07_Chapter_1

gqkgs y'i ekoi dk w[bKeD

gzikph b'eXkok dk y/so nfs ft;fsqs j?, fi; ftu wB[`yh ihtB d/
jo g`y Bkb ;zpzfXs ;w`roh Fkfwb j?. ihtB dk e'Jh th gfjb{ nfijk
Bjh__ j? i' b'eXkok dh S'j s'_ nfG`i j't/. b'e rhs, b'e ejkDhnK, w[jkto/,
b'e ftFtk;, ohsh fotk}, tos fsT[jko, g{ik ftXhnK, b'e Xzd/, b'e
gfjoktk, b'e Bku, b'e ebk, b'e y/vK ns/ nykD nkfd ;kok e[M b'eXkok
d/ y/so nXhB nkT[_dk j?. b'eXkok b'e wB ftu t;d/ ;wkie ns/
;fGnkukoe g;koK ~ nkgD/ nzdo ;w'Jh p?mk fJe rshFhb s/ gfotosBFhb
toskok j?. gzikp feT[_fe Gkos dk gqt/F d[nko fojk j?, fJ; eoe/ t`y-t`y
XowK ns/ e"wK d/ XkoBh b'e fJ`E/ t`;d/ oj/ jB. fJ; eoe/ gzikp d/ b'e
ihtB dk nfXn?B, ;fGnkukoe ns/ fJfsjk;e g`y'_ pVk jh wj`stg{oB ns/
fdbu;g j?. ;' g{ot fJfsjk;e :[`r s'_ b? e/ nkX[fBe :[`r ftu nykD
wj`stg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[_d/ oj/ jB.
@@*nykD* b'e ;kfjs dk nfijk o{g j?, fi; ftu b'e ihtB d/ bzw/
s}ofpnK ns/ nB[GtK ~ b'e p'bh d[nkok pj[s jh ;zy/g gozs{ Y[`eth_ F?bh
1
okjh_ tkeK$s[eK d/ o{g ftu gqrNkfJnk frnk j[zdk j?.## b'e ;w{j gqtkBrh
d/ e/, gozgokrs o{g ftu b'e ezm d[nkok n`r/ s'odk nkfJnk j?.
nkoHn?wHv"o;B nB[;ko L
nykD ;zy/g s/ f;nkDg Bkb Go/ nfij/ tke jB i' gozgoe
j[zd/ jB s/ o'}kBk f}zdrh ftu tos/ iKd/ jB. fJj ;kvh
f;`fynk s/ fBnK gqDkbh dhnK t`y-t`y gq;fEshnK ti'_ th ikD/
iKd/ jB.2
 b'e rhs tKr nykD fe;/ ftF/F ftnesh dh ouBk Bjh_ j[zd/ pbfe
fJj ;w[`uh e"w d/ ;dhnK d/ ewkJ/ j'J/ nB[Gt ~ ;w/_ dh e[mkbh ftu ;'X
e/ ihtB gotkj ftu ob iKd/ jB. wFhBh ;fGnsk d/ gqGkt ekoB gzikp d/
b'e ihtB ftu pj[s ;kohnK spdhbhnK nk rJhnK jB. n`i g[okDk gzikp
feXo/ th B}o Bjh_ nkT[_dk. ;w[`u/ fgzv ;VeK okjh_ FfjoK Bkb i[V rJ/
jB. y/shpkVh eoB d/ Yzr sohe/ th pdb rJ/ jB. fgzvK dk th
FfjoheoB j' fojk j?. fgzvK ftu gfjbK tKr ;`EK s/ wfj\bK i[VBhnK pzd
j' rJhnK jB feT[_fe wFhBh ;fGnsk d/ gqGkt ekoB fe;/ e'b th j[D J/Bk
;wK Bjh_ fe T[j fJBQK ;`EK dk fj`;k pD ;e/. gzikp d/ b'e ihtB ftu'_
pj[s e[M ft;o fojk j?. ;`EK ftu p?m/ f;nkD/ th nkgDh p'bukb ftu
nykDK dh tos'_ eod/ feXo/ fdykJh Bjh_ fdzd/ go fJ;d/ pkti{d th fJj
;kv/ b'e ihtB dk nN[`N nzr jB.
gzikp d/ b'e ihtB ftu b'e nykDK dh nkw tos'_ j[zdh j?. fJj
j}koK dh frDsh ftu fwbd/ jB. gzikp y/shpkVh gqXkB gqKs j'D ekoB
fe;kBh ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs b'e nykD nkfd ekb s'_ jh fe;kBK dh nrtkJh
eod/ jB, fiBQK ftu t`y-t`y soQK dh G{wh d/ r[D, ;odh s/ rowh dh toyk,
gkbk, mzv, e'jok s/ sq/b Bkb ;zpzfXs, ;{oi iK X[`g Bkb ;zpzXs, jb tkj[D,
o{VQh iK ]kd gkT[D, phiK ns/ T[BQK dh u'D, eNkJh, jb tkj[D tkb/ ns/
d[`X d/D tkb/ gF{, ;kXkoB T[d:'r, fXnkB Bkb you eoB, Fkj{eko Bkb
fe;kB d/ ;zpzX, GkJhtkb s/ ekfwnK Bkb ;zpzX, ephfbnK dhnK ftF/FskJhnK
s/ c[Neb nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs pj[s ;ko/ nykD fwbd/ jB.
fJ; nfXnkfJ dk w[`y wB'oE nykDK T[`s/ j[D s`e fizBQK th y'i ekoi
j'fJnk j?, T[;dk w[bKeD eoBk j?. nykDK T[`s/ nzro/}h ns/ gzikph ftdtkBK
tb'_ pj[s y'i ekoi ehsk frnk j?, i' T[gkXh fBog/y ns/ T[gkXh ;kg/y y'i
ekoi d/ nXhB ftukfonk iKdk j?. nzro/}K tb'_ sK T[gkXh fBog/y y'i ekoi
jh ehsk frnk j?.

nzro/} ftdtkBK d[nkok ehsk frnk y'i ekoi L

nzro/} ftdtkBK d[nkok b'eXkok d/ y/so ftu pj[s ;kok y'i ekoi
ehsk frnk j?, i' fe nzso-okFNoh g`Xo dk j?. fJBQK nzro/} ftdtkBK ftu
w/io i/Hn?pN, Ekw; o'J/p[`e, nkoH;hHN?_gb ns/ c?bB nkfd d/ BK f}eo:'r
jB.
@@gzikph b'eXkok dh ;w`roh d/ fJe`soheoB dk ekoi Ekw; o'J/p[`e s'_
F[o{ j[zdk j?. o'J/p[`e dk y'i g`so 'Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases in the

