Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis) How Do Cells Divide?

Why Do Cells Divide? Cell cycle – sequence of phases in the life cycle of the
cell
• For growth,

• repair,

• and reproduction

Mitosis

 Organisms grow by the addition of cells

 In multicellular organism some of these cells

perform functions different from other cells.

 The process of a cell becoming different is

differentiation.
Cell Cycle Has Two Parts
When do cells divide?
 growth and preparation (interphase)
 Most limiting factor in size is the size of the cell
 cell division
membrane.
 mitosis (nuclear division)
• Cells must obtain nutrients
 cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
• as volume increases, cell surface area
does not increase as greatly Interphase
• larger cells require a larger surface area • Occurs between divisions
for survival
• Longest part of cycle
Terminology
• 3 stages
 Chromatin - thin fibrous form of DNA and
proteins

 Sister chromatids- identical structures that

result from chromosome replication, formed
during S phase

Anatomy of a Chromosome

G1 or Gap 1

• The cell just finished dividing so in Gap

1 the cell is recovering from mitosis

S or Synthesis stage

• DNA replicates
 Anaphase

• Centromeres divide

• Spindle fibers pull one set of chromosomes to

each pole

• Precise alignment is critical to division

Prophase

• Chromosome condense

• Microtubles form

• The nuclear envelope breaks down

Telophase

• Nuclear envelope form around chromosomes

• Chromosomes uncoil

• Cytokinesis

• animals - pinching of plasma membrane

• plants- elongates and the cell

• plate forms( future cellwall and cell

membrane)

Metaphase

 Chromosomes are pulled to center of cell

 Line up along “metaphase plate”

Meiosis  Synapsis - pairing of homologous
chromosomes forming a tetrad.
What is Meiosis?
 Crossing over - chromatids of tetrad
 A division of the nucleus that reduces
exchange parts.
chromosome number by half.
Meiosis I
 Important in sexual reproduction
Prophase I
 Involves combining the genetic information of
one parent with that of the the other parent to • Chromosomes condense
produce a genetically distinct individual
• Homologous chromosomes pair w/ each other
Terminology
• Each pair contains four sister chromatids -
 Diploid - two sets of chromosomes (2n), in tetrad
humans 23 pairs or 46 total

 Haploid - one set of chromosomes (n) - gametes

or sex cells, in humans 23 chromosomes

Chromosome Pairing

 Homologous pair

• each chromosome in pair are identical

to the other ( carry genes for same
trait)
Metaphase I
• only one pair differs - sex chromosomes
Tetrads or homologous chromosomes move to center
X or Y
of cell
Phases of Meiosis

 A diploid cell replicates its chromosomes

 Two stages of meiosis

• Meiosis I and Meiosis II

• Only 1 replication

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes pulled to opposite poles

Telophase I

• Daughter nuclei formed

• These are haploid (1n)

Telophase II & Cytokinesis

Four haploid daughter cells results from one original

diploid cell

Meiosis II

• Daughter cells undergo a second division; much

like mitosis

NO ADDITIONAL REPLICATION OCCURS

Prophase II

Spindle fibers form again Review Mitosis & Meiosis

• Both are forms of nuclear division

• Both involve replication

• Both involve disappearance of the nucleus, and

nucleolus, nuclear membrane

• Both involve formation of spindle fibers

DIFFERENCES

• Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2

Metaphase II
the number of chromosomes as the parent. Go
Sister chromatids move to the center from 2n to 1n.

• Daughter cells produced by meiosis are not

genetically identical to one another.

• In meiosis cell division takes place twice but

replication occurs only once.

Value of Variation

• Variation - differences between members of a

population.

• Meiosis results in random separation of

Anaphase II
chromosomes in gametes.
• Centromeres split
• Causes diverse populations that over time can
• Individual chromosomes are pulled to poles be stronger for survival.