Measuring Tourism Impact and Environment Conflict

Submitted to Qualify One of the Tasks of English for Tourism 6th Semester of English
Education Department
Lecturer: Dr. H. Abdul Muin, M.M.

Created By:
TBI – 6A
4th Group
Anida Susanti (171230004)
Mutiara Nurul Fitri (171230006)
Tata Tama Gravilia (171230008)
Nela Yuningsih (171230021)
Dila Syadiyah (171230023)
Eka NurHidayati (171230030)

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SULTAN MAULANA HASANUDDIN
BANTEN
2020 A.D / 1441 A.H
 PREFACE

First of the authors say a since of thanks to Allah SWT for being able to complete a paper

the titled “Measuring Tourism Impact and Environment Conflict ’Peace and greeting to the

last chance of prophet hood, the best example of brotherhood and love each other.

We said thank you so much for everyone that help us to make this article. We are aware

this article is far from perfect, but we hope this article can useful for everyone especially for

writer. This article web made to fulfil our assignment in English Tourism.

We wait for your constructive criticism well as the advice from those who really want

this article better improved. My sincere gratitude is of course, addressed to them.

Serang, 11 March 2020

4th Group

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PREFACE....................................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER I.................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1

A. Background.....................................................................................................................................1

B. Formula of Contents........................................................................................................................2

C. Purpose............................................................................................................................................2

BAB II...........................................................................................................................................3

DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................3

A. Asessing...................................................................................................................................3

B. Tourism Impacts.............................................................................................................................9

C. General Multiple Tourism Impacts................................................................................................14

D. Global Climate Impacts.................................................................................................................23

E. The Environment Problem And Government Policy.....................................................................26

BAB III.......................................................................................................................................34

CLOSSING.....................................................................................................................................34

A. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................34

B. Suggestion.....................................................................................................................................35

Daftar Pustaka...........................................................................................................................36

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The activities of a person travelling outside his or her usual environment for less than

a specified period of time whose main purpose of travel is other than for exercise of an

activity remunerated from the place visited. Tourism is a study of man (sic) away from his

usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and the impacts that both he and the

industry have for the host socio-cultural, economic and physical environments. Most

definitions of the term tourist are based on the concept of tourism. Usually, such definitions

make reference to the need for the tourist to spend at least one night in a destination to which

he or she has travelled. Tourists can be distinguished from excursionists in such definitions,

as an excursionist is someone who visits and leaves without staying a night in a destination.

However, as Prosser suggested, it is relatively common today for the two terms to be

combined. The term visitor is often used in preference to either tourist or excursionist. The

bold, for example, used the concept of ‘visitor’ to combine the elements of a tourists and

excursionist. When discussing the impacts of tourism, a classification involving terms such as

excursionist or tourist is not particularly helpful. For example, in relation to the

environmental impacts of the feet of a walker on a natural or semi-natural landscape, it

matters little whether the person involved is classified as a tourist or an excursionist; the feet

will have the same effect. As the actions of day visitors (excursionists) and those of longer-

stayers may be almost indistinguishable, the view that a definition of tourism does not need

reference to an overnight stay has been become far more acceptable recently.

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B. Formula of Contents

1. What the tourism impacts?

2. What the general multiple tourism impacts?

3. What the global climate impact?

4. What the environment problem and government policy?

C. Purpose

The purposes are to know:

1. Retail tourism impacts.

2. The general multiple tourism impacts.

3. The global climate impact.

4. The environment problem and government policy.

BAB II

DISCUSSION

A. Assessing

Impact assessment Anthropogenic activities have the potential to impact in some way

the coastal environment and tourism is not an exception. Impact assessment is a process of

2
reviewing and evaluating the impact of any activity (such as construction of tourist facilities:

hotels, lodges, public beaches, highway, etc., on the coastal environment or on the natural

resources, culture, economy, etc.) Without knowing and being aware of negative

environmental effects it would be impossible to plan and take any effective, reasonable

measures aimed at protecting the quality of the coastal environment and human life.

The only legal tool currently applied in practice for assessing the negative environmental

impacts of concrete projects is environmental impact assessment (EIA). The procedure that

extends the concept and principle underlying EIA is called strategic environmental

assessment (SEA). There are some other tools and instruments used to assess impacts on the

coastal environment and humans for example, risk assessment, etc. The main objectives of

EIA in the context of sustainable tourism in coastal regions are (UNDP 2003):

1. Make decision makers aware of the significant environmental effects of proposal projects;

2. Outline alternatives with different environmental impacts;

3. Identify approaches how to avoid or reduce environmental damage and other impacts on

coastal regions;

4. Prevent coastal degradation by requiring implementation of feasible alternatives and

mitigation measures;

5. Disclose to the public the reason for approval of a project with significant environmental

effects;

6. Foster coordination among stakeholders;

Enchance public participation in decision-making processes Tourism takes place in the

environment, which is made up of both human and natural features. The human environment

comprises economic, social and cultural factors and processes. The natural environment is

made up of plants and animals in their habitat. It is possible to make a distinction between the

3
human environment and the natural environment and this is particularly useful when

discussing the impacts of tourism. However, it is important to note that, in a real setting, the

human environment and the natural environment are interwoven and human activity is both

affected by and has effects on the natural environment. Tourism, as a significant form of

human activity, can have major impacts. These impacts are very visible in the destination

region, where tourists interact with the local environment, economy, culture and society.