persian and Hidostanee Languages' fi;~ T[;dh w"s s'_ gzi ;kb pknd
3
n?uHn?uHftb;B B/ SgtkfJnk.## fJj 1824 JhH ftu SgtkfJnk frnk ;h.
fJ; ftu e[b 5426 nykD doi jB. fJ; e'F d/ d' Gkr jB. gfjbk
Gkr \ko;h nykDK dk ns/ d{ik Gkr fjzd[;skBh GkFk d/ nykDK dk j?. fJ;
ftu nykDK ~ \ko;h fbgh ftu d/ e/ fco nzro/}h ftu nB[tkd ehsk frnk
j?. fJ; ftu gzikph nykD t`vh wksok ftu fwbd/ jB. fJ; g[;se dh
G{fwek ftu T[;d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs t/oftnK ~ th fpnkB ehsk frnk j?.
o'J/p[`e e'b noph, \ko;h, ;z;feqs, gzikph ns/ fjzd[;skBh nykDK dk pj[s
;zrqfj ;h. fJ; d/ fJ; w[`Yb/ ekoi s'_ gzikph b'eXkok Fk;so dh Bh_j
p`Mdh j?.
Ekw; o'J/p[`e s'_ pknd nrbk y'i ekoi fJe b/y d/ o{g ftu fouov
N?_gb d[nkok n?rohebuob c'eb'o B'N; d/ Bkw Bkb gqekfFs j'fJnk
fwbdk j?. fJj 1878 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJ; b/y ftu y/shpkVh Bkb
;zpzfXs nykD fwbd/ jB. fJ; ftu ;{oi ns/ uzB dhnK fdFktK pko/ th
r`b ehsh rJh j?.
 U #pokfJB d[nkok w[ bskBh rb';oh g[;se 1881 JhH ftu gqekfFs
j'Jh. fJ; ftu w[bskBh GkFk dh Fpdktbh, nykD, b'erhs ns/ ejkDhnK
~ SgtkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; e'F ~ fJ; soQK fsnko ehsk frnk j? fe fJ;
ftu'_ w[bskBh GkFk ~ f;`fynk ik ;edk j?. fJ;~ 46 torK ftu tzfvnk
frnk j?. fJ; ftu w[bskBh b'e ;kfjs fit/_ nykD, p[MkosK, b'e rhsK ns/
b'e ejkDhnK ~ Fkfwb ehsk frnk j?.
fJ; s'_ pknd 1883 JhH ftu nkoH;hHN?_gb dk b/y @@;w gzikph n?_v
ndo gq'top}## i' c'eb'o iBob ftu Sfgnk j?, fJ; ftu gzikph GkFk d/
nykDK ~ nB[tkfds ehsk frnk j?. fJ; b/y ftu gzikph ns/ nzro/}h
nykDK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B th ehsk frnk j?.
fJ; s'_ pknd nkoH;hHN?_gb dk fJe j'o y'i ekoi gzikp B'N; n?_v
e[ noh} j?. fJ;dh ;zgkdBk N?_gb B/ fszB fibdK ftu ehsh j?. fJ;dk
nkyoh s/ sh;ok nze 1885 JhH ftu gqekfFs j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu b'eXkokJh
;w`roh dk fJe`soheoB eoe/ Skfgnk frnk j?. fJ;dh fJe ekgh ]kb;k
ekbi dh bkfJpq/oh ftu fwbdh j?.
fco 1885 JhH ftu nkoH;hHN?_gb dk fJe j'o y'i g`so @@BkoE
fJzvhnB gq'top}## gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJ; ftu \ko;h, gzikph, fjzdh s/ T[od{
d/ nykD doi jB. fJ; ftu gzikph d/ 79 nykD i' gfjbK o'wB fbgh
ftu fd`s/ rJ/ jB s/ fco nzro/}h ftu T[BQK dk nB[tkd ehsk frnk j?.
nkoH;hHN?_gb B/ n?;HvpfbT{ c?bB dh g[;se J/ fveFBoh nk\
nk\
fjzd[ ;skBh gq'top} dh ;zgkdBk ehsh. fJ; g[;se ftu 12,500 nykD jB
i' fjzdh, T[od{, gzikph s/ j'o GkFktK ftu doi jB. fJ; e'F ftu nykD
d/D dh ftXh toDwkbk nkXkfos j?. fJ; ftu nykDK d/ Bkb T[BQK dh
ejkDh th fd`sh rJh j?. fJ; ftu 125 ejkDhnK fd`shnK rJhnK jB.
@@nykD fiBQK ftXhnK okjh_ j'_d ftu nkT[_d/ jB, T[jBK ftu fJe ftXh
ejkDhnK dh th j?. nykD fe;/ ejkDh iK N'Ne/ Bkb T[sgzB j[zdk j? go
;w/_ dh ukb Bkb fJj ejkDh iK N'Ne/ b[gs j[zd/ ub/ iKd/ jB s/ nykD
fJe`b/ jh fBFfus j' u[`e/ noEK Bkb b'eXkok d/ tfjD ftu tfjzd/ ub/ iKd/
jB.##4
c?bB s'_ pknd 1892 JhH ftu ftbhnw eo[e dk @@North Indian Notes
and Queries## (NINQ) Bkw dk ioBb gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJj gzi fibdK ftu
gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJ; ftu T[;B/ ;ko/ Gkos ftu'_ b'eXkokJh ;w`roh dk
fJe`soheoB ehsk. fJ; ftu fi`E/ j'o b'eXkokJh ;w`roh fwbdh j?, T[`E/ fJj
nykD th fwbd/ jB.
1898 JhH ftu i/Hftb;B dk Fkjg[o h eKrVh rb';oh g[;se ftu
Fkjg[o ns/ eKrV/ d/ fJbke/ d/ b'e ;kfjs ~ t`y-t`y tzBrhnK ftu gqekfFs
eotkfJnk. fJ;d/ ftfGzB Gkr jB. gfjb/ Gkr ftu eKrVh GkFk dh
ftnkeoB g/F ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ftub/ nykDK ~ o'wB fbgh ftu fd`sk
frnk j? s/ fco nzro/}h GkFk ftu fJ;dk nB[tkd th ehsk frnk j?. fJ;
ftu pj[s ;ko/ b'erhs th Fkfwb jB.
;hHn?cHU;p"oB B/ gzikph GkFk d/ nykDK d/ fJe`soheoB ftu
wj`stg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh. T[;dk 1905 JhH ftu gzikph fbfoe; n?_v
gq'top}, NoK;b/
No K;b/FB fJB to; n?_v go'} Bkw dk e'F Sgdk j?. fJ; ftu
U;p"oB B/ b'erhsK s/ nykDK dk nB[tkd fd`sk j?. fJ;d/ nB[tkd ftu fes/
th gzikph o{g iK o'wB o{g Bjh_ fd`sk frnk s/ fJj Fkpfde g`Xo dk jh
nB[tkd j?. U;p"oB d/ y'i ekoi s'_ pknd gzikph b'eXkok d/ fJe`soheoB
dk ekoi pzd j' frnk.
;' n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe nzro/}h ftdtkBK d[nkok b'eXkok d/
fJe`soheoB dk ekoi brGr ;" e[ ;kb d/ x/o/ s`e c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.
fJ;dk nkozG Ekw; o'J/p[`e s'_ F[o{ j[zdk j? s/ T[; s'_ pknd n?pN, N?_gb,
ftb;B, we'BF? s/ U;p"oB th fJ; ftu nkgDk Gog{o :'rdkB gkT[_d/ jB.
fJBQK ftdtkBK B/ ;[u/s iK nu/s o{g ftu gzikph b'eXkok d/ y/so ftu pj[s
jh w[`btkB tkXk ehsk j?.
fJ; s'_ pknd fJe nzro/} n\;o i/w} okpoN we'BF? dk Bkw
nkT[_dk j?, fi; B/ nkgD/ e'F f;b?efNv n?rohebuob gq'top} nk\
nk \ dk
gzikp ftu 1089 nykD fd`s/ jB. w/o/ fJ; jEb/ y'i gqpzX dk w[y ftFk
fJ;/ e'F ftub/ nykDK dk r[ow[yh fbghnzsqD ns/ ;wki ;fGnkukoe nfXn?B
eoBk j?. we'BF? B/ nkgD/ e'F ftu gzikp d/ g/_v{ ihtB pko/ fN`gDhnK
ehshnK jB s/ ][d ~ ;ot'sw wzfBnk j?. @@T[;B/ gzikph fgzvK pko/ i' fdqF
f;ofink j?, T[; s'_ fJj nfj;k; j[zdk j? fe gzikph b'e n;fGne jB,
fJjBK ~ f}zdrh fiT{D dk frnkB jh Bjh_, fJjBK d/ xo e`u/, pdp{ Bkb
Go/ j'J/ s/ fJj Bzr XVzr/ jh ofjzd/ jB. fe;/ nzro/} G`dog[oF bJh gzikph
5
fgzv dh f}zdrh pj[s jh Bk-y[Frtko s/ pdp{dko j?.## T[;B/ Gkosh
gzikphnK ~ n;fGne f;`X ehsk j?. fJ;d/ pkti{d T[;d/ fJ; e'F ftu
y/shpkVh Bkb ;zpzfXs t`y-t`y ftfFnK #s/ i' nykD doi jB, T[j pj[s jh
w[`btkB jB. fJjBK ~ gfjbh tko fJe`so ehsk frnk j?. jo fJe nykD
dk o{g \ko;h, o'wB fbgh ftu fd`sk frnk j? s/ Bkb jh T[;dk nzro/}h
ftu nB[tkd th ehsk frnk j?. T[;B/ fJj nykD t`y-t`y y/soK s'_ y/soh
ekoi eoe/ fJe`so ehs/ jB. fJ; e'F ftu nykDK dk nB[tkd ns/
ftnkfynk th ehsh rJh j?. g[;se d/ n]ho #s/ nB[eqwfDek th fd`sh rJh
j? sK i' nykDK ~ b`fGnk ik ;e/.
j[D n;h_ nykDK T[`s/ T[gkXh ;kg/y ns/ T[gkXh fBog/y i' th ezw
j'fJnk j?, T[BQK dk f}eo eoKr/ L

