΋΍ΰΟ΃ ξ όΑ ϖϠ ϏΔΒΒδϣ ϲ ϣΎδϤϟ΍ ύ΍ ήϔϟ΍
ϲϓϯ ήΧϷ΍ϲ ϫ
ΐ γ ήΘΗ

ϰѧϟ·ΔΒϠλ Ω΍Ϯϣ ϭ΃
ΔϴϟΎϋΔΟϭΰϟ Ε΍ Ϋ
ΕΎ Βϛήϣ ϥϮϜΘ ΘϓΔϴ ϨϤϜϤϟ΍ ϊ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍ϊ ϣϞ΋΍Άδϟ΍ϩάϫ
ϢδΠϨΗ
ϻΪϗϭ
‫ﻏﯿﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﯿﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
37
‫ ﯾﺪﻋــﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒـــﻖ‬, ‫أﯾـﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺳﺒﺒﮫ‬, ‫إن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻧﻔـــــﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄـــﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻮل ﺟﻮف اﻟﺒﺌــﺮ‬
(Positive skin factor). ‫(وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬Formation damage)

ςϴ ѧѧθϨΘ ϟ΍
ϭ΃ε Ύ ѧѧόϧϹ΍
ΕΎ ѧѧϴ
ϠϤϋϯ ΪѧѧΣΈΑ
ΔѧѧΠΘϨϤϟ΍ΔѧѧϘΒτϟ΍
ΞϟΎ
ѧѧόΗ
ΎϣΪѧѧϨϋΎѧѧϣΎϤΗβ ѧѧϜόϟ΍
Ι ΪѧѧΤϳϭ

ε Ύ ѧόϧϹ΍Ϧѧϣ ν ήϐϟΎ ѧϓ. ϲ ϟϭέΪѧϴ
Ϭϟ΍ ϖϴϘѧθΘϟΎΑ
ε Ύ ѧόϧϹ΍ϭξ ϴ ϤΤΘϟΎѧΑε Ύ ѧόϧϹ΍ϞѧΜ
ϣ(Stimulation)

ϖϴ ϘѧθΘ ϟΎ
Α ε ΎѧόϧϹ΍
Ϧѧϣν ήѧϐϟ΍
Ύѧϣ·. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﺾ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﺴﯿﺔ ھﻮ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬

ΔѧϳΫΎ ϔϧϲ ѧϓϦѧδΤϤϟ΍
Ϧѧϋ ήѧΒόϳ
Ϧϴ ΘϟΎ
ѧΤϟ΍
Ύ
ѧΘ
Ϡϛϲ ѧϓ
ϭ. ϦѧϤϜϤϠ ϟΔϴϠ
ѧλ Ϸ΍
ΔѧϳΫΎ ϔϨϟ΍
ΓΩΎ
ѧϳΰϟϮѧѧϬϓ
ϲ ϟϭέΪѧϴ
Ϭϟ΍
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﺮة ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬

ϩάѧϫ
ω΍ϮѧϧϷ΍
ϩάѧϫ
ωϮѧϤΠϣϭ, ΓήѧθΒϟ΍
ϞѧϣΎ
όϟ
ΪѧΣ΍
ϭωϮѧϧ
Ϧѧϣ ήѧΜ
ϛ΃
ϙΎѧϨϫ ϥΎ
ѧΑ
΢π Θ ϳϡΪϘΗ
Ύϣϰϟ·΍
ΩΎϨΘγ΍
:‫اﻷﻧﻮاع ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة اﻟﻜﻠﻲ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
St = Sfm + Sc +Spp
Where;
1- Sfm = Formation skin factor due to alteration formation Characteristics

(permeability).
‫( ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬formation damage) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﯾﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬
β ѧϜόϳ ‫أو‬, ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϩάѧϫϲϓΎ
ΒΟϮϣ ϥϮϜϳϭ (drilling and completion operations) ‫واﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬

ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍
ΔѧϳΫΎϔϨ‫ﺑ‬
ήΛ΄ѧΘ
ΗΚѧϴ
Σ.‫( وﯾﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬Stimulation) ‫اﻹﻧﻌﺎش اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﯿﻂ واﻟﺘﺤﻔﯿﺰ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ‬

ϝΪѧόϤΑ
ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧ·
˯ΎѧϨΛ·
Δѧϴ
ϨϤϜϤϟ΍
ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍
ϲϓςϐπ ϟ΍
ϊ ϳί ϮΗ
ϲ ϨΤϨϣ
ϞΜϤϳ
ϱ άϟ΍
ˬ(A) ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Ϫѧϴ
ϓ
ΎϨϴ
Βϣ
ήΌΒϟ΍
ϑ ϮΟέ΍ ΪΟϦϣΔΒϳήϘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϤϟ΍
Ϧϣςϐπ ϟ΍ ϭ΃
ΔϗΎτϟΎ
Αϥ΍
ΪϘϔϟ΍
έ΍ΪϘϣ
΢ο Ϯϳ Κϴ Σ) ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
( Sfm ،‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة‬
-:‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
38
P3
(ΔΡ)1
(ΔΡ)2
Pressure ( Pwf ) P1
P2
rw ra
Distance ( r )
(A) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
ΔΡskin = (ΔΡ2- ΔΡ1 ) = ( p3 – p2 ) - ( p3 – p1 ) ……(1)
ΔΡskin = ( p1 – p2 ) ………….(2)
Where :
ΔΡ2 = pressure drop in the altered zone around the well bore ( ra , ka ).
ΔΡ1 = pressure drop in the undamaged zone ( ra , k ).
Apply Darcy's law for radial-steady state flow with field units.
Qo = 7.08*10-3 kh (pws – pwf) / μo Bo ln(re/rw)
pws = static bottom hole (well bore) pressure, psi.

pwf = flowing bottom hole (well bore) pressure, psi.
ΔΡ1 = 141.2 Qo μo Bo ln(ra/rw) / kh ………(3)

ΔΡ2= 141.2 Qo μo Bo ln(ra/rw) / kah ……...(4)
Substitute eq. (3) & (4) in eq. (1)
39
ΔΡskin = 141.2 Qo μo Bo ln(ra/rw) / kah - 141.2 Qo μo Bo ln(ra/rw) / kh
ΔΡskin = 141.2 Qo μo Bo / kh [ ((k - ka) / ka) ln(ra/rw) ] ……(5)
Van Everdingen defined ΔΡskin as:-

Q  B 
PSkin  141.2  O O O  * S fm ……(6)
 Kh 
Solving for Sfm equalizing eqs. (5)&(6).
 K  Ka   ra 
S fm    ln  
 Ka   rw  …….(7)
Re-exam Eq. (7)
Case-1 k = ka  Sfm = 0  ΔΡskin = 0 No damage, No stimulation
Case-2 ka < k  Sfm = +ve  ΔΡskin = +ve  Damage

increase total pressure drop when produce with constant rate.
Case-3 ka> k  Sfm = -ve  ΔΡskin = -ve  Stimulation

decrease total pressure drop when produce with constant rate.
2-Spp = skin factor due to partial penetration formation.

ϭ΃˯Ύ
ѧϤϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΘ
ΑϢϜΤΘϠϟ
ΞΘ ϨϤϟ΍
ϊ τϘϤϟ΍
ϝϼΧ ήΌΒϠ
ϟϲ΋ΰΠϟ΍ϕ΍ήΘΧϻ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η
β Ϝόϳ ϱ άϟ΍ΓήθΒϟ΍ϞϣΎϋ
hp )ϰѧϠϋϚϟάϛϭ ( b = hp / ht ) ‫ ( ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق‬Spp) ‫ان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة‬.‫اﻟﻐﺎز أو ﻛﻼھﻤﺎ‬
(/ r w
،‫ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬: ht ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
،‫ ھﻮ طﻮل ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬: hp
.‫ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬: rw
‫( و‬b)ϕ΍ήѧΘΧϻ΍ΔΒѧδϧΔѧϤϴϗ
Δτѧγ ΍ϮΑ
ϚѧϟΫϭ ( Spp) ‫( ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬٢٧-١) ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.(hp / rw) ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
Spp is always +ve.
40
‫‪3- Sc = skin factor due to completion configuration.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‪،‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﻜﺎل )‪ (٢٨-١‬و‬
‫)‪ (٢٩-١‬و ) ‪ (٣٠-١‬وﺑﺎﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ا ‪ -‬طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﮭﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﺧﺘﺮاق‬
‫اﻻطﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ )‪ .(formation pentration‬وﻟﻼﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‪-:‬‬
‫‪( Bullet guns, Jet guns, Hydraulic perforator).‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫ب – ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ )‪.(perforation phase‬‬

‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪.‬‬
‫د – ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ )‪ (perforation density‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﻟﻜﻞ وﺣﺪة طﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺼﺤﺢ ‪ (Sc)chart‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ht ‬‬
‫‪S C corrected  S C char * ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪ p‬‬
‫‪Q  B‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪PSkin cor‬‬ ‫‪ 141.2 *  O O O‬‬ ‫‪ * S C cor‬‬
‫‪ Kh‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪(ΔΡskin)c = 141.2 Qo μo Bo / khp (Sc)chart‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
S t  S fm  S c  S pp
PSkin total  PSkin sfm  PSkin spp  PSkin sc
 
PSkin total  141.2 *  QO O BO  * St
 Kh 
Flow efficiency
actual pressure drop which is required to produce the well with constant rate
FE 
ideal pressure drop which is required to produce the well at the same rate
 Pe  Pwf   PSkin total 

FE   

 Pe  Pwf  

- ideal case (St = 0)

 K 
* Pe  Pwf 
h
QO  7 *10 3 *   *
  O * BO  ln re 
r 
 w
- actual case
 
QO  7 * 10 3 * 
K
 *
h

* Pe  Pwf  PSkin total 
  O * BO  ln  re 

r
 w 
PS  ve  FE > 1 Stimulation ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﺑﻘﺪرة اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﺎش‬
PS   ve  FE < 1 Damage ‫ﺧﺴﺎرة ﺑﻘﺪرة اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻻﻛﻤﺎل‬
pe = Average reservoir pressure.

pwf = Flowing bottom hole pressure.
Example;
From this data:
Oil column thickness = 25 ft,

ko = 100 md,
μo = 0.5 cp,
43
Perforated zone thickness = 15 ft (from upper oil zone),

Radius of drainage area =660 ft,
Total pressure drop = 1000 psi,
Well bore radius = (3/8) ft,
Bo( oil formation volume factor) = 1.4 RB/STB,
Perforating diameter = 1/2 inch,
perforating (shots) density = 4 perforating(shots) / ft.
‫( وان ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎت ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاق ﺟﺪار‬Jet shots) ‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻗﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ‬: ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﺧﺮى‬

ϲ ѧϓ
ήϔλ
ϱ ϭΎδϳΞΘϨϤϟ΍
ϊ τϘϤϠ
ϟ
ϲ Ϙϓϻ΍ϕ΍ήΘΧϻ΍ϥ΍
ϱ΃) ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وطﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻘﻂ‬
Formation penetration=0 .(‫ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
.‫وان ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﮭﺔ واﺣﺪة‬
:‫اوﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬-١
Qo = 7.08*10-3 kh (pe – pwf) / μo Bo ln(re/rw)
Qo = 7.08*10-3 *100*25*1000/ [0.5*1.4* ln(660/0.375)
Qo = 3383.5 STB/DAY.
.‫ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﯿﺘﮫ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬-٢

ϞѧϣΎόϟ
ςѧϘϓ
ϦϴϋϮѧϧΩϮΟϭϰϟ·
ϝΎΜ
Ϥϟ΍
΍άϫ
ϲϓ ΓΎ
τόϤϟ΍
ΕΎ
ϧΎϴ
Βϟ΍
ήϴ θΗΚϴ Σ (St) ‫ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

ΔϠϴϜѧθΘΑ
ι ΎѧΨϟ΍
ΓήѧθΒϟ΍
ϞѧϣΎ
ϋϭ (Spp)ϲ ѧ΋
ΰΠϟ΍
ϕ΍ήΘ
ΧϻΎΑι Ύ Ψϟ΍ΓήθΒϟ΍
ϞϣΎ ϋ :‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮة ھﻤﺎ‬
:‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن‬،(Sc)cc ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬
Qo = 7.08*10-3 kh (pe – pwf) / μo Bo {ln(re/rw) + St}
St = (Sc)cc +Spp
ht//rw = 25/0.375 = 66.67

hp/ht = 15/25 = 0.6
.‫( ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ وھﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬1.7 ) = ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ ﻧﺠﺪھﺎ‬٢٧-١) ‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬Spp) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫ اﻻ ان ھﺬه‬.(‫ )ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﯾﻀﺎ‬4.25 = ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ ﻧﺠﺪھﺎ‬٣٠-١) ‫( ﻓﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬Sc) ‫اﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
:‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
(Sc)cor = (Sc)chart (ht / hp )
44
‫‪(Sc)cor = 4.25* (25 / 15 ) = 6.88‬‬
‫‪St = 1.7 + 6.88 = 8.58‬‬
‫}‪Qo = 7.08*10-3 * 100*25*1000 / 0.5*1.4μo Bo {ln(660/0.375) + 8.58‬‬
‫‪Qo = 1555.4 STB/DAY‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل وﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫)‪(ΔΡskin)total= 141.2 Qo μo Bo / kh (St‬‬
‫)‪(ΔΡskin)total= 141.2 *1555.4*0.5*1.4 / 100*25 (8.58‬‬
‫‪(ΔΡskin)total= 528.74 psi‬‬
‫ھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ان اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﯿﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (528.74 psi‬ﺳﯿﻔﻘﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل دون اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻻﻛﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫] ‪FE = [ (pe – pwf) – (ΔΡskin)total ] / [ pe - pwf‬‬
‫] ‪FE = [ 1000 – 528.74 ] / [ 1000‬‬
‫‪FE = 0.47‬‬
‫أي ان ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 47‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪45‬‬

ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧΌ
ΒϠϟ
ΖѧϗΆϣ ϝΎѧϤϛ΍ Δѧϴ
ϠϤϋϦѧϋΓέΎѧΒϋ ϮѧϫˬήѧϔΤϟ΍
ΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧ΍ϝϼѧΧκ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ϭ΍ϲ ϘΒτϟ΍
κ Τϔϟ΍

ξ ѧόΑΔѧϓήόϣϰѧѧϟ΍
Δϓ Ύѧο ΍‫؛‬ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍
ϚѧѧϠ
ΘϟΔѧϴΟΎΘϧϻ΍
ΔѧϗΎ
τϟ΍ΔѧϓήόϣϪΘτѧѧγ ΍
ϮΑϦѧϜϤϳΔѧϨϴ
όϣΔѧϘΒρ

έήѧπ Θϟ΍‫ و‬ΔѧϟΎ
όϔϟ΍ΔѧϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍
ϝΪѧόϣ‫ و‬ϲ ΋΍ΪѧΘΑϻ΍ϲ ѧϨϤϜϤϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ϞΜϣ
ΔϤϬϤϟ΍ ΔϴϨϤϜϤϟ΍κ ΋Ύμ Ψϟ΍
.‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ و ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬
:‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
Type of producing fluid (oil, gas) ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ -١
Initial reservoir pressure (pi) ‫اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬ -٢
Effective permeability ( k ) ‫اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ -٣
Skin factor (S) (‫اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ )ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة‬ -٤
Ability of the well to produce oil (Q) ‫ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺎج‬ -٥

ϝϼѧΧϦѧϣϱ ήѧΠϳ κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
΍άϫ
ϥ΍ ΚϴΣ (∆t) ‫( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬p) ‫وھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

ΕΎѧϧΎ
ϴΒϟ΍ϰѧѧϠ
ϋϝϮѧѧμ ΤϠ
ϟ
ϚѧѧϟΫϭ
ϲ ѧϘΒτϟ΍
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
Ε΍Ϊѧѧόϣ
ϝ΍ΰѧѧϧ΍
ϢΘ
ѧϳ
ϪΘτѧѧγ ΍
ϮΑϭ
ήѧѧϔΤϟ΍
ΐ ѧϴΑΎ
ϧ΍
.‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬
١
‫‪DST Tools‬‬ ‫اﻻﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬
‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ε΍‬‬‫‪ΪѧόϤϟ΍ϞѧΜ‬‬
‫‪ϣ.ϲ ѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪κ ѧΤϔϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ω΍‬‬‫‪Ϯѧϧ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϑ ϼΘ‬‬ ‫‪ΧΎ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫‪ϤόΘ‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﻤﻌﺪات‪δϤϟ΍‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم داﺧﻞ اﻻﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻨﺔ )‪ ،( Cased Hole‬واﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح )‪ ( Open Hole‬وھﻲ اﻻﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
Surface pressure control equipment ‫ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ وﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﮫ‬-١

Γήτϴ ѧδϠ
ϟ΍ίΎѧϬΟ ϒѧϟΆΗ
ϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍Εϼѧλ Ϯϟ΍ϭΓήτϴ ѧδϟ΍ΕΎ ϣΎϤѧλ ϦѧϣΔѧϋϮϤΠϣ Ϧϋ ΓέΎ Βϋϲ ϫϭ
˯ΎѧϨΑ
Ε΍ΪѧόϤϟ΍ϩάѧϫ έΎѧϴ
ΘΧ΍
ϢΘѧϳϭ .κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
˯Ύ ѧϨΛ΍ΔѧΜόΒϨϤϟ΍
Ε΍ ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϭϞ΋΍
Άѧδϟ΍ςϐπ Α ϢϜΤΘϟ΍
ϭ

ήϓϮѧѧΗ
έΎ
ѧΒΘϋϻ΍ ήѧѧψϨΑάѧΧϻ΍ϊ ѧϣ
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍˯ΎѧϨΛ΍ ΢τѧѧδϟ΍ϰѧѧϠϋΔѧόϗϮΘϤϟ΍
ρϮϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
˯ Ϯѧѧο
ϰѧѧϠ
ϋ
.‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻣﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
Drill pipe (‫ اﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺤﻔﺮ )اﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬-٢

ϞϤόΘ
ѧδΗ
ΓΩΎ
ѧϋϭ
ˬϲ Ττδϟ΍
Γήτϴ
δϟ΍
ίΎ
ϬΠΑ
ϲϠΧ΍
Ϊϟ΍
κ Τϔϟ΍
ίΎ
ϬΟ
Ϟλ Ϯϳ ϱ άϟ΍
ΏϮΒϧϻ΍Ϯϫϭ
.‫اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﯿﺎدﯾﺔ‬
Drill collars ‫ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﻞ‬-٣

ϞѧѧόϔΑ
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ίΎ
ѧϬΟ
΢Θѧϓ
ϭϖѧѧϠ
Ϗϭ
Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
βϴ
ѧϠ
ΠΗ
ν ήѧѧϐϟ
ΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍
ϩάѧϫ
ϞϤόΘ ѧδΗ
.‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﻓﺮه‬
Reverse circulation sub valve ‫ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﺪوﯾﺮ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬-٤
٣

ϲ ѧϘϠΤϟ΍ύ΍ήѧѧϔϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ) Δϴ
ѧδϜϋ ΓέϮѧѧμ ΑήѧѧϔΤϟ΍
Ϧϴ ѧρ
ήϳϭΪѧѧΘ
ϟϞϤόΘ ѧδϳ ϡΎϤѧλ ϦѧϋΓέΎѧΒϋϮѧѧϫϭ

ϲ ѧϓϭ΍κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ˯ΎѧϬΘϧϻ΍ ΪѧѧόΑήΌ
Βϟ΍
ϰѧѧϠ ϋΓήτϴѧδϟ΍ϭϞѧѧΘ
ϘϟϚѧѧϟΫϭ (ήѧѧϔΤϟ΍
ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΍
ϩΎѧΠΗ Ύ
Α
‫ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻔﯿﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﺼﻤﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻄﺎرﺋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ϝ΍ ΰѧϧ΍
ΪѧϨϋΎѧϘϠϐϣϡΎϤѧμ ϟ΍
΍άѧϫϥϮѧϜϳϭ .‫ﺳﺎق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎﺗﮫ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬

ϰѧϠ ϋΓήτϴ ѧδϠ ϟ΢Θѧϔϳ
ϚѧϟΫΪѧόΑ.κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ ˯Ύ ѧϬΘ
ϧ΍ϰѧΘ
ΣΎѧϘϠ
ϐϣ ϰѧϘΒϳϭ ήΌΒϟ΍
ϞΧ΍ Ωκ Τϔϟ΍
ίΎ ϬΟ
Tester valve (Multi-Flow Evaluator Valve MFE) ‫ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﻔﺎﺣﺺ‬-٥
٤

ϦѧϜϤϳϭˬϖѧϠ ϐϟ΍
ϭ΍΢Θѧϔϟ΍
ΕϻΎ ѧΣ ϲ ѧϓ
˯΍Ϯѧγ
Ϟ΋΍Ϯѧδϟ΍
ΔѧϛήΣϰѧϠ
ϋήτϴѧδϳ ϱ άѧϟ΍
ϡΎ Ϥѧμ ϟ΍
Ϯϫϭ

ήѧѧϔΤϟ΍
ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΍
ϥί ϭϦѧϣ˯ ΰѧѧΟϞѧѧϳΰϨΗ
ϖѧѧϳήρϦѧϋ΢Θѧϔϳϭκ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΍
ΪѧѧηΔτѧѧγ ΍
ϮΑϪѧϘϠ
Ϗ
.(Multi Flow Evaluator Valve, (MFE)) ‫ وﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﯾﻀﺎ ﺑـ‬.(‫)اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
Closed in pressure valve ‫ ﺻﻤﺎم ﻏﻠﻖ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬-٦
.‫وھﻮ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻐﻠﻖ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻻوﻟﻰ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
Hydraulic jar ‫ ﺟﺮة ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺔ‬-٧

ϲ ѧϓ
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ϕΎ
ѧγ
ήѧϳήΤΗ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϪѧϨϣ
ΓΩΎ
ϔΘ
ѧγ ϼϟ
κ Τϔϟ΍
ίΎ
ϬΟ
ϲϓ
ΖΒΜ
ϳ
ίΎϬΟ ϦϋΓέΎ
Βϋϲ ϫϭ
.‫ﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺼﺎء‬
Safety joint ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬-١١

ϪΒΤѧγ
ϰѧϟ΍
ΔѧΟΎ
Τϟ΍ί ήѧΒΗ
ϭήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϞѧΧ΍
ΩίΎ
ϬΠϟ΍
˯Ύμ όΘ γ΍
ΔϟΎ Σϲϓ Ϫϧ΍ϲ ϫ
ΔϠλ Ϯϟ΍ϩάϫ
ΓΪ΋Ύϓ
‫ ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺣﯿﺚ‬،‫وﺗﺨﻠﯿﺺ اﻛﺒﺮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫( ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬Threads) ‫ان اﻟﻤﺤﺰزات‬
.‫اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻻﻋﺘﯿﺎدﯾﺔ‬
Reverse circulation ports ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪوﯾﺮ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬-٨
٥
.‫وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﺪوﯾﺮ طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﮭﺎء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
Flow choke ‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻖ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬-٩

ήѧτϘϟ΍
ϥ΍
ϭˬΕΎ
ΑΎ
ѧδΤϟ΍
ν ΍
ήѧϏϻ
ϪѧϟϼΧ
Ϟ΋΍
Ϯѧδϟ΍
ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ
Ϧϴѧόϣ
ήτϘΑϞϤόΘδϤϟ΍
ϖϧΎΨϟ΍Ϯϫϭ
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻏﻠﺐ اﻻﺣﯿﺎن ھﻮ ⅝ ﻋﻘﺪة‬
Upper pressure recorder

ϱ ϮѧϠ
όϟ΍
ςϐπ ϟ΍
Ϟϴ
ΠδΗ
ίΎ
ϬΟ -١٠
٦

ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
έ΍ΪѧϘϣ
ΐ ѧδΣ ϙήѧΤΘϳ
ϲ ѧϧϭΰϠΣΏϮΒϧ΍Ϧϣ ΎγΎγ΍
ϥϮϜϤϟ΍ ςϐπ ϟ΍
αΎ ϴ
Ϙϣ˯ ΰΠϟ΍΍
άϫϢπϳ

ρϮѧτΨϟ΍
ξ ѧόΑΎѧϬϴϓ
ΖѧΘΒΛ
ϥ΍ϭ ϖΒγ ˯΍
ΩϮγ ΔϴϧΪόϣΔϗέϭ ϰϠ
ϋ ήϴΛΎ
ΘϟΎ
ΑϡϮϘΗ
ΓήΑ΍ϰϠ ϋϱ ϮΘΤϳϭ
‫ وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﻮاء‬.‫ﻟﻀﻐﻮط ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬

ΔѧϘΒτϠϟ
ΔΒѧδϨϟΎ
ΑϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ϭ΍ϖѧѧϠ
ϐϟ΍
ρϮϐѧѧο
ϭ΍(ήѧѧϔΤϟ΍
Ϧϴѧρ)
ήѧѧΌ
ΒϠϟ
Δѧϴ
ΟέΎ Ψϟ΍
ϑ ϭήѧѧψϠϟ
ΔΒѧδϨϟΎ
Α
‫ وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ورﻗﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﯾﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻔﺤﻮﺻﺔ‬
.‫وﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮھﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺮاءات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
Packer

Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮѧθ Τϟ΍-١٢
٧

ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍ βϴ ѧϠΠΗ ΪѧόΒϓ.ρΎ ѧτϤϟ΍
ϭΪѧϳΪΤϟ΍Ϧѧϣ ϥϮѧϜΘ ϳϭ
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ ϕΎѧγ ϲ ѧϓ
ϢϬϤϟ΍ ˯ ΰΠϟ΍ϞΜϤΗϭ

ϦѧϋΞΗ ΎѧϨϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ήϴΛΎ Η
ϝΰϋϭ΍ϑΎ Ϙϳ΍
) ‫اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻄﺎطﻲ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺑﻌﺰل اﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ϖѧѧϤόϟ΍
ΪѧѧϨϋ Δѧѧϟί Ύόϟ΍ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
βϴ ѧѧϠ
ΠΗ
ϢΘѧѧϳ .Δѧѧλ ϮΤϔϤϟ΍
ΔѧѧϘΒτϟ΍Ϧѧѧϋ (Ϟ΋Ύѧѧδϟ΍ΩϮѧѧϤϋϥί ϭ

ήѧόϗϰѧϟ΍(Anchor) ΎѧϬΘΤΗ
ΖΒΜϤϟ΍ ΏϮΒϧϻ΍ ϝϮλ ϭ ΪόΑ
ϚϟΫϭ ΎϬϴϠϋ ϥί ϭ ςϴ Ϡ
δΘ ΑΏϮϠτϤϟ΍

ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍ ΩϮѧόΘ ϟϰѧϠ ϋϻ΍
ϰѧϟ΍κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ ΏϮѧΒϧ΍ Ϊѧηϭ ΐ Τγ Ϣ
Θϳκ Τϔϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϬΘ ϧϻ΍ ΪϨϋϭήΌΒϟ΍

ϦѧϋΞΗ ΎѧϨϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟΎ ΑΔѧλ ϮΤϔϤϟ΍ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍ϞѧΘ ϗϢ Θѧϳϭκ ѧΤϔϟ΍ϞΒϗϲ όϴΒτϟ΍ΎϬόο ϭ ϰϟ΍
Δϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
.‫وزن ﻋﻤﻮد طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
Perforated pipe ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ‬-١٣
.‫وھﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
Temperature recorder
Γέ΍
ήѧΤϟ΍
ΔΟέΩ
ϞϴΠδΗ
ίΎ
ϬΟ-١٤

ϱ ϮѧΘ
Τϳ
Κѧϴ
ΣˬΔѧλ ϮΤϔϤϟ΍
ΔϘΒτϟ΍
ϭ΍
ϦϤϜϤϟ΍
Γέ΍
ήΤϟ΍
ΔΟέΩ
ϞϴΠδΘΑ
ϡϮϘϳ
ϱ άϟ΍
ίΎϬΠϟ΍
Ϯϫϭ
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺮار ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎص‬
Lower pressure recorder ‫ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬-١٥
٨

αΎѧϴ
ϗϲ ѧϓ
˯Ύ
ѧΟ
ΎѧϤϛϭ
ϥΎϳήΠϟ΍
ϭϖϠ
ϐϟ΍
˯Ύ
ϨΛ΍
Δϴ
ϠΧ΍
Ϊϟ΍
ρϮϐπ ϟ΍
Ϟϴ
ΠδΘ
ΑϡϮϘϳ
ϲ ϧΎ
Λ
ίΎ ϬΟ Ϯϫϭ
.‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬
Tail pipe anchor

Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮθΤϟ΍
ϞϳΫ
ΐϴΑΎ
ϧ΍-١٦

ήѧόϗ
ϰѧϠ
ϋκ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ϕΎ
ѧγ
ΩΎϨΘ
ѧγ ΍
ϖѧϴϘΤΘ ϟ
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ϕΎѧγ
Ϟϔѧγ ΍
ϲϓ
ϊ ο ϮΗ
ϲΘϟ΍
ΐϴ ΑΎ
ϧϻ΍ϲ ϫϭ
.‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻻﺟﻞ ﺗﺠﻠﯿﺲ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬
‫اﺟﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬
:‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

ΪѧϛΎ Θϟ΍
ϱ ήѧΠϳϭϝϮѧϘόϣ ˯ ΅ ΪѧϬΑϭˬήѧϔΤϟ΍ ΐ ѧϴΑΎϧ΍
Δτѧγ ΍ϮΑϼϣΎ ѧϛ
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ίΎ
ѧϬΟϝ΍
ΰϧ΍
ϢΘ
ϳ -١

˯Ύ ѧϤϟΎΑ
ήѧϔΤϟ΍
ΏϮѧΒϧ΍Ϧѧϣ ˯ ΰѧΟϼѧϤϳ Ϛϟάѧϛ .ήѧϔΤϟ΍
Ϧϴ ѧτΑ΍
ΆѧϠ Ϥϣ ήΌΒϟ΍
ϥϮϛ
Ϧϣέ΍ήϤΘ
γΎΑ

Δѧδϣϼϣ Ϧϴ ѧΤϟ
ΓΰѧϬΟϼϟ ϝ΍ ΰѧϧϻ΍
ήϤΘ ѧδϳϭ .ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍ ςϐѧο ΐ ѧδΣϭ (water cushion)
.ήѧΌ Βϟ΍
ήѧόϗκ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ϕΎ γ Ϟϔγ ΍
ϲ ϓ(Tail pipe Anchor) ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذﯾﻞ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة‬

ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍ ϝΰѧόΗ
ϚϟάѧΑϭϪѧϴ
Ϡϋ ϥί ϭςϴ ϠѧδΘ ΑΩΪѧΤϤϟ΍ϖѧϤόϟ΍ΪϨϋ Δϟί Ύόϟ΍
ΓϮθΤϟ΍
βϴ ϠΠΗ
ϢΘ
ϳ
.‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻓﺤﺼﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺮر ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ وزن طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ‬

ϝϼѧΧ (first flow tpi) ϰѧϟϭϻ΍ϥΎ
ѧϳήΠϟΎΑ
ήѧΌΒϟ΍
΍ΪѧΒϳϭ (MFE) κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ϡΎϤѧλ
΢Θϔϳ -٢

ΓήѧΘ
ϓϥϻϚѧϟΫϭ ίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
ϭςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϦѧϣΔτϴѧδΑΔϴϤϛΝΎ Θ
ϧ΍‫ﺳﺎق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ )اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ( وﯾﺘﻢ‬
.‫ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ‬١٠ ‫ اﻟﻰ‬٥ ‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻻوﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺼﯿﺮة ﻋﺎدة ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﻦ‬
first ∆ti )ϲ ѧϟϭϻ΍ϲϠΧ΍Ϊѧϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ΪϋΎѧμ Η
ΔѧϴϠϤόϟήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϙήΘ
ϳϭϡΎϤμ ϟ΍ϖϠϐϳϚϟΫ
ΪόΑ-٣
.(buildup

ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ΓΩΎ ѧϋϻϮѧϫ ‫وﺗﺠﺪر اﻻﺷﺎرة ھﻨﺎ اﻟﻰ ان اﻟﻐﺮض اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻻوﻟﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮ‬

ΔѧΠϴΘ
ϧΔѧϟί Ύόϟ΍
ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍
βϴ ѧϠ
ΠΗ
ΔѧϴϠ
ϤόΑήΛΎѧΗ
ϱ άѧϟ΍ι ϮѧΤϔϤϟ΍ ϊ τϘϤϟ΍
ϲϓϲ΋ ΍Ϊ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ اﻻﺑﺘ‬
.‫ﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎط طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
٩
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

ϲ ѧϫϭ
ΔѧϘϴϗΩ٦٠ ‫ و‬٤٥ Ϧϴ ΑΎ
ѧϣΡϭ΍ήѧѧΘ
Η
ΓΪѧѧϤϟΔѧϴϧΎ
ΛΓήѧѧϣ(MFE) κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ ϡΎ Ϥѧλ ΢Θѧϔϳ -٤

ΔѧϴϤϛ
ϥΎѧϳήΟ Ϣ ΘѧϳΓήѧΘ ϔϟ΍ϩάѧϫϝϼѧΧ .(second flow tpf) ϲ ϧΎ
ѧΜ
ϟ΍ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ΓήѧΘϓ
ϞΜϤΗ

ϕήѧΣϢΘѧϳΚѧϴ Σ ˬϕ΍ ήѧΘ Σϻ΍ ΏϮѧΒϧ΍
ϰѧϟ΍ϭ΢τѧδϟ΍ ϰѧϟ΍
Ϟѧμ Η
Ϊѧϗϭ ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϭ ςϔϨѧϟ΍ϦϣΓήϴ Βϛ
.‫ وﯾﺘﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺳﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﺮة اﻟﺤﺮق‬
‫ـﻀﻐﻂ‬ѧѧϠ
ϟϲ ˰ѧѧ˰ϧΎΛ ΪϋΎ ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰μ ΗϰѧѧϠ
ϋϝϮ˰ѧѧ˰μ ΤϠ ϟΔѧѧϘϴ
ϗΩ̂ ˹ ΓΪ˰ѧѧ˰Ϥϟκ ѧѧΤϔϟ΍ ΍
ϡΎ Ϥѧѧλ
ϖѧѧϠϐϳ -٥
.(second pressure buildup ∆tf )
Revers ) Δτѧѧγ ΍ ϮΑ ϲ ѧδϜόϟ΍

ήϳϭΪѧѧΘϟ΍
΍ ΪѧѧΒϳϭϲ ѧδϜόϟ΍ήϳϭΪѧѧΘϟ΍ ϡΎϤѧλ ΢Θѧϔϳ
ϚѧѧϟΫ ΪѧѧόΑ-٦

Δѧϴ
ϠϤόϟ΍ ήϤΘѧδΗ ϭ .κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ΏϮѧѧΒϧ΍Ϧѧϣ ίΎѧϐϟ΍ ϭςϔϨѧϟ΍
ΔѧΣ΍ί΍ϭ (circulation pipe

ϥ΍ΰѧΗ ‫ ﻻ‬ϪѧΘ
ϓΎΜϛ ϝΪѧόΗ ϭίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϭ ςϔϨѧϟ΍ϦѧϣϪѧμ ϴ ϠΨΗϭ ΢τδϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ήϔΤϟ΍ Ϧϴ ρ έϮϬυ Ϧϴ Τϟ

ϦѧϣPacker ‫ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺴﺤﺐ ﺳﺎق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﻮة ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺰاع اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻤﻄﺎطﯿﺔ‬-٧
.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ وﯾﻘﻮم طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺤﻮﺻﺔ‬

ϰѧΘΣ ϰѧϠϋϻ΍ ϰѧϟ΍ ˯ ϭΪѧϬΑ Ε΍ ΪόϤϟ΍ΐ ΤδΗ ˬϦϴ τϟ΍ΕΎ ϔλ ΍ϮϣϭήΌ Βϟ΍Δϣϼγ Ϧϣ ΪϛΎ Θϟ΍
ΪόΑ-٨
.‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺮاﺟﮭﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ςϐ˰ѧѧѧѧπ ϟ΍
Ϟϴ ΠѧѧѧδΗ ΓΰѧѧѧѧϬΟ΍ ϕ΍ έϭ΍ ΝήΨΘ ˰ѧѧѧ˰δΗ ϭςϐѧѧѧπ ϟ΍
αΎ ˰ѧѧѧѧϴϗΓΰϬ˰ѧѧѧΟ΍
κ Ϡ ˰ѧѧѧΨΘ δΗ-٩
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ‬،‫( ﻟﯿﺘﻢ ﻗﺮاءﺗﮭﺎ‬pressure charts)
.‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﺿﻤﻦ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻔﺤﺺ وﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬
.‫ﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﮫ‬ -١٠
Pressure vs. Time Plot ‫رﺳﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬

Δτѧγ ΍
ϮΑ
ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϞѧΧ΍Ωϰѧϟ΍
Ύ
ѧϬϟ΍
ΰϧ΍
ϭςϐѧπ ϟ΍
αΎ ѧϴ
ϗΓΰѧϬΟ΍
ΐ ѧϴϛήΘΑ
΍ΪΒΗ
ϲΘϟ΍
Ι΍ΪΣϻ΍ΔϓΎ
ϛϥ΍

ϰѧϠ
ϋ Ύ
ϬϠϴ
ΠѧδΗϢΘѧϳ
ˬήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ΝέΎΧϰϟ΍
Ε΍ ΪόϤϟ΍
ΐ ΤδΑ ΍˯Ύ
ϬΘϧ΍ϭκ Τϔϟ΍˯΍
ήΟ΍ ϭήϔΤϟ΍
ΐϴΑΎ
ϧ΍
.‫ورﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
.‫( ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻄﺎ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ‬١-٢) ‫وﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
١٠

ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
ΓΩΎѧϳΰϟ΍
ϞϴΠѧδΘ Αςϐπ ϟ΍
αΎ ϴϗ ίΎϬΟ ϡϮϘϴγ ˬήΌΒϟ΍ϞΧ΍ΩΕ΍ΪόϤϟ΍ ϝ΍ΰϧ΍‫ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ‬.١