Hence, it is conventional to consider the impacts of tourism under the headings of socio-

cultural, economic and environmental impacts.

This convention is followed in the three chapters that follow this introduction to tourism

impacts. In fact, tourism issues are generally multi-faceted, often having a combination of

economic, social and environmental dimensions. Therefore when considering each of the

types of impact in turn, it should be remembered that the impacts are multi-faceted, often

problematic and not as easily compartmentalized as is often portrayed. In other words,

tourism impacts cannot easily be categorised as solely social, environmental or economic, but

tend to have several inter-related dimensions. It should also be noted that much tourism

planning and management is in relation to tourism impacts in destinations and resorts. The

impacts of tourism can be positive or beneficial, but also negative or detrimental. Whether

impacts are perceived as positive or negative depends on the value position and judgement of

the observer of the impacts. This can be illustrated through the use of an example. In this

case, only economic impacts are considered and the example relates to the building of a hotel

in an area with currently little tourism activity. It is possible for one observer to express a

view that the building of the hotel will create more jobs, both in the building and running of

the hotel and the observer would consider this to be a positive impact. Conversely, another

observer may claim although jobs will be created, they will only be part-time, semi-skilled,

poorly paid and lacking a career structure, as well as taking people away from traditional

4
forms of employment. This observer would view the building of the hotel as having a

negative impact on the local economy. Another example, in this case relating to

environmental effects, may help with an understanding of the importance of attitudes and

value positions in relating to tourism impacts. One observer may suggest that the creation of a

footpath through a national park to cater for tourists can be viewed as a way of routing

tourists and therefore limiting damage – a positive impact.

Another observer may claim that this footpath routing will promote an increase in tourist

numbers and hence the likelihood of more damage to the environment a negative impact.

Therefore, any discussion of tourism impacts needs to consider the value positions of

observers and commentators and should be set within considerations of the wider context of

tourism. However, it is conventional for researchers and policy makers to note a number of

both positive and negative effects of tourism. Positive economic benefits usually include

contributions to the local economy and job creation. Positive social impacts of tourism can

include the revival or boosting of traditional art or handicraft activity as a result of tourist

demand. Positive environmental effects of tourism may include revenue generated from visits

to sites of natural attraction being used to restore and maintain the attraction, as well as

enhanced interest from visitors in the importance of the natural environment and therefore a

greater willingness to support measures to protect the environment.

Negative economic effects of tourism may include food, land and house price

increases in tourist destinations, which become particularly evident during the tourist season.

Negative environmental consequences include pollution from vehicles, litter dropped by

visitors, disturbance to habitats and damage to landscape features. Negative socio-cultural

impacts may include the loss of cultural identity, particularly when tourists are from the

developed world and the hosts are located in a developing country. This may be part of what

is usually referred to as the demonstration effect. This occurs when inhabitants of a

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developing country imitate the activities of the visitors, who are from Developed countries.

This may start off as what may be considered relatively innocuous behaviour, such as the

desire to wear brand name jeans and consume branded fast food and drink, but can take the

form of far more undesirable activities such as drug taking and prostitution. Much research

work on tourism impacts in the period since the late 1970s, has tended to suggest that

negative impacts outweigh positive impacts (Jafari, 1990; Wall, 1997). However, large

numbers of residents of destination areas have continued to want tourists to come and often

want them very much (Wall, 1997). Jobs, higher incomes, increases in tax revenues and

better opportunities for children are frequently stated reasons for wanting more tourists (Wall,

1997). Residents may be prepared to put up with some negative impacts in return for what

they regard as desirable positive impacts. Thus, trade-offs are often involved in relation to

tourism impacts. As has been previously stated, it is often easy to see impacts in a

undimensional manner, when in reality they should be viewed within a wider context of not

just tourism factors but also wider societal considerations. As Wall (1997, p. 2) stated: The

situation is extremely complex but impacts are often desired, are extremely difficult to assess,

may require the acceptance of trade-offs and in a policy context, may involve the

development of strategies to mitigate undesirable impacts.

Tourism impacts are likely to change over time as a destination area develops (Butler,

1980). According to Wall (1997), key factors contributing to the nature of the impacts are the

type of tourism activities engaged in, the characteristics of the host community in the

destination region and the nature of the interaction between the visitors and residents.

Davison (1996) suggested a range of similar influences and also included the importance of

time and location in relation to tourism impacts. In stressing the importance of the ‘where’

and the ‘when’, Davison (1996) claimed these influences set tourism’s impacts apart from

those of other industrial sectors. In relation to tourism being concentrated in space, Davison

6
indicated that tourism production and consumption, unlike many other industrial activities,

take place in the same location. This means that the tourist consumes the product in the

tourist destination. Therefore tourism impacts are largely spatially concentrated in the tourism

destination. In relation to tourism impacts being concentrated in time, Davison (1996)

suggested it is because it is a seasonal activity that makes this important. The seasonality of

tourism is largely due to two major factors: climate and holiday periods (Burton, 1992;

Davison, 1996).