1H T[ gkXh ;kg/y L
 (i) ghn?`uHvhH dh fvroh bJh ehsk frnk y'i ekoi
(ii) n?wHfcbH dh fvroh bJh ehsk frnk y'i ekoi
(iii) nktfXe-g`so
( i) ghn?` uHvhH dh fvroh bJh gq;s[ s y'i gqpzpzX L

→ nwoihs e"o, @@gzikph b'e f;nkDgK dk ;fGnkukoe nfXn?B##, 2000H

fJ; y'i gqpzX ftu fJj g/F ehsk frnk j? fe b'e f;nkDgK
dh e'Jh t`yoh ftXk Bjh_ j?. fJ; ftu nykD, p[Mkos, b'e ejkDhnK,
N`fgnK, p'bhnK nkfd ~ b'e f;nkDg dh Fq/Dh nXhB o`y e/ tkfunk
frnk j?. fJ; ftu y'i ftfdnkoEh fJe gk;/ sK b'e ejkDh ~ b'e
f;nkDg dh tzBrh ftu o`ydk j? go y'i ekoi ftu fes/ th b'e
ejkDh ~ b'e f;nkDg ti'_ nfXn?B dk ftFk Bjh_ pDkfJnk.

→ gtB e[wko, @@gzikph b'e f;nkDgK L o{g s/ gqekoi (nykD ns/

N'NfenK d/ gq;zr ftu)##, 2016H
fJ; y'i gqpzX ftu y'ikoEh B/ gzikph b'e f;nkDgK nykD ns/
N'NfenK d/ nXko #s/ T[jBK dk o{g s/ gqekoi fBoXkos eoB dh
e'fFF ehsh j?. fJ; y'i gqpzX d/ uko nfXnkfJ jB. gfjb/ nfXnkfJ
ftu g`Swh ftdtkBK ns/ gzikph ftdtkBK t`b'_ ehs/ y'i ekoi ~
;ot/yD ns/ w[bKeD dk nkXko pDkfJnk j?. d{i/ nfXnkfJ ftu
nykDK d/ f;XKse gfog/y pko/ uouk eod/ j'J/ nykD ns/ w[jkto/
ftubh ;wkBsk ns/ n;wkBsk d`;h j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh nykD d/ s`sK
s/ T[; d/ nfXn?B dhnK ;w`f;nktK dk f}eo ehsk j?. sh;o/
nfXnkfJ ftu f;nkDg d/ N'Ne/ dh f;XKse uouk ehsh rJh j?. u"Ek
nfXnkfJ nykD ns/ f;nkDg dk N'Nek L o{g ns/ gqekoi pko/ uouk
 ehsh j?. fJ; y'i gqpzX ftu y'ikoEh B/ pj[s jh ftXhts Yzr Bkb
y'i ekoi ehsk j?. fJ; ftu T[BQK B/ ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb nykDK ~
gqGkfFs ehsk j?. nykDK ns/ b'e f;nkDgK ftub/ nzso fBy/V ~ th
g/F ehsk j? s/ Bkb jh nykDK d/ s`sK dk f}eo th ehsk frnk j?.
(ii) n?wHfcbH dh fvroh bJh gq;ss y'i fBpzX L
→ jogqhs e"o, @@gzikph nykDK dk ;wki-;fGnkukoe nfXn?B##
y'i ftfdnkoED B/ fJ; ftu nykDK dk ekoi ;wki
;fGnkukoe nfXn?B s'_ eoB dk T[gokbk ehsk j?. fJ; y'i fBpzX ~
uko nfXnkfJnK ftu tzfvnk frnk j?. gfjb/ nfXnkfJ ftu nykDK d/
f;XKse g`y ~ T[ikro ehsk j?. d{i/ ftu iksK-r'sK, sh;o/ ftu
nkofEesk ns/ u"E/ nfXnkfJ ftu tfjw-Gow ns/ b'e ftFtk;K pko/
nykDK ftu i' f}eo fwbdk j?, T[;dk toDB ehsk frnk j?.
→ owBdhg f;zx, @@gzikph nykDK dk ;wki-Fk;soh nfXn?B##, 2002-03H
fJ; ftu y'ikoEh B/ gzikph nykDK dk ;wki-Fk;soh nfXn?B
ftXh Bkb nfXn?B ehsk j?. fJ; y'i fBpzX ~ uko nfXnkfJnK ftu
tzfvnk frnk j?. fJ; ftu nykDK dh gfoGkFk, pDso ns/ ftFb/FD
pko/ nfXn?B ehsk frnk j?.
→ ifszdo e"o, @@b'e nykD L Bkoh fpzp##, 2013H
fJ; y'i-fBpzX ftu y'ikoED B/ nykDK ftu g/F j'J/ Bkoh fpzp
~ T[ikro ehsk j?. fJ; y'i fBpzX d/ uko nfXnkfJ jB. fJBQK ftu
T[;B/ nykDK d/ f;XKse gfog/y ~ T[ikro eoe/ T[; ftu g/F j'J/
Bkoh fpzp dk f}eo ehsk j?.
(iii) nktfXe g` so L
 nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs n?wHfcbH d/ e[M Now-g/go th fwbd/ jB, fiBQK
ftu nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs j' u[`e/ y'i ekoi dk ;ot/yD, nfXn?B ehsk frnk
j?.
→ okfido fY`b'_, @@b'e nykD - ;o{g ns/ b`SD##, d;zpo 1981-82H
fJ; ftu y'ikoEh B/ nykDK dhnK ftfGzB ftdtkBK d[nkok
fd`shnK gfoGkFktK d/ nkXko #s/ fJ;d/ ;o{g ~ ;g`FN eoB dk :sB
ehsk j?. fJ; ftu nykDK dhnK t`y-t`y fe;wK ;zpzXh th wj`stg{oB
ikDekoh fd`sh rJh j?. nykD dh b'e ;kfjs ftu ns/ fJfsjk;e g`y
s'_ wjkBsk pko/ th ft;Ekog{ote ftuko gq;s[s ehs/ jB.