ςϐѧѧπ ϟΎ
Α(١-٢) ϞϜѧθϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ(A) ΔѧτϘϨϟ΍
ΪѧѧϨϋςϐѧѧπ Ϡ
ϟ
ΰѧѧϣήϳϭ ˬϦϴѧτϟ΍
ΩϮѧѧϤϋ ϥί ϭ
Ϧѧϋ ΞΗΎѧϨϟ΍

ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍ήѧόϗϰѧϟ΍
κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ϕΎ ѧγ
ϝϮѧλ ϭΪϨϋ Ϫϴ Ϡ
ϋϝϮμ Τϟ΍ ϢΘϳϱ άϟ΍
ήϔΤϟ΍ Ϧϴρ ΩϮϤόϟ
ϲ΋ ΍ΪΘ
Αϻ΍
.‫وﺗﺠﻠﯿﺲ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة‬
:‫ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬

(Initial Flowing Pressure, IFP) ‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
،(Initial Closed In Pressure, ICIP) ‫ﺛﻢ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻏﻼق اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
(Final Flowing Pressure, FFP) ‫ﺛﻢ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

.(Final Closed In Pressure) ‫و ﻓﺘﺮة اﻏﻼق ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

Ϯѧϫϲ ѧϘΒτϟ΍κ ѧΤϔϟ΍
ϑ΍ Ϊѧϫ΍ ΪѧΣ΍ϥ΍-‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ وﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻏﻼق اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬ .٢
.(Static Reservoir Pressure) ΞΘ ѧϨϤϟ΍
ϊ ѧτϘϤϠϟϲ ѧϨϤϜϤϟ΍
ϥϮϜѧδϟ΍ςϐѧѧο ΪѧѧϳΪΤΗ

Ϧѧϋ ΔѧΠΗΎϨϟ΍ˬςϐѧπ ϟ΍΍άѧϫϲ ѧϓ ΓΩΎѧϳΰϟ΍
βϴ ϔϨΗ
ϻϭ΍ ΐ Πϳˬϲ ΋ ΍ΪΘ
Αϻ΍ϥϮϜδϟ΍ςϐο αΎ ϴϘϟϭ
.‫اﻧﻀﻐﺎط طﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺠﻠﯿﺲ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ΓήѧѧΘϔΑ
ϰϤѧδΗ Γήϴ ѧμ ϗ Δѧϴ Ϩϣί
ΓήѧѧΘϔϟϥΎѧϳήΠϟΎ ΑήѧѧΌ
ΒϠϟ
΢Ϥѧδϳν ήѧѧϐϟ΍
΍άѧϬϟϭ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻻوﻟﻲ‬
B ΔѧτϘϨϟ΍) ϥϮϜѧδϟ΍ ςϐѧο Ϟμ ϳ ϰΘ Σςϐπ ϟ΍ ΪϋΎμΘ ϳϭκ Τϔϟ΍ ϡΎ
Ϥλ ϖϠϐϳϚϟΫΪόΑ-‫ب‬
.(‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Ϊѧϴ
ϔϳϦϴ ΗήѧΘϔϟ΍ϦϴΗΎѧϫΕΎ ѧϧΎ
ϴ ΑϞѧϴϠΤΗ ϥ΍-‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ وﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻏﻼق اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ .٣
.‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
١١

ϥΎ ѧѧϳήΠϟ΍ςϐѧѧο ˬC) ΔѧѧτϘϨϟ΍ϰѧѧϟ΍ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ξ ϔΨϨѧѧϳˬκ ѧѧΤϔϟ΍ ϡΎ
Ϥѧѧλ ΢ΘѧѧϔϳΎ
ϣΪѧѧϨόϓ-‫أ‬

Ω΍Ωΰѧϳ ˬςϐѧπ ϟ΍
Ϟϴ ΠѧδΗ ίΎ ѧϬΟϕϮѧϓ
ήѧϔΤϟ΍
ΏϮѧΒϧ΍ϞѧΧ΍Ωϰѧϟ΍
ϊ ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍
ωΎϓΪϧΎΑϭ .(‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬

Ϧѧϋ ΢Η Ύ
ѧϨϟ΍
ϲ ѧϔϠΨϟ΍ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϭ
ϊ ϤΠΘ Ϥϟ΍Ϟ΋Ύδϟ΍ΩϮϤϋ ϥί ϭϲϓ ΓΩΎϳΰϟ΍ ϚϟάΑ
Ύ δϛΎ ϋˬςϐπ ϟ΍
.‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‬

ΔѧϔϠ ϛϭήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϑ ϭήѧυϭ κ ѧΤϔϟ΍ ϑ΍ Ϊѧϫ΍ϰѧϠϋΪѧϤΘ
όΗ
ˬΔΒѧγ Ύ
ϨϣΔѧϴϨϣί ΓήѧΘ
ϓέϭήѧϣ ΪόΑϭ -‫ب‬

ϖѧϠ Ϗ ΔѧψΤϟ(ϲ ΋ ΎѧϬϨϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍
ςϐѧο ˬD) ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬.‫ ﯾﻐﻠﻖ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬،‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺒﺮج‬

ϥϮѧϜϳϭ .(ϲ ΋ ΎѧϬϨϟ΍ϕϼѧϏϻ΍ ςϐѧο ϞѧΜϤΗ
ˬE) ΔѧτϘϨϟ΍
ϮѧΤϧςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϊ ѧϔΗήϳϚϟΫ ΪόΑˬϡΎϤμ ϟ΍

ϰѧϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ κ Τϔϟ΍ Ζϗϭ Ε΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ ΐ ΒδΑ) ‫ھﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎدة اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ‬
.(‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬

Δѧϣίϼϟ΍
ΕΎѧϧΎ
ϴΒϟ΍
ΓΩΎѧϋ˯ ϲ ѧϬΗ
ˬΎ
ϴΒδϧ
ΔϠϳϮρ
ϥΎϳήΟ
ΓήΘϓϊ ΒΘ
ΗϲΘϟ΍
ϲ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍ϕϼϏϻ΍
ΓήΘ ϓϥ΍
(٢-٢)ϞϜѧθϟ΍ϦϴѧΒϳϭ .(Transient pressure analysis) ϲ ϟΎ
ѧϘΘϧϻ΍ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
Ϟѧѧϴ
ϠΤΘϟ
.‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﺎ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺠﮭﺎز ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
.‫( ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﺎ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺠﮭﺎز ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬٢-٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺧﻂ اﻻﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ‬A-Q

‫ ﺑﺪء ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ‬A
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻻﺧﺮ‬A-B
‫ اﻧﺰال اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻰ اﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬B-C
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻄﯿﻦ‬-‫رﺑﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺮاس اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬-‫ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻗﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬C-D
‫ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﻔﺎﺣﺺ‬D
١٢
‫‪ E‬ﺑﺪء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬

‫‪ E-F‬ﺻﻌﻮد اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ داﺧﻞ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﻞ‬
‫‪ F-G‬ﺻﻌﻮد اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ داﺧﻞ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫‪ G‬اﻧﺘﮭﺎء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ G-H‬ﻓﺘﺮة ﺿﻐﻂ اﻻﻏﻼق اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ H‬ﺿﻐﻂ اﻻﻏﻼق اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ I‬ﺑﺪء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ J‬ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ K‬ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻏﻼق اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ K-L‬ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ M-N‬ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ N-O,O-P‬اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ P-Q‬ﺗﻔﻜﯿﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬
‫‪ R-S,T-U‬ﺧﻄﻮط ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬و ‪ PSI ٢٠٠٠‬ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬
‫‪١٣‬‬
Theory of Pressure Buildup Analysis ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

ΪϋΎ ѧμ Θ
ϟήϧέϮϫΔѧϟΩΎ
όϣ ϰѧϠ
ϋΪϨΘ
ѧδϳ (ϲ ϟΎ
ѧϘΘϧϻ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϞϴϠΤΗ
) ‫ان ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬

ϥΎѧϳήΠϠϟΔϳέΎѧθΘϧϻ΍ΔѧϟΩΎ
όϤϟ΍ϝϮѧϠ
Σ ΪΣ΍ϲ ϫϲΘϟ΍
ϭ (Horner Equation) (eqt.2) ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
Diffusivity Equation, for fluid flow in ) (eqt.1) ϲ ϣΎ ѧδϤϟ΍ςѧγ Ϯϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
ϊ ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍
:‫( واﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺿﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬porous media
1- Radial flow.
2- steady state flow
3- infinite-acting reservoir
4- Homogenous & isotropic porous media
١٤
5- Single phase flow

6- Gravitational force is ignored
 2 P 1 P Ø C P
  Diffusivity Equation .......1
r 2
r r 0.000264K t
QO  O BO  t p  t 
Pws  pi  162.6 log  Horner Equation .(2)
KO h  t 
 t p  t 
Pws  Pi  m log 
 t 
QO  O BO
m  162.6 .............(3)
KO h
y = a + mx
 t p  t 
Y  Pws , a  Pi , X  log 
 t 
Pws = shut in pressure (bottom hole pressure) psi
pi = static or initial shut-in reservoir pressure psi
ko = oil permeability md
Bo = formation volume factor RB/STB
qo = oil production rate STB/DAY
∆t = shut in time hr
tp = flowing time hr
µo = oil viscosity cp
h = production zone thickness ft
C = reservoir fluid compressibility
‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻋﺎدة ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬،‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ھﻮرﻧﺮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﻠﻖ واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻏﻼق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ ﺳﯿﻌﻄﻲ‬log((tp + ∆t) /∆t) ‫ ﻣﻊ‬Pws ‫اذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ھﻮرﻧﺮ ﻓﺎن رﺳﻢ‬
،(Ideal well) ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﺔ‬m ‫ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻤﯿﻞ‬
.(٤-٢) ‫( ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺧﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬Actual well) ‫اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻻﻏﻼق‬٥) ‫ ﻟﻜﻞ‬pws ‫ وﯾﻘﺘﺮح ھﻨﺎ ان ﺗﻮﺧﺬ ﻗﺮاءات اﻟـ‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
١٥
LTR
Ideal well
MTR
Actual well
PWS
ETR
LOG (( tp +∆t)/∆t)
‫( رﺳﻢ ﻟﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ھﻮرﻧﺮ‬٤-٢) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
well bore ) ‫ وﯾﻌﻮد اﻟﻰ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬: Early Time Region, (ERT)
-:‫( وھﻲ‬effects
1) well bore storage
2) skin factor
3) non Darcy effect

ˬήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϑ ϮѧΟ
ϩΎѧΠΗ
ΎΑΔѧϠ
ϴϠϗ
ΔϓΎѧδϣ
ϦϣϭΔϘΒτϟ΍ϞΧ΍ ΩΎ
ϬϟϼΧ ϦϣΪϳ΍
ΰΘϤϟ΍
ςϐπ ϟ΍ΔΟϮϣϞϘΘϨΗΚϴ Σ
.‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮات اﻻﻏﻼق‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﺑﻌﺪ داﺧﻞ‬: Medial Time Region, (MTR)

άѧΧ΍
ϢΘѧϳϭˬ(LTR) Δѧϳ΍
ΪΒΑϲ ѧϬΘ
ϨΗϭ Ϣ
ϴϘΘ
ѧδϤϟ΍
ςѧΧ
Δѧϳ΍
ΪΑ Ϧѧϣ΍ΪѧΒΗϭ ˬήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϑ ϮѧΟϩΎ
ѧΠΗΎ
ΑΔѧϘΒτϟ΍

ϦѧѧϤϜϤϟ΍ϑ ήѧѧμ Η
ϞѧѧΜ
Ϥϳ˯ ΰѧѧΠϟ΍
΍άѧѧϫ
ϥϻˬςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ΪϋΎѧѧμ ΗϞѧѧϴϠΤΘ ϟ˯ ΰѧѧΠϟ΍
΍
άѧѧϫ
Ϧѧѧϣ
ΕΎѧѧϧΎ
ϴΒϟ΍
.(Reservoir Behavior)

ˬϲ ΟέΎѧΨϟ΍
ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍
ΩϭΪѧΤΑβ ѧδΤΘ
ϟ΍
Ϫѧϴ
ϓ˯΍
ΪѧΒϳ
ϱ άѧϟ΍
˯ ΰΠϟ΍: Late Time Region, (LTR)

ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍ΩϭΪѧΣ
ϰѧϟ΍(ri ; Radius of Investigation ) Ϟѧμ ϳϭ .ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧϴ
ϐΗ
Ϟѧμ Τϳϭ
.‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬
١٦
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ھﻮرﻧﺮ‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ѧϳϭ‬‬‫‪ˬ((tp + ∆t) /∆t) ϊ ѧϣPws (Semi Log) Δѧϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϤΗ‬‬‫‪έΎ‬‬
‫‪ϏϮϟ‬‬‫‪ϪΒѧη‬‬
‫‪Δϴ‬‬‫‪ϧΎ‬‬
‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬‫‪Δϗέϭ‬‬‫‪ϰϠ‬‬ ‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪γ ήϧ -١‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ MTR‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪،(٤-٢‬‬
‫وﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﯾﺘﺤﺪد اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮت ارﺑﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﻞ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪QO  O BO‬‬
‫‪K O  162.6‬‬ ‫‪..................4‬‬
‫‪hm‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﯿﺚ ان ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ m‬ﯾﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ دورة ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﺗﻤﯿﺔ واﺣﺪة وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫وﺣﺪاﺗﮫ )‪.(psi/cycle‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪P  P1‬‬ ‫‪Psi‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1Cycle 1Cycle 1Cycle‬‬
‫‪ -‬وﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ )‪( formation capacity, kh‬‬
‫‪Q  B‬‬
‫‪Kh  162.6 O O O‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫و اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ) ‪ ( transmissibility, kh/µoB‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Kh‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪ 162.6 O‬‬
‫‪O BO‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ )‪ -(pi‬ﯾﺘﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮم ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ھﻮرﻧﺮ اﻟﻰ‬
‫وﻗﺖ اﻏﻼق ﯾﺼــــــــــﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﻻﻧـــﮭﺎﯾﺔ )‪ ،(infinite shut-in time‬ﻋﻨـــﺪ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟــﻮﻗــــﺖ‬
‫)‪.١ = ((tp + ∆t) /∆t‬‬
‫‪tp  ‬‬
‫‪ 1  log(1)  0‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬‫‪Ϧϋ‬‬ ‫‪ΞΗ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ϩϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϲ ϘΒτϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪έήπ Θ‬‬
‫‪ϟΎ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪ϲ ϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪κ Τϔϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ήΛΎ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫‪Γήϴ‬‬
‫‪Μ‬‬‫‪ϛ‬‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪Σ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‪ϲ ϓ-‬‬
‫‬
‫‪κ ѧΤϔϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪Ϟѧѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ΤΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ΪѧѧϨϋ‬‬‫‪έΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΒΘ‬‬
‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ήψϨΑέήѧѧπ Θ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϫήϴ‬‬‫‪ΛΎ‬‬
‫‪Η‬‬‫‬
‫‪άѧΧΆϳ‬‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ΐ ѧΠϳ‬‬‫‪άѧ΋‬‬
‫‪ΪϨϋ .ήѧѧϔΤϟ΍‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪-٤‬‬
‫‪ Pi  Pwf‬‬ ‫‪ K tp‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪S  1.151 ‬‬ ‫‪ log‬‬ ‫‪  3.23‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪...................(5‬‬
‫‪ Ø  C rw‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪-٥‬وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ‪ Flow efficiency FE‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬
PSkin   141.2 *  QO  O BO  * S
 
 Kh 
actual pressure drop which is required to produce the well with constant rate
FE 
ideal pressure drop which is required to produce the well at the same rate
 Pe  Pwf   PSkin total 

FE   

 Pe  Pwf  

Radius of investigation ‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺤﻮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻘﺪر ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺼﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻏﻼق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
:‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
0.5
 K tp 
ri    ..........................6 
 5.76 * 10 Ø  C 
4
ri = radius of investigation, ft
tp = minute.
١٨
Example (1-1): DST analysis

From this data:-
Thickness of testing formation = 50 ft
Section length of produce oil = 600 ft (steam testing)
Stem testing consist of:

1- Drill collar pipe length = 300 ft , capacity = 0.0061 bbl/ft
2- Drill pipe capacity = 0.0142 bbl/ft
Oil API = 35, reservoir temperature = 120 F
µ = 1.5 cp, B = 1.15 RB/STB, rw=0.333, Ø = 10%,
C = 8.4*10-6 psi-1
tpi = 5 minute, Δti = 30 minute, pwsi = 1910 psi

tpf= 60 minute, pwff = 350 psi
Δtf = 45 minute, pwsf = 1765 psi
data of pwsf vs. Δtf

pwsf (psi) Δtf (min)
965 5
1215 10
1405 15
1590 20
1685 25
1725 30
1740 35
1753 40
1765 45
١٩
Determine the following:

1- pi
2- qo
3- k = ?, , Net pay thickness = 10 ft
4- FE
5- ri = ?,
Solution:_
1- plot pwsf vs. ((tp+Δt)/Δt) on semilog paper, draw the straight

line from the transient region, extent the line to intercept it
with ((tp+Δt)/Δt) = 1, to determine pi = 1910 psi.
2- Total produce oil rise in drilling pipe = 600 ft during 65

minute flowing time, then:-
oil volume in drill collar pipe = (300*0.0061 = 1.83 bbl),

oil volume in drill pipe = (300*0.0142 = 4.26 bbl),
the total oil volume produce = (1.83+4.26 = 6.09 bbl).

qo = 6.09 bbl / 65 min * 1440 min/day = 135 bbl/day.
3- By slope of straight line, determine k

k = 162.6* 135*1.5*1.15 / 372*10 = 10.2 md
4- Determine FE,
S = 1.151 [((1910-350)/372) - (log(10.2*(65/60) / 0.1*1.5*8.4*10-6 0.333²) + 3.23]
S = - 0.55
ΔPskin = 141.2 *(135*1.5*1.15 / 10.2*10) * -0.55 = -323.4 psi
FE = 1910 – 350 – (-323.4) / 1910 – 350 = 1.2
5
ri = [ 10.2*65 / 5.76 * 104 *0.1*1.5*8.4*10-6 ]½ = 95.6 ft
٢٠
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1950‬‬ ‫‪Pi=1920 psi‬‬
‫‪1900‬‬
‫‪1850‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1750‬‬
‫‪1700‬‬
‫‪1650‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫‪1550‬‬
‫‪1500‬‬
‫‪1450‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1350‬‬
‫‪1300‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪1150‬‬
‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪1050‬‬
‫‪pws‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪950‬‬
‫‪900‬‬
‫‪850‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪750‬‬
‫‪700‬‬
‫‪650‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪550‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫‪450‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪350‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪((tp+Δt)/Δt‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪٢١‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪Pws‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪1‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪(tp+Dt)/Dt‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪Pws‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪1‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪(tp+Dt)/Dt‬‬
‫‪Reservoir and fluid anomaly indications‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺸﺎذة ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻤﻦ وﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬

ϦѧѧϤϜϤϟ΍
ϭ ΪѧѧΣ΍ ϭ
έϮѧѧτΑϥΎѧѧϳήΠϟ΍ϭ
β ϧΎ ѧѧΠΘϤϟ΍ϦϳϮѧѧϜΘ
ϟ΍
ΕΎϴѧѧο ήϓ
ϖѧѧΒτϨΗϻΓήѧѧϴ
Μϛ ϥΎѧѧϴ
Σ΍ϲ ѧѧϓ

ϒѧѧλ ϭϲ ѧϠϳΎѧϤϴϓ.Δѧϴ
ϘϴϘΤϟ΍ ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϰѧѧϠ
‫ﻋ‬ ˬςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ΪϋΎѧμ Θ
ϟ
ήϧέϮѧѧϫ
ΔѧϟΩΎόϤΑΔѧλ ΎΨϟ΍
ˬΩϭΪѧѧΤϣϼϟ΍
.‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‬

ϙΎѧϨϬϓΎѧΘ
ΑΎΛϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍
ϝΪѧѧόϣ
ϥΎѧϛ΍
Ϋ΍Ϫѧϧ΍
φѧѧΣϼϳ (٣)
Ϟѧѧϴ
Ϥϟ΍
ΔѧϟΩΎόϣ
Ϧѧϣ -ΔѧΟϭΰϠϟ΍
ϭ΍ ΔѧϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍– ‫ا‬
.‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ او اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﺟﻮف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ήΛΎѧΘ
ϳϱ άѧϟ΍
ϲ ѧϨϤϜϤϟ΍ ϢѧΠΤϟ΍
ϥ΍ϻ΍ˬΔѧϳΫΎ
ϔϨϟΎΑ
ϲ ѧόϴ
Βρ
ήϴ ϐΗ
ϭ΍ϲ ϘΒρέήπ Η
ΐ ΒδΑΔϳΫΎ ϔϨϟ΍
ήϴϐΘ Η
Ϊϗ
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺮر ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺎدة ﺻﻐﯿﺮا ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﮫ ﻛﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﻞ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ‬.(‫ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻂ‬،‫اﻣﺎ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮر او ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﻣﺜﻼ‬
.(٥-٢) ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
f f
e e
PWS m c PWS m
d d c
m m
b b
a a
LOG (( tp +∆t)/∆t) LOG (( tp +∆t)/∆t)
A- Change of permeability A- Change of viscosity
.‫( ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ واﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ‬٥-٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫( او ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ‬Faults) ‫ ان وﺟﻮد ﻋﺎﺋﻖ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻮاﻟﻖ‬-:(Barrier) ‫ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ‬-‫ب‬

ϢϴϘΘ
ѧδϤϟ΍ςѧΨϟ΍
Ϟѧϴ
ϣϲ ѧϓ
΍
ήϴϐΗ
ΐ Βδϳϥ΍
ϦϜϤϳˬ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻏﻼق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
.(m)

ΏϮϠ ѧγ Ύ
Α
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ΪϋΎѧμ Η
Ϟѧϴ
ϣϥΎѧϓ
ˬ(٦-٢)
ϞϜѧθϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
ΎѧϤϛ
ΎϤϴ
ϘΘѧδϣ
ΎѧτΧϖ΋ Ύѧόϟ΍
΍
άѧϫ
ϥΎѧϛ΍ΫΎ
ϓ
.‫ھﻮرﻧﺮ ﺳﯿﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬
٢٣
‫ ﻓﺎن ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻮع‬،‫وﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺸﺬوذ‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﻣﺎﻟﻢ ﯾﺴﺘﻌﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ او اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة‬
Distance to Anomaly ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺬوذ‬
‫( وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﺗﻐﯿﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ او ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻟﺘﻤﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﻦ او وﺟﻮد‬ra) ‫وﯾﺮﻣﺰ‬
:‫ وﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻻﺣﻮال ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬،‫ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺎ‬
  3793 ra2 Ø  C   t  t a 
 Ei    2.303 ln p
 t  ..................(5)
 
 K tp   a 
ra = Distance to anomaly, ft
tp = Flow time, hour
∆ta = shut-in time at change Pointe of slope, hour
– Ei = Exponential integral value
Exp(1-2)
Depletion ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰاف‬

ϕϼѧѧϏϻ΍ΓήѧΘ
ϔ‫ وﻟ‬ϲ ѧϟϭϻ΍
ϕϼѧѧϏϻ΍ ΓήѧѧΘϔϟςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ΪϋΎѧμ Ηϲ ѧϨΤϨϣΕΎ ѧϧΎ
ϴΑ
Ϣѧγ έΔѧϟΎΣ ϲ ѧϓ

Ϧѧϣ΍
άѧϫϭˬϲ ѧϨϤϜϤϟ΍
ϥϮϜѧδϟ΍ ςϐѧο β ѧϔϧ ϰѧτόϳ ϑ Ϯγ ΕΎ ϧΎϴΒϟ΍
Ϣγ έϦϣϼϛ ‫ ان اﻣﺘﺪاد‬،‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬

ϲ ϧΎ
ѧΜ
ϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ΪϋΎѧμ Η
ϲ ѧϨΤϨϣΕΎ ѧϧΎ
ϴ ΑϢѧγ έΩ΍ΪѧΘ
ϣ΍ϯ Ω΍
΍Ϋ΍Ύϣ΍.‫ﺷﺎﻧﮫ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬
:‫اﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺳﻜﻮن اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻول ﻓﮭﻨﺎك اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﻦ‬

ΓήѧѧΘ
ϓ˯Ύ
ѧϨΛ΍
ςϔϨѧϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ Ύ
ѧϬΑ
αΎ ѧΑ
ϻΔѧϴ
ϤϛΝΎѧΘϧϻ
ΔѧΠϴΘ
ϧϑ ΰϨΘѧγ ΍
Ϊѧѧϗ
ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍
ϥ΍:ϝϭϻ΍
ϝΎ ѧϤΘ
Σϻ΍
.‫ وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ان ﺣﺠﻢ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﺪا‬،‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬

ϰѧϠϋ΍ϲ ѧϟϭϻ΍
ϕϼѧϏϻ΍ ΓήΘϓϲϓ
ϞΠδϤϟ΍ ϲ΋ ΍ΪΘΑϻ΍ϕϼϏϻ΍ ςϐο ϥϮϜϳ ϥ΍Ϯϫϭ :‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ان‬.(Super charge) ϕέΎ ѧΨϟ΍
ϦΤѧѧθϟΎΑϰϋΪѧѧϳ
ήϴΛΎ
ѧΘ
ϟ΍΍άѧϫϥ΍
ˬϲ ѧϘϴ
ϘΤϟ΍ϥϮϜѧδϟ΍ςϐѧѧο
Ϧѧϣ

ήѧϔΤϟ΍
Ϧϴ ѧρ
Ϧѧϣ Δѧϴ
ϤϛρΎϐѧπ ϧ΍ϰѧϟ΍
ΩϮόϳϲ ϟϭϻ΍
ϕϼϏϻ΍ ΓήΘ ϔϟ
ϥϮϜδϟ΍ ςϐπ Α
ΓΩΎϳΰϟ΍ϩάϫΐ Βγ

΍άѧϫ
ϰϠ ϋ .‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﻔﻞ ﺣﺸﻮة ﻋﺰل اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﺤﻮص ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺠﻠﯿﺴﮭﺎ‬

ΔѧϴϓΎ
ϛήѧϴ Ϗϖ΋ΎѧϗΩ˼ ϰѧϟ΍˺ Ϧѧϣ ϲ΋΍
ΪѧΘ
Αϻ΍ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍
ΓήѧΘ
ϓήѧΒΘόΗ
ΕϻΎѧΤϟ΍ξ ѧόΑ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϪѧϧΎϓαΎ γ ϻ΍
.‫ ﻣﺜﻼ‬،‫ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬٢٠ ‫ وﯾﻘﺘﺮح ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺤﺪود‬،‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺲ ھﺬه اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﺑﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ‬

ϻϭ΍ϕέΎѧΨϟ΍
ϦΤѧθϟ΍ΔϠϜѧθϣϞѧΣ
Γέϭήѧο
ϲ ѧϓϦѧϤϜΗι Ϯѧμ Ψϟ΍΍
άѧϫ
ϲ ѧϓ
ΔϤϬϤϟ΍ΔτϘϨϟ΍

˯΍ήѧΟ΍
ήѧϣϻ΍
΍άѧϫ
ΐ ѧϠ
τΘ ϳ
ϥΎѧϴ
Σϻ΍ξ ѧόΑ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϭ Ϛϟάϟ.‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰاف ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ‬
.‫ﻓﺤﺺ طﺒﻘﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰاف اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ‬
٢٤

ϥϮѧϜΘ
ϳϮѧϫϭ
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ
ϩΎѧΠΗ
ΎΑ
˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϭίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
Ϧϣ ϞϜϟ
ϲ όϤϗϞϜη ϥϮϜΗϲ Ϩόϳ
ϊ ϤϘΘ
ϟ΍
.‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

ϲ ѧϘϓ
΃
ςϔϨѧϟ΍ϭίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍ϦϴѧΑ
Ϟѧλ Ύ ϔϟ΍
αΎ ѧϤΘϟ΍
ςѧΧϥϮѧϜϳΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ ϞΒϗ
ΔϳΩΎ ϴ
Θϋϻ΍ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
ϲϓ
(Water ϲ΋Ύ
ѧϣϊ ѧϓ
ΩΪѧΟϮϳ Ϣѧϟ
΍Ϋ·
ϲ ѧϘϓ΃
ϥϮѧϜϳ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϭ ςϔϨѧϟ΍
Ϧϴ ѧΑϞѧλ Ύ
ϔϟ΍
ΪѧΤϟ΍
Ϛϟάѧϛϭ
‫ ﺳﻮاء ﻗﺮب اﻟﺒﺌﺮ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻨﮫ وان ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻤﺎس ھﺬه ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬Drive)

ϥϮѧϜϳΚϴΣ (Gravitational forces ،‫ﺗﻮازن ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ) ﻗﻮى اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬

ήѧμ ΤϨϳ
Ϣ ѧΛ
Ϟѧϗ΍
ΔѧϓΎΜϛϭΫϪѧϧϷ ϕϮѧϓςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϥϮѧϜϳϭ ϰϠϋ΃ ΔϓΎΜϛϭΫ ϪϧϷϞϔγ Ϸ΍ϰϟ·
˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍
.‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﯿﺪة ﻻن ﻟﮫ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ‬

Ϧѧϣ ΔѧΒϳήϘϟ΍ϖρΎ ѧϨϤϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
Δѧλ ΎΧ ϲ ѧόϴΒτϟ΍
ϥί ΍ϮѧΘϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍
ϩάϫήϴϐΘΗ
ΝΎΘ ϧϹ΍ΪϨϋ

ϱ ΩΆѧϳϭ (ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϺϟ ήѧΌΒϟ΍
΢Θ ѧϓ
ΔΠϴ Θϧςϐπ ϟ΍
ϕήϓ
ΩϮΟϭ ΐ ΒδΑ ΐϴ ϘΜ
Θϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ) ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرج إﻟﻰ إن ﺗﺘﺠﮫ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ إرﺟﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬

ϝϭΎ ѧΤϳ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ Ϧϣ ΐ ϳήϘϟ΍˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍
ϯ ήϧϚϟάϟΐϴ ϘΜ Θϟ΍
ϩΎΠΗ Ύ
Α
ϭ΃ΐϴϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ ϰϟ·

ϝΎѧѧΤϟ΍Ϛϟάѧѧϛϭ .(Pressure Drop) ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν Ύ ѧѧϔΨϧ΍ ΐ ΒѧѧδΑ
ϰѧѧϠ
ϋϷ΍
ϰѧѧϟ·ΩϮόѧѧμ ϟ΍
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺎول اﻟﻨﺰول إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
Q  P  coning

ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍
Ϧϴ ѧΑ ϥί ΍
ϮѧΗ
ΔѧϟΎ
Σ Ι ΪѧΤΗϰΘ Σ Ϟϔγ ϸϟ ίΎϐϟ΍ϝϭΰϧ ϭ΃ϰϠ ϋϸϟ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ΩϮόλ ήϤΘ δϳ

ΔѧϴΑΫΎΠϟ΍ΓϮѧϗ ϲ ѧϫϭ (Static) ϲ ѧόϴ Βτϟ΍
Ϫόѧο ϭ ϰѧϟ·Ϟѧλ Ύ ϔϟ΍
΢τѧδϟ΍
ωΎ Οέ· ϝϭΎ ΤΗ ϲΘ ϟ΍
.ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ΐ ΒѧδΑ ρϮѧΒϫϭ΃ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϕήѧϓ
Ϧѧϋ ΔѧΠΗΎϨϟ΍ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍Ϧϴ ѧΑϭ (Gravity Force)

ϰϋΪѧѧϳΎѧϣ ΎѧϧΆϜϣϪѧϴϠ
ϋϮѧѧϫΎѧϣ
ϰѧѧϠ ϋ ϞϜѧθϟ΍
ϰѧѧϘΒϳϩάѧϫϥί ΍ ϮѧѧΘ
ϟ΍ΔѧϟΎΣϰѧѧϟ·ϝϮѧѧλ Ϯϟ΍ΪѧѧϨϋ

ΖѧѧΑΎΛ
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ρϮѧѧΒϫϱ΃ΖѧѧΑΎΛ
ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍ϝΪѧѧόϣϡ΍ΩΎѧϣˬϦϛΎ ѧδϟ΍
ϱίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϭ΃ ϲ΋ Ύ
ѧϤϟ΍ϊ ϤϘΘ ϟΎѧΑ
1

ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϭςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϦϴѧΑ
αΎ ѧϤΗςѧΧϭ΃(OWC) ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ϭςϔϨϟ΍
ϦϴΑαΎ ϤΘ
ϟ΍
ςΧ ϊ ϗϮϣϡ΍ΩΎ
ϣϭ
.‫( ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺐ‬GOC)

ϥΎ ѧϓ(Draw Down) ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ν Ύ ѧϔΨϧϻ΍ήѧϴϐΘ
ϟ
ΔѧΠϴ Θ
ϧΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣήϴ ϐΗ
΍
Ϋ·Ύ
ϣ·
.‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺮوط ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ إن ﯾﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬
Q  cons tan t  P  cons tan t  stabl coning

ϡΪѧϓ˻ ˹
ΪѧόΑ
ϰѧϠ
ϋϲ ѧϫ
ϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍
ϭήѧΌ
ΒϠϟ
ΓέϭΎ
ѧΠϤϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϤϟ΍
ϦϤο
ϊ ϘΗ∆p ‫إن اﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﻟـ‬

ϲ ѧτΧϥΎϳήΟ Linear Flow ‫)ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ( ﻋﻦ ﺟﺪار اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ھﻮ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻦ‬
.(Radial Flow) ‫إﻟﻰ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬

ήѧΌ Βϟ΍
ϮѧΤϧΎѧϨϬΠΗ΍
Ύ ѧϤϠ
ϛ ϲ ϋΎόѧθϟ΃ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ϲϓΎϴ
ΠϳέΪΗ
ϞϘΗϒϳήμ Θ ϟ΍
ΔϓΎ
δϣϥ·Ύ
ϤΑϭ

ήѧΌ Βϟ΍
ϦѧϣΔѧΒϳήϘϟ΍
ϖρΎ ѧϨϤϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ ήѧΒϛ΍
Δϋήѧδϟ΍
ϥϮϜΗ
ϥ·
ϊ ϗϮΘ
ϧϥΫ·ˬΖΑΎΛ
ΝΎΘϧϹ΍
ϝΪόϣϭ

ϊ ѧϣ ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ρϮѧΒϫΐ ѧγ ΎϨΘϳ
Κѧϴ Σ (Non Darcy Flow) ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ωϮѧϧ
ϥϮѧϜϳ
ΚѧϴΤΑ
‫∆( ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ھﺒﻮط اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬pάv) ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‬

ΝΎ ѧΘϧϺϟήѧΌΒϟ΍΢ΘѧϓΪѧϨϋϥ΍ ήѧϬψΗ ϥΎ ѧΘ
ϴ ΟΎΘϧ·ϥΎѧΗήϫΎ υ ΎϤϫϱίΎ ϐϟ΍ϭ΃ϲ΋ Ύ
Ϥϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΘ ϟ΍ϥ΃

ϝϮѧѧΣ (Flowing Pressure Gradient) ϥΎ ѧϳήΠϟ΍ ςϐѧπ ΑΕΎ ΟέΪѧѧΗ ϥϮѧѧϜΘ ΗΎϣΪѧϨϋ

ΕΎ ϳϮΘѧδϣ ϰѧѧϠϋΔѧϳΩϮϤϋ ΓέϮѧѧμ Α ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ϭ΃ίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧϳήΟ ϲ ѧϓ
ΐ ΒѧδΗ ήѧѧΌΒϟ΍
έ΍ ΪѧѧΟΔѧϳΎϬϧ

ωΎ ѧϔΗέ΍ϝϮѧλ ϭ ΪѧϨϋ ΎϬϠϛΎѧθϣ ΃ΪΒΗϭ (Across Bedding Planes) ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻖ‬

Ύѧϣ Δѧϓ
ήόϣ Ϯϫ Δγ ΍έΪϟ΍ ϩάϫ Ϧϣ ϑ ΪϬϟ΍
ϥ· Ϛϟάϟ ΐϴ ϘΜ Θϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣ ϭ΃
ήΌ Βϟ΍ ΔΤΘ ϓϰϟ· ϊ ϤϘΘϟ΍
.‫ھﻲ ظﺎھﺮة اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ وﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺤﺪث وﻣﺘﻰ ﯾﺤﺪث وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮫ‬

ϲ ѧϓ ΕΎϔѧμ ϟ΍ΔѧϠ
ΛΎϤΘ Ϥϟ΍ϭΔѧδϧΎ ΠΘ Ϥϟ΍ϦϣΎ ѧϜϤϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ϊ ϤϘΘ ϟ΍
ΔϠϜθϣ ϊ ϣϞϣΎ όΘ ϟ΍
ϢΘ ϴγ ΎϨϫ
‫ ﺣﯿﺚ إن ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ‬،(Homogeneous & Isotropic) ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﺎت‬

ΐ ѧϠ τΘΗ(έ΍ ϮѧѧρϷ΍
ΩΪѧѧόΘϤϟ΍ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ϭ ˬΔѧδϧΎ ΠΘ Ϥϟ΍ήѧѧϴϐϟ΍
ϦϣΎ ѧϜϤϟ΍)ΓΪѧѧϘόϤϟ΍ ΕϻΎ ѧΤϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
.(Numerical Simulators) ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ‬
2
(Stable and Unstable) ήϘΘ

ѧδϤϟ΍
ήϴ
Ϗϭ
ήϘΘ
δϤϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΘ
ϟ΍
: ‫ﯾﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬

.‫ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬-١
.‫( ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬Drainage Area) ‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‬-٢
.‫ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺪرج ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺠﺬب‬-٣

ϥΎ ѧϓˬΏάѧΠϟ΍ ΓϮѧϗϰѧϠ ϋ ΐ ѧϠϐΘ Ϡ
ϟϲ ѧϔϜΗ
Κѧϴ ΤΑΓήϴΒϛϥΎ ϳήΠϟ΍ςϐο ΕΎ ΟέΪΗ ΢Βμ Η
ΎϣΪϨόϓ
(Critical ‫ ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ھﻨﺎك ﻣﻌﺪﻻ ﺣﺮﺟﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺎء آو اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﯿﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﺗﻘﻤﻌﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮا‬

΢Βѧμ Θ γϩί ϭΎ ѧΠΗ
ΪѧϨϋϱ άѧϟ΍ ˬί ΎѧϏϭ΃˯ΎϣϥϭΪΑ ήΌΒϟ΍
ΝΎ ΘϧϹϝΪόϣ ϰμ ϗ΃
ϞΜ ϤϳFlow)

ϢѧϬϤϟ΍Ϧϣϭ .‫ﺗﺪرﺟﺎت ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﺣﻮل اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

ϥ· ΔϟϮϬѧδΑϭ ϦѧϜϤϳ ϱ άѧϟ΍ˬήϘΘ ѧδϤϟ΍
ϊ ѧϤϘΘ
ϟ΍
ϥϮѧѧϜΘϳΝήѧΤϟ΍ ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍ΪѧϨϋϪѧϧ΄Α
έϮѧμ Θϧϥ·

ΔѧϘτϨϣ ϰѧѧϟ·
ίΎ ѧϐϟ΍
ϭ΃˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍ ϝϮѧѧλ ϭϲ ϟΎѧΘ
ϟΎ
ΑϭϝΪѧѧόϤϟ΍΍άѧϫΓΩΎѧϳΰΑ
΍ήϘΘ ѧδϣ ήѧѧϴ
Ϗ΢Βѧμ ϳ
.‫اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬
Q  QCritical  Pfw  Gravity Force  Stable Coning

Q  QCritical  Pfw  Gravity Force  Unstable Coning  Break through
‫ =اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬Qocritical=Qomax
:‫طﺮق ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ‬
‫ طﺮق ﻣﺎﯾﺮ و ﻛﺎردﻧﺮ و ﺑﯿﺮﺳﻮن‬-١

(Meyer , Gardner and Pirson Mthods)
.‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮق ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﻔﻂ أﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ وزﻧﮫ‬
(Gas Coning) ίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
ϊ ѧϤϘΗ-١
(Gas
ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔϘτϨϣϰϟ·ίΎϐϟ΍
ϝϮλ Ϯϟ΍
ΪϨϋ ίΎ ϐϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΗ
ϑ ϭήυ (١٧-١) ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

ΎѧϨϫ
ν ήѧΘϔϧ .(h) ϪϜϤѧγ
Ύѧϴ
Ϙϓ΍
Ύ
ѧϨϤϜϣϕήѧΘΨϳήѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧΑϞϜθϟ΍ϦϣφΣϼϳ .Breakthrough)

ϕήѧϓϭςϔϨѧϠ
ϟϲ ϋΎ όѧθϟ΃
ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍
ΐ ΒѧδΑ
ήΌΒϟ΍
ϝϮΣ ήόϘΘ ϴγ (GOC) ‫ﺑﺎن ﺧﻂ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
.‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﺎت اﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

.Pc = zero ،(Capillary Pressure) ‫ إھﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺸﻌﺮﯾﺔ‬-١
‫( )أي إن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬Hg = constant) ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬-٢
.(‫ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬GOC ‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ إن‬
3

ϊ ѧϣGOC ΢τѧγ ϝΰϨϴѧγ
Ϧϣΰѧϟ΍
έϭήѧϤΒϓ
Ύѧπ ϳ΃
ΖѧΑΎ
ΛGOC Ϫѧϴϓ
ϥϮϜϳϭ ΖΑΎ ΛϝΪόϤΑ Ύ
ϨΠΘ
ϧ΃Ϯϟ
‫ وھﺬا ﯾﺤﺪث‬.‫ﺑﻘﺎء ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﯿﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎز ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻻن اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﻮف ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب‬

ήѧΌΒϟ΍
ωΎ
ϗ
ϥΎ ϳήΟςϐο ξ ϔΨϨϳϥ·
ΐ ΠϳϚϟάϟ.(Pe) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬
.‫( ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬Pwf)
Ф = Potential = H
For any point, calculate H

Ф = gz + (Pg – Patm)/ ρgas ……..(1)
Ф = H*g → H = Ф/g
Hgas = z + Pg / (ρgas *g) ……….(2)

Hoil = z + Po / (ρoil *g) ………..(3)
Since Pc = zero i.e. Po = Pg ( where Pc = Pg-Po = zero) & Hg =

constant ( i.e. no gas drive).

ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
Ύ
ѧϨϠ
Ϥϫ΃
Ύ
ѧϨϧϷ
ΖѧΑΎ
Λ(GOC) ϥ·
ϱ΃ ίΎ
ѧϐϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϙήѧΤΘ ϳ
ϻ ίΎ
ϐϟ΍
ϥ·
ϱ΃
.‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎز‬
For eg.(2) , solving for Pg →
(Hg – z) * ρg *g = Pg ..........(2-a)
& also eg.(3) becomes:-

(Ho – z) * ρo * g = Po ………(3-a)
Since Pc = zero → Po = Pg
Then eg.(2-a) = eg.(3-a)
(Hg – z ) ρg * g = (Ho – z) ρo * g ……….(4)
4
Solve eg. (4) for Ho
Ho = Hg * (ρg/ρo) + z [(ρo – ρg)/ρo] …….(5)
Constant
Ho ‫ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
dHo = [(ρo-ρg)/ρo] dz …….(6)
Darcy 's law Q = k A ΔP / μ L (for linear flow)
Solving for oil flow:

Q → Qo
k → ko
L → dr
μ → μo
Radial area ↔ A = 2πrz
z r
ΔP = ρo g dHo
Where P = ρ g H
Then Darcy's law →

Qo = 2π ρo g (ko/μo) z r (dHo/dr) …….(7)
Substitute the value of (dHo) [i.e. eg.(6) in eg.(7)]
For radial flow

Qo = 2π (ρo – ρg) g (ko/μo) z r (dz/dr) ……….(8)
re
Qo max = dr/r = 2π (ρo-ρg) g (ko/μo) z r z dz
………..(9)∫
h
rw
2
∫
(h-D) 2] …..(10)
Qo max = π g [(ρo-ρg) / ln (re / rw)] (ko/μo) [h – (h-D)
5
‫‪in field units‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫* ‪Qomax  2.5 *10‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪KO‬‬
‫‪   g ‬‬ ‫‪h 2  hp2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ O BO O‬‬ ‫‪r ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪……(1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ln e ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ rw ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ = Qo max‬اﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﺧﺰن ‪ /‬ﯾﻮم‬
‫= ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎوﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪ρo‬‬
‫= ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎوﻧﺪ ‪ /‬ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪ρg‬‬
‫= ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪم‬ ‫‪re‬‬
‫= ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﻮھﺔ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪم‬ ‫‪rw‬‬
‫= اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺪارﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪ko‬‬
‫= ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘﺒﻮﯾﺰ‬ ‫‪μo‬‬
‫= ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﻜﻤﻨﻲ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﺧﺰن‬ ‫‪Bo‬‬
‫= ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ)اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺪم‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪ =hp‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿﺐ ‪،‬ﻗﺪم‬
‫‪6‬‬
Water coning ‫ ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء‬-٢

ϦѧϣφѧΣϼϳ .ΐ ѧϴ ϘΜ Θ ϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ ϰѧϟ·˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍
Ϟѧλ ϭ ΪѧϨϋ ˯Ύ ѧϤϟ΍ ϊ ѧϤϘΗ
ϑ ϭήυ (١٨ -١) ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

αΎ ѧϤΗςѧѧΧϥΎѧΑ
ΎѧϨϫ ν ήѧѧΘ ϔϧ .(h) ϪϜϤѧγ Ύѧϴ
Ϙϓ΃ΎѧϨϤϜϣ ˬ(D) ϖϤόϟΎѧΑ
ϕήѧѧΘ
Ψϳ ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϥΎѧΑ ϞϜѧθϟ΍

ϕήѧѧϓ
ϭςϔϨѧϠ ϟ
ϲ ϋΎ όѧѧθϟ΃ ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ΐ ΒѧδΑ ήѧѧΌ
Βϟ΍
ϝϮѧѧΣ ϊ ϔΗ ήϴ ѧγ (OWC) ςϔϨϟΎѧΑ
˯Ύ ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰˰˰˰Ϥϟ΍

ρϮϐѧπ ϟ΍ ϝΎ
ѧϤϫ·ΪѧϨϋ έΎ ѧΒΘ
ϋϻ΍ ήѧψϨΑ ϑ ϭήѧψϟ΍ϩάѧϫ άΧ΄Θ ѧγ ϲΘ ϟ΍
ΔϟΩΎόϤϟ΍
ϥ· . ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ‬
:‫اﻟﺸﻌﺮﯾﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
 

Qomax  2.5 *105 *  O W  O 
K h 2
 h 2 
p   
 O BO r   …….(2)
 ln e  
  rw  
‫( ﻣﻊ‬OWC) ‫ﻟﻮ أﻧﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺒﻤﺮور اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﺼﻌﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
.ΏϮѧϘΜϟ΍
ϰѧϟ·
Ϟѧμ ϳ
ϑ Ϯѧγ
˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϥϻςѧϔϧ
ϊ ѧϣ
˯Ύϣ
ΞΘϨϧ
ϑ Ϯγ Ύ
π ϳ΃ϚϟάΑϭ ΎΘΑΎ
Λϊ ϤϘϟ΍
Ϣ ΠΣ˯ΎϘΑ

ωΎѧϗ
ςϐѧο ξ ϔΨϨѧϳϥ·
ΐ ѧΠϳϚϟάΑ(Pe) ‫وھﺬا ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬
.‫( ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬Pwf) ‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
:‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
.‫ ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/ ‫ ﺑﺎوﻧﺪ‬،‫ = ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ρw
7
Simultaneous Gas & Water Coning ‫ ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إن واﺣﺪ‬-٣

ΎѧϤϛ ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍ΔϘτϨϣ ϰϟ·Ϧϴό΋Ύ Ϥϟ΍
ϼϛϝϮλ ϭ ΪϨϋ ΪΣ΍ ϭϥ·ϲϓ
ίΎϐϟ΍ϭ ˯Ύ Ϥϟ΍
ϊ ϤϘΗϑ ϭήυ

ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ ϝΪѧόϣ ϰѧμ ϗ΄Α΢Ϥѧδϳ ΚѧϴΤΑ(hp) ΐ ѧϴϘΜΘϟ΍
ϊ ѧτϘϣέΎ ϴ
ΘΧ΍ΐ Πϳ Κϴ Σ .(١٩-١) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

ϥ΍ ΰѧΗ ΍
ϞѧΜϣ΍ϰѧϠϋϝϮѧμ Τϟ΍ ΪѧϨϋϝΪѧόϤϟ΍
΍άѧϫϰѧϟ·Ϟλ ϮΘ ϟ΍
ϦϜϤϳϭ .‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻤﺎء‬

ΏΎ ѧδΣ ϢΘѧϳ .(hc) ϝΎѧϤϛϹ΍
ϊ ѧτϘϣϭ (h) ϪϜϤѧγ ϱ άѧϟ΍ϲ ѧτϔϨϟ΍
ϦѧϤϜϤϟ΍ ϲ ϓ(D) ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
:‫اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
 O   g  
D  h  (h  h p ) 
 W   g  …(3)
‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻻﻣﺜﻞ‬D ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬

ΎϤϫΪѧѧΣ΍
ˬϦϴϧϮѧѧϜϣϰѧѧϟ·
ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϩάѧϬϟ(Qomax) ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹϝΪѧѧόϣ
ϰѧѧμ ϗ΃
ϥϮѧѧγ ήϴΑ
ϢѧδϗΪѧѧϘϟ

ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍
΍άѧϫϥ· .ήѧΌ
Βϟ΍ ϞѧΧ΍
Ω ϰѧϟ·
˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
ϥΎ
ϳήΟϥϭΪΑ ςϔϨϟ΍
ΝΎΘϧϹ ϝΪόϣϰμ ϗ΃Ϯϫ ϱ άϟ΍(Qow)
‫ إن‬.ΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΘϟ΍
ΔѧϘτϨϣ ϰѧϟ·ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϝϮѧλ ϭϥϭΪѧΑ
ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ(Zo)ϲ ѧϘϓϷ΍ϯ ϮΘδϤϟ΍
ΖΤΗ
ϪϧΎϜϣάΧ΄ϳ
:‫ ﺣﯿﺚ إن‬،(Zo) ‫ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮫ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬
  O   g  
ZO  h  
  W   g 
…(4)
:‫إن أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻠﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
Q o max Q Q ow og
….(5)
 
5
Qow  2.5 *10 *

 KO 
  O 

 O   g


2
h 2  hp2  

 O BO W
 W   g  r   (6)
 ln e  
  rw  
 
5
Qog  2.5 *10 *

 K O
 
   g 1   O   g


2
h 2  hp2  

 O BO O     
 ln re 
(7)
  W g 
 r  
  w 
8
‫وﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻠﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫* ‪Qomax  2.5 *10‬‬
‫‪KO h  hp‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ O   g ‬‬
‫‪ O ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪   g ‬‬
‫‪  O   g 1  O‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪O BO  re ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ln ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ W‬‬ ‫‪g ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪g ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ rw ‬‬
‫)‪….(8‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪:(2-1‬اﻓﺮض وﺟﻮد طﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻏﺎزﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬

‫اوﺟﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻠﻮﻟﺔ دون ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬إذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪h = 30 ft, ko = 80 Mill Darcy, Bo = 1 RB/STB, μo = 3 cp,‬‬

‫‪ρo = 53 lb/ft³, ρw = 68.7 lb/ft ³, ρg = 18.7 lb/ft ³, rw = 0.5 ft,‬‬
‫‪re = 1320 ft, hc = 7 ft.‬‬
‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ)‪ (D‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (3‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫])‪D = h – (h-hc) [(ρo-ρg) /(ρw-ρg‬‬

‫))‪D = 30 – (30-70) * ((53-18.7)/( 68.7 -18.7‬‬
‫‪D = 14.19 ft‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﺗﺰان )‪ (Zo‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(4‬‬
‫] )‪Zo = h [ (ρo-ρg) / ρw-ρg‬‬

‫))‪Zo = 30 * ((53-18.7)/( 68.7 -18.7‬‬
‫‪Zo = 20.63 ft‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (Zo‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (6‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫* ‪Qow = 2.5*10 *((68.7-53)/ (ln(1320/0.5))*(80/3*1)*((53-18.7)/( 68.7 -18.7))²‬‬
‫)‪(30² - 7²‬‬
‫‪Qow = 0.522 STB/DAY‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻮق ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﺗﺰان )‪ (Zo‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪:(7‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪Qow = 2.5*10 ((53-18.7)/(ln(1320/0.5))*(80/3*1)*(1-(53-18.7)/(68.7-18.7))²*(30² -‬‬
‫)‪7²‬‬
‫‪Qow = 0.237 STB/DAY‬‬
‫وان أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪:(5‬‬
‫‪Qomax = Qow + Qog = 0.759 STB/DAY‬‬

‫إن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺟﺪا ھﻮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻮع ﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
(Craft and Hawkins Method) (‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﺮاﻓﺖ و ھﻮﻛﻨﺰ )ﺗﺮك‬-٢

:‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬
QO max  7 *10 3 *
KO
Pws  Pwf  h
PR  …(9)
 O BO  re 
ln 
 rw 
 1
 ……(10)
 rw  2
PR  f 1 

7  0

 cos 90 * f 


  2 fh 

Where
PR = Productivity ratio
Pws = Static well pressure correct to middle of perforated interval (psi)
Pwf = Flowing well pressure at the middle of perforated interval (psi)
f = Partial penetration (hp/h)
ko = Oil permeability (md)
h = thickness of interval (ft)
ΔPmax = Maximum draw down pressure without water coning.
 Pmax  7 * 10 3 *  w   O  hmax (11)
Δhmax = Vertical distance between lower perforated interval and initial

oil water contact.
11
:(2-2)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
From this data:
(ρw-ρo) = 31 lb/ft³,
ko = 1500 md,
h = 16 ft,
μo = 0.3 cp,
Bo = 1.4 RB/STB,
re = 1000 ft,
rw = 0.25 ft,
(Pws-Pwf) = 17 psi
f = 0.3125 (perforated upper part of oil production interval by 31.25
percent).
Calculate maximum production rate without water coning.
Solution:
From eq. (20) calculate (PR)
PR = 0.3125 [ 1+(7)*((0.25)/(2*0.3125*16))½ * cos(0.3125*90) ]

PR = 0.618
Then from eq. (19)

Qomax = 0.00708*((1500*16)/(0.3*1.4))*((17)/(ln(1000/0.25))*(0.618)
Qomax = 512 STB/DAY
Qomax must be reducing below 512 STB/DAY because maximum

flowimg pressure drop without water coning equal:
F=hp/h
0.3125=hp/16
Then hp=5
Then
dHmax=h-hp=16-5=11
ΔPmax = 7*10-3 * (31) *11
ΔPmax = 2.29 psi.
12
‫)‪(Chaney Et AL. Method‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺷﺎﻧﻲ وﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﮫ‬
‫إن أھﻢ ﻣﯿﺰة ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﮭﻨﺪس اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ھﻮ وﺿﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺟﺪا وﺑﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت‪ .‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‪.‬‬
‫إن ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻟﺤﻠﻮل )‪-١)،(٢٤-١)،(٢٣-١)،(٢٢-١)،(٢١-١) (Graphical Solutions‬‬

‫‪ (٢٥‬ﻟﺸﺎﻧﻲ وﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﮫ ھﻮ ﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ ‪ 100,75,50,25,12.5‬ﻗﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 1000‬ﻗﺪم‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϑ ϭήΤϟΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΑ‬‬
‫‪ΓήѧηΆϣ.˯ Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ ѧϤϘΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪ϨΤϨϣ‬‬
‫‪ΔδϤΧ‬‬ ‫‪ΩϮΟϭ‬‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϜηϹ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϩάϫ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬‫‪ϞϜη‬‬ ‫‪Ϟϛ‬‬
‫‪ϲϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪φΣϼϳ‬‬
‫‪ A, B, C, D,‬و ‪،E‬‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺆﺷﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوف ‪ a, b, c, d,‬و ‪.e‬‬
‫‬
‫ ‪ϚϤѧγ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ϤϟΎ‬‬‫‪Α10‬‬ ‫‪ΐ ѧϘΜ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϴ‬‬
‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϞϜѧθϳ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϥϼΜ‬‬ ‫‪ A‬و ‪ѧϤϳ a‬‬ ‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴ‬‬‫‪ϨΤϨϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕϻΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧѧΤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϞѧѧΜ‬‬
‫‪ϤΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ B‬و ‪ C ،b‬و ‪ D ،c‬و ‪ E ،d‬و ‪ϲ ѧѧϬϓe‬‬ ‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϨΤϨϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ν΍‬‬ ‫΃ ‪ϭί‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧѧϣ· .ΔѧϘΒτϟ΍‬‬
‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ ‪ 50 ،40 ،30 ،20‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺪاد ھﺬه اﻹﺷﻜﺎل ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ko = 1000 md, μo = 1 cp, Δρo,w = 18 lb/ft³, Δρo,g = 37.44 lb/ft³‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ήѧѧψϨΑ‬‬
‫‪άѧΧ΄Θ‬‬ ‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϬΤϴ‬‬‫‪Τѧѧμ Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ΐ ѧΠϳ‬‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬‫‪ϜѧηϹ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϩάѧϫ‬‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϴ‬‬
‫·‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪Ϟѧѧλ ϮΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ѧϳ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ξ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪Ϩϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϛϟάѧϟ‬‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ واﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Oil-Water-System‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ KO ‬‬ ‫‪…(12‬‬

‫‪QO max  5 * 10 5 * ‬‬ ‫‪ *   O , w * QCurve‬‬
‫‪  O BO ‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ان ‪ Qcurve‬ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮاﻣﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﯾﻮم‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϟѧϴ‬‬‫‪ϣ΍‬‬‫‪ήΒϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧγ Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ϙϣ‬‬‫‪ςϔϨѧϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬‫‪ϧϹ‬‬‫‪ϝΪѧόϣ‬‬ ‫΃‪ϰѧμ ϗ‬‬‫‬ ‫ ‪Ϯѧϫ Qomax‬‬ ‫‪ˬϝϮѧϠ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧττΨϣ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪ϩΪѧϳΪΤΗ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰوﻧﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Gas-Water-System‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز واﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ Kg ‬‬
‫‪Qg max  5 *105 * ‬‬ ‫‪ *  g ,w * QCurve‬‬ ‫‪…(13‬‬
‫‪ B ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪Qgmax = Maximum gas production rate (Thousand SCF/DAY‬‬
‫)‪kg = Gas permeability (md‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
μg = Gas viscosity (cp)

Bg = Gas formation volume factor (RB/ Thousand SCF).
(Gas-Oil-System) .‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز‬-٣
 KO  ….(14
QO max  2.7 * 10 5 *   *  O , g * QCurve
  O BO 
(‫ )ﯾﺘﺮك‬Production Capcity ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬-٤

ςϐѧπ ϟΎΑν Ύ ϔΨϧ΍ϰμ ϗ΃
ϦϴΒϳϱ άϟ΍
ˬ(٢٦-١) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
0.25 ϩήѧτϗϒѧμ ϧ ϦτΒϣ ήΌΑϲϓ ΔϔϠΘ
ΨϣΐϴϘΜΗ
ϊ ρΎ ϘϤϟϦϴόϣ
ϝΪόϤΑ
ήΌ Βϟ΍
ΝΎΘ
ϧϹϡί ϼϟ΍
‫ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻘﺐ ﯾﺴﺎوي ¼ ﻋﻘﺪة‬،‫ ﺛﻘﻮب ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺪم‬4 ‫ﻗﺪم وﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬

ΕΎѧϴ
ϨΤϨϤϟ΍
ϥ· .ϡΪѧϗ1000 ϱ ϭΎѧδϳϒϳήѧμ Θ
ϟ΍
ΔΣΎ ѧδϣ ήѧτϗ
ϒѧμ ϧ
ϥ·ν ΍ ήѧΘ
ϓ΍
ϢѧΗ
ΪѧϘϓ
:‫( ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺎطﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬٢٦-١) ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
،‫ ﻗﺪم‬20 = f ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬30 = e ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬40 = d ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬50 = c ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬60 = b ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬70 = a
.‫ ﻗﺪم‬1¼ = j ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬2½ = i ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬5 = h ،‫ ﻗﺪم‬10 = g
˺ϱ ϭΎѧδΗΔѧΟϭΰϟϭϲ ѧγ έ΍Ω˺ ϱ ϭΎ

ѧδΗΔѧϳΫΎ
ϔϧ αΎѧγ ΃ϰѧϠϋ
ΕΎ ϴϨΤϨϤϟ΍
ϩάϫΩ΍Ϊϋ· ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ‬

ϪΤϴΤѧѧμ Η
ΐ ѧΠϳ (٢٦-١) ϞϜѧθϟ΍
Ϧѧϣ΍
ήѧѧϘϳ
ϱ άѧϟ΍
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν ΎѧϔΨϧ΍
ϥΎѧϓ
ˬϚϟάѧϟ.ΰϳϮΒΘ Ϩѧγ
.‫ﺑﻀﺮﺑﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﺒﻮﯾﺰ وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺘﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪارﺳﻲ‬
o
PCorrected  PCurve *
Ko

Ϧѧϣ
΢Τμ Ϥϟ΍
ςϐπ ϟΎ
Α
ν ΎϔΨϧϻ΍
ϥΎ ϛ
΍Ϋ·
Ϫϧ΍
ϪΘ
ϋΎϤΟϭϲ ϧΎ
ηΡήΘϗ΍ΪϘϓ
ˬΔϣΎ
ϋΓΪϋΎϘϛϭ
،‫( ھﻮ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﯿﺴﺮ‬٢٦-١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
1
Pcorrected  * W .P.D
2
.‫ﻓﯿﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎ أطﻮﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬
(Working Pressure ϞѧѧϣΎ

όϟ΍
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν ΎѧϔΨϧ΍
ϭ΃
ήѧѧδϴ
ΘϤϟ΍
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ν ΎѧϔΨϧ΍
ϥ·

ϊ΋Ύ
ѧϤϟ΍
ΩϮѧϤϋ
ϥί ϭ
Ϧѧϋ
ΞΗΎ
ѧϨϟ΍
ςϐπ ϟ΍ϪϨϣ ΎΣϭήτϣ ήΌ
Βϟ΍
ήόϗϕϼϏ·ςϐο Ϯϫ Drop)
.‫ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
14
:(2-3) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
From this data:
Depth = 12118 to 12134 ft, Oil column thickness = 16 ft,
Perforated zone thickness = 5 ft (from upper oil zone),
μo = 0.3 cp,
ρw = 68.7 lb/ft³ (salt water density, brine),ρo = 37.5 lb/ft³,
ko = 1500 md, Bo( oil formation volume factor) = 1.4 RB/STB.
Determine critical production rate, working pressure drop and oil
ability to produce.
solution
Distance between top perforation to top sand = zero.
Hp/h*100=31.25

˯ ϮѧΠϠ
ϟ΍
ϱ έϭήѧπ ϟ΍
ϦϤϓˬϡΪϗ16 ‫ﺑﻤﺎ اﻧﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
.(interpolation) ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺸﯿﺔ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬31.25 ‫وأﯾﻀﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ‬
50 ،40 ،30 ،20 ،10 Ύϫέ΍ΪѧѧϘϣ
ΐ ѧѧϴ
ϘΜΗ
ϊ ρΎ
ѧѧϘϤϟ
ΕΪѧѧϋ΃
ϝϮѧѧϠ
Τϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧѧττΨϣϥ· Ύ
ѧѧϤΑϭ
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻠﺠﻮء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺸﯿﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬
-:‫ ﻗﺪم‬12.5 ‫ وﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬،(٢١-١) ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

12.7 RB/DAY Ϯѧϫ
ΝήѧΤϟ΍
ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣϥ·ΪѧΠϧ
ˬΔѧ΋ Ύ
ϤϟΎΑ30 ‫ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
.(C ‫)ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
11.25
Ϯѧϫ
ΝήѧΤϟ΍
ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣϥΎѧϓ
Δѧ΋
ΎϤϟΎΑ40 ϩέ΍ΪѧϘϣΐ ѧϴ
ϘΜΗ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ
ΔΒѧδϨϟΎ
ΑΎѧϣ·
.(D ‫ )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬RB/DAY
‫ ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬،‫وﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺸﯿﮫ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج‬
:‫ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬31.25 ‫ ﻗﺪم وﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬12.5
(࢞ − ࢞૚) (࢟ − ࢟૚)
=
(࢞૛ − ࢞૚) (࢟૛ − ࢟૚)
y1 = 12.7
y=?
Q y2 = 11.25
x1 = 30 x = 31.25 x2 = 40
hc
(31.25-30)/(40-30) = (y-12.7)/(11.25-12.7)
y = 12.7 – 0.125 *(12.7-11.25)
.12.5 RB/DAY ‫إذن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
15
‫‪16‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪم‬25 ‫( وﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬٢٢-١) ‫وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب وﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Ϧѧϣ) 56 RB/DAY‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤـــﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ‬30 ‫وﺑﻤــﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿـــــﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
.(C ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺘﻲ‬
.50 RB/DAY ‫ ﻓﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬40 ‫وﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
55.3 RB/DAY
ϮѧϫΝήѧΤϟ΍ ΝΎѧΘ
ϧϹ΍
ϝΪѧόϣϥΎѧΑ
ΪѧΟϭ
ˬϢϴϘΘѧδϤϟ΍
ςѧΨϟ΍
ϪϴѧθΤΗ
Δτѧγ ΍
ϮΑϭ
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬31.25 ‫ وﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺜﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬،‫ ﻗﺪم‬25 ‫ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬

ϲϓΎ
ѧμ ϟ
ˬΪѧΟϭˬϩϼѧϋ΃
ΎϤϬΑΎѧδΣϢѧΗ
ϦϳάѧϠ
ϟ΍
Ϧϴ ΟήΤϟ΍
ΝΎΘϧϹ΍ϲ ϟΪόϣ
ϦϴΑ
ΔϴϧΎ
ΛΓήϣΔϴθΤΘ ϟΎΑ
31.25 έ΍ΪѧϘϤΑ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍
΍
άѧϫϦѧϣϰѧϠ
ϋϷ΍
˯ ΰѧΠϟ΍
ΐϴϘΜ
ΘΑϭϡΪϗ16 ‫ﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
:‫ إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬
Qcurve = 12.5 + (55.3-12.5)*(16-12.5) / (25-12.5) = 24.5 RB/DAY
‫إن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﮫ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ‬
:‫( وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬21) ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
Qomax = 0.00005*(1500)(68.7-37.5)(24.5) / (0.3)(1.4)= 140
STB/DAY

ϝΪѧόϣ
Ϧѧϣ ήѧΜϛ΃
ϱ΃
ˬ216 STB/DAY ϝΪѧόϤΑΞΘ ѧϨϳ
ϥΎϛ
ϝΎΜϤϟ΍
΍
άϫ
ϲϓ ήΌΒϟ΍
ϥ·ϊ ϗ΍
Ϯϟ΍ϲϓ

έϭήѧϣΪѧόΑϭ .ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϊ ϣ
ϖϓΪΘ
ϳ˯Ύ
Ϥϟ΍
άΧ΍
ϪΟΎ Θϧ·
˯ ΪΑϰϠϋΔϋΎγ 12 ‫ وﻓﻌﻼ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮج‬
‫( ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬Water cut) ‫ ﻧﻔﻂ وﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬114 STB/DAT ‫ﺷﮭﺮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﺎﻟﺢ‬85
Working Pressure Drop

ϞѧϣΎ
όϟ΍
ς ϐѧπ ϟ΍
ν Ύ
ϔΨϧ΍
0.4615 lb/in²/ft ‫إن ﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ھﻮ‬

0.434 lb/in²/ft ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺬب ھﻮ‬
0.2691 lb/in²/ft = (0.434) * (ρo = 0.62) ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ھﻮ‬
‫وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺎن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﯿﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻮ‬

D=12118+hp/2=12118+5/2=12120.5 ft
.‫( ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﺪام إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﺜﻘﺐ‬12120.5) ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
Dp = (12120.5)*(0.4615-0.2691) = 2332 Psi

ϦϴѧϨΛ΍
ϰѧϠϋ ήѧδϴ ΘϤϟ΍
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ν Ύ ѧϔΨϧ΍ϢѧδϘϳϥΎ ѧΑ
ϪѧΘϋΎϤΟϭ ϲ ϧΎѧηϰѧλ ϭ΃ΔϣΎϋΓΪϋΎ
Ϙϛ

ˬήѧΌΒϟ΍
ϑ ϮѧΟ ϝϮѧΣ έήѧπ ΗΙ ϭΪѧΣ ϝΎѧϤΘΣ΍έΎΒΘ ϋϻ΍ ήψϨΑάΧ΄ϳ ϱ άϟ΍
ϞϣΎϋςϐο ΏΎ δΤϟ
.ϦϴѧόϣΝΎѧΘϧ·ϝΪѧόϤϟςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ν Ύ ѧϔΨϧ΍ ϲ ѧϓ
ΓΩΎѧϳί ϰѧϟ·
ϱ ΩϮѧϳ
ϥ· έήπ Θϟ΍
΍άϬϟϦϜϤϳΚϴΣ
.1166 psi ‫إذن ﻓﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
W.P.D.=Dp/2=(2332/2)=1166 psi
17
‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺮج ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ RB ‬‬ ‫‪ STB ‬‬ ‫‪ RB ‬‬ ‫‪ RB ‬‬
‫‪Qo ‬‬ ‫‪  140‬‬ ‫‪ * Bo ‬‬ ‫‪  196‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ D ‬‬ ‫‪ D ‬‬ ‫‪ STB ‬‬ ‫‪ D ‬‬
‫ ‪85 Psi‬‬
‫‪ϩέ΍‬‬
‫‪ΪѧϘϣ‬‬
‫‪ςϐѧπ ϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪ν Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϔΨϧ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΐ ѧϠ‬‬
‫‪τΘ‬‬‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫‪ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫‪άѧϬΑΝΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫·‪ϧϹ΍ϥ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪φѧΣϼϳ(٢٦-١‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬
‫‪PCurve  85 psi‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ و ﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﯿﻦ ‪,‬ﯾﺼﺤﺢ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻋﻼه ﺑﻀﺮﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ‪17 Psi.‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫* ‪PCorrection  PCurve‬‬ ‫‪ 17 psi‬‬
‫‪KO‬‬
‫‪.‬وﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ‪(1166 Psi),‬‬
‫‪PCorrection  P.W. D. ‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ إن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺮج‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
:(2-4)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
(Real well)
From this data:
Depth = 11305 – 11366 ft

Initial pressure = 5225 Psi
Thickness of gas interval = 61 ft
Radius of drainage area =1000 ft
Perforation (from upper) = 30 ft
Salt water density = 68.7 lb/ft³
Gas density = 17.4 lb/ft³ ³
Gas viscosity = 0.025 cp
Permeability = 200 md
Gas volume formation factor = 0.68 RB/1000SCF
Determine the critical production rate ,the drop of working pressure

and the well ability on production.
Solution
1- Critical production rate.