Climate is a significant factor in that it controls important resources for tourism, such

as hours of sunshine or amount of snow cover occurring at particular times of the year.

Tourists’ ability to visit a destination at a particular time of the year, for example, during a

school holidays or an annual holiday, tends also to make it a seasonal activity. In Australia

and New Zealand, for example, the seasonality of tourism is closely related to climate. The

summer period coincides with the traditional break at Christmas. In New Zealand, until

relatively recently, the majority of businesses were closed during the last few days of

December until late January. Although, changing social circumstances mean that more people

now work over the Christmas and New Year break, as well as in January, the period from late

December until late January is still the main school holiday time. Some of tourism’s impacts

also occur beyond the destination. For example, transport from the tourist’s home to the

destination – the transit zone as shown in Leiper tourism system (Figure 1.4 in Chapter 1) has

an effect on the transit zone. Also, a package tour purchased in the tourism home region is

likely to benefit the travel and tour operator based there, rather than one in the destination.

Tourism also has an impact on tourists themselves. These effects may be noted in their

behavior in destinations. The impacts may also become apparent when the tourist has

returned from a visit. For example, the tourists’ experiences may affect their decision on a

future visit to the destination. In this case, some of the experiences gained would be in the

7
actual destination, although the reflection on that experience and its effects on future tourism

choices could take place elsewhere. Major factors influencing tourism impacts have been

synthesized and summarized below. These factors are based at least in part on the work of

Davison (1996) and Wall (1997) and are set out in the form of questions, with some comment

following the questions as examples or to provide explanation. 1

B. Tourism Impact

Tourism is an activity done by an individual or a group of individuals, which leads to

a motion from a place to another. From a country to another for performing a specific task, or

it is a visit to a place or several places in the purpose of entertaining which leads to an

awareness of other civilizations and cultures, also increasing the knowledge of countries,

cultures, and history.

Tourism has a direct impact on the national revenue for all tourist countries, it creates

work opportunities, industries, and several investments to serve and raise nations

performance and cultures, also distributes their history, civilization, and traditions.

Tourism may have many different effects on the social and cultural aspects of life in a

particular region or area, depending on the cultural and religious strengths of that region. The

interaction between tourists and the host community can be one of the factors that may affect

a community as tourists may not be sensitive to local customs, traditions and standards. The

effect can be positive or negative on the host community.

1. Local communities can mix with people from diverse backgrounds with different lifestyles

which through ‘demonstration effect’ may lead to the development of improved lifestyles

and practices from the tourists’ examples;

2. There can be an improvement in local life through better local facilities and infrastructure

(developed to sustain tourism) which could lead to better education, health care,

1
Peter Mason, Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management ( New York, British Library, 2003), 34-41
8
 employment opportunities and income; More cultural and social events available for local

people such as entertainment, exhibitions etc.

3. Improved sports and leisure facilities created for the tourists which local people may use,

particularly out of the tourist season; Conservation of the local cultural heritage of an area

and rebirth of its crafts, architectural traditions and ancestral heritage;

4. Urban areas which may be in decline can be revived and the movement of people from

rural areas to urban areas for employment may be reversed as jobs will be available in the

tourism industry; Increase in youth exchange programmers, village tourism, home swap

programmers and voluntary work overseas.

C. General Multiple Tourism Impacts

A goal of developing the tourism industry in a community is maximizing selected

positive impacts while minimizing potential negative impacts. First, it is essential to identify

the possible impacts. Tourism researchers have identified a large number of impacts.

Grouping the impacts into categories shows the types of impacts that could result from

developing tourism in a community. The following tables list a range of important tourism

impacts in a concise format. Readers needing additional information about specific impacts

should contact appropriate professionals or consult tourism texts and research papers.

A community will not experience every impact. Some are dependent on particular natural

resource features (mountains, coral reefs) or development and spatial patterns (special

"tourist zones"). Others relate to the social condition of the community, particularly the

ability to culturally or socially connect with tourists. Still others relate to types and intensity

of tourism developments, i.e., approval or hostility toward tourist activities. The following

tables are extensive but not all-inclusive. 2

2
Gilbert, D. and M. Clark. 1997.An exploratory examination of urban tourism impact, with reference
to resident attitudes in the cities of Canterbury and Guildford. Cities 14(6): 343-352.
9
1. Economic

Tourism increases employment opportunities. Additional jobs, ranging from low-

wage entry-level to high-paying professional positions in management and technical fields,

generate income and raise standards of living. Particularly in rural areas, the diversification

created by tourism helps communities that are possibly dependent on only one industry. As

tourism grows, additional opportunities are created for investment, development, and

infrastructure spending. Tourism often induces improvements in public utilities such as

water, sewer, sidewalks, lighting, parking, public restrooms, litter control, and landscaping.