→ pbftzdo e"o, @@nykDK s/ j'J/ ekoi dk ;ot/yD##, 1990-91H

fJ; ftu y'ikoED B/ nykDK dh wj`ssk ns/ wjkBsk pko/ ;zy/g
o{g ftu toDB ehsk j?. t`y-t`y e'FK, fveFBohnK, feskpK, N?qeNK,
g`fsqektK ftu nykDK ;zpzXh j'J/ ezw dk v{zxkJh Bkb nfXn?B ehsk j?.
fJjBK e'FK, fveFBohnK, g[;seK ftu nykDK pko/ fi`E/ fi`E/ f}eo
ehsk frnk j?, T[jBK d/ gzBk Bzpo th nzfes ehs/ rJ/ jB.
→ owBdhg f;zx, @@nykD s/ w[jkto/##, wJh 2003H
fJ; ftu y'ikoEh B/ nykD s/ w[jkto/ dh GkFkJh g`Xo #s/
wj`ssk, b'e ihtB d/ ;`u dh g/Fekoh, ;w[`u/ ihtB dh g/Fekoh nkfd
ftF/FskJhnK do;k e/ nykDK s/ w[jktfonK dh ;kv/ ihtB ftu wj`ssk
s'_ ikD{ eotkfJnk j?. fJ;d/ Bkb nykDK s/ w[jktfonK ftub/ nzso
;zpzX ~ th T[ikro ehsk j?.

→ r[otzs f;zx, @@gzikph nykDK ;zpzXh gqkgs ;whfynk##, wJh 2005H

 fJ; ftu y'ikoEh B/ gzikph nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs e'FK,
fveFBohnK s/ g[;seK d/ o{g ftu j'J/ ezw dk ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?B
ehsk j?. t`y-t`y o;kfbnK, y'i g`soK ftu nykDK ;zpzXh gqkgs ;w`roh
dk nfXn?B ehsk j?.

→ Bti's e"o, @@gzikph w[jktok ns/ nykD e'F pko/ gqkgs nfXn?B##,
wJh 2005H
fJ; ftu y'ikoEh B/ w[jktok e'FK ns/ nykD e'FK dh tzv pko/
w[jkto/ ns/ nykDK ftub/ nzso, nykDK ns/ w[jkto/ dh gzikph p'bh ~ d/D,
fiT{_dk o`yD ns/ nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK ~ nkgD/ fJ; nwho fto;/ dh ;KG
eoB dh r`b ehsh j?.

2H T[ gkXh fBog/y y'i ekoi

( i) g[ ;seK d/ o{g ftu gqk gs y'i ekoi L
g{oph gzikp ftu gzikph nykDK T[`s/ y'i ekoi 20th_ ;dh d/ d{i/, shi/
djke/ F[o{ j'fJnk. gzfvs Gk~ d`s B/ 1913 ftu gfjbk ezw ehsk. T[jBK B/
gzikph ny"sK BK j/m g[;se ~ gqekfFs eotkfJnk. fJj gzikph ftdtkB
d[nkok gzikph nykDK T[`s/ ehsk frnk gfjbk y'i ekoi j?. fJ; ftu 438
nykD fd`s/ rJ/ jB s/ fJ;~ fszB tko ;'X e/ Skfgnk frnk j?.
Gk~ d`s s'_ pknd nrbk y'i ekoi j?vwk;No gqkeow f;zx dk j?.
T[; B/ d' j}ko s'_ th t`X nykD fJe`so eoe/ SgtkJ/ ;B. fJj 1914 JhH
ftu Skfgnk frnk. T[j nkgD/ fJ; e'F ~ g{ok j'fJnk Bjh_ wzBdk. fJ;
e'F ftu nykDK d/ Bkb w[jkto/ th fwbd/ jB.
→ ihtB f;zx fgBFBo, i` N feq;kDK dhnK nykT[ sK,K 1925H
 i` N feq;kDK dhnK nykT[ sK g[;se 1925 JhH ftu gqekfFs
j'Jh. fJ;dk ou/sk ihtB f;zx fgBFBo ;h. fJ; e'F d/ e[b 103
gzB/ jB. fJj e'F fe;kBK ns/ nkw f}wh_dkoK ~ fXnkB ftu o`y e/
ofunk frnk j?. e'F ftubhnK ;kohnK ny"sK ~ S/ torK ftu tzfvnk
frnk j? - y/shpkVh dhnK ny"sK, wh_j, gkDh s/ ;w/_ d/ b`SD, vzro
gF{nK dhnK ny"sK, f}wh_dkoK dhnK ny"sK, gF{nK pko/, d[nkp/ dhnK
ny"sK nkfd. fJ; e'F ftu tX/o/ eoe/ ny"sK d/ Bkb T[BQK d/ Gkt
nzfes ehs/ rJ/ jB go e[M ny"sK dh e/tb ;{uh jh fd`sh rJh j?.
fJBQK d/ Gkt doi Bjh_ ehs/ rJ/.

→ ;kfjp f;zx s/ wfjskp f;zx, gzikph ;[ ji gqekF,

kF
gzikph ;[ji gqekF g[;se gq'\?;o ;kfjp f;zx s/ wk;No
wfjskp f;zx d[nkok ;kfjs irs ftu gqt/F eodh j?. fJ; g[;se d/
@@w[jkto/## f;ob/y j/m Gkr u"Ek ftu @gzikph ny"sK# ftu @T# s'_ b?
e/ @t# s`e gzikph iB ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs ;ko/ nykD nkgD/ eqw
nB[;ko ;Ekgs jB. fJBQK dh frDsh s/oQK ;" (1300) d/ eohp j?.
fJBQK ;ko/ nykDK d/ noE th Bkb-Bkb fd`s/ rJ/ jB s/ fJj gzBk
138-260 s`e doi jB.