ϲ ѧϠϜϟ΍
ϚϤѧδϟ΍
ϦѧϣΔѧ΋Ύ
ϤϟΎ Α49.18 ‫( أو‬30/61) ϱ ϭΎѧδϳ
ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍ϩάѧϫϲ ѧϓ
ΐ ѧϴϘΜΘϟ΍ϊ τϘϣ

ΝΎ ѧΘϧϹ΍
ΕϻΪѧόϣϥ·ΪѧΠϧ, ϡΪѧϗ50 ϚϤѧδΑίΎ
ѧϏ ϦϳϮѧϜΘϟϭ (1-23) ϞϜѧθϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ. ί Ύѧϐϟ΍
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ
‫ و‬198 RB/DAY ‫ و‬229 RB/DAY ϲ ѧϫ, Δѧ΋
ΎϤϟΎΑ50 ‫ و‬40 ΔΒѧδϨΑΐ ѧϴϘΜ Ηϊ ρΎ ѧϘϤϟ

ϪѧΘϤϴ ϗ
ΝήѧѧΣ
ΝΎѧΘϧ΍
ϝΪѧѧόϣϰѧѧϠ
ϋϞѧѧμ Τϧ, Δѧ΋
ΎϤϟΎ Α 49.18 ΔΒѧδϨΑΐ ѧϴϘΜΗ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ Δϴ ѧθΤΘ ϟΎ
Α
.200.5 RB/DAY.
ϦѧϋΞΗΎѧϨϟ΍
ΝήѧΤϟ΍ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹ΍ϝΪѧόϣϥ· ΪѧΠϧ, ϡΪѧϗ75 ‫( وﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺳﻤﻜﮫ‬1-24) ‫وﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬

ϰѧϠ
ϋϞѧμ Τϧ, ϡΪѧϗ61 ϪϜϤѧγ ίΎ ѧϏ
ϊ ѧτϘϤϟΔϴѧθΤΘ
ϟΎ
Αϭ 495.7 RB/DAY. ϮѧϫΔϴѧθΤΘ ϟ΍

ϑ ϭήѧψϟ ϝΪѧόϤϟ΍
΍
άѧϫ
΢ϴ Τѧμ Ηΐ ѧΠϳϭ 330STB/DAY . ϪѧΘ
Ϥϴϗ
ίΎѧϐϟ΍ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϹϝΪόϣ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬
(22). ‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
Qo = [ 0.00005*(200)*(68.7-17.4)*(330)]/[(0.025)*(0.68)]
Qo = 10614 thousandSCF/DAY
2- Working Pressure Drop.
‫ ﻗﺪم‬11320 ‫ﺑﻤﺎ إن اﻟﻌﻤﻖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼــﻒ ﻣﻘﻄــــﻊ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﯿــــﺐ ھـﻮ‬

0.434 Psi/ft ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤــﺎء اﻟﻌﺬب ھﻮ‬
0.4615 Psi/ft, ‫وﺗﺪرج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ھﻮ‬
ρg=17.4/62.43=0.279 ‫ﻓﺎن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻮف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ھﻮ‬
19
‫‪Δp = [(0.4615 –(0.434*0.279)] *11320‬‬

‫‪Δp = 3854 Psi‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺛﻨﯿﻦ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪1927 Psi.‬‬
‫‪3- well ability to production.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤــــــﺮج ھــــﻮ ‪ 10614 thousandSCF/DAY‬أي ﻣـــﺎ ﯾﻌـــﺎدل‬
‫‪7224 RB/DAY.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(وﻟﻤﻌﺪل إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 7224 RB/DAY,‬ﻧﺠﺪ إن ﻣﻘﺪار اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ھﻮ ‪ 475 Psi‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺢ ﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Δpc = [(475)*(0.025)/0.2] = 59.5 Psi‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ إن اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ھﻮ ‪ 1927 Psi‬واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺢ ھﻮ ‪59.5‬‬

‫‪Psi,‬ﻓﻤﺆﻛﺪ إن اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدرا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺮج‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Breakthrough Time in Vertical Well‬‬
‫ان ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج واطﺊ وﻟﻼﺳﺒﺎب اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﻻﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺑﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬا اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻻﺑﺎر اﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮج ﻓﺎن اﻟﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﯿﺨﺘﺮق اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ھﺬا اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ‪Time‬‬
‫்‪஻‬ݐ ‪to Breakthrough‬‬
‫طﺮق ﺣﺴﺎب زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق‬

‫)‪The Sobocinski-Cornelius Method (1965‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺑﻨﺴﻜﻲ وﻛﻮرﻧﻠﯿﺎس طﻮرو ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﻮء ﺑﺰﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺎس اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻮدﯾﻼت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﯿﻦ رﺑﻄﻮا زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﺑـ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻋﺪﯾﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪:‬‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات )‪ Dimensionless cone height( Z‬‬
‫زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ்‪஽ )஻‬ݐ( ‪ Dimensionless Breakthrough Time‬‬
‫وھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﯾﻌﺮﻓﺎن ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪(ఘೢ ିఘ೚)௄ ೓ ∗௛∗൫௛ି௛೛ ൯‬‬
‫∗ ‪ܼ = 0.492 ∗ 10ିସ‬‬
‫‪ఓ೚஻೚ொ೚‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ܾ݈‬
‫‪,‬ݕݐ݅ݏ݊݁݀ = ߩ‬
‫ݐ݂ܿ‬
‫݀ ݉ ‪,‬ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݈ܽݐ݊݋ݖ݅ݎ݋‪௛ = ℎ‬ܭ‬
‫ܤܶܵ‬
‫‪݁,‬ݐܽݎ ݊݋݅ݐܿݑ݀݋ݎ݌݈݅݋ = ‪ܳ௢‬‬
‫ݕܽ݀‬
‫ݐ݂ ‪݈ܽ,‬ݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅ ݀݁ݐܽݎ݋݂ݎ݁݌ = ‪ℎ௣‬‬
‫ݐ݂ ‪,‬ݏݏ݁݊݇ܿ݅‪ℎ‬ݐ ݊ ݉ݑ݈݋݈ܿ݅݋ = ‪ℎ‬‬
‫‪4ܼ + 1.75 ∗ ܼଶ − 0.75 ∗ ܼଷ‬‬

‫்‪஽ )஻‬ݐ(‬ ‫=‬
‫ܼ∗‪7−2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻮا اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﻮء ﺑﺰﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ زﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪-:‬‬
‫∗ ‪20,325‬‬
‫= ்‪஻‬ݐ‬
‫‪(ߩ௪ −‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ݕܽ݀ ‪݃ℎ,‬ݑ݋ݎ‪ℎ‬ݐ݇ܽ݁ݎܾ ݋ݐ݁ ݉݅ݐ = ்‪஻‬ݐ‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎ݂ ‪,‬ݕݐ݅ݏ݋ݎ݋݌ = ߶‬
‫݀ ݉ ‪,‬ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ = ‪௩‬ܭ‬
‫‪:‬ݏܽ ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀ ݀݊ܽ ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅݋ ݈ܱ݉݅ ‪−‬ݎ݁ݐܽ ܹ = ܯ‬
‫‪௥௪ )௦௢௥ ߤ௢‬ܭ(‬
‫‪ =ቈ‬ܯ‬ ‫‪቉൬ ൰‬‬
‫‪௥௢)௦௪ ௖ ߤ௪‬ܭ(‬
‫݊݋݅ݐܽݎݑݐܽݏݎ݁ݐܽݓݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿݐܽ ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݁ݒ݅ݐ݈ܽ݁ݎ݈݅݋ = ‪௥௢)௦௪ ௖‬ܭ(‬
‫݊݋݅ݐܽݎݑݐܽݏ݈݅݋݈ܽݑ݀݅ݏ݁ݎݐܽ ݕݐ݈ܾ݅݅ܽ݁ ݉ݎ݁݌݁ݒ݅ݐ݈ܽ݁ݎݎ݁ݐܽݓ = ‪௥௪ )௦௢௥‬ܭ(‬
‫‪ = 1‬ܯݎ݋݂ ‪ߙ = 0.5‬‬
‫‪ = 10‬ܯ < ‪1‬ݎ݋݂ ‪ߙ = 0.6‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻲ )‪ (Joshi 1991‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﺧﺘﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠـ ்‪஽ )஻‬ݐ( ﺑﺎﻧﮫ اذا ﻛﺎن ‪ Z=3.5‬او‬
‫اﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك اﺧﺘﺮاق ‪.‬‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ Z=3.5‬ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج‪:‬‬
‫‪௛ ∗ ℎ ∗ ൫ℎ − ℎ௣൯‬ܭ)‪(ߩ௪ − ߩ௢‬‬

‫∗ ‪ܳ௢௖ = 0.141 ∗ 10ିସ‬‬
‫‪௢‬ܤ‪ߤ௢‬‬
‫)‪EXP (2-5‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﻳﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ ٤٥١‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬ ‫طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اھﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻻﻟﺘﻮات اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ھﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ ‪ ،tension‬ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ ‪(compression‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ι ΪѧΤΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϚѧϠ‬‬
‫‪Η‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϫ‬‬
‫‪ΝΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϧϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Δѧγ ΪϨϫ‬‬
‫‪ωϮѧο ϮϤΑ‬‬
‫‪Δѧϗϼϋ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϟ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔϤϬϤϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ε΍‬‬ ‫‪ήϴ‬‬
‫‪ϐΘ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬
‫اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺑﺎر ﻛﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪ .‬وﺳﯿﺘﻢ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ طﻮل اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪ ‬واﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ѧθϟ΍‬ـﻜﻞ )‪(١-٣‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ ΔѧϧΎ‬ﻛﻤ˰‪˰ѧ‬‬‫‪τΒϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϞѧΧ΍‬‬
‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫‪ΔѧϘϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ρ‬‬‫‪ΓέϮѧμ Α‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϘϠ‬‬‫‪όϣ‬‬‫‪ΫϻϮϔϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫ﻟﻮ اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ان اﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎ‪Ϧϣ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϰѧϘΒϳ‬‬‫‪ϪѧϧΎ‬‬
‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ϊѧη‬‬‫‪ϰϟΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΣ‬‬ ‫‪ϲϓ‬‬ ‫‬‫وان ﻗﻮة اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻗﺪ اﺛﺮت ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ طﺮﻓﮫ اﻻﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ھﺬا اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ‪ϥϮϜϳ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϪѧϧΎ‬‬‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ϫѧϴ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ϋϭ‬‬‫‪β Βѧϛ‬‬‫‪ΔѧϟΎ‬‬‫‪Σ‬‬ ‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥϮѧѧϜϳ ΏϮѧѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪β Βѧϛ‬‬
‫‪ΓϮѧѧϗ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϫ‬‬
‫‪ΓήΛΆѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧѧϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΖѧѧϧΎ‬‬
‫‪ϛ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪Ϋ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϣ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϧΪѧόΘ‬‬
‫‪Α΍‬‬‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬‫‬ ‫‪ϰѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϨόϔΗ‬‬‫‪έ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϠ‬‬‫‪ϛ‬‬‫‪ϞϘΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪β ΒϜϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΓϮϗ‬‬‫ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻰ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ‪ϥ΍‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻻﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻮب ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻮة‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϝΩΎ‬‬‫‪ѧѧόΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧѧτϘϨΑ‬‬
‫‪ϰϤѧѧδΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϊѧѧθϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧѧϗ‬‬
‫‪ϰѧѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔϳϭΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧѧδϣ‬‬
‫‪β ΒѧѧϜϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧѧϗ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧѧϬϴ‬‬
‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϥϮѧѧϜΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϰѧѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧѧτϘϨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϚѧѧϠ‬‬
‫‪Η‬‬
‫)‪ (Neutral Point‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ وﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺘﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ وﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﺘﻮﯾﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Neutral‬‬
‫‪point‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١-٣‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺴﺤﺐ واﻟﻜﺒﺲ‬

‫‪Force‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺎزم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎر واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬-‫ ﻛﺘﺎب ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬
١٩٨٨ ‫ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬٤٥١ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻻﻳﺪاع ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬ ‫طﺎﻟﺐ رﺷﯿﺪ ھﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬neutral point ،‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻻﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل‬
:‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
F
n ......................................(1)
Ws
n = Distance from the bottom of tubing to the neutral point
F = Supply force, for compression force have +ve value (lb)
Ws = Weight per unit length (lb/in)

ϡ΍ΪΨΘ
ѧγ Ύ
Α
ϚѧϟΫϭ
ΓήѧηΎ Βϣ
Ϟϔѧγ ϻ΍
ϑ ήѧτϟ΍
ϲ ѧϠ
Ηϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍(Pitch)
ΔѧΟϮϤϟ΍
ϝϮѧρ
ΏΎѧδΣ
Ϛϟάѧϛ
ϦѧϜϤϳ
:‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
1/2
h = π (8EI/F) …(2)
h = Pitch (in)
E = Young modulus of elasticity, for steal = 30 * 106 psi
I = Moment of inertia of tubing cross section with respect to its
Diameter, in4

I
64
D 4  d 4  ..........................(3)
D = Outside diameter of tubing, in

d = Inside diameter of tubing, in

ΎѧΑϮΒϧ΍
ϙΎ
ѧϨϫ
ϥΎѧΑ
ν ήѧϔϧϭςϔϨѧϟ΍
έΎ
ѧΑ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍
ΐϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍
ϦϣϞϴΜϤΘϟ΍
ΐ ϳήϘΗ
ϥϻ΍
ϝϭΎΤϧ
.(٢-٣) ‫( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬packer) ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎ داﺧﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ وﻣﺤﺠﻮزا ﺑﺤﺸﻮة ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬
pe
Area Ai
pe
Area Ai Area Ai
Area Ae Area Ae Area Ae
pi pe
pi pi
Area Ap Area Ap
Area Ap
Tubing diameter< Packer diameter Tubing diameter > Packer diameter Tubing diameter = Packer diameter
‫( ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻟﺤﺸﻮات ﻋﺰل ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ طﻠﯿﻘﺔ‬٢-٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
٢
،(٢-٣) ϞϜѧθϟ΍ ϲ ѧϓ

ΔѧϨϴΒϤϟ΍
ΝΫΎ ˰ѧ˰ϤϨϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓΎϬΛϭΪΣ ϊ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة واﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻮﻗــ‬
ΪѧϨϋ (Pi) ϩέ΍
ΪѧϘϣ ςϐѧο ςϴϠѧδΗ ϰѧϟ΍
ϱ ΩΆѧϳ ϼ΋Ύѧγ
ϱ ϮѧΤΗ ϞϜѧθϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
ΔѧϨϴ
ΒϤϟ΍
ΐϴΑΎ ϧϻ΍
ϥ΍
ν ήϔϧ

ϑ ήѧѧτϟ΍
ϰѧѧϠϋ
ήΛΆѧΗΔѧϴ ϘϴϘΣΓϮѧѧϗ ΩϮѧѧΟϭ ϲ ѧϨόϳ
ςϐѧѧπ ϟ΍΍άѧϫΩϮѧѧΟϭϥ΍.Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
ϯ ϮΘ
ѧδϣ
‫اﻻﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺟﺪار اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬
Fa = ( Ap – Ai ) Pi ….(4)
Fa = Actual force
Ap = Area based on inside diameter of packer seal, in²
Ai = Area based on inside diameter of tubing, in²
Pi = Pressure at packer seal in tubing, psi
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺛﺒﺖ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ان اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ھﻲ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ واﻧﻤـﺎ‬
(Fictitious Force, Ff) Δο ήΘϔ˰ѧ˰˰Ϥϟ΍
ΓϮ˰ѧ˰Ϙϟ΍
Ύ
ѧϬϴ
Ϡϋ
ϖϠ˰ѧ˰˰ρ΍
ΪѧϘϟϭ
ήѧϴ
ΜϜΑ
ΎѧϬϨϣ
ήΒ˰ѧ˰˰ϛ΍
ϲ ‫ـ‬ѧ˰ϫ
.‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬
Ff = Ap Pi …..(5)

ύ΍ήѧѧϔϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
Ϟ΋Ύѧγ
ΩϮѧΟϭ ν ήѧϔϧ ˬΎ
ѧϘϴ
ϗΩϼϴѧΜϤΗςϔϨѧϟ΍
έΎѧΑ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍
ϑ ϭήѧυ Ϟѧϴ
ΜϤΗ
ϞѧΟϻ
(po) Ύ
ѧϴ
ΟέΎ Χ Ύ
τϐѧο ΐ ΒѧδΗ
Ϟ΋ ΍
Ϯѧδϟ΍ϩάϫ .‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب‬

Ι ϭΪѧѧΣϰѧѧϟ΍
ϱ ΩΆѧϳ
ΎѧόϣϥΎ τϐѧѧπ ϟ΍
ϥ΍άѧϫΩϮѧѧΟϭϥ΍.ΪѧѧΣ΍ ϭ
ϥ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ϥ΍ ήΛΆѧϳ (pi)
Ύѧϴ
ϠΧ΍
ΩΎ
τϐѧѧο ϭ
‫ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ان‬،‫ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﺪاد‬Ff ‫ وﻛﺎن ﻗﻮة ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
F f  A p Pi  Po  ............................(6)

ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍
Ε΍
ήϴΛΎ
ѧΗ
Δѧγ ΍
έΩ
ϢΘϴ
ѧγ
ΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍
ϲ ϓ‫ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻈﻮاھﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪوﺛﮭﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل‬
.‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ طﻠﯿﻘﺔ‬-١
.‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬-٢
.‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬-٣
Uniform Completion β ϧΎѧΠΘϤϟ΍

ϝΎϤϛϻ΍
-:‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻧﮫ اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ‬
.‫ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ذو ﻗﻄﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وﯾﺤﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ واﺣﺪ‬

΍ΪѧѧΣ΍
ϭΎ
ѧό΋
Ύϣ
ϲ ѧϘϠ
Τϟ΍
ύ΍
ήѧѧϔϟ΍
ϱ ϮѧѧΤϳϭΖѧѧΑΎ
Λ
ϲ ѧϠ
Χ΍Ω
ήѧѧτϗ
Ε΍ Ϋ
ΔѧϧΎτΒϟ΍
Ϫѧϴ
ϓ ϭ 
ϥϮѧѧϜΗ
.‫اﯾﻀﺎ‬
.‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﻋﻨﮫ‬
Packers permitting free motion.‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ طﻠﯿﻘﺔ‬-١
‫ان ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺸﻮات ذو اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﺎدر وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺎن دراﺳﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻲ ﻟﻼﻏﺮاض‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ‬

Ι ϭΪѧΣϊ ѧϣ
ϰѧϠ ϋϻ΍
ϰѧϟ΍
ϭ Ϟϔѧγ ϻ΍
Ϧϣ β ΒϛΓϮϗϰϟ΍
ν ήόΗ Ϊϗ
ΔϧΎ τΑ ϞΧ΍Ω Ύ
ΑϮΒϧ΍
ϥ΍
ΎϨο ήϓ
Ϯϟ
ΏϮѧѧΒϧϷ΍ϝϮ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰˰˰˰ρ
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧѧϴ
ϐΗ
Ι ϭΪ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰˰Σ
ϰѧѧϟ΍
ϱ ΩΆΘ
ѧγ
ΓϮѧѧϘϟ΍
ϩάѧѧϫ .Γέ΍ήѧѧΤϟ΍
ΔѧΟέΩϲ ѧϓήѧѧϴ
ϐΗ
:(٣-٣) ‫ﺑﺴــــــــﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
٣
Hook's Law Effect ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ھﻮك‬ -١

Helical Buckling Effect ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬ -٢
Ballooning Effect ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺎدي‬ -٣
Temperature Effect ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ -٤
movement
Total
Landing length
Hooke`s effect Buckling effect Ballooning effect Temperature effect
‫( ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮئ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب‬٣-٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Hook's Law Effect ‫ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ھﻮك‬-١

ϲ ΒѧδϨϟ΍ήѧϴ
ϐΘϟ΍έ΍
ΪѧϘϣϭ (Stress) ΩΎ
ѧϬΟϻ΍
ϰϤѧδΗ
ΔΣΎѧδϤϟ΍
ΓΪѧΣϭ
ϰѧϠϋ ‫ان اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة‬

ΎѧѧϬϴϠϋϖѧѧϠ
τϳΔϋϭΎ ˰ѧѧ˰˰˰˰˰τϤϟ΍
ϭΩΎѧѧϬΟϻ΍Ϧϴ
ѧѧΑ
ΔΒѧѧδϨϟ΍
ϭ (Strain)ΔѧѧϋϭΎτϤϟ΍
ϰϤѧѧδϳ ϝϮѧѧτϟ΍
ϲ ѧѧϓ

ΩΎ ѧϬΟϻ΍
ϦϴѧΑ
ϙϮѧϫ ϥϮϧΎ ϗςΑήϳϭ .(Young modules of elasticity) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣـــــﻞ اﻟﻤـــــــﺮوﻧﺔ‬
:‫واﻟﻤﻄﺎوﻋﺔ وﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ان اﻻﺟﮭﺎد ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ طﺮدﯾﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻄﺎوﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
E = - (Fa/As)/(ΔL1/L) ….(7)
L Fa
L1   .....................................(8)
E As
As  Ao  Ai
.‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮة اﻟﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ΔL1 ‫اﻻﺷﺎرة اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ان‬
:‫ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬Fa ،‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺿﻐﻂ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ وﺿﻐﻂ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ان واﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
Fa  A p  Ai Pi  A p  Ao Po .....................(9)
ΔL1 = Change in length due to Hook's Law effect, in

L = Length of tubing, in
Fa = Actual force acting on bottom of tubing. lb
As = Cross-section area of tubing, in²
Po = Pressure at packer seal in annulus, psi
٤
Δѧϴ
ΟΎΘ
ϧϻ΍
ΕΎ
ѧϴ
ϠϤόϟ΍
˯΍
ήѧΟ΍
ϞѧΒϗ
Δѧϴ
΋΍
ΪΘΑϻ΍
ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ( Pi = Po)
ϥϮѧϜϳΔѧϴϠ
Ϥόϟ΍
ΕϻΎ
Τϟ΍ΐϠϏ΍ϲϓ
.‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻻﺑﺎر‬

ϱ΍
Δѧϴ
΋ΎϬϨϟ΍
ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓϲ ϟ΍ϮѧΘ
ϟ΍
ϰѧϠ ϋ ( ΔPi , ΔPo) έ΍ΪѧϘϤΑ
ήѧϴ ϐΗ
Ϊѧϗϭ ( Pi ≠ Po)ϥ΍
ΎϨѧο ήϓ
Ϯѧϟ

ϲ ѧϓ
ϥΎ
ѧμ ϘϧΙ ΪѧΣ΍
Ϋ΍ΎΒϟΎѧγ ϭΓΩΎ
ѧϳί ΖΛΪѧΣ΍Ϋ΍
Ύ
ѧΒΟϮϣ ήѧϴϐΘϟ΍
΍άѧϫήѧΒΘόϳ) .Ρϼѧμ Θ
γ ϻ΍
ΔϴϠϤϋ ˯Ύ
ϨΛ΍
:‫ وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻲ‬.(‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
Fa  A p  Ai Pi  A p  Ao Po .................(10)

Fa = +ve., compression force → ΔL1 = -ve., decrease in tubing length.
Fa = -ve., tension force → ΔL1 = +ve., increase in tubing length.
:‫( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬٨) ‫( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬١٠) ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬Fa ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
L1  
L
E As

A p  Ai Pi  Ap  Ao Po  ........................(11)
ΔPi = Pressure change at packer seal in tubing, psi

ΔPo = Pressure change at packer seal in annulus, psi

Ϧѧϋΐ ΒѧδΘ
Ϥϟ΍(ΔϟΎτΘ ѧγ ΍
ϭ΍ήѧѧμ ϗ)
ΏϮѧѧΒϧϻ΍ ϝϮѧѧρ
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧѧϴ
ϐΘϟ΍
ΩΎѧΠϳϻ (١١)ΔѧϟΩΎ
όϤϟ΍
ϡΪΨΘѧδϳ
.‫وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮة ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ او ﺑﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﺧﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ھﻮك‬
Helical Buckling Effect ‫ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬-٢

ΏϮѧΒϧϼϟϞϔѧγ ϻ΍ϑ ήѧτϟ΍ϰѧϠϋΓήΛΆѧϤϟ΍FaˬΔΜΤΘѧδϤϟ΍ΔѧϴϘϴ ϘΤϟ΍
ΓϮϘϟ΍
ήϴ
ΛΎΗϰϟ΍
Δϓ Ύο ϻΎ Α

ϝΩΎѧόΘ
ϟ΍
ΔѧτϘϧΖѧΤΗ Ύ
ѧθϨΗ
ςϐπ Ϡ ϟϯ ήΧ΍ΔΜΤΘδϣΓϮϗ ϙΎϨϫ ϥΎ ϓ
ˬΪηΓϮϗ
ϭ΍
β Βϛ ΓϮϗΖϧΎ ϛ˯΍
Ϯγ

ϝϮѧτϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ΍ήѧμ ϗΓϮѧϘϟ΍
ϩάѧϫϱ ΩΆѧΗϭ .Ff
ˬΔѧο ήΘϔϤϟ΍
ΓϮѧϘϟ΍ ϭ Ϫѧδϔϧ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬
ϰϋΪѧΗ
.‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل‬

ϝϮѧѧτϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧѧμ Ϙϟ΍
ΏΎ
ѧδΣ
ϦϜϤϴ
ѧϓ(L>n)
ΏϮѧѧΒϧϻ΍
ϦϤѧο
ϊ ѧϘΗ
ϝΩΎ
ѧόΘϟ΍
ΔѧτϘϧ ΖѧѧϧΎ
ϛ
΍ ѧϓ
ΫΎ
:‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ΔL2)
r 2 F f2
L2   ........................(12)
8E IW
‫( اي ان اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻛﻠﮫ‬L<n) ‫ اﻣﺎ اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻮب‬
:‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ΔL2) ‫ﻣﻠﺘﻮي ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب‬
r 2 F f2  L W  
L2     2  LW  ............................(13)
8 E I W  F f  Ff 
 
F f  A p Pi  Po  .............................(14)
Dc  D
r .............................(15)
2
W  Ws  Wi  Wo ..............................(16)
٥
Wi  Ai  i
Wo  Ao  o
Dc = Inside diameter of casing, in
r = Diameter of annulus between casing and tubing, in
W = Total weight per2 unit length, lb/in
Ws = Weight of tubinfg per unit length
Wi = Weight of fluid inside tubing per unit length (based on id of tubing).
Wo = weight of annulus fluid displaced by bulk volume of tubing per unit length
(based on od of tubing).
:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﮭﻤﺔ‬

Κѧϴ
Σ ΔѧϴϠ
Ϥόϟ΍
ΕϻΎ˰˰Τϟ΍
ΐϠϏϻΔϴ
΋΍ΪΘΑϻ΍
ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
ϲϓ
΍ήϔλ ϱ ϭΎδΗFƒ ،‫ ان اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ‬o
Fƒˬΐ ѧδΤΘϓ
ςϐѧπ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
Ε΍
ήϴϐΘ
ϟ΍
Ι ϭΪΣΪόΑ
ϱ΍
Δϴ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍
ΔϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϲϓϪϧ΍
ήϴϏ.(Pi = Po)
.(١٤) ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

ΓΩΎ
ѧѧϋ ϡΪΨΘѧѧδϧ
΍άѧѧϠ
ϓβ ϧΎ
ѧѧΠΘ
Ϥϟ΍
ϝΎѧѧϤϛϻ΍ΪѧѧϨϋΓΩΎ
ѧѧϋΙ ΪѧѧΤΗϻ (L<n)
Δѧѧϴ
ϧΎΜ
ϟ΍
ΔѧѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϥ΍ o

ϡΪΨΘ ѧδϨϓΏϮѧΒϧϻ΍ ΝέΎѧΧ
ϝΩΎѧόΘ
ϟ΍
ΔѧτϘϧϊ ѧϘΗΓΩΎόϓ
ΐ ϛήϤϟ΍ ϝΎ
Ϥϛϻ΍ϲϓ
Ύ
ϣ΍.(١٢ )‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
(١٣) ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

βϴ ѧϟϭ ςѧѧϘϓ ϥΎѧμ ϘϨϟ΍
ΏΎ
ѧδΤϟ ϥΎ ϣΪΨΘ ѧδΗ(١٣) ‫( و‬١٢) Ϧϴ
ΘϟΩΎѧόϤϟ΍
ϥ΍
ΎѧϨϫ
ϪѧϴΒϨΘ ϟ΍
ΐ ѧΠϳ o

β ΒѧϛΓϮ˰ѧ˰˰˰ϗϲ ѧϫFƒ ،‫ اي ان اﻟﻘـــــﻮة اﻟﻤﻔﺘـــــــــﺮﺿﺔ‬،‫اﻻﺳﺘﻄـــــﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ طــــﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻮب‬
.(Compression force (+ve))
IF Po  Pi  F f   ve L2   ve  ‫ﻻﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺎﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ‬
Ballooning Effect ‫ اﻟﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺎدي‬-٣

ϱ ΩΆѧϳ
ϥΎѧϳήΟΔѧϟΎΣ
ϭ΍έ΍ήϘΘγ΍ΔϟΎΣϲϓΖϧΎϛ ˯΍
Ϯγ ‫ان وﺟﻮد اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ وﺧﺎرج اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
-:‫اﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻗﻮة ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ اﺧﺮى ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﺼﺮا او اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
.‫( ﻓﺎن اﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﺎ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻗﺼﺮا ﻓﯿﮫ‬Pi > Po) ‫ اذا ﻛـــــﺎن‬
.‫( ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗﺤﺪث اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬Pi < Po) ‫ اﻣﺎ اذا ﻛﺎن‬
.‫ اﻟﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺎدي او ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬،‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬

Ϧѧϣ(ϱ ΩΎ
ѧτϨϤϟ΍
ήϴ
ΛΎѧΘ
ϟ΍
)ΔϴϋΎόѧθϟ΍
ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍
ϰѧϟ΍
Ϊѧ΋Ύόϟ΍ΔL3 ˬϝϮѧτϟ΍ ϲϓήϴϐΘϟ΍ϰϠϋϝϮμ Τϟ΍
ϦϜϤϳ
:‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
1  2V
 i  R 2  o  
V 2V 2V Pis  R 2 Pos
L3   L2
 L ................(17)
E R2 1 E R2 1
D
R
d
V = Poisson's ratio (0.3 for steel)
R = tubing od / tubing id
Δρi = change in density of fluid inside tubing, lb/in³
Δρo = change in density of fluid outside tubing, lb/in³
٦
Δpis = change in surface pressure inside tubing

Δpos = change in surface pressure outside tubing
δ = pressure drop in tubing due to flow, psi/in. (usually considered as
δ = 0, i.e. in steady state. And δ = +ve. in flow state)
Temperature Effect Γέ΍ ήѧΤϟ΍

ΔΟέΩ ήϴ ΛΎ
Η-٤

ˬΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍
ϝϮѧρ
ϲ ѧϓ
΍
ήϴϐΗ
Ι ΪΤΗ
ϭΓέ΍
ήΤϟ΍
ΔΟέΩ
ϲϓ
ήϴϐΘϟ΍
ϰϟ΍ ΩϮόΗ
Ύϳέ΍ήΣ ΔΜΤΘδϤϟ΍ ϯ ϮϘϟ΍
:‫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﯾﺠﺎده ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬.ΔL4
L4  CL T ...................(18)
C = 6.9 * 10 , coefficient of expansion of steel per oF
-6
L = length of tubing string, in

ΔT = temperature change, oF
ΔL4 = change in length, in
‫ان ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اطﻮال اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪة ﻟﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺤﺖ اﯾﺔ‬
:‫ظﺮوف ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ )اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ وﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ( ھﻲ‬
L  L1  L2  L3  L4 ...................(19)
٧
Example (1)
The following well data from workedover operations [cementing water
producer formation (Aquifer)]:
Casing 7'', 32 lb/ft,
Tubing 2⅞'', 6.5 lb/ft.
Production packer 3.25'', set @ 10000 ft.
Temperature change -20 oF (Cooling)
Initial condition
Tubing & Annulus contain oil have API = 30o.
Pressure inside & outside tubing at surface (Pth, Pah) = zero.
Final condition
Annulus contain same oil & Tubing contain cement have ρ = 15 lb/gal .
pressure inside tubing at surface (Pth) = 5000 psi,
pressure outside tubing at surface (Pah) = 1000 psi.
1- Determine the change in tubing length with respect to all effects,

pressure & temperature effects.
2- Determine the actual force, fictitious force & neutral point.
3-Mention the conclusion. -٢
Solution
1- Calculate, Ao, Ai, As, Ap, R, r, I
A = π/4 * (D)²
Ao = π/4 * (2.875)² = 6.49 in²
Ai = π/4 * (2.441)² = 4.68 in²
As = Ao – Ai = 6.49 – 4.68 = 1.81 in²
Ap = π/4 * (3.25)² = 8.3 in²
R = tubing od / tubing id = 2.875/2.441 = 1.178
r = (Dc – D) / 2 = (6.094-2.875)/2 = 1.61 in
I = π/64 (D4 – d4) = π/64 (2.8754 – 2.4414) = 1.61 in4
Initial condition
API = (141.5/γo) – 131.5
Oil specific gravity , γo = 0.8762→ γo = ρo/ ρwater
Oil density, ρ = ρi = ρo = 62.4 * 0.8762 = 54.675 lb/ft³
Pressure gradient inside & outside tubing:

Pressure gradient = (54.675/12³) = 0.0317 lb/in²/1in
Pressure inside & outside tubing at packer depth:
Pi = (pressure gradient*depth) + Pth
Po = (pressure gradient*depth) + Pat
٨
Pi = Po = 0.0317*120000 + zero = 3800 psi
Calculate total weight per unit length, W

W = Ws + Wi - Wo = Ws + Ai ρi - Ao ρo = 6.5/12 + 4.68*0.0317 –
6.49*0.0317
W = 0.4843 lb/in
Final condition
Pressure gradient inside tubing contain cement:
Pressure gradient = 15/231 = 0.065 lb/in²/in
Pressure gradient in annulus contain oil:

As in initial condition, pressure gradient = 0.0317 lb/in²/in
Pi = 0.065*120000 + 5000 = 12800 psi
Po = 0.0317*120000 + 1000 = 4800 psi
W = Ws + Ai ρi - Ao ρo = 6.5/12 + 4.68*0.065 – 6.49*0.031
W = 0.6401 lb/in
Pressure & density changing between initial condition & final

condition:
Δpi = 12800 – 3800 = 9000 psi
Δpo = 4800 – 3800 = 1000 psi
Δρi = 0.065 – 0.0317 = 0.0333 lb/in³
Δρo = 0.0317 – 0.0317 = 0
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

ρ 0.032 0.065 Δρi =
in P@s 0 5000 Δpi@s =
P@Packer 0.032*L+0=3797 0.065*L+5000=12790 Δpi@P =
W
ρ 0.032 0.032 Δpo =

out P@s 0 1000 Δpo@s =
P@Packer 0.032*L+0=3797 0.032*L+1000=4797 Δpo@P =
W
Calculate ΔL1 by Eq. (11)

ΔL1 = - (120000)/(30*106 *1.81) [(8.30–4.68) 9000 - (8.30 – 6.49 ) 1000]
ΔL1 = - 68 in
Calculate ΔL2 :
First calculate neutral point, n by :
٩
n = Ff/W
Ff = Ap ( pi – po) = 8.30 *(12800 – 4800 ) = 66400 psi
n = 66400/0.64 = 103750 in = 8646 ft
n(8646 ft) < L(10000ft)
Then calculate ΔL2 by Eq. (12) :

ΔL2 = - r²Fƒ² / 8EIW ….(12)
ΔL2 = - (1.61)²(8.3)²(9000-1000)² / 8*30*106 *1.61*0.64 = - 46.2 in
Calculate ΔL3 by Eq. (17) , where δ = zero:

ΔL3 = [- 0.3/30*106 { 0.0333 / (1.178² -1)} 120000²]- [ (0.6/30*106) *
{(5000 – 1.178²*1000) / (1.178²-1)}120000]
ΔL3 = - 34.6 in
Calculate ΔL4 by Eq. (18):

ΔL4 = 6.9*10-6 * 120000 * (-20) = -16.56 in
Then ΔL equal:
ΔL = ΔL1 + ΔL2 + ΔL3 + ΔL4
= -68 – 46.2 – 34.6 – 16.6 = 165.4 in, 13.8 ft
2- Calculate actual, fictitious force & neutral point:

Calculate actual force by Eq. (9):
Fa = ( Ap – Ai ) Pi - ( Ap – Ao ) Po ……(9)
Fa = ( 8.30 – 4.68 ) 12800 - ( 8.30 – 6.49 ) 4800 = 37648 lb
Calculate fictitious force by Eq. (6):
Ff = Ap ( pi – po) ….( 6)
Ff =8.30 (12800 – 4800) = 66400 lb
Calculate neutral point by:
n = Ff/W
n = 66400/0.64 = 103750 in = 8646 ft
3- Conclusions:
1- Ff have +ve. value that means it is compression force, i.e., helical
buckling effect occur on tubing, and Ff (66400 lb) value is equal
double value of Fa (37648 lb) value.
2- Neutral point locate through tubing length (n<L), for this used
Eq. (12) to calculate ΔL2 , and buckling occur in most tubing
(86% from original length).
3- The change in tubing length result from (ΔL2) buckling helical
effect have high ratio (28%) from total length (ΔL). When neglect
this change ( ΔL2), it will cause moving of tubing up, outside the
seal plug and it be danger.
١٠
4- The total change in length (ΔL, 165.4 in) is the maximum expected
change. Generally, the actual change is less than the calculated
(ΔL) change, due to friction between tubing and casing that ignore
here.
Packers permitting limited motion.‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬-٢

ϒѧѧΘϛΩϮѧΟϮϟ ϚѧϟΫϭ ΝΎ ѧΘ
ϧϻ΍
ΐ ѧϴΑΎϧϻΓΩϭΪѧΤϣ ΔѧϛήΤΑ ΢ϤѧδΗ
Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍Ε΍ ϮѧθΤϟ΍ϦѧϣωϮѧϨϟ΍
΍
άѧϫ

ΎϣΪѧϨόϓ.Ϟϔѧγ ϻ΍ ϮѧΤϧ ΐϴ ΑΎϧϻ΍ΔϛήΣ ΩΪΤΗ Κϴ Σˬ(٤-٣) ‫( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬Shoulder) ‫اﺳﻨﺎد‬

ϑ Ϯѧγ ΝΎ ѧΘϧϻ΍ΐ ѧϴΑΎϧ΍
ΩϮѧϤϋ ϥί ϭ Ϧѧϣ΍˯ ΰѧΟϥΎ ѧϓ
Δѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍ ϊ ѧϣ
αΎ ϤΘΑΩΎ
Ϩγ ϻ΍
ϒΘ ϛ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬

ΕΎ ѧϴϠ
Ϥϋ ϝϼѧΧ Ι ΪѧΤΗ
ϲ ѧϫϭ (Slack off) ‫ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ‬،‫ﯾﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة‬

ΏΎ ѧδΣ ϢΘѧϳ΍
άѧϬϟϭ ˬ(Slack off force) Ύ ѧϴ
ϜϴϧΎϜϴϣ ΔΜΤΘѧδϣΓϮѧϗϦϤѧπ Θ ΗΚϴ ΣέΎΑϻ΍
ϲϓ
ϝΎ Ϥϛϻ΍

Ε΍ ήѧϴϐΗ
ϝϮѧμ Σ ϞѧΒϗϚѧϟΫϭ ΩΎϨѧγ ϻ΍ϒѧΘϛ ϰѧϠϋΓϮѧϘϟ΍ ϚѧϠ
ΗΖѧϠ
ϳί ΍
ϮѧϟΎѧϤϴϓ
ΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍ϝϮρ ϲϓήϴϐΘϟ΍
.‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

ΐ ѧϴ
ΑΎϧϻ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ΔϟΎ
τΘѧγ ΍
ΐ ѧϨΠΘ
Ϩϟ
ϲ ϜϴϧΎ
ѧϜϴϤϟ΍
ϖ΋
Ύ ѧόϟ΍
Ϟѧϳί ΍
Ϯϟϭβ ΒϛΓϮϗϲ ϫΔτϠδϤϟ΍ΓϮϘϟ΍ΖϧΎ
ϛϮϟ
(١٢) ‫( واﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ‬٨) ‫ ھﺬه اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺠﺒﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬.‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﻗﺼﺮا‬
:‫ اي ان‬،‫( اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل‬١٣) ‫او‬
ΔL5 = - (ΔL1 + ΔL2) …..(20)
،Fa ‫ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮة‬،(١٣) ،(١٢) ،(٨) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬
. Ff

ήѧѧϴ
ϐΘϠ
ϟ
ΓέΎ
ѧηϻ΍
β ѧϜόΑ
ϦѧϜϟϭ
έ΍ΪѧѧϘϤϟΎ
ΑΔL5
ϱ ϭΎѧδϳϝϮѧѧτϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓϲ ѧϘϴ
ϘΤϟ΍
ήѧѧϴ
ϐΘϟ΍ϥ·
φѧѧΣϼϧ
.‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب وذﻟﻚ ﻻﻓﺘﺮاض زوال اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﻜﻲ‬

˯΍ϮѧΘ
ϟϻ΍
ήϴΛΎ
ѧΗ
ϭϙϮѧϫϥϮϧΎ
ѧϗήϴ
ΛΎѧΗϦѧϋ ΔѧΠΗΎ
Ϩϟ΍) Γέ΍ήѧΤϟ΍
ΔѧΟέΩϭ ςϐѧπ ϟ΍ Ε΍ ήϴ
ϐΗΐ δΤΗ ϚϟΫΪόΑ

ϝϮѧρϲ ѧϓ
ήѧϴ
ϐΘϟ΍
ΔϠ
ѧμ Τϣ
ΩΎѧΠϳ΍
ϢΘѧϳϲ ϟΎ
ѧΘϟΎ
Αϭ . (Γέ΍ήѧΤϟ΍
ΔѧΟέΩ ήϴ ΛΎѧΗ
ϭ ϱ ΩΎτϨϤϟ΍
ήϴ ΛΎ
Θϟ΍
ϭϲ ΒϟϮϠϟ΍
:‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ΔL6) ‫اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
ΔL6 = ΔL + ΔL5 …..(21)
١١
pe pe
Shoulder
Shoulder
pi
pi
Seals Seals
Tubing diameter< Packer diameter Tubing diameter = Packer diameter
‫( ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻟﺤﺸﻮات ﻋﺰل ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬٤-٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ΔL6=-ve ‫ان اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ اﻋﻼه ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