Such improvements benefit tourists and residents alike. Likewise, tourism encourages

improvements in transport infrastructure resulting in upgraded roads, airports, public

transportation, and non-traditional transportation (e.g., trails). Tourism encourages new

elements to join the retail mix, increasing opportunities for shopping and adding healthy

competitiveness. It often increases a community's tax revenues. Lodging and sales taxes

most notably increase but additional tax revenues include air travel and other transportation

taxes, business taxes, and fuel taxes. New jobs generate more income tax revenues.

a. Positive Impact Economic

 Contributes to income and standard of living

 Improves local economy

 Increases employment opportunities

 Improves investment, development, and infrastructure spending

 Increases tax revenues w Improves public utilities infrastructure w Improves

transport infrastructure

 Increases opportunities for shopping

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  Economic impact (direct, indirect, induced spending) is widespread in the

community

 Creates new business opportunities

b. Negative Impact

 Increases price of goods and services

 Increases price of land and housing

 Increases cost of living

 Increases potential for imported labor

 Cost for additional infrastructure (water, sewer, power, fuel, medical, etc.)

 Increases road maintenance and transportation systems costs

 Seasonal tourism creates high-risk, under- or unemployment issues

 Competition for land with other (higher value) economic uses

 Profits may be exported by non-local owners

 Jobs may pay low wages3

2. Environmental

Areas with high-value natural resources, like oceans, lakes, waterfalls, mountains,

unique flora and fauna, and great scenic beauty attract tourists and new residents (in-

migrants) who seek emotional and spiritual connections with nature. Because these

people value nature, selected natural environments are preserved, protected, and kept

from further ecological decline. Lands that could be developed can generate income by

accommodating the recreational activities of visitors. Tourist income often makes it

possible to preserve and restore historic buildings and monuments. Improvements in the

area’s appearance through cleanup or repairs and the addition of public art such as

3
Hawkins, D.E. (Ed.). 1982. Social and Economic Impact of Tourism on Asian Pacific
Region.Tokyo:Asian Productivity Organization, p. iii.
11
 murals, water fountains, and monuments (part of making a community ready for tourism)

benefit visitors and residents alike. Tourism is generally considered a "clean" industry,

one that is based on hotels, restaurants, shops and attractions, instead of factories.

a. Positive impact

 Protection of selected natural environments or prevention of further ecological decline

 Preservation of historic buildings and monuments

 Improvement of the area’s appearance (visual and aesthetic)

 A "clean" industry (no smokestacks)

b. Negative impact

 Pollution (air, water, noise, solid waste, and visual)

 Loss of natural landscape and agricultural lands to tourism development

 Loss of open space

 Destruction of flora and fauna (including collection of plants, animals, rocks,

coral, or artifacts by or for tourists)

 Degradation of landscape, historic sites, and monuments

 Water shortages

 Introduction of exotic species

 Disruption of wildlife breeding cycles and behaviors4

3. Social and Cultural The social and cultural

ramifications of tourism warrant careful consideration, as impacts can either become

assets or detriments to communities. Influxes of tourists bring diverse values to the

community and influence behaviors and family life. Individuals and the collective
4
Omurgonulsen, U. 1990.A critical view on the relationships between tourism and environment.
Anatolia I/2: 31-34.
12
community might try to please tourists or adopt tourist behaviors. Interactions between

residents and tourists can impact creative expression by providing new opportunities

(positive) or by stifling individuality with new restrictions (negative). Increased tourism

can push a community to adopt a different moral conduct such as improved understanding

between sexes (positive) or increased illicit drug use (negative). Safety and health

facilities and staffing tend to increase at the same time safety problems such as crime and

accidents increase.

a. Positive impact

 Improves quality of life

 Facilitates meeting visitors (educational experience)

 Positive changes in values and customs w Promotes cultural exchange

 Improves understanding of different communities

 Preserves cultural identity of host population

 Increases demand for historical and cultural exhibits

 Greater tolerance of social differences

 Satisfaction of psychological needs

b. Negative Impact

 Excessive drinking, alcoholism, gambling

 Increased underage drinking

 Crime, drugs, prostitution

 Increased smuggling

 Language and cultural effects

 Unwanted lifestyle changes

 Displacement of residents for tourism development

13
  Negative changes in values and customs

 Family disruption

 Exclusion of locals from natural resource

 New cliques modify social structure

 Natural, political, and public relations calamities

4. Crowding and Congestion

People congregate in attractive places. Tourism often develops around specific

locations and concentrates there, providing growth yet avoiding sprawl. Historic buildings

and grounds, which might otherwise slowly deteriorate, have great appeal for tourism

development and can often be renovated to suit the industry.

As people congregate, congestion and crowding produces stress, annoyance, anger, and

other negative attitudes. Hordes of visitors may impede local businesses, prevent

residents from accomplishing normal activities, and compete for space. Tourism

construction, especially hotels, may be inappropriate in scale and style with respect to

other structures and the landscape. In some areas, recreational second homes and

condominium developments create major crowding and congestion problems.

a. Positive impact

 Minimizes sprawl

 Concentrates tourist facilities

 Old buildings reused for tourism

b. Negative Impact

 Congestion including interference with other businesses

 Overcrowding – exceeding area capacity

 Conflict

14
  Overpowering building size and style

5. Services

Tourism creates opportunities to develop new amenities and recreation facilities that

would not otherwise be viable in a community. Tourist expectations can upgrade service

by local shops, restaurants, and other commerce operators. Tourist traffic in a community

creates an opportunity for upgraded fire, police, and medical protection that also benefits

residents.