→ vkH d/th dk; fjzdh, gzikph nykDK dh ykD,

ykD 1932H
vkH d/th dk; fjzdh d/ :sBK ;dek gzikph nykDK dh ykD BK
dh g[;se 1932 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJj e[b 343 gzfBnK dh
g[;se j?. fJ; g[;se ftu 3000 d/ eohp nykD fd`s/ rJ/ jB. fJ;
ftu eosk B/ gfjbK nykD s/ w[jktfonK d/ nzso ~ ;g`FN eoB dk
:sB ehsk j?. Bkb jh fJBQK nykDK d/ noEK ~ th d`f;nk frnk
 j?. fJ; ftu gzikj (50) s'_ t`X r[opkDh dhnK s[`eK jB. fJ; g[;se
dk pkeh g[;seK Bkb'_ fJj \oe j? fe nykDK d/ noE d`;D d/ Bkb-
Bkb gzikph nykDK dk nzro/}h o{g th fd`sk j?. fJ;d/ sseo/ s'_ th
fJj n`yo eqw d/fynk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ftu ;ko/ nykD @T# s'_ @t#
s`e n`yo eqw d/ nB[;ko fd`s/ rJ/ jB. fJ; g[;se ftu pj[s ;ko/
nfij/ nykD jB, i' fe;/ j'o ftu Bjh_ fwbd/ L
;V/ xo d/ e'b/ jh ;jh.
iKd/ u'o dh bzr'Nh jh ;jh.
@@Get from a bad paymaster what you can##
d/th dk; B/ nkgD/ ekoi ftu nykDK ns/ ny"sK ftu nzso do;kT[D
dk :sB ehsk j?. T[jBK nB[;ko @@nykD fJe S'Nk fijk g{ok tke j? s/
T[; ftu e'Jh ;kps j' u[`eh ;`ukJh j? ns/ d{ik fJe b\}K dk e[M nihp
fijk i'V j?.## go T[;dk fJj torheoB fe;/ th soe s/ nkXkfos Bjh_ j?
fe S'Nh uh} ~ fJ;soh fejk iKdk j? s/ t`vh ~ g[oF. fJ;d/ pkti{d th
T[;dk fJj y'i ekoi ftb`yDsk dk XkoBh j?.
→ vkH ;'fjzdo f;zx tDikok p/dh, b'e nkyd/ jB,
jB 1959H
vkH tDikok p/dh dh g[;se b'e nkyd/ jB 1959 JhH ftu
gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; g[;se d/ fszB Gkr jB. gfjb/ Gkr ftu pkoQK
eKv jB, fiBQK ftu nykDK dh gfoGkFk, T[sgsh s/ ftek;, gzikph
nykDK d/ ;'fwnK dh sbkF d/ Bkb-Bkb gzikph nykDK dhnK
ftF/FsktK, nykDK dk torheoB s/ x/ok, fJBQK dh ftT[s_ s/ ny"sK dh
;KG ;zGkb #s/ nykDK ftubh ftukoXkok ~ nfXn?B dk e/d
_ o pDkfJnk
frnk j?. d{i/ Gkr ftu th pkoQK eKv jB, fiBQK ftu nykDK dk
torheoB gzikp s/ gzikph, o`p s/ wB[`y, gqfeosh o[`sK s/ wh_j, wB[`y s/
ihtB, xo'rh ihtB, ;wkie s/ GkJhukoe, eko ftjko, oki s/ ;oeko,
 nkuoB s/ gF{ gzSh nkfd ftu ehsk frnk j?. shi/ Gkr ftu b'e
tkosktK Bkb ;zpzfXs 49 nykD jB. fJj tkosktK e[M w[jktfonK dh
T[sgsh d/ w{b ;o'ekoK t`b ;ze/s eodhnK jB. fJ; g[;se ftu
tDikok p/dh B/ d; j}ko (10,000) d/ eohp fJe`so nykDK ~ t`y-
t`y f;ob/yK ~ T[g-f;ob/yK ftu tzv e/ fJBQK d/ wj`st ~ T[ikro
ehsk frnk j?. g[;se d/ gfjb/ 88 ;f\nK ftu nykDK Bkb i[V/
Ehwe g;koK d/ Bkb-Bkb nykDK dh pDso ~ th x'fynk frnk j?.
b'eXkok d/ y/so ftu vkH p/dh tb'_ ehsh y'i, nfXn?B ns/ ;w[`u/
;wki ~ T[;dh d/D pVh wj`stg{oB j?. T[BQK B/ b'eXkok dk ;zebB,
;zgkdB, f;XKs T[;koB ns/ nkgDhnK f;oiDkswe feosK okjh_ b'eXkok
d/ ihtzs o{gK ~ ;KGD dk nfjw ekoi ehsk j?.
nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs @;[ji gqp'X# g[;se tDikok p/dh dh ouBk
j?. fJj g[;se 1967 ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; g[;se ftu 43-48 gzB/
s`e @w[jktok ns/ Fpd FeshnK nbzeko s/ nykD# f;ob/y j/m
@w[jkto/ s/ nykD# T[g-f;ob/y ;Ekgs j?. fJ; b/y ftu w[jkto/ s/
nykD ~ nzso fBy/V dk ftFk pDkfJnk frnk j?. nykD ~ fJe
gqwkfDe tke dk o{g d`f;nk j? i' fe wB[`yh ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs
nB[Gt ~ gqrNkT[_d/ jB. nykD ftu J/Bh ;wo`Ek j[zdh j? fe T[j
w[jkto/ ~ nkgD/ ftu ;w' ;eD d/ Bkb-Bkb fe;/ d{i/ dh p'bh ftu
;"y Bkb nB[tkfds j' ;edk j?.

→ vkH ;'fjzdo f;zx tDikok p/dh, gzikp dk b'e ;kfjs,

;kfjs 1967H
fJ;/ gq;zr nXhB gzikp dk b'e ;kfjs g[;se th nkT[_dh j?
i' fe tDikok p/dh d[nkok jh fbyh rJh j?. fJj g[;se 1967 ftu
gqekfFs ehsh rJh. fJ; g[;se ftu 528-552 gzB/ s`e gzikp d/ fJe
 ftF/F fJbke/ XB-g'm'jko d/ b'e ;kfjs d/ o{g ftu'_ nykDK ~ fJe`so
ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK nykDK ftu ;EkBe T[g-GkykJh fujB u`eo j?
s/ T[BQK s'_ fJ; fJbke/ d/ b'eK d/ ftukoK, wB"sK s/ ftFtk;K dh th
;w[`uh Mbe g?_dh j? s/ fJj ihtB d/ jo g`y dh gqshfBXsk eod/
jB. fJ; g[;se ftu e[M e[ u'Dt/_ nykD jh fd`s/ rJ/ jB s/ fJBQK
nykDK ~ d' f;ob/y @@XBh## s/ @@g'm'jkoh## ftu tzfvnk j?. fJ; soQK
fszB tzBrhnK d/ nykD fd`s/ jB. gfjbhnK d' tzBrhnK d/ nykD
T[g-GkykJh nfXn?B bJh ]k; wj`ssk o`yd/ jB s/ shih tzBrh d/ ;ko/
gzikph y/soK *u gqu`fbs j'D eoe/ gzikp dh ;KMh ;z;feqsh s/ fJekJh
dk nfj;k; eokT[_d/ jB.

→ ;'fjzdo f;zx tDikok p/dh, r[ o { BkBe s/ b'e gqtkj,

kj 1971H
tDikok p/dh dh g[;se r[ o { BkBe s/ b'e gqtkj 1971 JhH
ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; ftu @@BkBe pkDh s/ nykD gqtkj## f;ob/y
j/m nykDK pko/ b/y fd`sk frnk j?. fJ; ftu Xow s/ ;dkuko d/
nkg;h foFs/ eoe/ Xow dk Bksk nykDK Bkb i[VB pko/ r`b ehsh
rJh j?. r[o{ BkBe B/ nykDK dh F?bh s/ g?NoB ~ ;[u/s o{g ftu
tofsnk j?. T[BQK d/ nB/eK gow ;funkJhnK s/ ihtB d/ ftfGzB g`yK
pko/ nkgD/ f;nkDg Go/ fBofDnK ~ ;{sfoe o{g ftu b'e g`Xo T[`s/
nykDK tor/ ;o{g ftu Ykb e/ g/F ehsk j?. Bkw dh wfjwk, fSB
Gzroh j'_d, ;dkukoesk Bkb ;zpzfXs BkBe pkDh ftu nykfDe F?bh
dhnK s[`eK fwbdhnK jB, fizBQK ftu fBo'Jh ftukoXkok d/ Bkb-Bkb
eoVh s/ fs`yh nkb'uBk th ehsh rJh j?. fJj 218 s'_ b? e/ 237 gzB/
s`e fd`sk frnk j?.
→ ;'fjzdo f;zx tDikok p/dh, gzikp dh b'eXkok,
Xkok 1971H
gzikp dh b'eXkok g[;se vkH tDikok p/dh dh fJe j'o ouBk
j?. fJj 1971 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; ftu w"fye ;kfjs f;ob/y
j/m t`y-t`y b'e ;kfjs d/ o{g doi jB, fizBQK ftu'_ nykDK pko/ ;zy/g
fijk toDB 180-183 gzB/ #s/ fwbdk j?. fJj fJ; g[;se ftubk S/tK
eKv j?. nykD ~ gfoGkfFs eoB d/ Bkb-Bkb nykDK Bkb wB[`y dh
;KM gozgok fizBh g[okDh d`;h j?. nykDK ftu'_ jh iksh dh ;w[`uh
gqfsGk ub e/ gqkDXkoh j' iKdh j?. nykDK okjh_ g[oyK dk nB[Gt w{zj'_
w{zj n`r/ s[odk :[`rK d/ g?_v/ sfj eo b?_dk j?. o'}kBk ihtB ftu b'e
n`i th nykDK s'_ nrtkJh b?_d/ jB s/ fi`E/ nykD T[BQK bJh frnkB
e'F ;kfps j'J/ jB, T[`E/ nykDK ftu'_ gzikphnK d/ wF]oh eoB d/
;[Gkn dk th gsk b`rdk j?. fJBQK nykDK ftu ihtB dh ;koh ozrs
Goh gJh j?.