ΔϟΎ
τΘѧγ ϻ΍
ϊ ϨϤΘ
ѧγ ϝί Ύ
ѧόϟ΍
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
ϥΎ
ѧϓ(ΔϟΎ
τΘѧγ ΍
ϱ΃) ΔL6=+ve ΖѧѧϧΎ
ϛ
΍Ϋ΍
Ύ
ѧϣ΍
Δѧϟΰόϟ΍
ΓϮѧѧθΤϟ΍
.‫ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﺳﻔﻞ وﻟﺬا ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ وﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
Example (2):
Used the same data in example (1), with suppose slack off force equal
20000 lb.
1- Determine the change in length respect to slack off force and the
sum of total change.
2- Plot initial slack off force vs. minimum length of seals.
3- Mention the conclusion.
Solution:
1- Calculate the change in tubing length with respect to slack off force.
ΔL1 = - (L F)/(EAs) = - (120000*20000)/(30*106 *1.81) = - 44.2 in
ΔL2 = - r²F² / 8EIW = 1.61²*20000²/ 8*30*106*0.64 = - 4.2 in
ΔL5 = - (ΔL1 + ΔL2) = - (- 44.2 – 4.2) = 48.2 in

The sum of total change:
ΔL6 = ΔL + ΔL5 = -165.4 + 48.4 = - 117 in
2- Plot slack off force vs. ΔL6,

assume different value of slack off force, then calculate ΔL5 according
to assume value. And calculate ΔL6. as shown in figure (A).
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ‬ ΔL1 ΔL2 ΔL5 ΔL ΔL6
١٢
F*1000
0 0 0 0 - 165.4 - 165.4
10 - 22.1 - 1.05 23.15 - 165.4 - 142.25
20 - 44.2 - 4.19 48.39 - 165.4 - 117.01
30 - 66.3 - 9.43 75.73 - 165.4 - 89.67
40 - 88.4 - 16.77 105.17 - 165.4 - 60.23
50 - 110.5 - 26.2 136.70 - 165.4 - 28.7
55 - 121.55 - 31.71 153.26 - 165.4 - 12.14
58 0
60 - 132.6 - 37.73 170.33 - 165.4 + 4.93
70 - 154.7 - 51.36 206.06 - 165.4 + 40.66
200
150
DL6 Minimum Length of seals
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 55 60 70
F*1000 (initial of slack-off Force)
-50
-100
ΔL6(minimum Length of seals) VS F initial of slack-off Force FIGA A
3- Conclusions:
1- When slack off force equal zero, then ΔL6 = 165.4 in.
2- Prohibited any tubing motion (ΔL6 = zero), must used slack off force
equal 58000 lb.
3- If slack off force is larger than 58000 lb, the production packer will
behave as packers do not allowed tubing motion. And that cause force
between packer and tubing.
4- If slack off force is smaller than 58000 lb, the production packer
will behave as packers permitting free tubing motion.
١٣
‫اﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬-٣

ϲ ѧϔΘϛΩϮѧΟϮϟ
ϚѧϟΫϭϞϔѧγϻ΍
ϰѧϟ΍
ϭ΍ϰѧϠ
ϋϻ΍ ϰϟ΍
ΏϮΒϧϻ΍
ΔϛήΤΑ ΢ϤδΗϻ Δϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
ΓϮθΤϟ΍
ϥ΍ν ήΘϓ ΍

ΔϴΣϼѧ ѧμ Θγϻ΍ΕΎ ѧϴϠ
Ϥόϟ΍
˯΍
ήѧ
ѧΟ΍
ϝΎѧϤϛϻ΍Ϧѧ
ѧϣωϮѧ
ѧϨϟ΍
΍
άѧ
ѧϫ
ϲ ѧϓ
ϦϜϤϴѧϓ، (٥-٣) ϞϜѧ
ѧθϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
Ύ
ѧϤϛ
ΩΎϨѧγ΍
.‫اﻻﺧﺮى ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎن اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺪ او ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﺲ‬
١٤
‫‬
‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫‪ѧμ Τϣ‬‬
‫‪Ϯѧϫ‬‬
‫‪ϢѧϬϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϧ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ωϮϨϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪άϫ‬‬
‫ﻟﯿﺲ اﻟﻤﮭﻢ ھﻨﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﯿﺪة و ﻻﯾﺤﺼﻞ‪ϲ ϓ‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ واﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪(Fp‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ او اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ھﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ‪Fa‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ‪Ff‬‬
‫ت‪ -‬و ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ‪F‬‬
‫ث‪ -‬اﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ Fp‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫وﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺬي ﻻﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ Fp‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري اﺧﺬھﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Δϴϓ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧο ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴϠ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬ ‫‪ϰѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϱ ΩΆѧϳ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άѧϫϭ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧϟί Ύ‬‬
‫‪όϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧθΤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪Ϣѧτ ΤΗ‬‬
‫‪ΪϘϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ΪΟ‬‬ ‫‪ΓήϴΒϛ‬‬ ‫‪ΓϮϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϩάϫ‬‬‫‪ΖϧΎ‬‬‫‪ϛ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬
‫أ‪Ϋ΍ -‬‬
‫ﺑﺎھﻀﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΓϮѧϗ‬‬‫‪ΪѧϳΪΤΘϟ‬‬‫‪ϚѧϟΫϭ‬‬ ‫‪ϝΰѧόϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧθΣ‬‬ ‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬ ‫‪ϋ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫ˬ‬‫‪ΏϮѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϓF*a‬‬ ‫‪ˬΔѧϴϘϴϘΤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΓϮϘϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫‪μ Τϣ‬‬ ‫‪Δϓ‬‬
‫ب‪ήόϤϟ -‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϭ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϤϴϘΘѧδϣ‬‬ ‫‪ΏϮѧ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϛ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪Ϋ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϴϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϊѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϳΪΤΘϟ‬‬‫‪Ϛѧ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϟΫϭ F*f‬‬ ‫ˬ‬
‫‪Δѧο ήΘϔϤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϘϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΔϠ‬‬‫‪ѧμ Τϣ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧϓ‬‬
‫ت‪ήόϤϟ -‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺘﻮﯾﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﯿﺮة اﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺪى ﺣﺪث اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϥϻ‬‬ ‫‪ν ήѧόϣ‬‬ ‫‪Ϫѧϧ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϟѧϫϭ‬‬‫‪ΏϮѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ΔѧϟΎ‬‬‫‪Σ‬‬ ‫‪ΪϳΪΤΘϟ‬‬ ‫ث‪ -‬ان ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ اﻟﻘﻮﺗﯿﻦ ‪ϱ έϭήο F*p ، F*a‬‬
‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺒﺮوﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΔΌѧηΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϩϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϦϴѧΑϭ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϬΟ‬‬
‫‪ϦѧϣF*p ، F*a ϦϴΗϮѧϘϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϦϴѧΑ‬‬
‫‪ς ΑήѧΗ‬‬
‫‪ϲ Θϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬
‫‪ϗϼόϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥϮΜ‬‬
‫‪ΣΎ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΪΟϭ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΪϘϟ‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ‪ Fp‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ اﺧﺮى ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ھﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪Fa*  Fa  F p‬‬ ‫)‪..........................(22‬‬
‫‪F f*  F f  F p‬‬ ‫)‪.............................(23‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϰѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ΔѧϴϨΒϣ‬‬
‫‪ΏϮѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪Δѧϟί Ύ‬‬
‫‪όϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮѧ‬‬‫‪ѧθΤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϦϴѧΑ‬‬‫‪ΔΌѧηΎ‬‬‫‪Ϩϟ΍Fp‬‬‫‪ΓϮѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϤϴϗ‬‬
‫‪ϦϴѧϴόΘϟ‬‬‫‪ΔϴѧγΎ‬‬
‫‪γϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Γήѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϜϔϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ς ϐѧπ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ε΍‬‬
‫‪ήѧϴϐΗ‬‬‫‪ϝϮμ Σ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬ ‫‪ΔΠΗΎ‬‬
‫اﺳﺎس ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ طﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ‪Ϩϟ΍DL6‬‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ )ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ι΍‬‬‫‪ΪѧΣΎ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬
‫΃‪ϱ‬‬‫‬
‫ˬ‬‫‪ΔϴϠ‬‬
‫‪ѧλ ϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϪѧΘϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪ϰѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΏϮѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝϮρ‬‬‫‪ΓΩΎ‬‬‫‪ϋϻ‬‬
‫‪Δϣί ϼϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΔϴϜϴϧΎ‬‬
‫‪ϜϴϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΩΪΤΗ‬‬
‫‪ϚϟΫ‬‬
‫‪ΪόΑ‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ DL6‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ اﻻﺷﺎرة واﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ھﻨﺎ ‪. DLp‬‬
‫‪DLp‬‬
‫‪ϝϮѧτ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ήϴϐΘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔϤϴϗ‬‬
‫‪Δϓ‬‬‫‪ήόϣ‬‬‫ﻟﻘﺪ اﻗﺘﺮح ‪ Lubinski‬ورﻓﺎﻗﮫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻻﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ΪόΑFp‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬا اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ اﺧﺮﯾﻦ واﺛﺒﺖ ﺻﺤﺘﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϰѧѧϟ‬‬
‫‪Δϓ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧο ϻΎ‬‬
‫‪ΑFp‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϤϴϗ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϨϣ‬‬
‫‪ς ΒϨΘѧδϳ‬‬
‫‪Δѧλ Ύ‬‬
‫‪Χ‬‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϴϨΤϨϣ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧΌϴϬΗ‬‬
‫‪ϰѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪Ρήѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘϘϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΏϮϠ‬‬
‫‪ѧγϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϊѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤΘόϳ‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ اﺧﺮى‪-:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϛ‬‬
‫‪ΏϮΒϧϼϟ‬‬
‫‪Ϟϔγϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϑ ήτ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϰϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ϰϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϮΤϧ‬‬
‫‪Ζτ Ϡ‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬‫اوﻻ ‪ :‬اﻓﺮض ان ﻗﻮة ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺔ ‪ΪϗF‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٣‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬
-: ‫ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة ﺳﺘﺤﺪث ﺗﻐﯿﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ھﻮك وﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬
-:(‫ اذاﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ )ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ‬-١

ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧ
ѧϴϐΘϟ΍
ΔϠ
ѧμ Τϣ
Ϧѧѧϓ(n<L )
ΏϮѧ
ѧΒϧϻ΍
ϦϤѧο
ϊ ѧϘΗ
ϝΩΎ
ѧόΘϟ΍
Δѧτ Ϙϧ
ΖѧѧϧΎ
ϛΫ΍
΍
: ‫اﻟﻄﻮل ھﻲ‬
r2 F 2
......................24
LF
L*f   
E As 8 E I W

ΔѧϴϜϴϧΎ
Ϝϴϣ
ΓϮѧϗ
ς ϴϠ
ѧδΗ
ϰѧϟ΍
Ϊѧ΋Ύ
όϟ΍ϝϮѧτ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ϲ ѧο ΍
ήΘϓ
ϻ΍
ήѧϴϐΘϟ΍Ϯϫ ∆L*f ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ان‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻻﺧﺮى ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻔﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب‬

ϝϮѧτ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧϴϐΘϟ΍
ΔϠ
ѧμ ΤϤϓ(n>L)
ΏϮѧΒϧϻ΍
ΝέΎ
ѧΧ
ϊ ѧϘΗ
ϝΩΎ
όΘϟ΍
Δτ Ϙϧ
ΖϧΎ ϛΫ΍
΍
-: ‫ھﻲ‬
LF r 2 F 2  LW  LW 
L*f     2   ........................... (25)
E As 8 E I W  F  F 

΢Βѧμ Η
ϚϟάѧΑϭ
ϞѧϤϬΗ
ϲ ΒϟϮѧϠ
ϟ΍
˯΍
ϮΘϟϻ΍
ΔϟΩΎ
όϣ
ϥΎϓ
ΔΒϟΎ
γΔτϠ
δϤϟ΍
ΓϮϘϟ΍
ΔϤϴϗΖϧΎϛ ‫ إذا‬-٢
-: ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
LF
L*f   .................(26)
E As
‫ و‬F (Δѧϴ
ϜϴϧΎ
ϜϴϤϟ΍ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
)ΔτϠ
ѧδϤϟ΍
ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
Ϧϴ
ѧΑ
Δѧϗϼϋ
Ϣѧγ ήϧ
ϥΎѧΑ
ϪѧϗΎ
ϓέϭ Lubinski ΡήѧΘϗ΍
ΪѧϘϟ
-: ∆L*f
(٢٦) ‫∆ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬L*f ‫ )ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﻔﻞ ( ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻢ‬F ‫ﺑﻔﺮض ﻗﯿﻢ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮة‬
( ٢٤) ‫∆ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬L*f ‫)ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ ﻟﻼﻋﻠﻰ ( ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬F ‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻔﺮض ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮة‬
(٦-٣)‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬A ‫ ھﻲ ﻗﻮة ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ )ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ ( ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬F ‫ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺑﺎن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬
١٦

έ΍ΪѧϘϤΑ
ϪϟϮρ
ήϴϐΗ
ϲ ϛ
ΏϮΒϧϼϟ
Ϟϔγϻ΍
ϑ ήτ ϟ΍
ϰϠ
ϋ Fp ‫اﻓﺮض ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﺮاد ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻂ ﻗﻮة اﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬
. ∆Lp

β Βѧϛ
ΓϮѧϗ
ΎѧϬϧ΍
ϰѧϠ
ϋϝΪѧΗ
ϝΪѧΗ
ΔѧΒΟϮϤϟ΍
ΓέΎ
ѧηϻ΍
)ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
ϚѧϠ
Η
ΓέΎ
ѧη΍
ϭΔѧϤϴϗ
Δѧϓ
ήόϣ Ϯѧϫ
ΎѧϨϫ
ΏϮϠ τ Ϥϟ΍
.(‫واﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮭﺎ ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ‬

ΓϮѧ
ѧϗϭϝϮѧѧτ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧѧϴϐΘϟ΍
ϦϴѧΑ
ΔѧϴϧΎ
ϴΑ
Δѧϗϼϋϻϭ΍ ˯ϲ ѧϬϧΔϠ
Ϝѧ
ѧθϤϟ΍
ϩάѧѧϫ
ϞѧѧΜ
Ϥϟ
Ϟѧ
ѧΣϰѧ
ѧϟ΍
ϝϮѧѧλ Ϯϟ΍
ϞѧΟϻ

ΡϭήѧθϤϟ΍ ΏϮϠ γϻΎ Αϭ ΏϮΒϧϻ΍ ϰϠϋΔτ ϠδϤϟ΍‫( اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬Pickup) ‫( او اﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬Slack-off )‫اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ‬

ϚϟάѧϟϭΪѧηΔѧϟΎ
Σ ϲ ѧϓϝΰѧϨϳ
ϥ΍ ϦѧϜϤϳΏϮΒϧϻ΍
ϥ΍ Ϯϫ Ύ
Ϩϫϕήϔϟ΍ ). ( A) ‫ واﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬٢ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
. (‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ‬

ϝϮѧτ ϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ήѧϴϐΘϟ΍
ΩΎ
ѧΠϳϻ
ϞϜѧθϟ΍
΍
άϫ
ϞΜϣ
ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ
ϦϜϤϳ .(A2 ) ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﮭﺬا ﻻرﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
.‫∆ ﻻﯾﺔ ﻗﻮة ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺔ‬Lp

ΎѧϬόϗϮϣ
Ϧѧϣ
ΔѧϴΛ΍
ΪΣϻ΍ έϭΎѧΤϤϟ΍
ϝϮΤϧ ∆Lp ‫ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻄﻮل ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬Fp ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬

ϲ ѧϫϥϻ΍
Ϟѧλ ϻ΍
Δѧτ Ϙϧ
ϥϮѧϜΗΚѧϴΣ (٧-٣) ‫( اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬٦-٣) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
Fp ‫ أي اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻘﻮة‬A ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
١٧
‫‪ ‬اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل ‪ ∆Lp‬ھﻮ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ Fp‬ھﻲ ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ(‪-:‬‬
‫‬
‫΃‪ϱ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϰϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫أ‪ -‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ ‪ AB‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﻰ ‪ϬΠΘϣϭ ∆Lp‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪B‬ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﻮازﯾﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت وﯾﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ C‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϝϮѧτ Α‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϠ‬‬
‫‪Μ‬‬‫‪Ϥϣ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϧ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ΚѧϴΣ Fp Δѧϟί Ύ‬‬
‫‪όϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮθΤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϦϴΑ‬‬
‫‪ΔΌηΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϩϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‬
‫‪ΔϴϜϴϧΎ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΓϮϘϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΩΎ‬‬‫‪Πϳ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϦϜϤϳ‬‬ ‫ت‪ϥϻ΍-‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪. BC‬‬
‫ان ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٣‬ﯾﺤﺪد ﻓﯿﻤﺎ اذا ﻛﻦ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻻﯾﺰال ﻣﻠﺘﻮﯾﺎ ام ﻻ‪-:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϥΎ‬‬‫‪ ‬ﻓﺎذا وﻗﻌﺖ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ C‬ﻋﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬أي ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﻤﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﺻﻞ ‪ѧϓO‬‬
‫اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻻﯾﺰال ﻣﻠﺘﻮﯾﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ظﺮوﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪. A‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻣﺎ اذا وﻗﻌﺖ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪C‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ C1‬ﻣﺜﻼ( أي ﯾﺴﺎر اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ O‬ﻓﺎن اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪Fp‬‬
‫‪ ‬اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل ‪ ∆Lp‬ﻗﺼﺮا ) اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ Fp‬ھﻲ ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ(‬

‫ﻓﺎن ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪C‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ،A‬ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪C2‬ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ .‬اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ Fp‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‬
‫‪Ζѧ‬‬‫‪ѧΤΗ‬‬
‫‪ϪѧϴϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϛ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϣ‬‬
‫‪ήѧ‬‬‫‪ѧΒϛ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧΟέΪΑ‬‬
‫‪ΏϮѧ‬‬‫‪ѧΒϧϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪˯΍‬‬
‫‪Ϯѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧΘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝϮѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧμ Σ‬‬
‫‪ϰѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϱ ΩΆΘѧγ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϩάѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧϫ‬‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ς ϐѧπ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΖΛΪΣ‬‬‫‪Ϊϗ‬‬
‫‪Ε΍‬‬‫‪ήϴϐΗ‬‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϲ ϘϠ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ύ΍‬‬‫‪ήϔϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ΏϮΒϧϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϲϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϟ΋‬‬ ‫‪΍‬‬‫‪Ϯγ‬‬ ‫‪ΩϮΟϭ‬‬ ‫‪ϥϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪Ϩο ήϓ‬‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‪Ϯϟ:‬‬
‫‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ادت اﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪. ∆Lp‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϝϮѧμ Σ‬‬
‫‪ϰѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΕΩϻ‬‬
‫‪ΏϮѧΒϧϼϟ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ھﻮ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ Fp‬اﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻮ اﺛﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف‪Ϟϔγϻ΍‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﻰ ‪ ∆Lp‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ اﻻﺷﺎرة ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϰѧϠ‬‬
‫)‪ (٦-٣‬و)‪ϋ (٧-٣‬‬ ‫‪ϦϴϠ‬‬‫‪Ϝѧθϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϡ΍‬‬‫‪ΪΨΘѧγΎ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬
‫΃‪ϱ‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϩϼѧϋ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΡϭήѧθϤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΏϮϠ‬‬ ‫‪ѧγϻ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪β ϔϧ‬‬‫‪ϡΪΨΘδϧ‬‬‫‪ΔϟΎ‬‬‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϩάϫ‬‬
‫‪ϲϓ‬‬
‫ﺷﺮط ان ‪-:‬‬
‫‪(٧-٣)ϞϜѧθϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓF‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϴϜϴϧΎ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ (١‬ﺗﺤﻞ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ‪ Ff‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ϞΤϣ(٦‬‬
‫)اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪A‬ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ(‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ W‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(١٦‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Δѧτ ϘϨΑ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬΘϧέΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϘϤΑ‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άϫ‬‬
‫‪ϥϮϜϳϭ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϬΗέΎ‬‬
‫‪η΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Δϓ‬‬ ‫‪ήόϣ‬‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ Fp‬واﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪ΐ ΠϴϓBC‬‬
‫اﻻﺻﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ‪-:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϝΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧΤϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϫ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϛ A ΓΪѧϳΪΠϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϟѧλ ϻ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ς ѧϘϧ‬‬‫‪έΎ‬‬
‫‪δϳ‬‬ ‫‪ϰϠ‬‬
‫ﻓﺎذا وﻗﻌﺖ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ )Fp‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪ϋ (BC‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺎن ‪ Fp‬ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ )ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ(‬
‫اﻣﺎ اذا و ﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻓﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ )ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ(‬
‫‪ѧϣ΍‬ﺎ‬
‫‬‫ ‪ϚѧϟΫϭ F*f‬‬
‫‪Δѧο ήΘϔϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔϠ‬‬
‫‪ѧμ Τϣ‬‬‫‪ϰϠ‬‬ ‫‪ϋ‬‬ ‫‪ϝϮμ Τϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϦϜϤϳ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϬΗέΎ‬‬
‫‪η΍‬‬‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ϭ Fp‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ) ‪ (٢٣‬او ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٣‬ﺣﯿﺚ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪. CE‬‬
‫)اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ F*f‬ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ ﻻن اﺷﺎرﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ( ‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ‪ F*a‬ﻓﻨﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﯾﺠﺎدھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل )‪(٣-٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮت ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺣﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺰل ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻻﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ F*f ، F*a ، Fp‬وﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ او ﻗﻮة ﻛﺒﺲ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺣﺪد ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻓﯿﻤﺎ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻠﺘﻮﯾﺎ او ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اذﻛﺮ اھﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل )‪ (١-٣‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ طﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺼﻮل ﺗﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرج‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ ∆L ،‬ھﻮ‬
‫‪∆L=-165.4 in‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل )‪ (٢-٣‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ طﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ ‪ ∆L5،‬ھﻮ‬
‫‪∆L5=48.4 in‬‬
‫وﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮل ‪ ∆L6‬ھﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪∆L6 = ∆Lp = ∆L + ∆L5‬‬
‫‪= - 165.4+48.4 = - 117 in‬‬
‫‪١٩‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻻﻋﺎدة طﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻰ اﺻﻠﮫ ‪ Fp ،‬ھﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ ‪ ١١٧‬اﻧﺞ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻻن ﻧﻔﺮض ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮة ‪ F‬وﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻢ ‪∆L*f‬‬

‫)‪F* 1000(lb‬‬ ‫)‪∆L*f (in‬‬
‫‪-50‬‬ ‫‪110.5‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 26‬‬
‫‪-40‬‬ ‫‪88.4‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 26‬‬
‫‪-30‬‬ ‫‪66.3‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 26‬‬
‫‪- 20‬‬ ‫‪44.2‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 26‬‬
‫‪- 10‬‬ ‫‪22.1‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 26‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 26 or Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪- 23.2‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪- 48.4‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪- 75.7‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪- 105.2‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪- 136.7‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪- 170.3‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪192.742‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺸﯿﺔ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪- 206.1‬‬ ‫‪Eqt 24‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ F‬و ‪ ∆L*f‬ﻛﻤﺎ وﺿﺤﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ وﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٨-٣‬ادﻧﺎه‪:‬‬
‫‪∆L*f‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪-50‬‬ ‫‪-40‬‬ ‫‪-30‬‬ ‫‪-20‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪١‬‬ ‫‪-50‬‬
‫‪-100‬‬
‫‪-150‬‬
‫‪-200‬‬
‫‪-250‬‬
‫‪∆L*f VS F‬‬
‫رﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﻲ ‪ 1‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٨-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﺻﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ‪ Ff‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ 66400‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل)‪ (١-٣‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٩-٣‬ادﻧﺎه ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪∆L*f‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪Ff=66400 lb‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪-50‬‬ ‫‪-40‬‬ ‫‪-30‬‬ ‫‪-20‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪١‬‬ ‫‪-50‬‬
‫‪Fp= - 37000‬‬
‫‪-100‬‬
‫‪∆Lp=+117 in‬‬
‫‪-150‬‬
‫‪-200‬‬
‫‪-250‬‬
‫)‪∆L*f VS Fig (3-9‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﺠﺪ ان ‪:‬‬

‫‪Fp = - 37000‬‬
‫‪F*f = Ff + Fp‬‬
‫‪= 66400 – 37000 = 29400‬‬
‫‪F*a = Fa + Fp‬‬
‫‪= 37648-37000 =648‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت ‪-:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ε΍‬‬ ‫‪ήѧϴϐΗ‬‬
‫‪ΪѧόΑ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬ﺘ‪ѧϳϮ‬‬‫‪ϣ‬‬‫‪ϰѧϘΒϳ‬‬‫‪ΏϮΒϧϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ϥΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϪϴϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋϭ‬‬ ‫‪β Βϛ‬‬ ‫‪ΓϮϗ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ϬϧΎ‬‬ ‫‪ϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ .١‬ﺑﻤﺎ ان ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ΔΒΟϮϣF*f‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϥί ϭ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧϓ‬‬
‫‪ήόϣ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϣϭ‬‬‫‪ΔѧϤϴϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϩάѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧϫ‬‬‫‪Ϧѧ‬‬‫‪ѧϣ(β Βѧϛ‬‬ ‫‪ΓϮѧ‬‬‫)‪ѧϗ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧΒΟϮϣ‬‬ ‫‪ΔѧϠ‬‬‫‪ϴϠ‬‬‫‪ϗ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧϤϴϗ‬‬ ‫‪ϲ ѧϫ F*a‬‬ ‫‪ΓϮѧ‬‬
‫‪ѧϘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ΔѧϤϴϗ .٢‬‬
‫اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪Ft‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΓΪѧΣ‬‬‫‪Ϟѧϗ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ε΍‬‬ ‫‪˯΍‬‬‫‪ϮѧΘϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϰѧϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϱ Ω˯Ϯѧϳ‬‬
‫‪ΔϛήΤϟΎ‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ان اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺰل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻻ‪Α‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ طﻠﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ft،Fp ،F*f ،F*a‬‬ ‫‪ϯ ϮѧϘϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ϞѧΜ‬‬‫‪ϤΗ‬‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴϨΤϨϣ‬‬‫‪ΔѧΌϴϬΗϭ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϘΑΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧγ‬‬ ‫‪ΓέϮϛάѧϤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ΑΎ‬‬‫‪δΤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪ΓΩΎ‬‬
‫‪ϋ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪ϦϜϤϳ .٤‬‬
‫ﻛﺪاﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻮة ا ﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺔ او ﻗﻮة اﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺣﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺰل‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﺣﺸﻮة اﻟﻌﺰل‬
‫‪ ................ ‬اﻟﺦ‬
‫‪٢١‬‬
ήϔѧλ ϱ ϭΎ
ѧδΗFp ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
ΔѧϤϴϗϥϮϜΗϲ Ϝϟ
Δϣί ϼϟ΍ ΔϴΧήΘϟ΍
ΓϮϗΪϳΪΤΗ
ϲϓ
ΎϧΪϋΎ δΗΕΎ ϴϨΤϨϤϟ΍
ϩάϫ ϞΜϣ

ϦѧϣϚѧϟΫ
ήѧϴϏϭ
ϪѧϣΪϋ ϭ΍˯΍ϮѧΘϟ΍
Ι ϭΪѧΣϲ ϟΎ
ѧΘϟΎ
Αϭ (β Βѧϛ
ϭ΍Ϊη) ‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب‬،
.‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى‬
(٩-٣) ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
٢٢
Helical backling Calculations EXP 1

Example (1)
The following well data from workedover operations [cementing water
producer formation (Aquifer)]:
Casing 7'', 32 lb/ft,
Tubing 2⅞'3f'', 6.5 lb/ft.
Production packer 3.25'', set @ 10000 ft.
Temperature change -20 oF (Cooling)
Initial condition
Tubing & Annulus contain oil have API = 30o.
Pressure inside & outside tubing at surface (Pth, Pah) = zero.(Pis1=0,Pos2=0)
Final condition
Annulus contain same oil &Tubing contain cement have ρ = 15 lb/gal .
pressure inside tubing at surface (Pth) = 5000 psi, (=Pis2)

pressure outside tubing at surface (Pah) = 1000 psi.(=Pos2)
1- Determine the change in tubing length with respect to all effects, pressure
& temperature effects.
2- Determine the actual force, fictitious force & neutral point.
3-Mention the conclusion.
Given:-
Dc  6.094 Dc = Casing, in
d  2.441 d = Inside diameter of tubing, in
D  2.875 D = Outside diameter of tubing, in
Dp  3.25 Dp = Inside diameter of packer, in

6
E  30 10 ib/in2 for ir
Ws  6.5 lb/ft
5
L  1000012
  1.2  10 in depth of packer
T  20 F
Pis1  0 APIi1  30
Pos1  0 APIo1  30 ٢٣
3
Pis2 
Pos2  5000
1000  i2  15
APIo2  4.329
30  10  0.065 lb/in²/1in
   D2
A ( D)   
 4
Ai  A ( d)  4.68 Ai = Area based on inside diameter of tubing, in²
Ao  A ( D)  6.492 Ao = Area based on outside diameter of tubing, in²
As  Ao  Ai  1.812
Ap  A ( Dp)  8.296
Ap = Area based on inside diameter of packer seal, in²
Initial condition
141.5
 water  62.4 API  30 o ( API) 
API  131.5
lb
 o  o ( API)   water  54.672
3
ft
 i1 
 o   PG=pressure Gradient insid & outsid
 3 0.032 lb/in²/1in or Psi/in tubing at intial time
 12 
 o1   i1  0.032
3
Pip1   i1  L  Pis1  3.797 10 psi Press insid tubing at Packer
3
Pop1   o1  L  Pos1  3.797 10 psi Press outsid tubing at Packer
Final condition
4
Pip2   i2  L  Pis2  1.279 10
 o2   o1  0.032
3
Pop2   o2  L  Pos2  4.797 10
3
Pi  Pip2  Pop1  8.996 10
3
Po  Pop2  Pop1  1  10
L1  
 L  [ ( Ap  Ai) Pi  ( Ap  Ao) Po ]  67.822
 ٢٤
 E As 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 D  4
R    1.178 Ff  Ap ( Pi  Po )  6.633 10
 d
 Dc  D  
r    1.61 r = Diameter of annulus between casing and tubing, in
 2 
    D4  d4  I = Moment of inertia of tubing cross section with respect to its

I    1.611
 64 Diameter, in4
Calculate total weight per unit length, W

Ws = Weight of tubing per unit length
Wi = Weight of fluid inside tubing per unit length (basedon id of tubing)
Wo = weight of annulus fluid displaced by bulk volume of tubing per unit length (based on od of tubing)
Ws  6.5 lb/ft
Wi  Ai   i2  0.304 lb/in
Wo  Ao   o2  0.205 lb/in
Ws
W   Wi  Wo  0.64 lb/in
12
 i   i2   i1  0.033
 o   o2   o2  0
2 2
r  Ff
L2    46.049 in
8EI W
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v  0.3
3
Pis  Pis2  Pis1  5  10
3
Pos  Pos2  Pos1  1  10
  0
 i  R2 o   1  2 v  

 
2v   2  2v   
2
 v 
L3    
 L      Pis  R  Pos  L  34.776
 E   2
R 1

  E   2
R 1


٢٥
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
C  6.9 10
L4  C  L  T  16.56
*********************************************************************************************************
in
L  L1  L2  L3  L4  165.207
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4
Fa  ( Ap  Ai)  Pip2  ( Ap  Ao)  Pop2  3.76  10
4
Ff  Ap ( Pip2  Pop2)  6.633 10
 Ff   5
n    1.036 10 in
W
5
L  1.2  10 in
then n<L
٢٦
EXP 2
F  20000 F=F Slack-off ‫اﻟرﻓﻊ او اﻟﺗرﺧﯾﺔ ﻗوة‬
L1  
 L F   44.149

 As E 
 r2 F2 
L2     4.187
 8EI W 
L5  ( L1  L2 )  48.336
L6  L  L5  116.87
3 3
F  0 10 10  70 10
 LF r F 
2 2
L6 ( F)  L    
 As E 8E I W 
F L6 ( F) 
0 -165.207
1·104 -142.085
2·104 -116.87
3·104 -89.562
4·104 -60.161
5·104 -28.666
6·104 4.922
7·104 40.604
200
100
 L6 ( F)
0
 100
4 4 4
0 2 10 4 10 6 10
F
٢٧
 L F1    r F1 
EXP 3 2 2
Lf1 ( F1)   
Lf2 ( F2)  
 L F2   E As   8E I W 

 E As 
3 3
3 3 F1  0 10 10  70 10 + ve value
F2  60 10 50 10  0 - ve Value
F1  Lf1 ( F1) 
F2  Lf2 ( F2) 
0 0
-6·104 132.448
1·104 -23.121
-5·104 110.374
2·104 -48.336
-4·104 88.299
3·104 -75.644
-3·104 66.224
4·104 -105.046
-2·104 44.149
5·104 -136.541
-1·104 22.075
6·104 -170.129
0 0
7·104 -205.811
Lf3  Lf1 ( 66400)  192.724
192.724 117  75.724
200
Lf1 ( F1) 100

0
Lf2 ( F2)
 100
Lf3
 200
 300
5 5
 1 10 0 1 10
F1 F2 66400
from above fig an for (Ff=66400)

then(Fp equal):-
Fp  37000
Ff  66400
4
Ff  Ff  Fp  2.94 10
Fa  Fa  Fp  603.385
٢٨
‫‪٢٩‬‬
‫إٌَقخ االطٍ‪١‬خ‪ :‬وزبة ٕ٘لٍخ أزبط إٌفؾ ٌٍظف‪ٛ‬ف اٌضبٌضخ‪ -‬لَُ ٕ٘لٍخ إٌفؾ ‪ٚ‬إٌّبعُ ٌٍلوز‪ٛ‬ه ؽبىَ ػجلاٌىو‪ ُ٠‬اٌؼطبه ‪ٚ‬اٌلوز‪ٛ‬ه ؽبٌت هش‪١‬ل ٍ٘‪ ً١‬اٌؼبٔ‪ٟ‬‬
‫هلُ اال‪٠‬لاع ثبٌّىزجخ اٌ‪ٛ‬ؽٕ‪١‬خ ثجغلاك ٔ٘ٗ ٌَٕخ ‪ٔ811‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: Faaiz Al-Zubaidi/Assistant Lecturer/Kirkuk University‬‬
‫ِملِخ‪:‬‬
‫‪٠‬غت ػيي اٌ‪١ٙ‬له‪ٚ‬ووث‪ٔٛ‬بد ػٓ ثؼؼ‪ٙ‬ب االفو ‪ٚ‬ػٓ اٌّبء لجً رظٕ‪١‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ب اٌ‪ِٕ ٝ‬زغبد‬
‫ٔفط‪١‬خ‪ .‬اْ اٌّؼلاد اٌَّزقلِخ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌؾمٍ‪١‬خ ثب٘ظخ اٌزىبٌ‪١‬ف ‪ٚ‬غبٌجآ ِب ‪٠‬زُ‬
‫ٔظج‪ٙ‬ب ثؾ‪١‬ش رشزون ثىً ‪ٚ‬اؽلح ِٕ‪ٙ‬ب ِغّ‪ٛ‬ػخ االثبه ‪ .‬رغّغ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ إٌّزغخ ِٓ ‪ٚ‬اؽل‬
‫ا‪ ٚ‬اوضو ِٓ االثبه ف‪ ٟ‬شجىخ رغّ‪١‬غ صُ رٕمً اٌ‪ِ ٝ‬ؼلاد اٌؼيي ‪ّ٠ٚ .‬ىٓ ٌشجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ اْ‬
‫رؼُ فؾ عو‪٠‬بْ ‪ٚ‬اؽل ‪٠‬وثؾ ث‪ ٓ١‬هأً اٌجئو ‪ِٚ‬ؼلاد اٌؼيي ا‪ ٚ‬اْ رؼُ ػلح فط‪ٛ‬ؽ‬
‫عو‪٠‬بْ ‪ ,‬أبث‪١‬ت ر‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬هئ‪١َ١‬خ (‪ِٚ , )headers‬ؼلاد رظٕ‪١‬غ‬
‫ٔ‪ .‬أ‪ٛ‬اع شجىبد اٌزغّ‪١‬غ‬
‫شجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ اٌشؼبػ‪١‬خ‬