Traditional services may be forced out or relocated due to competition with tourist

interests. Supply shortages may occur, temporarily, seasonally, or chronically. Water,

power, fuel, and other shortages may be experienced with increased pressure on the

infrastructure.

a. Positive impact

 Increases availability of recreation facilities and opportunities

 Better standard of services by shops, restaurants, and other commerce

 Improves quality of fire protection

 Improves quality of police protection

b. Negative impact

 Neglect of non-tourist recreation facilities

 Effects of competition

 Shortage of goods and services

 Increases pressure on infrastructure

6. Taxes

Increased retail activity from restaurants and tourist shopping will add state and local

sales tax revenue. Lodging tax revenue to the city (or state) should increase since

15
travelers account for virtually all lodging tax receipts. Increased tax burdens to expand

infrastructure and public services will be passed on to property owners through increased

property taxes.

a. Positive impact

 Additional state and local sales tax revenue

 Lodging tax revenue to city (or state)

b. Negative Impact

 Increases property taxes

7. Community Attitude

Visitor interest and satisfaction in the community is a source of local pride. Seeing

visitor interest makes local residents more appreciative of local resources that are often

taken for granted. As tourism develops, local residents will enjoy more facilities and a

greater range of choices. Tourism activities and events tend to make living in a place

more interesting and exciting.

However, heightened tension and community divisiveness can occur over tourism

development, pitting tourism supporters against non-supporters. Also, tension between

residents and tourists can occur. People will often feel stressed over the new, increasingly

hectic community and personal pace of life. They may claim the result is no better than

before or perhaps even worse. Where culture is part of the tourist attractions, over-

amplification of cultural traits and creation of "new" cultural traits to satisfy tourist tastes

may create a phony culture. Residents may experience a sense of exclusion and alienation

over planning and development concerns. They may feel a loss of control over the

community's future as "outsiders" take over establishments and new development. Over-

dependence on non-local developers and an influx of outside businesses creates a sense

16
 that the community is being manipulated and exploited by outsiders for the sole benefit of

those developers or business people. Hotels built in monolithic cubes or restaurants with

standardized franchise designs might clash with local standards and disrupt the aesthetic

appearance of the community, damage unique community character, and spread

"sameness."

a. Positive impact

 Heightens pride in community

 Greater appreciation of local resources

 More facilities and range of choices available

 More interesting and exciting place to live

b. Negative Impact

 Heightens community divisiveness

 Increasingly hectic community and personal life

 Creates a phony folk culture

 Residents experience sense of exclusion and alienation over planning and

development concerns

 Feeling of loss of control over community future (caused by outsider

development)

New building styles fail to "fit" community5

D. Global Climate Impacts

Climate change includes changes in temperature or air temperature, air pressure,

wind, humidity, and rainfall, which occur gradually over a long period of time. Meanwhile,

global warming according to Kartiwa (2007) is an increase in the average temperature of the

5
Haralambopoulos, N. and A.Pizam. 1996. Perceived impacts of tourism: The case of Samos. Annals
of Tourism Research 23(3): 503-526.
17
atmosphere, sea, and landmass due to an increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions

in the atmosphere. The real impact of global warming is the occurrence of extreme climate

change.

          The impact of climate change on temperature rises will affect the following:

temperature changes in winter are greater than summer; the minimum daily temperature will

increase more than the maximum daily temperature; the land will warm more than the ocean,

causing strong monsoon activity; areas at higher latitudes and heights will experience greater

warming; and the number of days snowing will decrease, and rainfall is more likely to be rain

instead of snow, affecting the storage and release cycle of water which results in hotter and

drier summers.

Climate change that occurs rapidly due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere, will leave vulnerability to ecosystems and affect people's lives and

livelihoods through rising sea levels; increased intensity of storms, cyclones, drought and

floods; greater frequency of heat and cold waves; faster spread of disease; and greater

population movements and conflicts over scarce resources. Climate change is happening

globally, there is no region free from changes of this magnitude. The greatest negative impact

will be felt by poor countries with large populations, such as in parts of Africa and southern

Asia (Stern 2006, 55). Tourism is one sector that is very vulnerable to climate change

(Amelung et al. 2007, 8).

    The impact of climate change is felt primarily on natural tourism, such as mountains,

beaches, sea and rivers. The impacts of climate change can be in the form of positive and

negative impacts. If negative impacts occur, the sustainability of the tourism sector, as

Indonesia's leading sector, can be disrupted. It is therefore important to include elements of

climate change in the development of Indonesian tourism. Climate change will have a major

influence on the world of tourism, both on tourist preferences for tourist destination areas, as

18
well as changes in tourist attractiveness of destinations which also result in changes in the

management of tourism destinations (Hamilton et al. 2004, 253).