→ vkH ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh (;zgkH), r[ o pkDh nykD ns/ ny"sK,K 1972H
GkFk ftGkr gzikp t`b'_ vkH ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh d[nkok ;zgkfds
g[;se r[ o pkDh nykD ns/ ny"sK 1972 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ;
ftu r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu'_ fwbhnK brGr 2500 s'_ t`X ny"sK ns/
b'e gqf;`X s[`eK ~ n`yo eqw ns/ brK wksoK d/ eqw nB[;ko g/F
ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK nykDK ftu gzikph ;fGnkuko dk o{g ftdwkB
j?. fJ; ;zrqfj ftu r[o{ ;kfjpkB dhnK e/tb T[jh s[eK bJhnK
rJhnK jB, fiBQK dk iK sK w{zj w[jKdok ny"sK tork j? iK fijVhnK
nkw b'eK d/ w{zj uVQ rJhnK jB. fJ; g[;se ftu @T# s'_ b? e/
@t# s`e ;ko/ nykD 358 gzfBnK ftu doi jB. nykDK d/ Bkb-Bkb
T[BQK d/ noE r[opkDh ftukoXkok d/ nkXko #s/ jh fd`s/ rJ/ jB.
 fJBQK nykDK dk wzst f;o\ gqG{ Grsh s`e jh ;hws Bjh_ ;r'_
;dkukoe ns/ nfXnkswe ftukoK Bkb th j?. fJBQK nykDK ftu'_ pj[s/
nykD T[j jB i' pzd/ ftu wB[`yskJh d{o eoB ns/ r[ow[yskJh rqfjD
eoB ftu ;jkfJsk eod/ jB.

→ vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd, b'e:kB ns/ w`XekbhB gzikph ;kfjs,

;kfjs 1973H
vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd B/ nkgDh g[;se b'e:kB ns/ w`XekbhB
gzikph ;kfjs 1973 JhH ftu gqekfFs ehsh. fJ; g[;se d/ b/y ftu
vkH fEzd B/ ftdtkBK dhnK e[M e[ gfoGkFktK Bkb nykDK ~ gfoGkFs
eoB s/ nykDK dhnK g[;seK dh r`b ehsh j?. vkH fEzd B/ ;[ftXk dh
fdqFNh s'_ nykDK ~ d' Fq/DhnK ftu tzfvnk j?, fJe ;kfjse gozgok
tkb/ nykD, d{i/ b'e gozgok tkb/ nykD. fJ; g[;se ftu b/ye B/
r[o{ BkBe, r[o{ noiB, GkJh r[odk;, Fkj j[;?B, p[`b/Fkj, w[epb,
tkfo; Fkj d/ e[M nykDK dk f}eo ehsk j?. fi`E/ fJj b'e ;kfjs
dk w[`y o{g jB, T[`E/ fJj ftfFFN ;kfjs ~ ozrhBh th gqdkB eod/
jB.

→ wfjzdo f;zx ozXktk ns/ d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh (;zgkH), gzikph b'e rhs,
rhs
1976
wfjzdo f;zx ozXktk ns/ d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh dh ;zgkfds g[;se
gzikph b'e rhs 1976 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; g[;se ftu
@@nykD## f;ob/y j/m b/y fd`sk frnk j?. fJ; b/y ftub/ nykDK ftu
y/shpkVh, wh_j, ;{oi, ikshnK d/ r[D n"r[D, nkdsK s/ ;[GkU, vzroK
d/ ozr s/ ukb d/ t/ot/ fwbd/ jB. @@y/shpkVh d/ nykDK ftu fe;kB
dh xkbDk, G'fJz dhnK fe;wK, o{VQh s/ f}wh_dko ~ T[GkoB dh gq/oBk
 ;kj b?_dh j?.## fJ; ftu y/shpkVh Bkb ;zpzfXs nykDK ~ n`yo eqw
d/ nB[;ko fd`sk frnk j?.

→ nF{s'F G`Nkukohnk, pzrkb dh b'eXkok,

Xkok (nB[H vkH eowihs f;zx),
1978H
nF{s'F G`Nkukohnk dh pzrkb dh b'eXkok vkH eowihs f;zx
dh nB[tkfds g[;se j?. fJj g[;se 1978 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh.
fJ; g[;se ftu y/shpkVh Bkb ;zpzfXs nykDK dk f}eo j?, fiBQK dk
;zpzX w";w dh Gft`ypkDh Bkb th j? s/ w[`Ybh i'fsF ftfdnk Bkb th.
fJBQK ~ vke d/ tuB iK T[eshnK th fejk iKdk j? go vke dk
fs`psh GkFk ftu noE j? @f;nkDk wB[`y#. fJ; bJh vke d/ tuBK
dk noE ;zGt s"o #s/ f;nkD/ wB[`y dhnK T[eshnK jB. pzrkb ftu
nykDK dk ;o'eko nkw s"o #s/ n"os dh f}zdrh Bkb j?, ftF/F s"o
#s/ ~j d/ ftjko Bkb. ~j, ;`; s'_ fJbktk j'o d{;o/ gfotko d/
w?_po th fJBQK ftu nkT[_d/ jB. fJ; g[;se ftu 104 s'_ 107 gzB/ s`e
@@w"fye ;kfjs## BK d/ b/y ftu fJj nykD fd`s/ rJ/ jB. gfotko
ftu wK dk doik T[`uk j? L
fu`E/ uT[b, G[`i/ uT[b
Bjh_ oh;, T[pb/ uT[bK dh.
wk;h j't/, G{nk j't/,
wK s'_ T[go, e'Jh Bjh_.
pzrkbh nykDK ftu n"osK t`b'_ n"osK bJh nkb'uBkswe fN`gDhnK
fd`shnK rJhnK jB. ni'e/ pqkjwDK d/ fY`b/ Ykb/ tsho/ ~ th ftnzr
dk fBFkBk pDkfJnk frnk j?. 13000 d/ eohp pzrkbh nykD gqekfFs
eotkJ/ ik u[`e/ jB.
→ vkH Bkjo f;zx, b'e ekft dh f;oiB gqf efonk (wbtJh b'e ekft
o{gK d/ ;zdoG ftu), 1983H
vkH Bkjo f;zx dh b'e ekft dh f;oiB gqf efonk (wbtJh
b'e ekft o{gK d/ ;zdoG ftu) g[;se 1983 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh.
fJ; g[;se ftu w[`y ezw b'eXkok dh tzBrh b'e rhsK T[go ehsk
frnk j?. fJ; g[;se ftu fJe b/y nykDK pko/ fd`sk frnk j?, fi;
ftu b/ye B/ nykDK dk w[jkto/ s/ f;nkDg d/ N'N/ s'_ noE fBy/V
ehsk j?. fJ; ftu ouBk ftXkB d/ g`y'_ nykDK ~ d' torK ftu
tzfvnk frnk j?. Bkb jh nykD dh ekft g`y s/ o{ge g`y s'_ f;XKse
uouk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; b/y ftu nykDK s/ f;nkDg d/ N'fNnK
ftubk \oe do;kT[_d/ j'J/ f;XKse uouk ehsh rJh j?.