‫شجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ اٌشؼبػ‪١‬خ رئك‪ ٞ‬فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ف‪٘ ٟ‬نٖ اٌشجىخ اٌ‪ٔ ٝ‬مطخ ِووي‪٠‬خ ؽ‪١‬ش رمغ‬
‫ِؼلاد اٌّؼبٌغخ ‪ٔ .‬ظت ػبكح فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ف‪٘ ٟ‬نٖ اٌؾبٌخ ف‪ ٟ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ر‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬هئ‪ٛ٘ٚ َٟ١‬‬
‫ػجبهح ػٓ أج‪ٛ‬ة ثمطو وج‪١‬و ‪ٚ‬وبف الٍز‪١‬ؼبة أزبط عّ‪١‬غ اٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ ‪.‬‬
‫شجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ ماد اٌقؾ اٌوئ‪َٟ١‬‬
‫٘‪ ٟ‬شجىخ ماد اٌقؾ اٌّؾ‪ٛ‬ه‪ ٞ‬ا‪ ٚ‬اٌوئ‪َ٠ . )axial or trunk-line G.S.( َٟ١‬زؼًّ ٘نا‬
‫إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ شجىبد اٌزغّ‪١‬غ ف‪ِٕ ٟ‬بؽك االِز‪١‬بى االوجو َِبؽخ (‪ , )larger leases‬أ‪ ٚ‬ؽ‪١‬ش‬
‫‪٠‬ى‪ٔ ْٛ‬ظت ِؼلاد اٌزظٕ‪١‬غ ػٕل ٔمطخ ِووي‪٠‬خ غ‪١‬و ِّىٕآ ِٓ إٌبؽ‪١‬خ اٌؼٍّ‪١‬خ ‪ .‬ف‪٘ ٟ‬نا إٌ‪ٛ‬ع‬
‫رى‪ ْٛ‬أبث‪١‬ت اٌز‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬اٌوئ‪١َ١‬خ اٌجؼ‪١‬لح اطغو ِٕ‪ٙ‬ب ف‪ ٟ‬شجىبد اٌزغّ‪١‬غ اٌشؼبػ‪١‬خ ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ٕ‪ٍٍٛ .‬ن عو‪٠‬بْ اٌّبئغ‬
‫ػٕلِب ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬عو‪٠‬بْ ِ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌجئو ثشىً وزً ِزؼبلجخ ِٓ اٌَبئً ‪ٚ‬اٌغبى ‪ ,‬فبْ مٌه ٍ‪١‬ئك‪ ٞ‬اٌ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ؽل‪ٚ‬س رؼوه ف‪ ٟ‬شجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ ‪٠ٚ .‬ؾلس ِب ‪ َّٝ٠‬ثطوق اٌّبء ( ‪)water hammering‬‬
‫ػٕلِب رؼوة وزٍخ ِٓ اٌَبئً ِٕؼطفب ؽبكا ف‪ ٟ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة‪.‬‬
‫اْ ؽوق اٌّبء ال ‪٠‬ئك‪ ٞ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬صمت االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ِٓ اٌلافً ‪ٌٚ ,‬ىٓ اٌؾووخ اٌز‪َ٠ ٟ‬جج‪ٙ‬ب ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اْ رىَو‬
‫ؽز‪ ٝ‬ال‪ ٜٛ‬أ‪ٛ‬اع اٌف‪ٛ‬الم ثؼل ِو‪ٚ‬ه فزوح ىِٕ‪١‬خ ِؼ‪ٕ١‬خ ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫* ٌنٌه ‪٠‬غت رظّ‪ ُ١‬شجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ ثؾ‪١‬ش رى‪ ْٛ‬فبٌ‪١‬خ ِٓ إٌّؼطفبد اٌؾبكح (اْ رزُ أؼطبفبد‬
‫االٔبث‪١‬ت ثظ‪ٛ‬هح رله‪٠‬غ‪١‬خ )‬
‫* ػٕلِب الثل اْ رى‪ ْٛ‬االٔؼطبفبد ؽبكح (ِٓ أبث‪١‬ت اٌز‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬اٌوئ‪١َ١‬خ ِضال) ‪ ,‬ف‪١‬غت رم‪٠ٛ‬خ‬
‫علهاْ االٔبث‪١‬ت ٌّٕغ اٌزؼوه ‪.‬‬
‫ِالؽظخ‪-:‬‬
‫ػٕلِب رزغّغ اٌجبها ف‪ٕ١‬بد ‪ ٚ‬اٌمش‪ٛ‬ه ( ‪ )shale's‬ف‪ ٟ‬شجىبد اٌزغّ‪١‬غ ‪ ,‬فؤٔ‪ٙ‬ب ٍزمًٍ ِٓ لطو‬
‫االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ‪ٚ‬ثبٌزبٌ‪ ٟ‬فبْ االؽزىبن ٍ‪١‬يكاك‪ٚ ,‬ف‪ ٟ‬ثؼغ االؽ‪١‬بْ رى‪ ْٛ‬رغّؼبد ٘نٖ اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك وبف‪١‬خ‬
‫ٌغٍك االٔج‪ٛ‬ة وٍ‪١‬ب ‪ٌّٕٚ .‬غ ؽل‪ٚ‬س ِضً ٘نٖ اٌزغّؼبد ‪ ,‬رؼبٌظ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ إٌّزغخ ثبٌّن‪٠‬جبد‬
‫اٌى‪١ّ١‬ب‪٠ٚ‬خ ثظ‪ٛ‬هح َِزّوح ‪ ,‬ؽ‪١‬ش اْ وٍفخ ٘نٖ اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك اٌى‪١ّ١‬ب‪٠ٚ‬خ ف‪ ٟ‬ثؼغ االؽ‪١‬بْ الً ِٓ‬
‫وٍفخ رٕظ‪١‬ف شجىخ اٌزغّ‪١‬غ ‪.‬‬
‫ٖ‪ .‬فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫‪٠‬زُ ٔمً اٌّبئغ ِٓ االثبه اٌ‪ِ ٝ‬ؼلاد اٌّؼبٌغخ ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ أبث‪١‬ت ٔمً رلػ‪ ٝ‬ثقط‪ٛ‬ؽ‬
‫اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪٠ .‬وثؾ فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ثوأً اٌجئو ‪ ,‬رّزل فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ رؾذ أ‪ ٚ‬ػٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬طؼ‬
‫االهع ‪ٕ٠ٚ ,‬ز‪ ٟٙ‬فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ػبكح ػٕل ‪ٚ‬ػبء اٌؼيي ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؾبٌخ ‪ٚ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك ثئو ‪ٚ‬اؽل‬
‫فمؾ أ‪ ٚ‬ػٕل أج‪ٛ‬ة ر‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬هئ‪ َٟ١‬ف‪ ٟ‬ؽبٌخ ‪ٚ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك ػلح اثبه ‪٠ .‬زؾلك اٌؼغؾ اٌلافٍ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ٌقؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ثؼغ‪ٛ‬ؽ هأً اٌجئو ‪ِٚ‬وافك اٌّؼبٌغخ اٌظٕبػ‪١‬خ االفو‪ٚ , ٜ‬اْ ٘نا‬
‫اٌؼغؾ ‪٠‬ؾلك ِ‪ٛ‬اك ‪ٚ‬اٍبٌ‪١‬ت اٌزظٕ‪١‬غ اٌالىِخ ٌظٕبػخ فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬فط‪ٛ‬ؽ عو‪٠‬بْ اٌؼغؾ اٌ‪ٛ‬اؽ‪ٝ‬ء ‪low pressure flow lines‬‬
‫ٕ٘بن ػلكا ِٓ االثبه ‪ٚ ,‬فبطخ رٍه األثبه اٌَّزؼٍّخ ف‪ِٕ ٟ‬ؼ‪ِٛ‬بد اٌولغ‬
‫األططٕبػ‪, ٟ‬رٕزظ ثؼغؾ ِٕقفغ الً ِٓ ٕ٘ٔ هؽً\غملح ِوثؼخ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ ٌ١ٌ ٚ‬بن ػغطب ٔ‪ٛ‬ػ‪١‬ب اٌن‪ ٞ‬ك‪٠ ٗٔٚ‬طٍك ػٍ‪ ٝ‬فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ثؤٔٗ ٔمً ثؼغؾ‬
‫ِٕقفغ ‪.‬‬
‫اال أٗ ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ػبِخ ػٕلِباا ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬الظ‪ ٝ‬ػغؾ رشغ‪ٌ ً١‬قط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪َ٠‬ب‪ ٞٚ‬ا‪ٚ‬‬
‫الً ِٓ ٕ٘ٔ هؽً\غملح ِوثؼخ ‪,‬‬
‫ػٕلئن ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اػزجبه رٍه اٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ ثؤٔ‪ٙ‬ب أبث‪١‬ت ٔمً ثؼغؾ ِٕقفغ ‪٠ٚ‬زُ رظٕ‪١‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ب‬
‫‪ٚ‬فمب ٌنٌه ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .a‬فؾ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪steel line pipe ٞ‬‬
‫‪ ِٓ ٛ٘ٚ‬االٔ‪ٛ‬اع اٌّؤٌ‪ٛ‬فخ علا ٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪٠ٚ‬شجٗ أج‪ٛ‬ة االٔزبط ‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٓ اٌؾظ‪ٛ‬ي ػٍ‪ ٝ‬فؾ‬
‫أٔبث‪١‬ت ِٓ ٘نا إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِغ ا‪ ٚ‬ثل‪ ْٚ‬ؽي ٌ‪ٛ‬اث‪. ٟ‬‬
‫‪٠ٚ‬غت لطغ األٔج‪ٛ‬ة ‪ٚ‬رؾي‪٠‬يٖ ثؾ‪١‬ش ر‪ٛ‬افك اثؼبك فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ اثؼبك هأً اٌجئو أ‪ ٚ‬اٌز‪ٛ‬ط‪ً١‬‬
‫اٌوئ‪. َٟ١‬‬
‫‪٠‬ج‪ ٓ١‬اٌشىً (‪ )-‬ثؼغ ٍِؾمبد روو‪١‬ت فؾ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٞ‬اٌالىِخ ػٕلِب ‪٠‬زغ‪١‬و فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫ا‪ ٚ‬لطوٖ ا‪ ٚ‬ػٕل هثطٗ ثجؼغ اٌّؼلاد ‪٠ٚ .‬زُ رؼو‪٠‬ف ؽغُ فؾ االٔبث‪١‬ت ثمطوٖ اٌقبهع‪ , ٟ‬ؽ‪١‬ش‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪٠‬زوا‪ٚ‬ػ ث‪ ٓ١‬هثغ غملح ‪ٔٓ ٚ‬ػملح ‪ٕ٘ٚ .‬بن فؾ أبث‪١‬ت اوجو ِٓ ٓٔ ػملح ‪ ,‬الوٕٗ ػبكح غ‪١‬و‬
‫ِؾيىا ‪.‬‬
‫ٌمل رُ رضج‪١‬ذ ِ‪ٛ‬اطفبد فط‪ٛ‬ؽ األٔبث‪١‬ت ِٓ لجً ِؼ‪ٙ‬ل اٌم‪١‬بٍبد األِو‪٠‬ى‪ ٟ‬ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ اهلبَ عل‪١ٌٚ‬خ‬
‫‪٠ .‬ش‪١‬و اٌولُ اٌغل‪ ٌٟٚ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌؾل االكٔ‪ٌّ ٝ‬ؼب‪٠‬وح فؼ‪ٛ‬ع األٔج‪ٛ‬ة ثي‪٠‬بكح ِملاه٘ب ٓٓٓٔ هؽً \‬
‫غملح ِوثؼخ ‪ .‬فؼٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬ج‪ ً١‬اٌّضبي ‪ ,‬أج‪ٛ‬ة – اٌغل‪ٚ‬ي ٓٗ ‪ ٌٗ ,‬ؽل اكٔ‪ٌّ ٝ‬ؼب‪٠‬وح اٌقؼ‪ٛ‬ع ‪َ٠‬ب‪ٞٚ‬‬
‫ٓٓٓٓٗ هؽً \ ػملح ِوثؼخ ‪ .‬اْ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌّؤٌ‪ٛ‬فخ رشًّ اٌغل‪ٚ‬ي ٓٗ ‪.ٔٓٓٚ 1ٓ ٚ‬‬
‫‪ .b‬أج‪ٛ‬ة اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪fiberglass pipe ٟ‬‬
‫اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ِ ٛ٘ ٟ‬بكح ثالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ ِشوثخ ثبألٌ‪١‬بف ثم‪ٛ‬ح ِؼظُ أٔ‪ٛ‬اع اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‬
‫‪ٚ‬ثٕفٌ اٌ‪ٛ‬لذ غ‪١‬و لبثً ٌٍزآوً ونٌه ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬فف‪١‬ف اٌ‪ٛ‬ىْ ‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٓ رمط‪١‬ؼٗ‬
‫ثَ‪ٌٛٙ‬خ أل‪ ٞ‬ؽ‪ٛ‬ي ِوغ‪ٛ‬ة ثٗ ٌمل اػزّلد وجل‪ ً٠‬ألٔبث‪١‬ت اٌف‪ٛ‬الم ف‪ ٟ‬رطج‪١‬مبد‬
‫وض‪١‬وح ‪ٚ‬اْ اٍزقلاِ‪ٙ‬ب افن ‪٠‬يكاك ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ٍِؾ‪ٛ‬ظخ ‪ِ ٛ٘ٚ‬ز‪ٛ‬فو ثٕفٌ ل‪١‬بٍبد‬
‫األٔبث‪١‬ت اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ‬
‫‪ .c‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اثالٍز‪١‬ى‪plastic pipe ٟ‬‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬إٌَ‪ٛ‬اد االف‪١‬وح رُ رط‪٠ٛ‬و أج‪ٛ‬ة ثالٍز‪١‬ى‪ِ ٟ‬وْ ٌى‪َ٠ ٟ‬زقلَ وقؾ عو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫‪٠ٚ‬بر‪٘ ٟ‬نا االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ٍِف‪ٛ‬فب ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ثىواد وج‪١‬وح ‪ٚ‬ثؼلح ِئبد ِٓ األللاَ‪ ,‬اْ اٍزقلاَ‬
‫٘نا االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ِؾلك ػبكح ثؼغؾ ِملاهٖ ٕ٘ٔ هؽً ٌىً ػملح ِوثؼخ ٌنٌه ف‪ٛٙ‬‬
‫‪َ٠‬زؼًّ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌزطج‪١‬مبد ماد اٌؼغؾ اٌ‪ٛ‬اؽئ ‪ِ ٛ٘ٚ‬ز‪ٛ‬فو ثمطو فبهع‪٠ ٟ‬زوا‪ٚ‬ػ ِج‪ٓ١‬‬
‫ٕ‪ ٗٚ‬ػملح‪...‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ .d‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة االٍجَز‪asbestos pipe ٟٔٛ‬‬
‫‪٠‬زى‪ ْٛ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة االٍجَز‪ِ ِٓ ٍٟٛ‬بكح ٍّٕز‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪١‬بف اٍجَز‪١ٍٛ‬خ ‪َ٠ٚ‬زؼًّ‬

‫ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؾبالد اٌز‪٠ ٟ‬ى‪ ْٛ‬ف‪ٙ١‬ب اٌزبوً ِئصوا ثلهعخ وج‪١‬وح اْ االٍجَز‪َّ٠ ًٛ‬ؼ‬
‫ٌألٍّٕذ ثبٌزّلك ‪ٚ‬اٌزمٍض ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ثَ‪١‬طخ ك‪ ْٚ‬رظلع االٔج‪ٛ‬ة‪...‬‬
‫‪ .e‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٞ‬اٌّجطٓ ثبٌَّٕذ ‪cement-lined steel pipe‬‬
‫ٌزظٕ‪١‬غ ٘نا االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ‪٠‬زُ ٍىت إٌَّذ ف‪ ٟ‬كافً االٔج‪ٛ‬ة صُ ‪٠‬ؾفو ‪ٚ‬ثنٌه‬
‫‪٠‬زُ رغٍ‪١‬ف اٌغلاه اٌلافٍ‪ٌ ٟ‬الٔج‪ٛ‬ة ثطجمخ هل‪١‬مخ ِٓ إٌَّذ ‪َ٠‬زؼًّ ٘نا‬
‫إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ االٔبث‪١‬ت ٌٍّ‪ٛ‬ائغ االوبٌخ ِضً اٌّبء اٌؾب‪ ٞٚ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اال‪ٚ‬وَغ‪ ٓ١‬ؽ‪١‬ش‬
‫رّٕغ ؽجمخ إٌَّذ االرظبي اٌّجبشو ث‪ ٓ١‬رٍٍه اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ‪ٚ‬علاه االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪...ٞ‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ .f‬ؽوق اٌ‪ٛ‬طً ا‪ ٚ‬اٌوثؾ ‪coupling methods‬‬
‫رقزٍف ؽو‪٠‬مخ ‪ٚ‬طً اعياءاألٔج‪ٛ‬ة ِغ ٔ‪ٛ‬ع األٔج‪ٛ‬ة ٔفَٗ ‪ٚ .‬ثبٌوغُ ِٓ اْ ٔ‪ٛ‬ع األٔج‪ٛ‬ة لل‬
‫‪٠‬زغ‪١‬و ػٕل اٍزقلاِٗ ف‪ِ ٟ‬مبؽغ ؽ‪ٍ٠ٛ‬خ ‪َِٚ‬زم‪ّ١‬خ ‪ ,‬فبٔٗ ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ أٍزقلاَ ٍِؾمبد اٌزوو‪١‬ت‬
‫اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ ػٕل ٔ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬بد وً أٔج‪ٛ‬ة ‪ .‬أْ أبث‪١‬ت اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ٚ ٟ‬ثؼغ األٔبث‪١‬ت اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ (ِضً‬
‫وٍ‪ٛ‬ه‪٠‬ل اٌج‪ ٌٟٛ‬فبٔ‪ ) ً١‬ػٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬ج‪ ً١‬اٌّضبي ‪,‬رظٕغ ثؾ‪١‬ش رّضً اؽل‪ٙٔ ٜ‬ب‪٠‬ز‪ ٟ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌطوف اٌن‪ٞ‬‬
‫‪٠‬زَغ ألكفبي أج‪ٛ‬ة أفو ‪ٚ ,‬إٌ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬خ األفو‪ ٜ‬رّضً م‪ ً٠‬األٔج‪ٛ‬ة (‪ٚ‬طٍخ موو) ف‪ٔ ٟ‬فٌ اٌشىً ‪.‬‬
‫‪٠‬زُ هثؾ ِمبؽغ األٔبث‪١‬ت ‪ٚ‬رَّ‪١‬ز‪ٙ‬ب ثّبكح الطمخ ‪ .‬اْ عّ‪١‬غ ٍِؾمبد اٌزوو‪١‬ت ٌ‪ٙ‬نا إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ‬
‫األٔبث‪١‬ت رى‪ ْٛ‬ثشىً ِقو‪ٚ‬ؽ‪٠ , ٟ‬زُ هثؾ أبث‪١‬ت إٌمً ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ اؽ‪ٛ‬اق َِٕٕخ (‪)collars‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ثبٍزؼّبي ؽٍمبد ثشىً اٌؾوف االٔىٍ‪١‬ي‪ ِٓ )O-ring( "O" ٞ‬ثالٍزه أ‪ ٚ‬اٌّطبؽ ‪٠ :‬زُ ػغؾ‬
‫٘نٖ االؽ‪ٛ‬اق ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىبْ اٌّقظض ٌ‪ٙ‬ب ثل‪ ْٚ‬اٌّؾيىاد اٌٍ‪ٌٛ‬ج‪١‬خ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك اٌالطمخ ‪ .‬اْ ٘نا‬
‫إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ االؽىبَ اٌَل (‪ )Sealing‬ال ‪ٕ٠‬بٍت اٌؼغ‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رف‪ٛ‬ق ‪ 50‬هؽً ‪ /‬ػملح ِوثؼخ‬
‫رمو‪٠‬جآ ‪.‬‬
‫ٕ٘بن ؽو‪٠‬مزبْ اٍبٍ‪١‬زبْ ٌ‪ٛ‬طً االٔبث‪١‬ت ‪ ,‬اؽلّ٘ب رزطٍت اْ رى‪ٙٔ ْٛ‬ب‪٠‬ز‪ ٟ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ِؾيىح‬
‫‪ِٚ‬ي‪ٚ‬كح ثط‪ٛ‬ق ‪ .‬اٌضبٔ‪١‬خ رزطٍت لطغ االفبك‪٠‬ل (‪ )grooves‬ف‪ٙٔ ٟ‬ب‪٠‬بد االٔبث‪١‬ت ‪ٚ‬هثط‪ٙ‬ب ث‪ٛ‬طالد‬
‫٘‪ ٟ‬االؽو‪ ٜ‬ماد افبك‪٠‬ل ‪ٚ‬رز‪ٛ‬فو ٍِؾمبد اٌزوو‪١‬ت ٌىال اٌطو‪٠‬مز‪ ٓ١‬اػالٖ ‪ .‬االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌجالٍزى‪١‬خ‬
‫اٌّؤخ روثؾ ثظ‪ٙ‬و ٔ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬بد االٔج‪ٛ‬ة صُ ػغط‪ٙ‬ب ٍ‪٠ٛ‬خ صُ رزون ٌزجوك ‪ٚ‬رى‪ٚ ْٛ‬طٍخ هثؾ َِزّوح‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬طالد اٌوثؾ اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ‬
‫‪ٚ‬طالد اٌوثؾ اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫إٌّ‪ٛ‬مط اٌّشجه اٌقبص ثؤٔبث‪١‬ت اٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫شفخ ِمب‪ِٚ‬خ ٌٍؼبغؾ اٌؼبٌ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫اٌشفٗ اٌؼّ‪١‬بء‬
‫‪ .g‬اكاِخ ‪ٔٚ‬ظت فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫اْ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌَّزؼًّ ٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪٠‬غت ؽّب‪٠‬زٗ ‪ِٚ‬ؼبٍِزٗ ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ِٕبٍجخ ػٕل ٔظجٗ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٠‬غت ‪ٚ‬ػغ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٞ‬ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬زىؤ (‪ )Still‬ثؾ‪١‬ش ال ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬ثزّبً ِجبشوح ِغ االهع ‪.‬‬
‫ث‪ّٕ١‬ب ر‪ٛ‬ػغ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌجالٍزى‪١‬خ ا‪ ٚ‬االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ ٟ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬االهع ِجبشوح ألٔ‪ٙ‬ب ِؤخ علا‬
‫ثؾ‪١‬ش ٌ‪ٚ ٛ‬ػؼذ ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬زىؤ فؤٔ‪ٙ‬ب ٍ‪ٛ‬ف رٕؾ‪٠ٚ . ٟ‬غت رون ‪ٚ‬ال‪١‬بد اٌؾي اٌٍ‪ٛ‬ث‪thread ( ٟ‬‬
‫‪ٚ )Production‬اغط‪١‬خ ٔ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬خ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة (‪ , )end caps‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ٌؾّب‪٠‬خ ٔ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬زٗ ‪ٌّٕٚ‬غ‬
‫كف‪ٛ‬ي اال‪ٍٚ‬بؿ ‪ٚ‬اٌؾ‪ٛ١‬أبد اٌظغ‪١‬وح اٌ‪ ٝ‬ع‪ٛ‬ف االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ‪ٚ .‬وّب ٘‪ ٛ‬اٌؾبي ِغ االٔ‪ٛ‬اع االفو‪ٜ‬‬
‫ِٓ االٔبث‪١‬ت ‪ ,‬فال ‪٠‬غ‪ٛ‬ى اٌَ‪١‬و ػٍ‪ ٝ‬فؾ االٔبث‪١‬ت ألْ مٌه ‪٠‬ئك‪ ٞ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬رٍف‪ٙ‬ب ‪٠ٚ .‬غت ‪٠‬وفغ فؾ‬
‫االٔبث‪١‬ت ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ هافؼبد (‪ٌ )slings‬ؼّبْ ثمبئ‪ٙ‬ب ثشىً افم‪َِ ٟ‬زم‪. ُ١‬‬
‫ػٕل ٔظت فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪٠ ,‬غت اٌؾ‪ٌٍٛ١‬خ ك‪ ْٚ‬ؽل‪ٚ‬س أؾٕبءاد ؽبكح ف‪ , ٗ١‬ألْ ‪ٚ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك٘ب ٍ‪ٛ‬ف‬
‫‪ ٟٙ٠‬اٌظو‪ٚ‬ف اٌالىِخ ٌٍطوق اٌّبئ‪ . ٟ‬ونٌه فؤصٕبء إٌظت ‪٠ ,‬غت اٌزؤول ِٓ فٍ‪ ٛ‬وً ِمطغ ِٓ‬‫ْ‬
‫ِمبؽغ فؾ االٔبث‪١‬ت ِٓ اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك اٌغو‪٠‬جخ ف‪ ٟ‬كافٍٗ ‪٠ٚ ,‬غت رٕظ‪١‬ف ٔ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬بد االٔبث‪١‬ت ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ع‪١‬لح‬
‫لجً هثط‪ٙ‬ب ثبٌجؼغ االفو ثبؽل‪ ٜ‬ؽوق اٌ‪ٛ‬طً (‪ )coupling methods‬االٔفخ اٌنوو ‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ثبٌوغُ ِٓ وً ِب رملَ اػالٖ ؽ‪ٛ‬ي اكاِخ ‪ٚ‬ط‪١‬بٔخ فط‪ٛ‬ؽ االٔبث‪١‬ت ‪ ,‬فؤْ اؽَٓ ٘نٖ اٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ‬
‫ٍ‪ٛ‬ف ‪ٕ٠‬ىَو ‪ٚ‬رزَوة ِٕٗ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ِغ ِو‪ٚ‬ه اٌيِٓ ػٕلئن ‪٠‬غت رظٍ‪١‬ؼ ا‪ ٚ‬اٍزجلاي اٌغيء‬
‫اٌّزؼوه ‪ٚ .‬ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ػبِخ فبْ اٌىَ‪ٛ‬ه ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ ِؼبٌغز‪ٙ‬ب ثبٍزقلاَ لبؽبد ا‪ِ ٚ‬شبثه فبطخ‬
‫ثقط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ (‪ . )flowing clamps‬اِب ثبٌَٕجخ ٌٍىَ‪ٛ‬ه االفطو ‪ٌٚ‬غّ‪١‬غ وَ‪ٛ‬ه االٔبث‪١‬ت‬
‫اٌغ‪١‬و ِؼلٔ‪١‬خ ‪ ,‬ف‪١‬غت اٍزجلاي وً اٌّمطغ اٌن‪ ٞ‬ؽلس ف‪ ٗ١‬اٌىَو ‪.‬‬
‫ػٍّ‪١‬خ ٌؾبَ االٔبث‪١‬ت ‪ٚ‬االكاِخ‬
‫‪ِ .h‬مبهٔخ ث‪ِٛ ٓ١‬اك فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫‪٠‬ؼزّل افز‪١‬به اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك اٌَّزؼٍّخ ٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬هأً اٌّبي اٌَّزضّو ‪ ٚ‬وٍفخ إٌظت ‪ٚ‬‬
‫ونٌه ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌج‪١‬ئخ اٌز‪١ٍ ٟ‬ؼًّ ث‪ٙ‬ب اٌقؾ ‪ٚ .‬ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ػبِخ ‪ ,‬فبْ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ رَزقلَ اوضو‬
‫ِٓ غ‪١‬و٘ب ألٔ‪ٙ‬ب ِظٕ‪ٛ‬ػخ ِٓ ال‪ ٜٛ‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك ‪ٌٚ‬ز‪ٛ‬فو٘ب ثبؽغبَ ِزؼلكح ‪ٌٚ‬ز‪ٛ‬فو ٍِؾمبد اٌزوو‪١‬ت‬
‫ألغٍت اٌزطج‪١‬مبد اٌز‪ّ٠ ٟ‬ىٓ رظ‪ٛ‬ه٘ب ‪ .‬اْ وٍفخ شواء ‪ٔ ٚ‬ظت ‪ ٚ‬اكاِخ فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ‬
‫ػبٌ‪١‬خ ‪ .‬فبٌف‪ٛ‬الم ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اْ ‪٠‬زؼوع ٌٍزآوً ثَ‪ٌٛٙ‬خ ثَجت اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رغو‪ ٞ‬ثلافٍٗ ‪ ٚ‬ونٌه ِٓ‬
‫اٌّبء اٌّ‪ٛ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك ف‪ ٟ‬اٌزوثخ اٌّؾ‪١‬طخ ثٗ ‪ .‬اال اْ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ّ٠ ٞ‬زبى ثَ‪ٌٛٙ‬خ رؾل‪٠‬ل ِ‪ٛ‬لؼٗ‬
‫ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ وبشفبد اٌّؼبكْ(‪ٚ , )metal detectors‬ونٌه اِىبٔ‪١‬خ ػًّ ِؼلاد اػّبي اٌؾفو‬
‫اٌ‪ٕٙ‬لٍ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬اػّبي اٌزوثخ االفو‪ )earth working equipment( ٜ‬ثبٌموة ِٓ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة‬
‫اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٞ‬ك‪ ْٚ‬اٌؾبق ػوه ثٗ ‪ ِٓٚ .‬ع‪ٙ‬خ اؽو‪ّ٠ , ٜ‬زبى اال ٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٞ‬ثبِىبٔ‪١‬خ اٍزؼّبٌٗ‬
‫ػٕل أ‪ ٞ‬كهعخ ؽواهح ٌٍّؾ‪١‬ؾ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك ف‪ِ )ambient temperature( ٗ١‬غ اٌّؾبفظخ ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ِمب‪ِٚ‬زٗ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اٍزؼّبي أبث‪١‬ت اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ٚ ٟ‬االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ ٌّؼظُ فط‪ٛ‬ؽ عو‪٠‬بْ اٌؼغؾ اٌ‪ٛ‬اؽئ‬
‫‪٘ .‬نٖ االٔبث‪١‬ت لٍ‪ٍ١‬خ اٌزىبٌ‪١‬ف ‪ٍٍٙٚ‬خ إٌظت ‪ ,‬اال أٗ ال ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اٌىشف ػٓ ِ‪ٛ‬لؼ‪ٙ‬ب ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ‬
‫وبشفبد اٌّؼبكْ ‪ٌ .‬نٌه ‪٠‬غت االٍزؼبٔخ ثؼالِبد ِؼ‪ٕ١‬خ ر‪ٛ‬ػغ ػٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬طؼ االهع ٌزٕج‪ِ ٗ١‬شغٍ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ِؼلاد اػّبي اٌؾفو اٌ‪ٕٙ‬لٍ‪١‬خ أ‪ ٚ‬االػّبي اٌزواث‪١‬خ االفو‪ ٜ‬ػٍ‪ٚ ٝ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك٘ب ‪ٚ .‬ال ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اٍزؼّبي‬
‫أبث‪١‬ت اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ٚ ٟ‬االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ ػٕل ػـ ِ‪ٛ‬ائغ ِورفؼخ اٌؾواهح (أوضو ِٓ ٓ٘ٔ‪-‬‬
‫ٓ‪ٚ )F ٔ1‬ثؼغؾ ِورفغ ‪ ,‬ألْ ِ‪ٛ‬اك ٘نٖ األٔبث‪١‬ت رٍ‪ ٓ١‬ػٕل كهعبد اٌؾواهح اٌّورفؼخ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ػبِخ ‪ ,‬فبْ رىبٌ‪١‬ف اكاِخ أج‪ٛ‬ة اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ٚ ٟ‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪ ٟ‬لٍ‪ٍ١‬خ ‪.‬‬
‫رَزقلَ االٔبث‪١‬ت االٍجَز‪١ٍٛ‬خ ‪ٚ‬االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌّجطٕخ ثبٌَّٕذ وقط‪ٛ‬ؽ رغّ‪١‬غ ثمطو وج‪١‬و اوضو ِٕٗ‬
‫وقط‪ٛ‬ؽ عو‪٠‬بْ أ‪ٔ ٚ‬مً ‪ٌ .‬مل اٍزؼٍّذ ٘نٖ االٔبث‪١‬ت ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّبػ‪ٌٕ ٟ‬مً ؽغ‪ َٛ‬وج‪١‬وح ِٓ اٌّبء‬
‫اٌؾب‪ ٞٚ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اال‪ٚ‬وَغ‪ ( ٓ١‬اؽل اوضو أ‪ٛ‬اع اٌَ‪ٛ‬ائً اال ّوبٌخ اٌز‪ّ٠ ٟ‬ىٓ ِ‪ٛ‬اع‪ٙ‬ز‪ٙ‬ب ف‪ ٟ‬أزبط إٌفؾ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪,‬اال أٗ رُ اٍزجلاٌ‪ٙ‬ب ف‪ّ١‬ب ثؼل ثبالٔبث‪١‬ت اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬أبث‪١‬ت اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ٌٙ ٟ‬نا اٌغوع ‪.‬‬
‫‪ّ٠‬ىٓ رٍف وال أج‪ٛ‬ث‪ ٟ‬االٍجَز‪ٚ ًٛ‬اٌّجطٓ ثبٌَّٕذ ثَ‪ٌٛٙ‬خ ثبٌطؾٓ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌال‪ٚ‬ي ‪ٚ‬ثزظلع‬
‫(‪ٚ )cracking‬أَالؿ (‪ )sloughing‬ؽجمخ إٌَّذ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌٍضبٔ‪ٌ . ٟ‬الٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌّجطٓ‬
‫ثبٌَّٕذ ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌَبئً ‪ٚ‬اٌف‪ٛ‬الم ‪ٚ‬ػلَ ر‪ٛ‬فو ؽو‪٠‬مخ ِ‪ٛ‬ص‪ٛ‬ق ث‪ٙ‬ب ٌوثؾ إٌَّذ ف‪ِ ٟ‬مطؼ‪ِٓ ٓ١‬‬
‫االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌّزغب‪ٚ‬هح ‪.‬‬
‫ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ػبِخ ‪ّ٠ ,‬ىٓ اٌم‪ٛ‬ي ثبٔٗ ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اٍزؼّبي فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ اٌجالٍز‪١‬ى‪١‬خ أ‪ ٚ‬فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌيعبط‬
‫اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ ٟ‬ػٕلِب ‪٠‬يكاك كفٓ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ػٕل ػّك وبف ٌّٕغ اٌزٍف اٌّ‪١‬ىبٔ‪١‬ى‪ٚ ٟ‬ػٕلِب رى‪ ْٛ‬كهعبد‬
‫ؽواهح اٌَبئً اٌلافٍ‪ٚ ٟ‬اٌزوثخ اٌّؾ‪١‬طخ الً ِٓ ٓ٘ٔ ‪٠. F‬غت اٍزؼّبي االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٞ‬ػٕل‬
‫ر‪ٛ‬لغ كهعبد ؽواهح ِورفؼخ ‪ٚ ,‬ػٕلِب رزطٍت اٌظو‪ٚ‬ف ٔظت فؾ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ػٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬طؼ االهع ‪.‬‬
‫ة‪-‬فط‪ٛ‬ؽ عو‪٠‬بْ اٌؼغؾ اٌّورفغ ‪high-pressure flow line‬‬

‫‪ .a‬االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ٞ‬‬
‫‪َ٠‬زؼًّ اٌف‪ٛ‬الم ػبكح ٌقط‪ٛ‬ؽ عو‪٠‬بْ اٌؼغؾ اٌّورفغ ‪٠‬ؼزّل علاه االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫اٌؼغؾ اٌلافٍ‪ٚ ٟ‬لطو االٔج‪ٛ‬ة فبالٔبث‪١‬ت اٌَّ‪١‬ىخ اٌغلهاْ رى‪ ْٛ‬ػبكح ِطٍ‪ٛ‬ثخ‬
‫ٌاللطبه اٌىج‪١‬وح ٌزؾًّ اٌم‪ ٜٛ‬اٌز‪٠ ٟ‬ئصو ث‪ٙ‬ب اٌّبئغ م‪ ٚ‬اٌؼغؾ اٌؼبٌ‪ . ٟ‬اْ ِؼظُ‬
‫فط‪ٛ‬ؽ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ اٌّمب‪ِٚ‬خ ٌٍؼغؾ اٌؼبٌ‪ ٟ‬رَزؼًّ عل‪ٚ‬ي االٔج‪ٛ‬ة ٓ‪ٗٓ,1‬‬
‫‪...ٕٔٓ,‬‬
‫‪ .b‬أج‪ٛ‬ة اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫ٌمل ؽ‪ٛ‬ه أج‪ٛ‬ة اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ ٟ‬ثلهعخ وج‪١‬وح ف‪ ٟ‬إٌَ‪ٛ‬اد اٌمٍ‪ٍ١‬خ االف‪١‬وح ؽ‪١‬ش أ‪ٙ‬ب ِز‪ٛ‬فوح االْ‬
‫ٌالٍزؼّبي ػٕل ػغ‪ٛ‬ؽ رف‪ٛ‬ق ٓٓٓٔهؽً‪/‬ػملح ِوثؼخ ‪ٚ‬رَزقلَ ٘نٖ االٔبث‪١‬ت ؽو‪٠‬مخ اٌ‪ٛ‬طً‪-‬‬
‫اٌّؾيى ثلي ِٓ اٌّ‪ٛ‬اك اٌالطمخ ػٕل هثؾ اٌّمبؽغ ِغ ثؼؼ‪ٙ‬ب ‪ٚ‬اْ هثؾ ٘نٖ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٍ‪ِٓ ًٙ‬‬
‫هثؾ االٔبث‪١‬ت اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ ‪ٚ‬ونٌه وٍفز‪ٙ‬ب الً اال اْ ِؾلكاد اٌؼغؾ ‪ٚ‬اٌؾواهح ٌال‪ٚ‬ي الً ِٕ‪ٙ‬ب ٌٍضبٔ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ػٕل هثؾ أج‪ٛ‬ة اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ِ ٟ‬غ أج‪ٛ‬ة ف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠ ٞ‬غت اٍزقلاَ ‪ٚ‬طٍخ ِ‪ٙ‬بئ‪١‬خ لجً اٌوثؾ الْ‬
‫اٌّز‪ٛ‬فو ِٓ ٍِؾمبد روو‪١‬ت أبث‪١‬ت اٌيعبط اٌٍ‪١‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّمب‪ٌٍ َٚ‬ؼغؾ اٌؼبٌ‪ ٟ‬لٍ‪...ً١‬‬
‫ٗ‪ -‬أبث‪١‬ت اٌز‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬اٌوئ‪١َ١‬خ ‪headers‬‬