           The relationship between climate change and tourism can be seen in 2 different ways,

namely:

(1) see their effects on tourists, what they have to prepare and how they react; and

(2) looking at its effects on tourism destinations, how changes in tourist attractiveness go

along with climate change and its management (Hamilton et al. 2005, 245). In other words,

global climate change is expected to affect supply and demand from the tourism sector in

Indonesia. In terms of supply, climate change will have an impact on the destruction of

natural and cultural resources which are the main products of tourism offered in Indonesia.

According to Widhiyanti (2007), rising temperatures and sea levels will threaten the

sustainability of tourism activities and marine biodiversity in coastal tourism destinations. If

there is an increase in global average temperature of 1.5oC to 2.5oC then there is a possibility

of the Journal of Regional and Urban Planning Vol 20 / No.1 April 2011 20 extinction of 20-

30 species of flora and fauna. Ocean acidity levels that increase due to increasing CO2 in the

atmosphere, will have a negative impact on marine organisms such as coral reefs and

organisms whose lives depend on coral reefs.

           Coastal areas will experience rising sea levels and are increasingly vulnerable to

coastal erosion. Meanwhile, on the demand side, climate change will affect the pattern of

tourist visits as well as tourists' perceptions and preferences towards the tourist destination.

The existence of climate change can result in a climate that was initially considered

comfortable for tourists to be uncomfortable again so that it has implications for the pattern

of tourist visits to a tourism destination. Climate change can also have implications for

changes in the perceptions and preferences of tourists towards tourist destinations that are

triggered by damage to the physical conditions of the tourist attractions offered. There are 4

19
 main categories of climate change impacts that can affect tourism destinations,

competitiveness and sustainability (Amelung et al. 2007, 5-7).

a. Immediate impact.

Climate is a resource for tourism that determines the suitability of locations to

support tourist activities, influences tourism demand and influences operational costs, such as

heating-cooling, the cost of artificial snow, and the availability of water and irrigation.

Climate also influences people's preference for a vacation to a place.

b. Direct impact.

Climate change can cause various kinds of disasters. The disaster will eventually have

wider negative effects, such as degradation or environmental degradation. Whereas natural

and environmental conditions are the main attraction for tourism activities, environmental

degradation will have a major adverse effect on the tourism sector at the destination and

regional levels.

c. Impact of mitigation policies on tourist movements

Tourism activities are one of the contributors to a significant increase in GHG

emissions. Tourist mobility from one place to another using a vehicle certainly causes high

carbon dioxide emissions. This encourages the national world

E. The Environment Problem And Government Policy

The Environment Problem and Government Policy

1. The Environment Problem

Good environmental policy benefits society by protecting human health and the

environment. But for progress to be made across environmental policy areas (whether air

quality, water, waste or biodiversity) cross-cutting, systemic flaws need to be addressed.

Laws and regulations need to be clear, feasible and enforceable. Policy instruments need to

20
 be well designed and packaged. Implementation needs to be supported by adequate

compliance assurance strategies. All this requires effective supporting institutions.

Good environmental regulation has also important consequences in terms of achieving

political, economic and public administration goals. For countries aspiring to EU

membership, environmental legislation is a major area for convergence. For countries seeking

to make the most of globalization, environmental regulation plays an increasingly important

role in guaranteeing a level-playing field for businesses in the global marketplace. For

countries aiming to strengthen the rule of law and improving governance, effective

environmental compliance assurance systems help to reinforce the credibility of regulation in

general.6

Problems in the tourism environment, namely:

a. Water Quality

The tourism industry impacts water quality through construction and maintenance of

tourist infrastructure, recreational boating, and certain activities of the cruise industry. Tourist

infrastructure increases the pressure on existing sewage treatment plants and can lead to

overflows during peak tourist times. The most significant problem from the standpoint of

human health associated with recreational boating and water quality is the discharge of

sewage into water bodies with limited flushing, where the discharge occurs near the location

of shellfish beds. Diseases that can be potentially transmitted through human contact with

fecal discharge and/or ingestion of contaminated shellfish include typhoid fever, dysentery,

infectious hepatitis, and non-specific gastroenteritis.

b. Air Quality

Most tourism-related air pollution comes from automobiles. Automobiles emit by far

the most carbon monoxide of all transportation modes. In 1997, they emitted 26 million short
Soledad Blanko, Policies for a Better Environment PROGRESS IN EASTERN EUROPE, CAUCASUS
6

AND CENTRAL ASIA, (USA: OECD, 2007), hal 26

21
 tons of carbon monoxide, compared with 1.7 million short tons from recreational marine

vehicles, and 1 million from aircraft. Specific information on tour bus emissions was not

available, but all heavy-duty diesel vehicles (most tour buses fall into this category) emitted

1.4million short tons in 1997.Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing in

response to the rising number of tourists and their greater mobility. The International Civil

Aviation Organization reported that the number of international air passengers worldwide

rose from 88 million in 1972 to 344 million in 1994. One consequence of this increase in air

transport is that tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel and is therefore

responsible for an important share of air emissions. One study estimated that a single

transatlantic return flight emits almost half the CO emissions produced by all other sources

(lighting, 2 heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average person per year.

c. Noise pollution

Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational vehicles such

as snow mobile sand jet skis, is a problem of modern life. In addition to causing annoyance,

stress, and even hearing loss for humans, it causes distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive

areas.

d. Solid Waste and Littering

In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural

attractions, waste disposalis a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major

despoiler of the natural environment, rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. For example, cruise

ships in the Caribbean are estimated to produce more than 70,000 tons of waste each year.

Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and

cause the death of marine animals. In mountain areas, trekking tourists generate a great deal

of waste. Tourists on expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even

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 camping equipment. Such practices degrade the environment with all the detritus typical of

the developed world, in remote areas that have few garbage collection or disposal facilities.

e. Habitat/Ecosystem

Alteration and Fragmentation Ecosystems and natural habitat can be damaged by tourist

infrastructure, tourist activities, recreational boating, and the cruise industry. Recreational

boats and cruise vessels can damage aquatic vegetation by cutting it with their propellers or

otherwise damaging it when running aground. Wetlands have been destroyed in order to build

tourist related infrastructure, such as airports, roads, and marinas. For example, in Jamaica

over 700 acres of wetlands have been destroyed since the 1960s for tourism development.

When snorkeling and hiking, tourists can damage ecosystems by littering, and trampling

coraland vegetation. This type of damage is cumulative in nature. One or two tourists may

not cause visible harm, but hundreds over time can do substantial damage.

f. Impacts on Wildlife

Wildlife can be adversely affected by the construction and maintenance of tourist

infrastructure, and by tourist activities. Impacts from tourist infrastructure can be direct, such

as when development in lower elevations of mountain resorts restricts the migratory range of

certain wildlife, or indirect, such as when marine turtles are disoriented by automobile head

lights and resort illumination. The two primary ways in which tourist activities disturb

wildlife are by altering their eating habits and feeding patterns, and by altering their habitat.

Feeding patterns are altered directly by tourists feeding animals, and indirectly by littering,

which encourages wildlife to scrounge for food. Wildlife habitat is altered by tourists‟

trampling and by the use of off-road vehicles (ORVs).

g. Aesthetic and Cultural Impacts

Tourism can diminish the aesthetic appeal of a destination through the construction of

buildings that clash with the surrounding environment, creating “architectural” or “visual”

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pollution. The high-rise hotels along the coastal zone of Atlantic City and Miami are

examples, as are several high-rise hotels in Jerusalem, whose construction arguably damaged

the city architectural beauty.

h. Loss of biological diversity

The effects on loss of biodiversity:

 It threatens our food supplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of

wood, medicines and energy.

 It interferes with essential ecological functions such as species balance, soil formation, and

greenhouse gas absorption

 It reduces productivity of ecosystems.

 It destabilizes ecosystems and weakens their ability to deal with natural disasters such as

floods, droughts, and hurricanes, and with human-caused stresses, such as pollution and

climate change. Tourism, especially nature tourism, is closely linked to biodiversity and the

attractions created by a rich and varied environment. It can also cause loss of biodiversity

when land and resources are strained by excessive use, and when impacts on vegetation,

wildlife, mountain, marine and coastal environments and water resources exceed their

carrying capacity. This loss of biodiversity in fact means loss of tourism potential.

Introduction of exotic species which tourists and suppliers can bring in species (insects,

wild and cultivated plants and diseases) that are not native to the local environment can

cause enormous disruption and even destruction of ecosystems.

i. Depletion of the ozone layer

The ozone layer, which is situated in the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere) at an altitude

of 12-50kilometers, protects life on earth by absorbing the harmful wavelengths of the sun's

ultraviolet (UV)radiation, which in high doses is dangerous to humans and animals. For

example, one of the reasons scientists have put forward for the global decrease of amphibian

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populations is increased exposure to UV radiation. Ozone depleting substances (ODSs) such

as CFCs (chlor of luorocarbon) and halonshave contributed to the destruction of this layer.

The tourism industry may be part of the problem; direct impacts start with the construction of

new developments and continue during daily management and operations. Refrigerators, air

conditioners and propellants in aerosol spray cans, amongst others, contain ODSs and are

widely used in the hotel and tourism industry. Emissions from jet aircraft are also a

significant source of ODSs. Scientists predict that by 2015 half of the annual destruction of

the ozone layer will be caused by air travel.7

2. Government Policy in Tourism

Tourism policies combine in a diverse manner five major objectives related to the

nature of the phenomenon and their different dimensions. There are differences in intensity

and degree on the government aims depending on the political system, the level of overall

economic development, and the level of tourism development of the destination. The first

objective is to pursue tourism growth or remain competitive, in the case of mature

destinations. Whereas in new or emerging tourist destinations, the governments usually

consider the following objectives:

a. To promote the destination trying to improve internal and external tourism demand.

b. To achieve international tourism growth and increase foreign currency income to support

the balance of payments.

c. To establish public institutions, national tourism administrations in terms of WTO (1997),

to stimulate tourism growth and to do so in a sustainable manner.

d. To increase awareness of the importance of the activity among entrepreneurships and

private sector in order to make tourism more attractive for private investment. It has also

been a common practice to at public companies in order to have a demonstration effect.