→ skoB f;zx ns/ doFB f;zx ntkok (;zgkH) w[ jktok s/ nykD e'F,
1985H
w[ jktok s/ nykD e'F skoB f;zx s/ doFB f;zx ntkok
d[nkok ;zgkfds ehsk frnk j? i' 1985 JhH ftu gqekfFs j'fJnk.
fJ;d/ gfjb/ Gkr ftu w[jkto/ fd`s/ rJ/ jB s/ d{ik Gkr nykDK Bkb
;zpzfXs j?. fJ; ftub/ nykD pj[s fBt/eb/ jB. fJBQK nykDK ftu'_
gzikp d/ Xow, doFB, frnkB s/ ftfrnkB dh Mbe fwbdh j?. fJ;
e'F ftu fszB j}ko d/ eohp nykD 111-353 gzB/ s/ doi jB. fJBQK
;ko/ nykDK d/ noE th Bkb jh fd`s/ rJ/ jB.
vkH ;'fjzdo f;zx tDikok p/dh, o{;h b'eXkok L fJe
fJ e gSkD,
gSkD 1986H
vkH tDikok p/dh dh g[;se o{;h b'eXkok L fJe gSkD i' fe
1986 ftu gqekfFs j'Jh, ftu @@o{;h nykD## BK dk b/y fwbdk j?.
fJ; b/y ftu vkH p/dh B/ o{;h nykDK dk torheoB eJh g`yK s'_
 ehsk j?. T[BQK B/ d`f;nk j? fe o{;h b'eXkok ftu e[M nykD d/;h
ftd/Fh ;kfjs ftu'_, e[M pkJhpb s/ e[M :{BkBh ftu'_ nk e/ o{;h ;kfjs
dk fj`;k pD rJ/ jB. o{; dh coK; Bkb 1812 JhH dh bVkJh Bkb
;zpzfXs th nykD fwbd/ jB. Bkb jh b'e ejkDh, Bhsh eEk, G{s
gq/s, fe;kBh ihtB, tkjh y/sh, Fkj{ekoK, feosh ekw/ d/ F'FD pko/,
tgko s/ Xow d/ m/e/dkoK Bkb ;zpzfXs th nykDK dk f}eo fJ; b/y
ftu ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ftub/ e[M nykD j/mK fd`s/ rJ/ jB L
nwB T[d'_ s`e ofjzd/, id'_ s`e ;?Bk Bjh_ nkT[_dh,
s/ ;?Bk T[d'_ s`e ofjzdh J/,
id'_ s`e nwB ekfJw Bjh_ j' iKdk.6
→ vkH i;ftzdo f;zx, gzikph b'e ;kfjs Fk;so,
Fk;so 1987H
vkH i;ftzdo f;zx dh gzikph b'e ;kfjs Fk;so g[;se 1987
JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; ftu @@gzikph nykD## BK dk b/y fd`sk
frnk j?. fJ; b/y ftu gzikph nykDK dh gfoGkFk dh r`b ehsh rJh
j?. gzikph nykDK dk x/ok pj[s ftFkb j?. fJBQK dh pj[ftXtsk s/
ftnkgesk eoe/ jh fJj b'e ;kfjs dk nfXe uofus s/ ;thfeqs o{g
jB. fJ; ftu gzikph nykDK dk b'e ;kfjs Fk;soh gfog/y ftu
nfXn?B eofdnK fJ;~ ;fGnkukoe nB[Gt L ;{sfoe g`y, o{g ftXkBe
L pDso s/ fB:w, g/Fekoh gq;zr L ftXh s/ gkm nkfd fszB fj`f;nK
ftu tzfvnk j?. ;' vkH i;ftzdo f;zx B/ gqwkfDe gkm gq;zr s/ ftXh
pko/ ft;Ekog{ote uouk ehsh j?.

→ ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh s/ puB f;zx w[zdok (;zgkH), gzikph nykD e'F,
1992 (d{ih tko).
 gzikph nykD e'F ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh s/ puB f;zx w[zdok
d[nkok ;zgkfds ehsk frnk j?. fJ;~ d{ih tko 1992 ftu gqekfFs
ehsk frnk. fJ;d/ ;zrqfjeko wk;No wfjskp f;zx ;B. fJ; e'F ftu
;G s'_ gfjbK nykDK pko/ f;XKse uouk ehsh rJh j?. fJj 536
gzfBnK dk e'F j?. Bkb jh ;zrqfjeko tb'_ fJ; e'F ~ fet/_ fsnko
ehsk frnk, pko/ r`b ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ftu pj[s ;ko/ gzikph
nykD fd`s/ rJ/ jB ns/ fJj r[ow[yh n`yo eqw s/ brK-wksoK
nB[;ko @T# s'_ @V# s`e eqwtko fd`s/ rJ/ jB. fJj 4000 d/ eohp
jB. fJ; ftub/ nykD r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu'_ iK j'o fi`E'_ th ;zrqfjs
ehs/ rJ/ jB, T[BQK ~ @ewkBhnK# ftu fd`sk frnk j?. fJj nykD
nfij/ jB, fiBQK dk b'eK dh ofjDh-pfjDh, iksK, fJbkfenK, gF{nK
ns/ fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzX j?. fJzM fJ; ftu gzikp d/ b'eK s/ gzikph
ihtB dk jo/e g`y fdqFNhr'uo j[zdk j?. @V# s'_ f;o\ fJ; e'F ftu
jh nykD fwbd/ jB. pkeh ftu @T# s'_ @t# s`e jh fwbd/ jB L
VkfV eos ;kes rktkok (r[
r[ o { rzqE ;kfjp - okr rT[Vh)
(w{oy s/ G?V/ b'e jh MrVk eod/ jB)
→ vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd, gzikp dk b'e fto;k,
fto;k 1996H
vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd dh gzikp dk b'e fto;k g[;se 1996
JhH ftu gqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; b/y ftu nykDK dh gfoGkFk, fJe s[`e s'_
b? e/ ;`s s[e/ nykDK pko/ r`b ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ftu nykD dh
b?n, skb, s[eKs s/ nbzeko dh r`b ehsh rJh j?. @@Bkb jh
gqs`ytkuh s/ gqwkDtkuh nykDK dh r`b vkH tDikok p/dh s/ vkH
Ffjpk} wfbe d/ jtkb/ Bkb ehsh rJh fwbdh j?.##7 fJ; ftu
nzrq/}h, \ko;h s/ noph ;kfjs s'_ nkJ/ nykDK dh th r`b ehsh rJh
 j?. Bkb jh iksK-r'sK, gzikp s/ gzikphns, 1947 dh tzv Bkb ;zpzfXs,
gfotkoe foFs/-Bks/, uzrh s/ wkVh ;zrs pko/ r`b nykDK ftu ehsh
rJh j?. fJ; b/y ftu nykDK T[`s/ gkfe;skBh gzikph ;kfjs ftu i'
th g[;seK fwbdhnK jB, T[BQK dk th f}eo ehsk frnk j?.

(iii) y'i g`f sqektK ftu gqekfFs b/y L

→ gzikph nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs vkH r[owhs f;zx dk y'i g`so @@Contextual
Analysis of the Punjabi Proverbs## i' fe ;?whBko ftu gfVQnk frnk j?. fJ;
y'i g`so ftu gfjbK sK nykDK d/ o{g pko/ ;ze/s ehsk frnk j? fit/_ fJe
bkJhB tkb/, d' bkJhB tkb/, fszB bkJhB tkb/ nkfd. fJ; ftu fejk frnk
j? fe nykDK ~ gq;zr s'_ pr?o Bjh_ ;wfMnk ik ;edk ns/ gq;zr s'_ fpBK
fJjBK dk e'Jh noE Bjh_.

→ gzikph nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs @@gzikph nykD## fi;~ ykb;k Nq?eN

;';kfJNh B/ 1960 ftu gqekfFs ehsk. fJ; ftu nykD d/ e/ T[;d/ noE th
Bkb jh fd`s/ jB. fJ; ftu g/F nykD wB[`yh f}zdrh d/ bzw/ s}op/ ftu'_
g?dk j' e/ wB[`yh ihtB dhnK ;`ukJhnK ~ g/F eod/ jB.

