IE Academic Mentoring Program Math 17: Review Notes

Sets b. Universal Set (U)

-any set is a well-defined collection of objects c. Natural Numbers ( )
-any object in a set is called an Element - = {1,2,3,…}
d. Integers ( )
Notations - = {0, = 0, ±1, ±2, …
A,B,C… -Sets †Subsets of Sets: Null Set and the set itself
a,b,c… -Elements A is the IMPROPER SUBSET of A
𝑎∈𝐴 -a is an element of A ∅ is the TRIVIAL SUBSET of A
𝑎∉𝐴 -a is not an element of A Any other set is called PROPER SUBSET of A
2. Equal Set (=)
Ways how to write a set A = B if A and B have the same elements
1. Roster Method 1,2,3,4 = 1,2,3,4
-list all the elements 3. Equivalent Set (↔)
1,2,3,4 -the cardinality of A, n(A), is the number of
2. Rule Method elements in A
-describe the elements A = { 1,2,3 } n(A) = 3
𝑥 = 𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1,2,3,4 A ↔ B is they have the same cardinality

Relations on sets Operations on Sets

1. Subset (⊂ or ⊆) 1. Union (∪)
A ⊆ B if every element in A is in B 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
1,2,3,4 ⊆ 1,2,3,4,5 2. Intersection (∩)
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
Venn Diagrams 3. Complement (′)
-rectangle – Universal Set (U) – the set of all
𝐴′ = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴
elements in a part
4. Difference (-)
-circle – sets
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵
5. Disjoint Sets
-are sets without common elements
Theorems
𝐴∪𝐴= 𝐴
𝐴∪∅=𝐴
𝐴∪𝑈=𝑈
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵
Theorems
a. A ⊆ A 𝐴∩𝐴= 𝐴
b. ∅⊆ A -> any set 𝐴∩∅=∅
Some Sets 𝐴∩𝑈=𝐴
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴
a. Null Set (∅) - ∅= { }

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IE Academic Mentoring Program Math 17: Review Notes

𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ = 𝑈 Irrational Numbers
𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = ∅ -nonterminating and nonrepeating
∅′ = 𝑈
𝑈′ = ∅ The Real Number Line

De Morgan’s Law
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = A′ ∩ B ′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = A′ ∪ B ′
Axioms of Equality
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ A ∪ C)
1. Reflexive: a = a
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ A ∩ C) 2. Symmetry: a = b => b = a
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 3. Transitive: a = b and b = c => a = c
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ 4. Addition: a = b => a+c = b+c
5. Multiplication: a = b => ac = bc
6. Cross Product (x)
-an ordered pair (a,b) is a set with 2 sets Axioms of Addition/Multiplication
wherein we distinguish between the 1st and 2nd 1. Closure
element 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ → a + b ∈ ℝ
1,2 = 2,1 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ → ab ∈ ℝ
1,2) ≠ 2,1) 2. Associativity
a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
𝑖𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏
a bc) = (ab)c
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏)| 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵
3. Commutativity
In general, 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 unless 𝐴 = 𝐵
a+b =b+a
ab = ba
Cardinality 4. Identity
a. 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑛 𝐴) ∙ 𝑛 𝐵) Additive Identity: 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎
b. 𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑛 𝐴) + 𝑛 𝐵) − 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) Multiplicative Identity: 𝑎 ∙ 1 = 𝑎
c. 𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 𝑛 𝐴) + 𝑛 𝐵) + 5. Inverse
𝑛 𝐶 ) − 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) − Additive Inverse: a + −a) = 0
𝑛 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 1
Multiplicative Inverse: 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑎
d. 𝑛 𝐴′) = 𝑛 𝑈) − 𝑛 𝐴)
6. Distributivity
The Set of Real Numbers 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
Closed under
+ Integer Exponents
+,-,x Theorems
1. 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 +𝑚
Q +,-,x,÷
2. 𝑎𝑛 )𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛𝑚
Q′ none
3. 𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
The decimal representation of Rational Numbers
-terminates
-repeats
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IE Academic Mentoring Program Math 17: Review Notes

𝑎 𝑛−𝑚 𝑛 > 𝑚 Simplifying Polynomials

𝑎𝑛 1 1. Through operations
4. = 𝑎 𝑚 −𝑛 𝑛 < 𝑚
𝑎𝑚 2. Factoring
1 𝑛=𝑚
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
5. = 𝑏𝑛 Special Products
𝑏
Factors Products
6. 𝑎 = 1 ; 00 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
0
𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥
1
7. 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 ± 𝑏) 2 𝑎2 ± 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
𝑎 ± 𝑏) 3 𝑎3 ± 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 ± 𝑏3
Polynomials 𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3
1. A variable is a symbol used to represent any
𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3
element of a set.
𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
2. A constant is a symbol whose value is fixed.
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 ) ac𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 )𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑
3. An algebraic expression is a constant, a 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏
variable, or a combination of variables and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )2 + 2𝑎𝑐
constants involving operations. + 2𝑏𝑐

An algebraic expression including only +, -, x, of Division of Polynomials

variables and constants is called a polynomial. 1. Long Division
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 : polynomial 2. Synthetic Division
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑥+𝑦−4 : not a polynomial † =𝑐+𝑐
𝑐

Terms that differ only in their numerical coefficients Factoring Polynomials

are called like terms. -reducing the polynomial into a product of
2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 polynomials of lower degree
2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 5𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

The degree of a polynomial is the degree of the term 1. Common Monomial Factor
with the highest degree in the polynomial. 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑥 − 3𝑦)
2. Difference of Two Squares
Terms 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥 − 𝑦)
Degree 1 Linear 3. Sum/Difference of Two Cubes
2 Quadratic 𝑥 3 ± 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 ± 𝑦) 𝑥 2 ∓ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
3 Cubic 4. Perfect Square Trinomial
4 Quartic 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦)2
5 Quintic 5. Ordinary Trinomial
Polynomial with 1 term Monomial
𝑥 2 − 21𝑥 + 90 = 𝑥 − 15) 𝑥 − 6)
2 Binomial
3 Trinomial 6. Completing the Squares
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 2𝑥𝑦

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IE Academic Mentoring Program Math 17: Review Notes

7. Factoring by Grouping
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥 − 1
= 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 + 1)

Rational Expressions
𝑝
-an algebraic expression of the form 𝑞 where p and q
are polynomials; 𝑞 ≠ 0 .
𝑥 2 −9
where 𝑥 ≠ 3 .
𝑥+3

Complex Fractions
-fractions whose numerator and denominator
are/contains fractions also.
𝑥
1+2
𝑦+3
2− 5

Rational Exponents
b is an nth root of a if 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎.
Let 𝑛 ∈ ,
1. If n is even, the principal nth root of a is the
positive nth root of a, a >0.
2. If n is odd, the principal nth root of a is the
real nth root of a.

Laws of exponents
1 𝑛
1. 𝑎𝑛 =𝑎
1
𝑛
2. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑚 1 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛
3. 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 = 𝑎
4. 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑛𝑡𝑕 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟,
𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
†the laws of exponents are still valid for rational
exponents

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