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\What is a fertilizer? poor quality materials have limited potential to
A fertilizer is any material, organic or inorganic, enhance productivity. The effectiveness of such
natural or synthetic, that supplies plants with materials can be improved by combining them
the necessary nutrients for plant growth and with mineral N fertilizers such as ammonium‐
optimum yield. Organic fertilizers are natural nitrate or urea. Mineral fertilizers may be used
materials of either plant or animal origin, more efficiently by crops growing on soils with
including livestock manure, green manures, adequate amounts of soil organic matter
crop residues, household waste, compost, and supplied by organic fertilizers.
woodland litter. Inorganic (or mineral) fertilizers
are fertilizers mined from mineral deposits with What are the differences between organic and
little processing (e.g., lime, potash, or phosphate inorganic fertilizers in terms of their use?
rock), or industrially manufactured through
chemical processes (e.g., urea). Inorganic Organic fertilizers: Soil fertility on smallholder
fertilizers vary in appearance depending on the farms is almost entirely dependant on locally
process of manufacture. The particles can be of available resources. Cattle manure, cereal and
many different sizes and shapes (crystals, legume stover, and woodland litter are the
pellets, granules, or dust) and the fertilizer commonly used organic fertilizers, but these are
grades can include straight fertilizers rarely applied in sufficient quantities to impact
(containing one nutrient element only), on crop yields. The use of high quality organic
compound fertilizers (containing two or more fertilizers is rarely practised, although through
nutrients usually combined in a homogeneous research and extension activities in Africa, some
mixture by chemical interaction) and fertilizer farmers now include legume green manures or
blends (formed by physically blending mineral legume‐based fallows in crop sequences. The
fertilizers to obtain desired nutrient ratios). main advantage of using organic fertilizers is
that, compared to mineral fertilizers, they are
Specific properties of organic fertilizers usually available on or near the farm at very
Organic nutrient sources are highly little or no cost other than labor costs of
heterogeneous and vary in quality and quantity. handling, transportation, or opportunity costs of
The quality aspect is important in determining land used for their production.
the nutrient release potential of the organic
fertilizer. Microorganisms that decompose Inorganic (mineral) fertilizers:
organic fertilizers use the carbon in such Mineral fertilizers need to be applied to crop at
materials as an energy source for growth. least two times within a growing season (split
Required in even bigger quantities by application), either basally at planting or top‐
microorganisms for growth and reproduction is dressed during vegetative growth. The amount
nitrogen (N). Commonly available materials are of inorganic fertilizer used in most smallholder
often particularly low in N content. For organic farming systems falls far below standard
fertilizers with low N contents (such as cereal extension recommendations, due to poor
straw and most smallholder farmyard manures), purchasing power, risk aversion due to poor
microorganisms themselves will consume much and unreliable rainfall, and lack of significant
of the available N for their own growth. returns. When available, fertilizer use is not
Consequently, insignificant amounts of N will overly labor intensive, thus allowing time for
be released for the crop. Thus, on their own, other tasks (or for earning income elsewhere).
organic fertilizers enhances their quality and
What are the differences between organic and effectiveness. For example, with the exception of
inorganic fertilizers in terms of application? green manures, there is significant crop
The method and timing of fertilizer application response if organic fertilizers are combined with
is an essential component of good farming. For N‐based mineral fertilizers or other N‐rich
organic materials, decomposition rate and organic materials. Mineral fertilizers on the
timing of application influence the release of other hand immediately supply nutrients
nutrients to the crop. Organic fertilizer needed by crops. Basal fertilizers contain
application methods include broadcasting, elements required for good crop establishment
banding, and spot application (or side‐dressing). and early growth while top‐dressing can be
Broadcasting requires less labor and helps to done through split applications depending on
evenly cover the field surface before visible hunger signs and/or moisture
incorporation into soil through plowing or availability. In risky environments, spot
hand‐hoeing. Incorporation generally increases application of small amounts of N fertilizers
the fertility status of the whole plow layer. If the improves fertilizer effectiveness. The best
quantity of organic fertilizer is limited, it may be response to fertilizer use is obtained if the soil
banded along furrows or spot applied, but the has a high inherent fertility level (high organic
seed needs to be placed away from the fertilizer. matter status). Building inherent fertility
Side‐dressed organic fertilizers are not likely to requires practices such as retaining crop
have much immediate effect due to delayed residues on the field.
nutrient release.
Major limitations of organic and inorganic
Mineral fertilizers can be applied by hand or fertilizers
with application equipment. When hand Organic fertilizers
applied, it is essential to distribute the fertilizers Generally require large amounts to have
uniformly and at the recommended rates to desired effects
avoid over‐ or under‐fertilization. Application Extra investment in labor for harvesting
equipment needs proper adjustment to ensure (green manures) and preparation (cattle
uniform spreading. Broadcast fertilizer should manure)
be incorporated after application to enhance Unavailability of seed for green manures is
effectiveness or to avoid evaporation losses of N. one of the major limitations
With banding or spot application, take care that Quality for most has to be enhanced by
no fertilizer is placed too close to either the seed combining with expensive mineral fertilizers
or the germinating plant, to avoid damage to the Green manures must occupy land at a time
seedling or roots. when other food crops could be grown.
Mineral/ inorganic fertilizers
What are the differences in terms of their
Require high purchasing power
effectiveness?
Availability is an obstacle, especially in
Continued use of organic fertilizers results in
remote areas
increased soil organic matter, reduced erosion,
Need to be applied seasonally
better water infiltration and aeration, higher soil
High risk in low rainfall and very high
biological activity as the materials decompose in
rainfall areas
soil, and increased yields after the year of
application (residual effects). Proper handling of
This fact sheet was prepared as part of the IRRI‐CIMMYT alliance Cereal Knowledge Bank
(knowledgebank.cimmyt.org) • Developed with input from F. Mtambanengwe, P.Kosina, J. Jones • 2007