7
Fauzul Islam, 2013, “Environmental Effect Of Tourism”, American Journal of Environment, Energy
and Power Research Vol. 1, No. 7, September 2013, PP: 117-130
25
e. To support the right to travel and move freely as laid out in the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights. Tourism can be an instrument stated of peace since it encourages people

to become closer and means a better understanding of other cultures.

The second objective is related to spatial dimensions of tourism and its impacts on land

use dynamics. Here the central concept is the idea of planning, a precess to achieve a better

spatial distribution of tourism activities, promoting the use of untapped resources, or

improving local participation in decision-making process related to sustainable strategies.

Some common aims are:

a. To formulate development strategies and programs.

b. To invest in better mobility systems in the tourism areas to help manage tourism

flows and build of tourism-related infrastructure (like marinas or theme parks).

c. To invest public budget in tourism-related resources, for instance, in order to

make accessible new coastal areas or investing in cultural and natural heritage

restoration.

d. Recently, as the tourism has own objectives related to the reinforcement of the

coexistence between tourists and locals have started to appear. In some

destinations, the problems that local communities are suffering – disrespectful

behavior or noise – lie at the heart of the public debate.

Thirdly, as tourism is also an experience or service consumed by people, there are

objectives related to provide a safe, satisfying, and fulfilling experience for visitors. Common

aims could be:

a. To protect tourism-consumer.

b. To improve the regulation framework across different tourism subsectors through

the adoption of regulations concerning safety levels in accommodation, travel

intermediation, as well as new products such as active tourism.

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 c. To promote actions to improve quality standards of tourism products and

customer attention, usually through training programs.

In the fourth place, coordination appears to be a central need due to the transversal

nature of the issue. In tourism, policies often appear, as objectives:

a. To stablish coordination bodies to coordinate actors from different backgrounds

and different subsectors (culture, environment, infrastructure, etc.).

b. To create Destination Management Organizations (DMO, in WTO terms)

involving public and private sector and other different stakeholders.

c. To stimulate business platforms, as clusters or product clubs to pursue better

competitiveness.

d. Finally, tourism is considered a young phenomenon which is in a process of

constant change.8

BAB III

CLOSSING
A. Conclusion

1. Impact assessment Anthropogenic activities have the potential to impact in some

way the coastal environment and tourism is not an exception. Impact assessment

is a process of reviewing and evaluating the impact of any activity (such as

construction of tourist facilities: hotels, lodges, public beaches, highway, etc.

Tourism is an activity done by an individual or a group of individuals, which leads

to a motion from a place to another.

8
María Velasco, 2016, “Tourism Policy”, Springer International Publishing AG 2016
27
 2. Climate change includes changes in temperature or air temperature, air pressure,

wind, humidity, and rainfall, which occur gradually over a long period of time.

Meanwhile, global warming according to Kartiwa (2007) is an increase in the

average temperature of the atmosphere, sea, and landmass due to an increase in

the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The real impact of

global warming is the occurrence of extreme climate change.

3. Good environmental policy benefits society by protecting human health and the

environment. But for progress to be made across environmental policy areas

(whether air quality, water, waste or biodiversity) cross-cutting, systemic flaws

need to be addressed. Laws and regulations need to be clear, feasible and

enforceable. Policy instruments need to be well designed and packaged.

Implementation needs to be supported by adequate compliance assurance

strategies. All this requires effective supporting institutions.

4. Tourism policies combine in a diverse manner five major objectives related to the

nature of the phenomenon and their different dimensions. There are differences in

intensity and degree on the government aims depending on the political system,

the level of overall economic development, and the level of tourism development

of the destination.

B. Suggestion

With this paper we hope can provide additional useful in our daily and can make us

educated. If there are some errors in this paper, we apologize and we ask a suggestion to

make this paper even better in the next time.

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 Daftar Pustaka

Fauzul Islam, 2013, “Environmental Effect of Tourism”, American Journal of Environment,

Energy and Power Research Vol. 1, No. 7, September 2013.

Gilbert, D. and M. Clark. 1997.An exploratory examination of urban tourism impact, with
reference to resident attitudes in the cities of Canterbury and Guildford. Cities 14(6).

Hawkins, D.E. (Ed.). 1982. Social and Economic Impact of Tourism on Asian Pacific
Region.Tokyo:Asian Productivity Organization.

Haralambopoulos, N. and A.Pizam. 1996. Perceived impacts of tourism: The case of Samos.
Annals of Tourism Research 23(3).

María Velasco, 2016, “Tourism Policy”, Springer International Publishing AG 2016.

29
Omurgonulsen, U. 1990.A critical view on the relationships between tourism and
environment. Anatolia I/2.

Peter Mason, Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management ( New York, British Library,
2003).

Soledad Blanko, Policies for a Better Environment PROGRESS IN EASTERN EUROPE,

CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA, (USA: OECD, 2007).

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