‫٘‪ -‬اٌظّبِبد ‪valves‬‬
‫ٕ٘بن ػلح أ‪ٛ‬اع ِٓ اٌظّبِبد اٌز‪ ٟ‬رَزؼًّ ِغ أبث‪١‬ت اٌز‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬اٌوئ‪١َ١‬خ ‪ٚ ,‬ثٕفٌ اٌ‪ٛ‬لذ‬
‫‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اٍزقلاَ ٔفٌ ٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد ٌؼلح رطج‪١‬مبد أفو‪ ٜ‬ف‪ ٟ‬ػٍّ‪١‬بد أزبط إٌفؾ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ّ٠‬ىٓ ‪ٚ‬طف اٌظّبَ ثؤٔٗ اكاكح ٌزؾل‪٠‬ل أ‪ِٕ ٚ‬غ عو‪٠‬بْ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ‪ .‬فمل ‪٠‬ظُّ طّبَ ِب ٌؼٍّ‪١‬خ اٌفزؼ‬
‫‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك (‪( )on/off operation‬ؽ‪١‬ش ‪َّ٠‬ؼ ٌٍّبئغ ثبٌغو‪٠‬بْ ثؤلظ‪ٍ ٝ‬وػذ ا‪ّٕ٠ ٚ‬ؼٗ ِٓ‬
‫اٌؾووخ وٍ‪١‬آ) ‪ ,‬أ‪ ٚ‬لل ‪٠‬ظُّ ألغواع اٌزؼ‪١١‬ك (‪( )throttling‬ف‪٘ ٟ‬نٖ اٌؾبٌخ ‪٠‬زُ رؼل‪ٍ ً٠‬وػخ‬
‫اٌّبئغ ثفزؼ أ‪ ٚ‬غٍك اٌظّبَ ؽيئ‪١‬آ) ‪.‬‬
‫‪٠‬ؼزجو اٌؾبٔك (‪ِ )choke‬ضب‪ ٢‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬طّبَ اٌزؼ‪١١‬ك (‪)throttling valve‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫اٌظّبِبد اٌَلاك‪٠‬خ ‪plug valves‬‬ ‫أ‪-‬‬
‫رَزؼًّ ٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد ٌؼٍّ‪١‬خ اٌفزؼ ‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك ٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌؼغؾ إٌّقفغ ‪ .‬ف‪٘ ٟ‬نٖ‬
‫اٌظّبِبد رل ّ‪ٚ‬ه اٌَلاكح اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪٠‬خ (‪ٌ )steel plug‬زَّؼ ثبٌغو‪٠‬بْ أ‪ٌ ٚ‬زّٕؼٗ ‪ .‬اْ‬
‫اٌشؾُ (‪ )grease‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬ع‪ٛ‬ك ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌَلاكح ‪ٚ‬عَُ اٌظّبَ ‪ّٕ٠‬غ اٌّبئغ ِٓ اٌزَوة‬
‫ؽ‪ٛ‬ي اٌظّبَ اٌّغٍك ‪ٚ ,‬اْ اٌزي‪١٠‬ذ إٌّزظُ (‪٠ )lubrication‬ؼزجو ػو‪ٚ‬ه‪٠‬آ ٌؼًّ‬
‫اٌظّبَ ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ِٕبٍجخ ‪ .‬اٌظّبِبد اٌَلاٍ‪١‬خ لٍ‪ٍ١‬خ اٌزىبٌ‪١‬ف ‪ِ ٚ‬ؼّوح‬
‫(‪ , )durable‬اال أ‪ٙ‬ب غ‪١‬و ِٕبٍجخ ألغواع اٌزؼ‪١١‬ك ‪ٚ‬غبٌجآ ِب رَزقلَ الٔبث‪١‬ت‬
‫اٌز‪ٛ‬ط‪ ً١‬اٌوئ‪١َ١‬خ ‪ٌ ٚ‬ؼيي ِقزٍف أ‪ٛ‬اع اٌّؼلاد ‪ .‬رزؼوع ٘نٖ اٌَلاكاد ػبكح اٌ‪ٝ‬‬
‫اٌزآوً ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬غ‪١‬و ِالئّخ ٌلهعبد اٌؾواهح اٌؼبٌ‪١‬خ اٌز‪ ِٓ ٟ‬شؤٔ‪ٙ‬ب رٍ‪ ٓ١١‬اٌشؾُ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬الْ ٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد لٍ‪ٍ١‬خ اٌزىبٌ‪١‬ف ‪٠ ,‬فؼً اٍزجلاٌ‪ٙ‬ب ث‪ ٓ١‬ؽ‪ٚ ٓ١‬افو (وٍّب كػذ‬
‫اٌؼو‪ٚ‬هح اٌ‪ ٝ‬مٌه) ثل‪ ِٓ ٢‬رظٍ‪١‬ؾ‪ٙ‬ب ‪.‬‬
‫ة‪ -‬اٌظّبِبد اٌىو‪٠ٚ‬خ‪ball valves‬‬
‫اْ ٘نا إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ اٌظّبَ ‪٠‬شجٗ ٔ‪ٛ‬ع اٌظّبِبد اٌَلاكح ‪ٌٚ‬ىٕ‪ٙ‬ب ِي‪ٚ‬كح ثّمؼل ٌّٕغ‬
‫اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ِٓ اٌزَوة ؽ‪ٛ‬ي اٌىوح ‪.‬رظٕغ اٌىوح ِٓ ٍج‪١‬ىخ اٌف‪ٛ‬الم‪ ٚ‬اٌىو‪ٌٍ َٚ‬زطج‪١‬مبد‬
‫االػز‪١‬بك‪٠‬خ ‪ٚ‬اٌف‪ٛ‬الم اٌّمب‪ٌ َٚ‬ظل‪ ٜ‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌجئ‪١‬خ شل‪٠‬لح اٌزؤوً‪.‬رظٕغ اٌّمبػل ِٓ ِبكح‬
‫اٌجالٍز‪١‬ه ا‪ ٚ‬إٌب‪ ٍْٛ٠‬ا‪ِ ٚ‬ووجبرقبطخ ا‪ ٚ‬ؽز‪ ِٓ ٝ‬اٌف‪ٛ‬الم اٌّمب‪ٌٍ َٚ‬ظلا ػٕلا‬
‫اٍزؼّبٌ‪ٙ‬ب ف‪ ٟ‬ظو‪ٚ‬ف اٌلهعبد اٌّورفؼخ أ‪ ٚ‬ف‪ ٟ‬ؽبالد اٌز‪٠ ٟ‬ى‪ ْٛ‬ف‪ٙ١‬ب اٌزؤوً‬
‫شل‪٠‬لا‪ٚ.‬اْ ثبٌوغُ ِٓ اْ اٌظّبَ اٌىو‪ ٞٚ‬لل طُّ اطال ألغواع اٌفزؼ ‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫وجل‪ٌ ً٠‬ظّبَ اٌَلاكح اال اْ اٌزطج‪١‬مبد اٌؼٍّ‪١‬خ أصجزذ و‪ٙٔٛ‬ب ِّزبىح ألغواع‬
‫اٌزؼ‪١١‬ك أ‪٠‬ظب‪.‬‬
‫اٌىوح ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّمؼل اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌزٍف ٔز‪١‬غخ ٌالٍزؼّبي اٌ‪ ٝ‬ؽل اٌن‪ ٞ‬ػٕل‬ ‫ػٕلِب رزؼوع‬
‫اكاء ‪ٚ‬ظ‪١‬فز‪ٙ‬ب االٍبٍ‪١‬خ ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬اٌؾغي (‪ )seal‬ثظ‪ٛ‬هح ِٕبٍجخ ػٕلئن رَزجلي اٌىوح ا‪ٚ‬‬
‫اٌّمؼل ثَ‪ٌٛٙ‬خ ‪ٚ.‬اف‪١‬وا فبْ ري‪٠‬زذ ِؼظُ اٌظّبِبد اٌىو‪٠ٚ‬خ غ‪١‬و ػو‪ٚ‬ه‪٠‬ب‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬اٌظّبِبد اٌج‪ٛ‬اث‪١‬خ ‪gate valves‬‬
‫‪٠‬ؼزجو ٘نا اٌظّبَ ٔ‪ٛ‬ػب أفو ٌظّبَ اٌفزؼ ‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك اٌَّزؼٍّخ أٍبٍب ٌٍَ‪ٛ‬ائً ‪ٌٍَّٚ‬بػ ثبٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫اٌغ‪١‬و ِم‪١‬ل ‪٠‬غت هفغ اٌج‪ٛ‬اثخ وٍ‪١‬ب ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اٍزؼّبي ٘نا اٌظّبَ ٌٍزؼ‪١١‬ك اال أٗ ِظُّ ٌؼٍّ‪١‬خ اٌفزؼ‬
‫‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك‪...‬‬
‫س‪ -‬اٌظّبِبد االثو‪٠‬خ ‪needle valves‬‬
‫‪ٛ٠‬ػؼ اٌشىً طّبَ اثو‪ ٞ‬اٌن‪َ٠ ٞ‬زقلَ ف‪ٍ ٗ١‬بق ِؼلٔ‪ ٟ‬ثشىً ِقو‪ٚ‬ؽ‪ِٚ ٟ‬مؼل‬
‫ِٕبٍت ٌزٕظ‪ ُ١‬ؽووخ اٌّبئغ ‪٠ٚ‬ؼزجو اٌقبٔك طّبَ اثو‪ ٞ‬ؽ‪١‬ش ‪َ٠‬زؼًّ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؼٍّ‪١‬بد‬
‫اإلٔزبع‪١‬خ اٌقبطخ ثبٌغبى اٌؼبٌ‪ ٟ‬اٌؼغؾ‪ ,‬طّّذ اٌظّبِبد االثو‪٠‬خ ٌزؼ‪١١‬ك عو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫اٌّبئغ‪...‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ط‪ -‬طّبِبد اٌفواشخ ‪wafer or butterfly valves‬‬
‫طّبَ اٌفواشخ ‪٠‬ل‪ٚ‬ه ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬مؼل ٌؾظو اٌغو‪٠‬بْ ‪ٚ‬ػٕلِب ‪٠‬ل‪ٚ‬ه ِ‪ٛ‬اىاح ارغبٖ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ‬
‫فبٔٗ ٍ‪َّ١‬ؼ ثبٌغو‪٠‬بْ اٌغ‪١‬و ِم‪١‬ل اْ ٘نا اٌظّبَ ِظُّ إلغواع اٌفزؼ ‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك ‪ٚ‬ال‬
‫‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬أكاإٖ ع‪١‬لا وظّبَ رؼ‪١١‬ك‪....‬‬
‫ػ‪ -‬طّبِبد االؽزجبً ‪ٚ‬االٍزٕياف ‪black and bleed valves‬‬
‫اْ ثؼغ رطج‪١‬مبد طّبَ اٌفزؼ ‪ٚ‬اٌغٍك اوضو ػوػخ الِىبٔ‪١‬خ اٌزَوة ِٓ غ‪١‬و٘ب‪.‬رَزؼًّ‬
‫طّبِبد االؽزجٌ ‪ٚ‬االٍزٕياف ػٕلِب ‪٠‬ى‪ٌ ْٛ‬يِب (‪ِ )impertative‬ؼوفخ ف‪ِ ٟ‬ب اما وبْ‬
‫اٌظّبَ َِوثب ػٕلِب ‪٠‬ى‪ِ ْٛ‬غٍمب فؼٕٕلِب ‪٠‬فزؼ طّبَ اٌَّزٕيف ( ‪bleeder stop‬‬
‫‪١ٍ,)cock‬زُ رظو‪٠‬ف اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ اما اوٓ اٌظّبَ َِوثب‪٘.‬نٖ اٌقبط‪١‬خ رؼط‪ِ ٟ‬ئشوا ِ‪ٛ‬عجب ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ِزبٔخ اٌظّبَ‪َ٠.‬زؼًّ طّبَ االؽزَبً ‪ٚ‬االٍزٕياف اٌضٕبئ‪ ٟ‬ػٕلِب ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬اٌؼغؾ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬عبٔج‪ٟ‬‬
‫اٌظّبَ اػٍ‪ ِٓ ٝ‬اٌؼغؾ اٌغ‪.ٞٛ‬‬
‫ؿ‪ -‬اٌظّبِبد اٌّؾ‪ٌٛ‬خ ‪diverting valves‬‬
‫رَزؼًّ ٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد ٌز‪ٛ‬ع‪ ٗ١‬اٌّبئغ ٔؾ‪ٚ ٛ‬اؽل ا‪ ٚ‬اوضو ِٓ اٌَّبٌه اٌّّىٕخ‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫ك‪ -‬اٌظّبِبد اٌىبثؾخ ‪check valves‬‬
‫٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد رَّؼ ثبٌغو‪٠‬بْ اٌغ‪١‬و ِم‪١‬ل ‪ٚ‬ثبرغبٖ ‪ٚ‬اؽل فمؾ ‪ٚ‬رّٕغ اٌغو‪٠‬بْ وٍ‪١‬ب‬
‫ِٓ االرغبٖ اٌّؼبوٌ‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫م‪ِ -‬شغالد اٌظّبَ ‪valves operators‬‬
‫اٌّشغالد اٌ‪١‬ل‪ٛ٠‬ح رى‪ ْٛ‬كائّب ِي‪ٚ‬كح ػبكح ثّمجغ(‪)handle‬ؽ‪١‬ش ‪٠‬زطٍت رشغ‪ ً١‬اٌظّبِبد‬
‫اٌَلاكح ‪ٚ‬اٌىوح ‪ٚ‬اٌفواشخ رل‪٠ٚ‬و اٌّمجغ ثيا‪٠ٚ‬خ ٓ‪ 8‬كهعخ ‪.‬اػزّلد اٌّشغالد اٌ‪١‬ل‪٠ٚ‬خ ٌَٕ‪ٛ‬اد‬
‫ػل‪٠‬لح ‪ٚ‬ؽز‪ ٝ‬ثؼل ظ‪ٛٙ‬ه اٌّشغالد اٌ‪ٛٙ‬ائ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬اٌى‪ٙ‬وثبئ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬اٌز‪ ٟ‬رَزؼًّ ػبكح ف‪ ٟ‬اٌزؾىُ ِٓ ثؼل‬
‫(‪.)Remote Control‬‬
‫‪ .a‬اٌّشغالد اٌ‪١‬ل‪٠ٚ‬خ ‪manual operators‬‬
‫اْ وً طّبَ ‪٠‬زطٍت ؽو‪٠‬مخ ِؼ‪ٕ١‬خ ٌزؾو‪٠‬ه االعياء اٌؼبٍِخ فبٌظّبِبد اٌز‪ٟ‬‬
‫رشغً ‪٠‬ل‪٠ٚ‬ب ِي‪ٚ‬كح ػبكح ثّمجغ ‪,‬ؽ‪١‬ش ‪٠‬زطٍت رشغ‪ ً١‬طّبِبد اٌَلاكح ‪ٚ‬‬
‫اٌىوح ‪ٚ‬اٌفواشخ رل‪٠ٚ‬و اٌّمجغ ثيا‪٠ٚ‬خ ِملاه٘ب ثيا‪٠ٚ‬خ ِملاه٘ب ٓ‪ 8‬كهعخ‬
‫ٌمل اػزّلد اٌّشغالد اٌ‪١‬ل‪٠ٚ‬خ ٌَٕ‪ٛ‬اد ػل‪٠‬لح ‪ٚ‬ؽز‪ ٝ‬ظ‪ٛٙ‬ه اٌّشغالد‬
‫اٌ‪ٛٙ‬ائ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬اٌى‪ٙ‬وثبئ‪١‬خ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رَزؼًّ ػبكح ف‪ ٟ‬اٌزؾىُ ػٓ ثؼل ‪...‬‬
‫‪ .b‬اٌّشغالد اٌ‪ٛٙ‬ائ‪١‬خ ‪pneumatic operators‬‬
‫اْ ٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد ِي‪ٚ‬كح ثؾغبة ٔ‪ٛ١‬ثو‪ٌ ٟٕ٠‬زؾون ٍبق اٌظّبَ فؼٕلِب ‪ٍَ٠‬ؾ ػغؾ‬
‫اٌغبى ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اؽل عبٔج‪ ٟ‬اٌؾغبة فبْ اٌم‪ٛ‬ح إٌبرغخ ػٓ ؽبطً ػوة مٌه اٌؼغؾ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌَّبؽخ‬
‫اٌَطؾ‪١‬خ ٌٍؾغبة ٍ‪ٛ‬ف رئصو ػٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬بق اٌظّبَ ‪ٚ‬ػٕلِب ‪٠‬طٍك اٌؼغؾ فبْ اٌؾغبة ٍ‪١‬ؼ‪ٛ‬ك‬
‫اٌ‪ٚ ٝ‬ػؼٗ االطٍ‪ ٟ‬ثفؼً إٌبثغ ِورجؾ ثَبق اٌظّبَ ‪.‬‬
‫رَزؼًّ اٌّشغالد اٌ‪ٛٙ‬ائ‪١‬خ ػبكح ٌٍظّبِبد اٌقط‪١‬خ رٍه اٌظّبِبد اٌز‪ ٟ‬رزؾون اٌ‪ ٝ‬االِبَ‬
‫‪ٚ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌقٍف ثلال ِٓ اْ رل‪ٚ‬ه‪...‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ .c‬اٌّشغالد اٌى‪ٙ‬وثبئ‪١‬خ ‪electric operators‬‬
‫٘نا إٌ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ اٌّشغالد ِي‪ٚ‬ك ثّؾون و‪ٙ‬وثبئ‪ ٟ‬طغ‪١‬و‪,‬ثم‪ٛ‬ح هثغ ؽظبْ ا‪ ٚ‬الً ‪ِٚ‬غّ‪ٛ‬ػخ‬
‫ِزٍٍََخ ِٓ إٌَّٕبد اٌّزؼشمخ(‪)gear train‬رَزؼًّ اٌّشغالد اٌى‪ٙ‬وثبئ‪١‬خ ِغ اٌظّبِبد‬
‫اٌل‪ٚ‬اهح ا‪ ٚ‬اٌظّبِبد اٌقط‪١‬خ اٌّي‪ٚ‬كح ثَبق ِؾيى‪.‬ثؼض اٌظّبِبد ِضً طّبِبد اٌفواشخ‬
‫‪ٚ‬طّبِبد اٌَلاكح رشزغً ثزؾو‪٠‬ه ة ٓ‪ 8‬كهعخ اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌقٍف ‪ٚ‬االِبَ ‪ٚ.‬اْ ٘نٖ اٌظّبِبد رزطٍت‬
‫ِشغال ٌ‪ ٌ١‬ثؤِىبٔٗ اٌؼًّ فالي ىا‪٠ٚ‬خ ِؼ‪ ٕٗ١‬فؾَت ‪ٚ‬أّب ثؤِىبٔٗ أ‪٠‬ظب ػىٌ االرغبٖ‪ٚ.‬اؽ‪١‬بٔب‬
‫رى‪ ْٛ‬اٌّشغالد اٌى‪ٙ‬وثبئ‪١‬خ ِي‪ٚ‬كح ثّؾون م‪ِ ٚ‬غّ‪ٛ‬ػز‪ ِٓ ٓ١‬اٌٍّفبد اٌغوع ِٕ‪ٙ‬ب ٘‪ ٛ‬عؼً‬
‫اٌزشغ‪ٚ ً١‬ؽلة اٌزؾ‪ ً٠ٛ‬ؽووخ (‪)cams‬لبثٍخ ٌالٔؼىبً ‪ٚ‬ونٌه رؾل‪٠‬ل ِغّ‪ٛ‬ػخ ِفبر‪١‬ؼ ٌٍؼًّ‬
‫فالي ا‪٠‬خ ىا‪٠ٚ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫ه‪ِٛ -‬اطفبد ‪ِٚ‬ؼب‪٠‬وح اٌظّبَ ‪valves sizing & specification‬‬
‫اْ ؽغُ طّبَ ِؼ‪ ٛ٘ ٓ١‬ؽغُ االٔج‪ٛ‬ة اٌن‪٠ ٞ‬زظً ثٗ مٌه اٌظّبَ ‪.‬ػٍ‪ٍ ٝ‬ج‪ ً١‬اٌّضبي ‪٠‬لػ‪ٝ‬‬
‫طّبَ ِزظً ثؤٔج‪ٛ‬ة لطوٖ ػملح ‪ٚ‬اؽلح ثظّبَ اٌؼملح اٌ‪ٛ‬اؽلح‪.‬ػٍ‪٘ ٝ‬نا االٍبً رز‪ٛ‬فو‬
‫اٌظّبِبد ثؤؽغبَ رزوا‪ٚ‬ػ ِبث‪1/8 ٓ١‬ػملح ‪36ٚ‬ػملح أ‪ ٚ‬اوجو‪.‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪٠‬زُ هثؾ ِؼظُ اٌظّبِبد اٌز‪ ٟ٘ ٟ‬اطغو ِٓ ػملر‪ ٓ١‬ثؤالٔج‪ٛ‬ة ثؤٍزؼّبي ‪ٚ‬طالد هثؾ ِؾيىح‬
‫‪ٚ‬ري‪ٚ‬ك اٌظّبِبد ػبكح ثؾي أض‪)female thread(ٞٛ‬ػٕل وً ؽوف ثؾ‪١‬ش ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ ثؼلئن هثط‪ٙ‬ب‬
‫ثؤٔج‪ٛ‬ة ف‪ٛ‬الم‪ِ ٞ‬ي‪ٚ‬ك ثؾي موو‪)male thread( ٞ‬ػٕل ٔ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬ز‪.ٗ١‬‬
‫اٌظّبِبد االوجو ِز‪ٛ‬فو ثؾ‪١‬ش ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ هثط‪ٙ‬ب ثؤالٔج‪ٛ‬ة ث‪ٛ‬اٍطخ ‪ٚ‬طالد هثؾ ِؾيىح‬
‫(‪)threaded‬أ‪ ٚ‬ثقل‪ٚ‬ك(‪)grooved‬أ‪ ٚ‬ثشفخ(‪٠ٚ)flanged‬غت رؾل‪٠‬ل ؽو‪٠‬مخ هثؾ اٌظّبَ ػٕل‬
‫شواء اٌظّبَ‪.‬‬
‫أْ اٌؼغؾ اٌؼبًِ ٘‪ ٛ‬الظ‪ ٝ‬ػغؾ ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ ػٕلٖ اْ ‪٠‬ؼًّ اٌظّبَ ثؤِبْ ػٍ‪٘ ٝ‬نا االٍبً ‪٠‬زُ‬
‫افزجبه اٌظّبِبد ػٕل ػغؾ ‪٠‬ؼبكي ِوح ٔظف اٌّوح ثمله اٌؼغؾ اٌؼبًِ ‪ٚ,‬ثبٌوغُ ِٓ ٘نا‬
‫ف‪١‬غت ػلَ رشغ‪ ً١‬اٌظّبَ ػٕل اٌؼغؾ اٌؼبًِ ‪ٚ.‬رجٍغ ل‪ّ١‬خ اٌؼغؾ اٌؼبًِ اٌم‪١‬بٍ‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ظّبِبد‬
‫إٌّقفؼخ اٌؼغؾ (ٕ٘ٔ)هؽً‪/‬ػملح ِوثؼخ‪.‬‬
‫‪17‬‬

ˬϦϴ ΟϭέΪѧϴ Ϭϟ΍ϭ ϥϮΑέΎ Ϝϟ΍Ϧϣ
ΔϔϠΘΨϤϟ΍
ΕΎ ΒϛήϤϟ΍
ΕΎ Όϣ ϦϣΪϘόϣςϴϠ
ΧϮϫ ϲ ϨϤϜϤϟ΍ςϔϨϟ΍

ΔѧϴϧϮΑέΎ ϛϭέΪϴ Ϭϟ΍Ϟ΋΍Ϯѧδϟ΍ϭΕ΍ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϦѧϣςϴѧϠ
ΧϰѧϠϋ ϱ ϮѧΤΗϲ ΟΫϮϤϧήΌΑϦϣ ΔϘϓΪΘϤϟ΍
ϊ΋΍ϮϤϟ΍
ϭ

ϦϣΎ ѧϜϤϟ΍Ϧѧϣϊ ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϟ΍ϩάѧϫϥΎ
ѧϳήΟ ΪѧϨϋ .ΐ ΋΍
Ϯѧηϭ ΔΒϠѧλ Ω΍
Ϯϣϭ ήΣ˯Ύϣϭ ˯ΎϣέΎΨΑϊ ϣΔρϮϠΨϣ

ϪѧϨϣ ΐ ΒδΘϳΎϤϣ Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ΔΟέΩϭ ςϐπ ϟ΍
ϲϓ Ύ
οΎ ϔΨϧ΍ϲ ϧΎόΗ
ΎϬϧΎϓ
ΝΎΘϧϻ΍ΐϴ ΑΎ
ϧ΍‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺧﻼل‬
-Ϟ΋ Ύѧγ )
ϯ ήѧΧϻ΍ ΔѧϳϭΎϳΰϴϔϟ΍
Ε΍ήѧϴϐΘ ϟ΍
ξ ѧόΑϭ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍
έΎ ѧΨΑ
ϒѧΜ ϜΗ
ϭˬϞ΋΍Ϯѧδϟ΍ϦϣΕ΍ ίΎϐϟ΍
ΙΎόΒϧ΍
.(‫ﻏﺎز ﺣﺮ‬-‫رذاذ‬-‫ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ھﻮ ﻓﺼﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎز وﻧﻔﻂ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﯿﻦ‬

ϥΎѧϓ
ϩάѧϫ
Ϟѧμ ϔϟ΍
Δѧϴ
ϠϤϋϖѧϴϘΤΗϞѧΟϻϭ .ΔѧϨϜϤϣ
ΔϔϠϛ
ϞϗΎΑ
ςϔϨϟ΍
ϦϣΔϴϤϛ ήΒϛ΍
ι ϼΨΘ γ΍ ϭ ϊϴ
ΒϠϟ
.‫ﻣﺎء‬-‫ﻏﺎز‬-‫ﻏﺎز او ﻧﻔﻂ‬-‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺑﺎر ﺗﻤﺮر ﺧﻼل ﻋﺎزﻻت ﻧﻔﻂ‬

ϰϤѧδΗ ϭ
ϝΰѧόϟ΍
ΕΎ
ѧτΤϣ
ϲϓ ΪΟϮΗΎ
Ϭϧ΍ΚϴΣΔϔϠΘ
Ψϣ ΕΎϴϤδΘ Αϭ
ΔϔϠΘΨϣϊ ϗ΍
Ϯϣ
ϲϓ
Εϻί Ύ
όϟ΍ΪΟϮΗ

ϲ ѧϓ
ϭˬ(Scrubbers)ίΎѧϐϟ΍
Δѧϴ
ϘϨΘϟ
ΓΰϬΟΎѧϛ
Φѧπ ϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧτΤϣϲ ѧϓ
ϭˬ(Separators)Εϻί Ύѧϋ
.‫( وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬Liquid Traps) ‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻛﻤﺼﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎزﻟﺔ ووظﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ‬
-:(١-٤) ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫( اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬١-٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
١
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ان وﻋﺎء اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ )‪ (Vessel‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ا‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ )‪(Fluid inlet‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺰل اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪:(Primary separation section‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ϚѧϟΫ‬‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪ϧϮΑέΎ‬‬
‫‪ϛϭέΪϴ‬‬
‫‪ϫ‬‬‫‪Ϟ΋‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫ ‪Ϯѧγ‬‬
‫‪ϪѧΘ‬‬
‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪ΒϟΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϗ‬‬‫‪ϱ άѧϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪έϮτϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϝΰόΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Κϴ‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪ϲ΋‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ΪΘ‬‬
‫‪Αϻ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϱ έϮτϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϝΰόϟΎ‬‬ ‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪ϡϮϘΗ‬‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺘﮫ ﻏﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺠﺬﺑﻲ )‪:(Setting section‬‬

‫‬
‫‪ίΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϐϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪Ϟ΋‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧδϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥΎ‬‬
‫‪ѧϳήΟ‬‬
‫‪ΕϻΪѧόϣ‬‬
‫‪ϥϮѧϜΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Κѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪Δϴ‬‬‫‪ΑΫΎ‬‬
‫‪Πϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ήϴ‬‬‫‪ΛΎ‬‬
‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪Α‬‬
‫‪ίΎ‬‬‫‪ϐϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧϋ‬‬ ‫‪Ϟ΋‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪δϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪ψόϣ‬‬‫‪ϝΰϋ‬‬‫‪Ϫϴ‬‬‫‪ϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪Ϣ‬‬‫‪Θ‬‬‫‪ϳ‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﺮع ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل‪.‬‬
‫د‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‪ )،‬اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﺮذاذ(‬

‫)‪:Secondary separation section, (Mist extractor‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϋΎ‬‬
‫‪Ϙϓ‬‬‫‬‫‪κ ϴ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ΨΗ‬‬‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ˬί Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϐϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ϧϮΑέΎ‬‬‫‪ϛϭέΪѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϭϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ϟ΋‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪δϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪Ϋ΍‬‬‫‪Ϋέ‬‬‫‪κ ϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ΨΘ‬‬
‫‪Α‬‬‫‪ϚϟΫϭ‬‬ ‫‪ϝΰόϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪Δϴ‬‬ ‫‪Ϡ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϋ‬‬ ‫‪Ϧϴ‬‬‫‪δΤΗ‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز وﻏﺎز ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻮﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ واﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت اﻟﺮذاذ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺮاد اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ وﺿﻊ وﻋﺎء اﻟﻌﺰل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬درﺟﺔ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﻣﯿﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت اﻟﺮذاذ ﻋﻠﻰ واﺣﺪ او اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎدىء اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ارﺗﻄﺎم اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﺠﺎري ﻣﻊ ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﮭﺬ اﻟﻐﺮض‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺘﺎم وﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﯿﺮات‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
:‫اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت اﻟﺮذاذ‬

ΓΰѧϬΠ‫ وﻣ‬ί Ύ ѧϐϟ΍
ϥΎ ѧϳήΟ ϩΎѧΠΗ ΍ήѧϴϐΘ ϟ
ϖѧ΋ ΍
ϮόΑΓΩϭΰѧϣ Δѧϳί ΍
ϮΘ ϣ΢΋Ύ
ϔѧλ Ϧϣ ϥϮϜΘ ϳ: ‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻻول‬

Ύѧϣ΍ˬΎ ѧϬϟϮΣ ϒѧΘ Ϡϳ ϖѧ΋΍Ϯόϟ΍ ϚϠ ΗϦϣ ίΎϐϟ΍
ϯ ήΠϣ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺘﺮب‬، ‫ﺑﺠﯿﻮب ﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻗﻄﺮات اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬

Ϣ ϴϘΘѧδϣ ςѧΨΑ έ΍ήϤΘ ѧγ ϻ΍ϰѧϟ΍ ϞѧϴϤϳϭ ΔѧϛήΤϟ΍ ϩΎΠΗ΍ήϴ ϴϐΗ
ϡϭΎ Ϙϴϓ
Δϴ ϟΎ
όϟ΍ϪΘϓΎΜϛ
ΐ ΒδΑϭ Ϟ΋Ύδϟ΍
.ΔѧϴΑΫΎ Πϟ΍
ήϴ ΛΎѧΗ
ϞѧѧόϔΑίΎ ϐϟ΍ Ϧѧϋ Ϟѧѧμ ϔϨΗϭ ϥ΍έΪѧѧΠϟ΍
ϊ ѧϣϡΪτѧѧμ Η
Γήѧѧϴ
ΒϜϟ΍
ΕΎ ϤϴѧδΠϟ΍ ϥΎѧϓ
Ϛϟάѧϟˬ

Ϧѧϣ ΪѧϳΰΗϚϟάѧΑϭ ΎϬѧπ όΑ ϊ ѧϣΓήϴ ϐѧμ ϟ΍Ε΍ήѧϴτϘϟ΍
ϡΎѧΘϟ΍
ϰѧϠϋ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ وھﻮ اﻻﻛﺜﺮ اﻻﻧﻮاع ﺷﯿﻮﻋﺎ ﻓﯿﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﺳﻼك ﻓﻮﻻذﯾﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ‬:‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

ΓϮѧϘϟ΍
ϩάѧϫϭ ΏάѧΠϟ΍
ΓϮѧϗϭ ΔѧϳΰϛήϤϟ΍Ωήτϟ΍ ΓϮϗϭ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺰل ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ھﻲ اﻻرﺗﻄﺎم‬

Ϟ΋Ύѧδϟ΍
Ε΍ ήѧϴ
τϗϥΎѧϓ
ΎϫΪѧόΑϭϞϔѧγ ϻ΍
ϮѧΤϧ ΎѧϬϟϭΰϧϭϞ΋ Ύ
ѧδϟ΍
ΕΎϤϴѧδΟ ϊϴϤΠΘ Α
Ϣ ϫΎδΗΔόϤΘΠϣ

ςϘѧδΗ ϭΎѧϬϤΠΣήѧΒϜϳ
ϥ΍ ϰѧϟ΍
ϲ Ττѧδϟ΍Ϊѧθϟ΍ϯ Ϯѧϗ
ϞѧόϔΑ
ϚΒѧθϤϠϟϲϠϔѧδϟ΍
ϪΟϮϟ΍ ϭϰϠϋ ϚδϤΗ
‫ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﺳﻔﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
:(Accumulating and discharge section) ‫ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ واﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‬-‫ھـ‬

ϝΰѧϋ ΪѧόΑ
ϰѧϠϋϻ΍ ϮѧΤϧ Ε΍ ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ϭ Ϟϔγ ϻ΍ϮΤϧ Ϟ΋΍Ϯδϟ΍ Ϫϴϓ ϪΠΘΗϱ άϟ΍
Δϟί Ύ
όϟ΍Ϧϣ
˯ ΰΠϟ΍ϚϟΫϮϫ
.‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬

Δѧϴ΋΍ΪΘ
Αϻ΍
ΕΎ ѧϴ
ϠϤόϟ΍ϲ ѧϓϞѧμ ΤΗ ϲ ѧΘ
ϟ΍
ΔѧΌ
ΟΎ ϔϤϟ΍ΕΎ ѧΟϮϤϟ΍ϊ ѧϣϞѧϣΎόΘϠ
ϟ
ΎϴϓΎϛϪϤΠΣϥϮϜϳ ϥ΍
ΐ Πϳ

ΡΎ Ϥѧδϟ΍ϡΪѧϋϭϝΰѧόϟ΍ ˯Ύѧϋϭ ϦѧϣΔѧϟϭΰόϤϟ΍ϊ ѧ΋
΍ϮϤϠ ϟϱ έΎѧϴ
ΘΧϻ΍ ϒϳήѧμ ΘϟΎΑ΢ϤδΗ
Ε΍ ϭΩΎ
ΑΩϭΰϳϭ
.‫ﻟﺘﺴﺮب اﺣﺪھﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺧﺮ‬

ϚѧϟΫϭϊ ѧ΋΍
ϮϤϟ΍ΝήѧΨϣ ΪѧϨϋ Ϟ΋ Ύ
ѧδϟ΍ϯ ϮΘѧδϣϭ ϥΎϳήΠϟ΍ ςϐο ϰϠ ϋΓήτϴδϟ΍ ΓΰϬΟΎΑΩϭΰΗΎπ ϳ΍
ϭ
.‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬
٣
.(Fluid outlet, Liquid & Gas outlet) ‫ اﻟﻤﺨﺮج‬-‫و‬
Special problems in separator :‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

:‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
[Oil, gas, water, condensate]
Impurities [Nitrogen, H2S, CO2, Sand and Silt]
1- Evaporation of foaming oil

API of crude oil < 40o
High viscosity ~ 53 cp
Low operating temperature
Increase retention time
2- paraffin
3- sand and silt
4- corrosion [pressure of acid gas H2S, CO2 ]
Separators Typres ‫اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت‬

Classification of separators according to configuration:
a- Vertical separators
b- Horizontal separation
1- mono tube
2- dual tube
c- Spherical separators
٤
‫ا‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ‪Vertical separators‬‬
‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﮫ )ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٤‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٤‬ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺮوط اﻟﺮﻣﻞ وﻣﻨﻔﺚ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ذات ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻏﺎز‪-‬ﻧﻔﻂ واطﺌﺔ او ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬ ‫‪Γήѧѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Βϛ‬‬
‫‪ΕΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϥϛ‬‬
‫‪ϊ ѧϣ‬‬‫‪ϞѧѧϣΎ‬‬
‫‪όΘ‬‬‫‪Ϡ‬‬‫‪ϟ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϔϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϜΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϦѧϜϤϳϭ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧϟί Ύ‬‬
‫‪όϟ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪ήѧѧόϗ‬‬‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪ΔΒϠ‬‬‫‪ѧμ ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ω΍‬‬‫‪ϮѧѧϤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Δѧϟ΍‬‬‫‪ί΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Δϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϮϬѧγ -٣‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻣﺨﺮوط ﻓﻲ اﺳﻔﻠﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϖρΎ‬‬ ‫‪ѧϨϤϛ‬‬‫‪ΔΣΎ‬‬‫‪ѧδϤϟ΍‬ـ‬
‫‬‫‪ΓΩϭΪѧΤϤϟ΍‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ϦϛΎ‬‬‫‪ѧϣϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϤϬϣ‬‬ ‫‪έΎ‬‬‫‪ѧΒΘ‬‬
‫‪ϋϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άѧϫ‬‬‫‪ϥϮѧϜϳ‬‬‫‪Κѧϴ‬‬ ‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬ ‫‪ήϴ‬‬‫ ‪ϐλ‬‬ ‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ΰϴ‬‬‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪ϞϜθΗ-٤‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﺎه )‪.(Of shore‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϟѧѧόϔϟ‬‬‫‪΢Ϡ‬‬‫‪ѧμ Η‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ϛϟάѧϟϭ‬‬ ‫‪Δѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Ϙϓ‬‬ ‫‪ϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Εϻί Ύ‬‬ ‫‪ѧόϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϛ‬‬ ‫‪ΔѧΟήΣ‬‬ ‫‪Ζѧѧδϴ‬‬ ‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪Ϟ΋‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧδϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϯ ϮΘ‬‬‫‪ѧδϣ‬‬ ‫‪ϰѧѧϠ‬‬
‫‪ϋ‬‬ ‫‪Γήτϴ‬‬‫‪ѧδϟ΍-٥‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ اﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬب‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ ‪Horizontal separators‬‬
‫‪Mono-tube separators‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت ذات اﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻤﻔﺮد‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٤‬ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ اﻓﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻄﻮرﯾﻦ‬

‫‪Dual-tube separators‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت ذات اﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻤﺰدوج‬
‫واﻟﻨﻮع اﻻﺧﯿﺮ ذات ﺳﻌﺔ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻻول‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٤‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ أﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ واﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ ھﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬أﻧﮭﺎ رﺧﯿﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪Ϧѧϣ‬‬‫‪ϝΰѧѧόϠ‬‬
‫‪ϟ‬‬‫‪Γ˯ Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϔϛ‬‬‫‪ήѧѧΜ‬‬
‫‪ϛ΍‬‬‫‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϬϠ‬‬
‫‪όΠϳ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϣ‬‬‫‪΍‬‬‫‪άѧϫϭ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪όѧѧγ ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϥϮѧѧϜϳ Ϟ΋‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧγ -ί Ύ‬‬‫‪ѧϐϠ‬‬
‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ϲ ѧϨϴ‬‬‫‪Βϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪΢τѧѧδϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥ΍.٢‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ذات ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻏﺎز‪ -‬ﻧﻔﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن رﻏﻮة‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ΰѧϴ‬‬
‫‪Τϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ϞѧϠ‬‬‫‪Ϙϳ‬‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϤϣ‬‬‫‪ϝΰѧόϠ‬‬ ‫‪ϟ‬‬
‫‪ΔѧτΤϣ‬‬‫‪ϲ ѧϓ‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ύ‬‬
‫‪ѧϬϨϣ‬‬‫‪ΩΪϋ‬‬ ‫‪ϊϴ‬‬‫‪ϤΠΗ‬‬‫‬‫‪ϦϜϤϳϭ‬‬ ‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϴ‬‬‫‪Βδϧ‬‬ ‫‪ΐϴ‬‬‫‪ϛήΘ‬‬ ‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϞϘϨϟ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ΔϠ‬‬
‫‪Ϭγ .٤‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪.‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻟﻜﺮوﯾﺔ ‪Spherical separators‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٤‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ ﻛﺮوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﮫ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ارﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻮاع اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ وﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ واﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪ϊ ѧο ϮΗ‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϦѧϜϤϳ‬‬
‫‪Κϴ‬‬‫‪Σ‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ήϴ‬‬
‫ ‪ϐλ‬‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪ΰϴ‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬‫‪ΐϠ‬‬
‫‪τΘ‬‬‫‪Η‬‬
‫‪ϭ‬‬‫‪ϯ ήΧϻ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪ω΍‬‬‫‪Ϯϧϻ΍‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Ϧϣ‬‬‫‪ήΜ‬‬‫‪ϛ΍‬‬‫‬‫‪Δλ ΍‬‬‫‪ήΘ‬‬‫‪ϣϭ‬‬‫‪ΔϣϮϤϠ‬‬ ‫‪ϣ‬‬
‫‪ϥϮϜΗ-٣‬‬
‫واﺣﺪة ﻓﻮق اﻻﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻌﺰل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺘﺎج واطﺌﺎ وﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪Inlet‬‬
‫‪Mist extraction section‬‬
‫‪Gas outlet‬‬ ‫‪Oil outlet‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٤‬ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ ﻛﺮوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺪر اﻻﺷﺎرة ھﻨﺎ اﻟﻰ ان ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻟﻜﺮوﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ اﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻮﺳﺎءل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺠﺬب ‪ ،‬وﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮاطﺌﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪Classification of separators according to function:‬‬

‫‪1- Two phases separators.‬‬
‫‪2- Three phases separators.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﺪر ذﻛﺮه ھﻮ ان اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻌﺰل ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اطﻮار ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Classification of separators according to operating pressure:‬‬
‫]‪1- High pressure separators [1500 psi‬‬
‫]‪2- Medium pressure separators [650 psi‬‬
‫]‪3- Low pressure separators [60 psi‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬
Separators Design ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎزﻻت‬

ϝΰѧϋ
Δѧϴ
ϠϤϋ
ϰѧϠ
ϋήΛΆΗ
ϲΘ
ϟ΍
Ϟϣ΍
Ϯόϟ΍
Ϧϴ
Βϧ
ˬΔϴ
τϔϨϟ΍
ϭΔϳί Ύϐϟ΍
Δϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
Δόγ ΩΎΠϳ΍Δϴϔϴϛ
Ρήη ϞΒϗ
:‫ وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ھﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
.‫ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬-١
.‫ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬-٢
.‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻋﺰﻟﮭﺎ‬-٣
:‫وﻻﺟﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ظﺮوف ﻣﺤﺪدة ﯾﺠﺐ اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺨﻄﻮﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬
.‫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزي اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻘﻮط اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬-١
.‫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺮر اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزي‬-٢
Capacity of a vertical separators ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬-١
Gas capacity ‫ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬-‫ا‬

ϊ ѧτϘϤϟ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ίΎѧϐϟ΍έΎѧϴ
Ηϲ ѧϓ
ΔѧϟϮϤΤϣ ˬ‫ﺮ‬ѧΧ΍Ϟ΋ Ύѧγ ϱ΍
ϭ΍ ςϔϨѧϟ΍
ϦѧϣϞϜѧθϟ΍ΔѧϳϭήϛΓήѧτϗϙΎϨϫϥ΍

ϝϭΎ ѧΤΗΎ
ϤϫΪѧΣ΍ ϩΎѧΠΗϻ΍ϲ ѧϓ
Ϧϴ ѧδϛΎ όΘ
ϣϦϴ ΗϮѧϗ ήϴΛΎѧΗ
ΖѧΤΗ
ϊ ѧϘΗ
ΓήτϘϟ΍ϩάϫϭ .‫اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

ϰѧϟ΍ΎϬΒΤѧγ
ϝϭΎ ѧΤΗ
ϯ ήѧΧϻ΍ ϭ ϊ ѧϔΗ
ήϤϟ΍
ίΎѧϐϟ΍
Δϋήѧγ ϊ ѧϣΐ ѧγ Ύ
ϨΘΗ
ϲ ѧϫϭ (Fu) ϰѧϠ
ϋϻ΍
ϰѧϟ΍
ΎϬόϓέ
.‫( وھﻲ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬Fd) ‫اﻻﺳﻔﻞ‬
Fu = (π/4) dp² k ρg u² …(1) -Upward force
Fd = (π/6) dp³ (ρo - ρg) g …(2) - Downward force
dp = droplet diameter
k = empirical constant
ρg = gas density lb/ft³
ρo = oil density lb/ft³
u = gas velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
If Fu = Fd
Then the droplet will remain suspended and gas velocity call
suspending velocity.
(π/4) dp² k ρg u² = (π/6) dp³ (ρo - ρg) g ….(3)
u = [ 2g dp (ρo - ρg) / (3k ρg ) ]0.5 ….(4)
If dp & k remain constant then
o   g
uc ......................(5)
g
u = suspending velocity
٩
2 g * dp
c = separate constant
3k
Apply mass balance equation on gas under separator condition and

standard condition:
qg ρg = qgsc ρgsc ….(6)
qg = gas flow rate at separator condition Scf/sec

qgsc = gas flow rate at standard condition Scf/sec
ρgsc = gas density at standard condition lb/ft³
qg = (π/4) d² u …. (7)
d = inside diameter of separator
qg = (π/4) d² c [(ρo - ρg) / ρg ]0.5 ….(8)

ρg = p Mw / zRT …. (9)
γg = Mw gas / Mw air = Mw gas / 29

ρgsc = psc Mw / RTsc …. (10)
Mw = Molecular weight
z = Gas deviation factor (compressibility factor)
R = Gas constant
T = Temperature
γg = Gas specific gravity
Substitute eq. (8),(9) & (10) in eq. (6)
qgsc = (π/4) d² c [(ρo - ρg) / ρg ]0.5 (p Mw / zRT) / (psc Mw / RTsc)
In field units:
qgsc = 67824 * 10-6 d² c [(ρo - ρg) / ρg ]0.5 (p Tsc / zTpsc) …(11)
qgsc = gas flow rate at standard condition, MMScf/day
d = inside diameter of separator, ft
p = separator operating pressure, psia
Psc = standard pressure = 14.7 psia
T = separator operating temperature, oR
Tsc = standard temperature = 520 oR , (oR = oF + 460)
P o   g
q gsc  2.4 d 2 c ...........(11)
ZT g
١٠
Oil capacity ‫ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ‬-‫ﺑـ‬

(Retention Time) αΎ ѧΒΘΣϻ΍ Ϧѧϣί ϰѧѧϠϋήѧѧΧ΍
Ϟ΋Ύ ѧγ ϱ ϻϭ΍
ςϔϨѧϠϟΔѧϟί Ύ
όϟ΍
Δόѧѧγ
ΪѧѧϤΘ
όΗ

ΔѧϴϓΎϜϟ΍
Δѧλ ήϔϟ΍
ίΎѧϐϟ΍
ΕΎ ѧϋΎ Ϙϓ΢ϨѧϤΗ Κѧѧϴ
ΤΑ Ϧϣΰѧѧϟ΍
΍άѧϫ έΎ ѧΘΨϳ
ϥ΍
ΐ ѧΠϳϭ .ϰѧѧϟϭϻ΍ ΔѧΟέΪϟΎΑ

΍Ϋ΍
Ύѧϣ΍.ΓϮѧϏέϥϮѧϜϳϻ ϱ άϟ΍ςϔϨϠ ϟϖ΋ ΎϗΩ٣ ‫ اﻟﻰ‬١ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺮرھﺎ وﺧﺮوﺟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ وﯾﺘﺮاوح ﺑﯿﻦ‬

ΔѧϟΎ
Τϟ΍
ϩάѧϫϭΔѧϘϴϗΩ˻ ˹ ϰѧѧϟ΍
Ϟѧѧμ ϳΪѧѧϗϭϚѧѧϟΫ
Ϧѧϋ Ω΍
ΩΰѧѧϴϓΓϮѧѧϏέ
ϦϳϮѧѧϜΘϟϞѧѧϴ
ϣϪѧϟςϔϨѧϟ΍ ϥΎ
ѧϛ
.(‫ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ )اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ‬
Vo = (π/4) d² ho ….(12)
Vo = volume of oil section, ft³
ho = height of oil section, ft
qo actual = Vo / t
qo actual = (π/4) d² ho / t *(1440/5.615)
d 2 ho
q o actual  201.4 ........(13)
t
qor = 1/2 qo actual
d 2 ho
q or  100.7 ...........(14)
t
qo actual = actual oil capacity bbl/day ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

qor = rated oil capacity under separator condition bbl/day ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬
t = retention time, minute ‫زﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎز‬
From oil capacity and gas capacity calculations can determine:-

 inside diameter of separator,
 height of gas section (gas section volume),
 height of oil section (oil section volume),
 and then separator volume (gas section volume + oil section volume).
Note:-
1 hour day (1)
(1) min ute * *  day
60 min ute 24 * hour 1440
1bbl (1)
(1) ft 3 * 3
 bbl
5.615 ft 5.615
١١
Hint: of a vertical separator = 9.7 * 10-4 d² , d in inch

Generally height of gas section, hg = 2 d
Estimating height of oil section, ho
Volume of oil section, Vo = oil production rate, qo * retention time, t

height of oil section, ho (ft) = Vo(bbl) / separator capacity(bbl/ft)
Height of a vertical separation, L = ho + hg
Example (1):
Calculate the Gas & Oil capacity for vertical separator, use the
following data:
L = 10 ft, ho = 3.25 ft, d = 24 in,
γg = 0.8, ρo = 50.02 lb/ft³. ,or API = 45o
p = 400 psi, T = 60 oF,
c = 0.167,
z = 1, t = 1 minute.
Solution:
1- Apply eq.(11) to determine gas capacity:
P o   g
q gsc  2.4 d 2 c ...........(11)
ZT g
P Mwgas
g 
ZRT
P Mwair  g

ZRT
400 (29 * 0.8)

1 *10.73 * 520
lb
 1.66 3
ft
2
 24  400 50.02  1.66
q gsc  2.4   0.16 ...........(11)
 12  1 * (460  60) 1.66
MMScf
 6.66
day
2- Apply eq.(14) to determine oil capacity:

d 2 ho
q or  100.7 ...........(14)
t
2
2 3.25 bbl
 100.7  1309
1 day
١٢
2nd method:
(size, d) of a vertical separator can be estimated approximately
(ignore temperature, gas density and some factors effects), if the
following data are known:
1- operating pressure
2- oil gravity (API)
3- gas capacity (daily gas production MMcf/day)
and by figure ( ), determine (d).
Example (2):
Vertical separator has gas capacity = 100 MMcf/day,
oil capacity = 7200 bbl/day, and
operation pressure = 400 psi,
API = 70o,
t = 0.5 minute.
What is the separator design (i.e. L & d)?
Solution:
1- Use figure ( ) to determine d, by
p = 400 psi,
API = 70o,
qg = 100 MMcf/day:-
d = 72 in → hg = 2 d = 2* 72 / 12 = 12 ft
2- Use eq. (13) to calculate ho :

d 2 ho
q o actual  201.4 ........(13)
t
2
 72 
  ho
7200  201.4  
12
0 .5
 ho  0.5 ft
L = h g + ho
= 12+0.5
= 12.5 ft.
3rd method:
Size of vertical separator can estimated by table ( )
١٣
Capacity of horizontal separators ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬-٢

Total section area At = (π/4) d² … (12)
Area of gas section = 1/2 total area
Ag=At / 2
Ag = (π/8) d² … (13) →
 
Ag    d e2 ..........(14)
4
d = separator diameter
de = equivalent diameter
Substitute eq. (13) in eq. (14)
(π/8) d² = (π/4) de² → de = 0.5 d

P  o   g  L  0.56
q gsc  2.4 d c
2
  ...........(15)
g
e
ZT  10 
L = height of separator, ft

:(qo) ‫اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ‬
1- mono tube
qo = 1440Vo / 5.615t …(16)
Vo = (π/4) (L/2) d² ….(17)
Substitute eq. (17) in (16)
qo = 100.7 (Ld²/t) …(18)

L = height of separator, ft
qo = oil capacity bbl/day
t = retention time, minute
And;
d2 L
q or  50.35 ........(19)
t
qor = rated oil capacity under separator condition bbl/day
2- dual tube
Vo = (π/4) Ld² ….(20)
qo = 201.4 (Ld²/t) …(21)
qor = 100.7 (Ld²/t) …(22)
d2 L
q or  100.7 ........(22)
t
١٤
Example (3):
A mono tube horizontal separator has; d = 24 in, L = 10 ft,
p = 400 psia, T = 60 o F,
c = 0.382, API = 35o, γg = 0.7, z = 0.909, t = 0.5 minute.
Calculate:
1- qor when t = 1 minute, 2- de for gas section if Ag = 0.5 At , 3- qgsc.
Solution:
1- Use eq. (19) to calculate qor:
d2 L
q or  50.35 ........(19)
t
2
 24 
  10
 50.35  
12 bbl
 2014
1 day
2- Use eq. (14) to calculate de:

 
Ag    d e2 ..........(14)
4
   24 
2
At  d 2     3.142 ft 2 
4 4  12 
 
Ag    d e2  0.5 At  1.571 ft 2 
4
4 *1.571
de   1.414 ft

3- Use eq. (15) to calculate qgsc:

P  o   g  L  0.56
q gsc  2.4 d c
2
  ...........(15)
g
e
ZT  10 
API = (141.5/γo) – 131.5

Oil specific gravity, γo = 0.850 → γo = ρo/ ρwater
Oil density, ρo = 62.4 * 0.850= 53.03 lb/ft³.
ρg = p Mwgas / zRT = p (Mwair γg) / zRT = 400 (0.7*29) / 0.909*10.73*520
ρg = 1.60 lb/ft³.
53.03  1.6  10 
0.56
q gsc  2.4 1.414  0.383

400
 
2
...........(15)
0.909 * (460  60) 1.6  10 
MM Scf
 8.749
day
١٥
2nd method:
Graphically the volume (size, d) of a horizontal separator can be
estimated approximately, if the following data are known:
1- operating pressure (psia)
2- oil gravity (API)
3- gas capacity (daily gas production, MMcf/day)
4- liquid residence volume, bbl
and by figure ( ), determine (d).
Example (4):
Horizontal separator has qg = 50 MMcf/day,
qo = 4320 bbl/day,
p = 800 psi,
API = 70o, and t = 1 minute.
What is the separator design (i.e. L & d)?
Solution:
Use figure ( ) to determine Ag, by p = 800 psi, API = 70o,
qg = 50 MMcf/day.
Then Ag = 5 ft²
Use figure ( ) to determine d, by Ag = 5 ft², and

Vo = qo * t
= (4320*1)/1440
= 3 bbl.
d = 35 in , and
L = 4d = 4*35 = 140 ft.
١٦
Capacity of spherical separators ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوﯾﺔ‬-٣

.‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺮذاذ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺮذاذ‬
:(Mist extractor diameter, dm)
T Z  g
0.25
 q gsc
d m  9.93   .........(23)
 P o  C
dm = mist extractor diameter, in

C = allow velocity constant (for screen slick mist extractor = 0.35)
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺮذاذ ذي اﻻﺳﻼك اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
qgsc = gas flow rate (gas capacity), MMscf/day

ΎΑϭήѧѧπ ϣ
Δѧѧϟί Ύ
όϠ
ϟ
ϲϠ˰ѧѧ˰˰Ϝϟ΍
ϢѧѧΠΤϟ΍
ϒѧѧμ Ϩϟ
ΎϳϭΎ
ѧѧδ ‫ ﻣ‬Vo
ˬϲ ѧѧτϔϨϟ΍
ϊ ѧѧτϘϤϟ΍
ϢѧѧΠΣ
ήѧѧΒΘ
όϳ
ΎѧѧϨϫ
.( √d/2 ) ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣــــﻞ‬
Vo = (π/12) (√d/2) d³ ….(24)
:‫ﺑﻤﺎ ان اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ھﻲ‬
qo = 1440Vo / 5.615t …(16)
substitute eq. (24) in (16)
qo = 67.14 (√d/2) [d³/t] …(25)
Also
:‫ﻓﺎن اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
3
d d
q or  33.57 ..........(26)
t 2
١٧
Example (5):
Calculate the Gas & Oil capacity for spherical separator, use the
following data:
d = 30 in,
γg = 0.65, API = 45o ,
p = 100 psi, T = 80 oF,
t = 1 minute.
The gas behaves as ideal gas.
Solution:
1- Apply eq.(23) to determine gas capacity:
API = (141.5/γo) – 131.5

Oil specific gravity, γo = 0.8017 @ 60 oF
Oil specific gravity, γo at T = 80 oF equal:
γo(T) = γo(60) - γo(60) * βo (T – 60),
β0 = extension oil volume factor = 0.0005

γo(80) = 0.8017 – 0.8017 * 0.0005 (80 – 60) = 0.7937
γo = ρo/ ρwater
ρo = 62.4 * 0.0.7937 = 49.53 lb/ft³. ,Oil density
ρg = p Mwgas / zRT
= p (Mwair γg) / zRT
= 100 (0.65*29) / 1*10.73*540
= 0.325 lb/ft³.
T Z  g
0.25
 q gsc
d m  9.93   .........(23)
 P o  C
0.25
30  540 * 1 * 0.65  q gsc
 9.93   
2  100 * 49.53  0.35
MM Scf
q gsc  3
day
2- Apply eq.(26) to determine oil capacity:
3
 30   30 
   
 33.57    12   586 bbl
3
d d 12
q or  33.57 ..........(26)
t 2 1 2 day
١٨
Capacity of a vertical separators ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬-
Example (1):
Calculate the Gas & Oil capacity for vertical separator, use the
following data:
L = 10 ft, ho = 3.25 ft, d = 24 in,
γg = 0.8, ρo = 50.02 lb/ft³. ,or API = 45o
p = 400 psi, T = 60 oF,
c = 0.167,
z = 1, t = 1 minute.
24
d 
12
c  0.167
P  400 T  60  460  520 Z  1
g  0.8 API  45
t  1
o   141.5   0.802 water  62.4

 
 API  131.5
o  o  water  50.026
Mwair  29
Mwgas  Mwair  g  23.2

R  10.73
g   P Mwgas   1.663
 
 Z R  T 

qgsc  2.4 d  c 
2 P   o  g  6.65
 MMScf/day
  Z T  g 
١٩
Capacity of horizontal separators ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬-
Example (3):
A mono tube horizontal separator has; d = 24 in, L = 10 ft,
p = 400 psia, T = 60 o F,
c = 0.382, API = 35o, γ g = 0.7, z = 0.909, t = 0.5 minute.
Calculate:
1- qor when t = 1 minute, 2- de for gas section if Ag = 0.5 At , 3- qgs c.
1:-
24
d  L  10
12
t  1
 d L 
2

qor  50.35   2.014 103 bbl/day
 t 
At    d 2
 
4
Ag  0.5At  1.571
 Ag  4   1.414
de   
 
3:-
API  35
o   141.5   0.85
  water  62.4
 API  131.5
o  o  water  53.031
g  0.7 Mwair  29 R  10.73
Mwgas  Mwair  g  20.3
P  400 T  60  460  520 Z  0.909
g   P Mwgas   1.601
 
 Z R  T 
c  0.382
0.56
P  o  g  L 
qgsc  2.4 de  c 
2 MMScf/day
    8.794
 Z T  g  10
٢٠
Capacity of spherical separators ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوﯾﺔ‬-
Example (5):
Calculate the Gas & Oil capacity for spherical separator, use the
following data:
d = 30 in,
γg = 0.65, API = 45o ,
p = 100 psi, T = 80 oF,
t = 1 minute.
The gas behaves as ideal gas.
API  45
o60   141.5   0.802

 
 API  131.5
T  80
o  0.0005
o ( T)  o60  o60  o  ( T  60)
o ( 80)  0.794
o  o ( 80)  water  49.526
P  100 T  80  460  540 Z  1
g  0.65
g   P Mwair  g   0.325
 
 Z R  T 
2:-
30
d 
12
t 1
 d  d
3
qor  33.57  
   586.444 bbl/day
 t  2
٢١
Storage tanks
INTRODUCTION
In industry, there are many different types of equipment used for the storage of
liquids and gases. The many and varied types of storage systems are too many for
all to be covered in this lesson. However, sufficient examples have been included
in order to convey the principles of storing liquids and gases and the major
problems involved.
The method of storage chosen depends on the following:
 The Quantity of Fluid being stored.

 The Nature of the fluid - is it Toxic, Flammable, Corrosive.
 The Physical State of the Fluid - Gas or Liquid, the Temperature and
Pressure
STORING LIQUIDS
Small quantities of liquids are often stored in ‘CARBOYS’; larger quantities in
'DRUMS' and 'Bulk' quantities in 'TANKS' or 'RECEIVERS'
1. CARBOYS
A carboy is a large, fat, glass, bottle-type container with a flat base for stability.
They are used mainly for storing corrosive chemicals. Modern carboys may be
made of a plastic material and may be cylindrical or rectangular in shape. Carboys
generally contain 20 liters or more of liquid. They should NOT be stored near heat
sources, should NOT be rolled NOR contain pressure liquids.
2. DRUMS (OR BARRELS)

Drums (barrels) , are used to store larger volumes of liquid. They are cylindrical in
shape and can be made from a variety of materials depending on the liquid (or
solid) to be stored. Stainless steel, Aluminum or Mild steel with rubber or plastic
lining are examples of materials used. Like carboys, drums must be handled with
care. They CAN be rolled but should NOT be pressurized and NOT stored near
heat sources. All containers should carry labels showing their contents and any
hazards associated with them.
See Figure: 1
'Unlabeled containers should not be used under any circumstances.
Similarly, a container labeled as containing one material should not be re-
used by refilling with another type of material'.
Figure: 1.
3. STORAGE TANKS
Large volumes of harmless liquids involving little or no pressure are usually stored
in simple, mild steel, rectangular or cylindrical tanks fitted with a flat or conical
roof - known as a 'Fixed Roof Tank'.
Flammable or toxic liquids can also be stored in similar vessels but generally are
located well away from residential and process areas due to the safety hazards
involved.
When a number of tanks are installed, they are usually referred to as 'Tank Farms'
and each tank may contain many thousands of tons (or tones) of liquid. The larger
the tank, the lower the capital cost per ton (tone), of liquid stored.
Figure: 2. shows such a tank and the possible combination of features built in.
(Note) that not all tanks will have all of the features shown - some types of fittings
depend upon the type of liquids the tanks contain).
The diagram shows all the main features that MAY be found on a storage tank. For
example, some tanks may be open and will not need a relief valve. Some will be
shallow and will not need an access manhole …etc.
1. Roof Access Ladder - As its name implies, is used for safe access to the
tank roof.
2. Access Manholes -Usually fitted at ground level or on the roof for access to
the inside of the tank for cleaning, maintenance and repair.
3. Water Drain - For use where water separation occurs in the tank and is to
be drained off. Also useful during internal cleaning operations.
4. Transfer Pumps - These are used to transfer some or all of the tank
contents to a process or to other storage tanks, ships, vehicles. Etc.
Depending on their piping arrangement, the pumps may be used for re-
circulation (mixing) of the tank contents or pumping liquid into the tank
from another source.
5. Bund Walls (or Firewalls) - These can be of two types :
o A wall surrounding the tank, high enough to contain the entire tank
contents in the event of a burst or severe leak. In this way, flammable,
toxic or corrosive substances can be contained safely until recovered.
o An alternative to the above is having the tank situated in a cylindrical
hole in the ground, again large enough to contain all of the tank
contents in the event of burst or leakage.
6. Relief Valves - Installed where a tank contains pressure and set to relieve
excess pressure if it rises to the safe operating limit.
7. Inert Gas Blanket - This facility is installed when a tank contains volatile
liquid which may produce vapors that become flammable or explosive when
mixed with air. The inert gas injection (often Nitrogen), replaces the vapor
above the liquid and will not react chemically nor produce an explosive
mixture with the tank's contents.
8. Foam Injection -In emergency, foam can be sprayed into the tank and over
the surface of the liquid. Hazards arising from toxic or flammable vapors can
be minimized.
9. Vapor Vent - (Often called the 'Breather Valve') - This allows the tank to
'breathe' when emptying or filling. If a vent is not fitted, the tank could over-
pressure when filling and cause a rupture in the tank and, when emptying, a
vacuum would be pulled possibly causing the tank to collapse (implode).
(The vapor vent can consist of simply an open hatch where the liquid being
stored has no hazards).
For hazardous materials, the vapor vent may consist of a two-way safety
valve. This will operate at a rising, pre-set pressure to vent excess gas from
the tank to atmosphere or flare system to prevent rupture of the tank. At a
falling pre-set pressure, the valve will operate to admit air, gas or inert gas
(called 'Blanket Gas'), into the tank to prevent collapse of the tank if the
pressure falls to a vacuum. (Gas or inert gas would be used where ingress of
air is undesirable).
10.Sampling & Gauging Hatch - As the name implies, this is installed in order
to obtain samples of the tank's contents for analysis and is also used for
dropping a ' dip-tape ' or ' dip-stick ' into the tank to check the liquid level
and also check the automatic level measuring instruments.
11.Earth Connections -An ' Earthing-strip ' is connected to tanks (and other
equipment) in order to carry away and prevent buildup of 'Static Electricity'
which tends to form during filling and emptying operations. If static was
allowed to build up where flammable liquids are being stored, then we
would have a potential fire or explosion hazard. The storage of large
volumes of liquid can lead to problems arising from the daily and seasonal
variations in the weather. The most important variable is that of the ambient
temperature.
Variations in ambient temperature can lead to:
 Expansion (volume increase), and contraction (volume decrease), of the

stored liquid. This is allowed for by leaving sufficient space above the
liquid.
 Evaporation of liquid, particularly volatile liquid, in the tank on temperature
increase. This will be taken care of by the 'breather' valve.
TYPICAL STORAGE TANK
Figure: 2.
The picture on the following page shows a 'Tank Farm' having Fixed and Floating
roof tanks.
FLOATING ROOF STORAGE TANKS

A 'Floating Roof', as its name implies, actually floats on the surface of the liquid in
the tank. As the liquid level changes the roof is designed to move up and down
with the liquid level - i.e. Filling, Emptying, Expansion and Contraction due to
temperature changes. This type of tank roof minimizes the vapor space between it
and the liquid surface. Since there is no large vapor space for the liquid to
evaporate into, vapor losses are also minimized.
In its simplest form, the floating roof is merely a large, flat pan (or disc), slightly
smaller in diameter than the tank shell. It is fitted with a system of flexible 'shoes'
to close the space between the edge of the roof and the tank shell in order to
minimize vapor loss.
In modern usage, there are two main designs of floating roof:
1. The ' Pontoon ' roof

2. The ' Double-Deck ' roof
1. The ' Pontoon ' Roof:

This consists of a series of pontoons - (closed compartments) around the outer edge
of a central plate. This construction increases the floating stability. The roof is also
sloped towards the centre to allow rain water to flow into a water drainage system.
2. The 'Double-Deck' Roof:

This is a development which employs two separate decks of steel plate over the
entire tank area. The space between the upper and lower plates is divided into
compartments. With this type, the liquid is never in contact with the underside of a
plate whose top surface is directly exposed to the sun's rays, as is the center section
area of the pontoon roof and the full area of the pan type roof.
The double-deck roof therefore, has much lower evaporation losses than any other
type of floating roof. Because of the very small vapor volume, ' breathing ' due to
temperature change and vapor formation when pumping into the tank, is greatly
reduced. Also, because the actual vapor space is so small, danger of fire is also
minimized due to the liquid surface being entirely covered.
Floating Roof Seals, Legs, Water Drain & Access Ladder
1. SEALS:
Between the edge of the floating roof and the inside of the tank shell, special seals
are fitted to minimize leakage of vapor. The seal used is generally of a continuous
strip of flexible, special rubber material which is attached to the roof and to the
seal ring around the inside circumference of the tank shell.
The seal ring is held against the tank wall by a counter-weighted 'Pantograph
Hanger'.
The complete seal unit moves with the roof maintaining a virtually vapor tight seal.
2. ROOF LEGS:
The underside of the roof is fitted with support legs in order to leave space between
the roof and the tank bottom when the tank is empty. These legs allow access to the
tank for cleaning and / or maintenance.
3. ROOF WATER DRAIN:

Rainwater drains to the center of the roof into a well or water trap. The well is
fitted with a flexible pipe which runs through the inside of the tank with a check
valve in the well which will open as the well fills up with water. The bottom end of
the drain line is connected to an outside valve which is normally left open. The
check valve also prevents tank liquid from leaking on to the tank rooftop if the
internal drain pipe should leak.
4. ROOF ACCESS LADDER:

A ladder is installed up the side of the tank and over on to the rooftop. This is used
for access for sampling, gauging or maintenance. etc. As the roof moves up and
down, the internal section of the ladder will slide back and forth on wheels running
along a track.
STORAGE OF HIGH PRESSURE GASES

Gases are usually stored under high pressure, often in liquid form. Liquefied gases
take up very much less volume than in the gaseous state. The decrease in volume
also decreases the size of the storage vessel. Different gases need different
pressures in order to condense them at atmospheric pressure. It is often necessary
to use refrigeration together with pressure to change a gas to liquid. In addition to
liquefaction decreasing the gaseous volume, liquids are also easier to transfer from
place to place.
A stored liquefied gas will remain as liquid at a specific temperature. For example,
liquid Propane at 100 °F has a vapor pressure of 190 Pisa. This vapor pressure
changes with temperature change. In winter when ambient temperature is low, the
storage pressure of liquid Propane will be lower.
As a further example, LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas), used for domestic purposes, is
stored in small cylinders for ease of carrying. LPG may be pure Butane which has
a vapor pressure of 51.6 Pisa at 100 °F. For winter use in cold countries, domestic
LPG will consist of a high percentage of Propane or pure Propane because Butane
may not give sufficient pressure.
As LPG gas is being used for heating or cooking, the pressure above the liquid
tends to decrease. This causes the LPG to boil and produce gas to maintain its
vapor pressure. In the case of Propane, if gas is used at a faster rate than the boiling
liquid can produce, then, as the pressure decreases, the temperature also decreases.
When the pressure above Propane liquid reaches atmospheric pressure, the
temperature of the Propane will be at – 44 °F, this is the boiling point of Propane at
14.7 Pisa.
The pressure storage of liquids is therefore dependent on the vapor pressure of the
liquid at a specific temperature. The type of storage vessel and its construction
materials therefore depends upon the volatility of the liquid.
Following are some designs of storage vessels for high pressure fluids:
1. SPHERICAL STORAGE (STORAGE SPHERES) (See Figure 3)

This type of storage vessel is preferred for storage of high pressure fluids. A sphere
is a very strong structure. The even distribution of stresses on the sphere's surfaces,
both internally and externally, generally means that there are no weak points.
Spheres however, are much more costly to manufacture than cylindrical or
rectangular vessels.
Storage Spheres need ancillary equipment similar to tank storage - e.g. Access
manholes, Safety valves, Access ladders, Earthing points .. Etc.
An advantage of spherical storage vessels is, that they have a smaller surface area
per unit volume than any other shape of vessel. This means, that the quantity of
heat transferred from warmer surroundings to the liquid in the sphere, will be less
than that for cylindrical or rectangular storage vessels.
Figure 3.
2. CYLINDRICAL STORAGE VESSELS

Cylinders are widely used for storage due to their being less expensive to produce
than spheres. However, cylinders are not as strong as spheres due to the weak point
at each end.
This weakness is reduced by hemispherical or rounded ends being fitted. If the

whole cylinder is manufactured from thicker material than a comparable spherical
vessel of similar capacity, storage pressure can be similar to that of a sphere.
Figure 4
ULLAGE -The 'Allege' space is the vapor space above a liquid in a storage vessel
and is necessary to allow for expansion of the liquid during hot weather. The
amount of Allege space depends on the density of the liquid, particularly volatile
liquids and is usually increased with increase in liquid density.
3. GAS CYLINDERS
To store small quantities of gas at very high pressure, we use gas cylinders. These
vessels however, are very heavy due to the thickness of the metal of construction.
When a gas cylinder is in use, a special head is connected which incorporates a

regulator with a needle valve for fine adjustment and pressure gauges indicating
the pressure upstream and downstream of the regulator. Such cylinders are painted
with a color code and, if the gas is toxic or hazardous, a colored band is painted
around the vessel neck which identifies the contents.
This naming of the gas is an essential requirement and is therefore in addition to

the color bands.
STORAGE OF LOW PRESSURE GASES
VARIABLE SIZE STORAGE

The traditional method of storing low-pressure gases is in a water-sealed Gas
Holder (or Gas meter). Another LP storage vessel is the 'Piston Type' gas-holder.
These methods of gas storage are now almost obsolete due to modern methods of
domestic gas distribution.
1. THE WATER-SEALED, TELESCOPING GASOMETER

This vessel is constructed in sections that 'Telescope' up and down as the quantity
of contained gas changes. Water (or oil) seals are fitted between the telescoping
sections with sufficient head pressure to prevent gas blowing out of the seals. The
gas pressure is governed by the weight of the telescoping sections.
(See Figure 5)
2. THE PISTON TYPE GASOMETER

This gas holder contains a weighted piston with seals fitted between it and the
vessel shell. Again, the quantity of gas governs the position of the piston. The
pressure of the gas depends on the weight of the piston.
(See Figure 6)
The construction materials of storage vessels are selected by the Design Engineers
and depend on the properties of the fluid to be stored. Mild steel, Stainless steel,
Carbon steel, Aluminum, Special plastics and various other materials are used.
Pressure and corrosive properties of the stored fluids are two of the main factors
which govern the type and thickness of the construction materials. In many cases,
vessels are coated internally with special substances to prevent corrosion. In other
cases, a vessel may be externally ' lagged ' with an insulating material to minimize
heat loss to, or heat absorption from, the surrounding atmosphere and other
equipment.
TELESCOPING GASOMETER
Figure: 5
PISTON TYPE GASOMETER

Figure: 6

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‫ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ‪ -‬ﻗﺳﻡ ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺟﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻋﺑﺩﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﺭ‬

‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

‫‪ -٣‬أﻧﻮاع إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬

‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻌﺪات إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﻮة اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫‪-٥‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ إﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬

‫‪ν έϷ΍‬‬ ‫‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪-:Petroleum Production System‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

‫‪ -١‬ھﺪف ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬

‫أ‪ -‬طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬

Multiple completion ‫ إﻧﺘﺎج طﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻜﻤﻨﯿﮫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﺣﺪ‬-‫ج‬

Reservoir oil drive mechanism ‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ‬-‫د‬

Well stimulation ‫ إﻧﻌﺎش أو ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ اﻵﺑﺎر‬-‫ھـ‬

‫)‪(Workover Frequency‬‬ ‫ز‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‬

‫ح‪ -‬ﺗﻜﮭﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج )‪(Prediction of Reservoir Behavior‬‬

‫‪Types of well completions‬‬ ‫‬

‫اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل‬ ‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻻﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح )‪(open completion‬‬

‫إﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪات ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪(liner completion‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل‬

‫)‪(screen and liner completion‬‬ ‫ا‪ -‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬

‫)‪(Perforated casing completion‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﻄﻦ‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪات ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪(Conventional tubular configuration‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬

‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫)‪(Single zone Completion‬‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ وأﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫وان اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ھﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻼل أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫أھﻤﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‪.‬‬

(Gas-lift well) ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز‬

‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬

‫)‪(Dual completion‬‬ ‫إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫إﻻ إن اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﻲ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮب إﻧﺘﺎج واﺣﺪ‬

‫إﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﯿﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(Parallel dual completion‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺸﻮﺗﺎ ﻋﺰل وأﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎن ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺰدوج ﺑﺰوج ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻹﻛﻤﺎل‬

‫اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ )‪(Triple completion‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪدات اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬اﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ )ﺑﺘﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ( ‪PWC‬‬

‫)‪(Completion Equipment‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬ﻣﻌﺪات إﻛﻤﺎل اﻵﺑﺎر‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﻮة اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻧﺒﻮب اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫)‪(production casing‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫)‪(Production Tubing‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أﻧﺒﻮب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫)‪(Liner‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬

‫)‪(Production Packer‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﺸﻮة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫طﺮق ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

(Mechanical Setting) ‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬-١

(Weight-Set Packer) ‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻮزن‬-‫أ‬

( Tension-Set Packer) ‫ ﺣﺸﻮات اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﺪ‬-‫ب‬

(Rotational-Set Packer) ήϳϭΪѧΘ ϟΎ

(Hydraulic Setting) ‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ‬-٢

(Electric Setting) ‫ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬-٣

(Sliding Sleeve) ‫ اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ‬-٥

(Subsurface Control Equipment) ΢τѧδϟ΍

Qo = 7.0810-3 100251000/ [0.51.4 ln(660/0.375)

‫}‪Qo = 7.0810-3 100251000 / 0.5*1.4μo Bo {ln(660/0.375) + 8.58‬‬

‫)‪(ΔΡskin)total= 141.2 1555.40.51.4 / 10025 (8.58‬‬