→ y'i dogD (;szpo 1978) ftu @@gzikp dk b'e ;kfjs## f;ob/y d/

nzsors t`y-t`y b'e ;kfjs d/ o{gK pko/ r`b ehsh rJh j?, fizBQK ftu
nykDK pko/ th ;zy/g ikDekoh fd`sh rJh j?. fJ; b/y ftu nykDK dh
wj`ssk, nykDK pko/ e'FK, fveFBohnK d/ o{g ftu j'fJnk ezw, nykDK ftu
fJ;soh d/ ftfGzB o{gK, ;fEshnK Bkb ;zpzfXs nykD fwbd/ jB s/ fJjBK
pko/ uouk ehsh fwbdh j?.

→ Fhokik (Btzpo 1983-84) i' fe ne?vwh nk\ nkoN, ebuo n?_v

b?_r{J/fi} izw{ d[nkok Sgdk j?, fJ; ftu fJe b/y @@gzikph ejktsK ns/
B?fsesk##, i' fe F[Fhb Fowk d[nkok fbfynk frnk j?. fJ; ftu gzBk 93 s'_
98 s`e nykDK pko/ f}eo ehsk frnk j?. nykD Fpd bJh fJ; ftu
@ejkts# Fpd tofsnk frnk j?. fJ; ftu ejktsK d/ o{g ftu g/F j'Jh
B?fsesk ~ uko GkrK ftu tzfvnk frnk j?, noE Bhsh ;zpzXh, okiBhsh,
ihtB, B?fsesk ;zpzXh.

→ Fhokik (wJh-i{B 1986) ftu gzBk BzL 17 s'_ 26 ftu @@b'e ejktsK
dh gfoGkFk## b/y ftu F[Fhb Fowk B/ nykDK dh wj`ssk, b'e ihtB ftu
fJ;dh T[g:'rsk pko/ r`b ehsh j?. ejktsK ;zpzXh t`y-t`y ftdtkBK dhnK
gfoGkFktK fd`shnK rJhnK jB. t`y-t`y e'FK, fveFBohnK ftu ejktsK ;zpzXh
j'J/ ezw pko/ th uouk ehsh rJh j?.

→ y'i dogD (b'eXkok ftF/F nze) i[bkJh 2001 ftu gzBk Bzpo 77
T[`go e[M e[ nykD fd`s/ rJ/ jB, i' t`y-t`y iksK Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. fJ;
ftu fJ; r`b t`b fXnkB fdtkfJnk frnk j? fe fe;/ ;fGnkuko ftu w"fye
gqtuB okjh_ f;ois ;`u dh s[bBk eoB bJh T[;d/ nykDK ns/ w[jktfonK
~ n`y'_ go'y/ Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk.

→ @@\;bK dh phikJh Bkb ;zpzfXs nykD L torheoB s/ ftFb/FD## b/y

i' ni'e/ fFbkb/y ftu i[bkJh-;szpo 2014 ftu Sfgnk. fJj y'i g`so
ird/t f;zx n"by d[nkok fbfynk frnk j?. fJ; ftu \;bK dh phikJh
Bkb ;zpzfXs nykDK dk torheoB ehsk frnk j?, fiBQK dh tortzv }whB
dh tjkJh Bkb ;zpzfXs, o{Vh ]kd Bkb, phi dh u'D, phikJh dk Y[`etK ;wK
s/ phi s/ eskoK dh nkg;h ftE Bkb ;zpzfXs nykDK dk f}eo ehsk frnk
j?.
→ b'etkDh (b'eXkok ns/ ;fGnkuko dk sq?-wkf;e iBob), ngq?b-i{B
2011 ftu vkH okfizdogkb f;zx dk g/go @@gzikph b'e f;nkDg d/ gqshe
nykD (T[so nkX[fBe gfog/y ftu g[Bo g[DSkD)## Sfgnk. fJ; g/go ftu
T[BQK B/ iksK pko/ i' nykD fwbd/ jB, T[BQK dh r`b ehsh j?. yk; eoe/
i`N iks Bkb ;zpzfXs jh r`b ehsh rJh j?. Bkb jh fJ;~ T[so nkX[fBe
gfog/y Bkb th i'fVnk j?. @@T[j efjzd/ jB fe n`i dh t;s{ ;fEsh ftu
i`N ;[jkr/ s/ Bjh_, No?eNo, No`eK, ekoK d/ Bkb i`N ijk} #s/ ufVQnk
fcodk j?. fJE'_ s`e fe b'e gqu`fbs rhsK ftu sK rkfJe fN`uoK eod/ jB
fe pkDhnK e'b wko{sh o`yd/ i`N ;\koh B/.##8 gfjbk i[`N nykDK dk ;[`y
;j{bsK, d{ik nkg;h ;KM/dkoh s/ shik ebktK ns/ u"Ek dfonkfdbh pko/,
fJBQK dh ;{M dk gqwkD j?. Bkb jh nykDK fg`S/ ezw eodh fwE dh th r`b
ehsh j?.
→ nKfFe o{g ftu th g[;seK ftu nykDK pko/ f}eo ehsk frnk fwbdk
j? fit/_ @@;fGnkuko s/ b'eXkok d/ w{b ;o'eko## (ihs f;zx i'Fh), @@gzikph
;fGnkuko dh nko;h - ;'w/ s/ gozgok## (;[yd/t wkdg[oh), @@g[DS dh
b'eXkok## (G[fgzdo f;zx ;{dB), @@gzikph b'e rhs pDso s/ ftek;## (ntsko
f;zx db/o), @@gzikph b'e:kB ns/ ;fGnkuko## (pbpho f;zx g{Bh), @@rkvh
b[jko ephb/ dk ;fGnkuko## (feogkb e}ke), @@r[`io ephb/ dk b'e ;kfjs##
(vkH ;[yd/t f;zx ;/y'_), @@g[DSh s/ gzikph b'e ;kfjs## (gq'H jod/t f;zx),
@@wkbt/ dk b'e ;kfjs fJe nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B## (wfjzdo f;zx fpodh),
@@gzikph b'e gozgok## (vkH wBihs f;zx), @@fgzv, dotk}/ ns/ ;fGnkuko##
(vkH gowihs), @@y{j s/ y{j dh b'eXkok## (nkswk f;zx fr`b), j[ew uzd
okigkb dh @@w[bskBh b'e ;kfjs##, vkH fpeow f;zx x[zwD dh @@p[MkosK ns/
nykD## s/ @@gzikph nykD## nkfd fte'fbso/ ezw fwbd/ jB, fiBQK ftu
nKfFe o{g ftu ezw j'fJnk j? s/ fJBQK ftu g/F ;w`roh d[jokT[ w{be th
j?.

;' fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu nykDK Bkb ;zpzfXs fizBk th y'i ekoi j'fJnk
j?, T[;dk w[bKeD eoB dh e'fFF ehsh rJh j?. e'Jh th y'i ed/ th nzfsw
Bjh_ j[zdh feT[_fe b'eXkok sK rshFhb toskok j? s/ fJ; ftu ed/ th yVQ's
Bjh_ nkT[_dh. fJ;/ soQK gzikph nykDK dh y'i dh ;fEsh th nfijh j?. fJ;
ftu y'i dhnK ;zGktBktK jw/FK ofjzdhnK jB. w?_ nkgD/ t`b'_ jo ezw ~ g/F
eoB dh e'fFF ehsh j?. T[go j'J/ ;ot/yD, w[bKeD s'_ fJj f;`Nk fBebdk
j? fe nykDK T[`s/ sK ezw j'fJnk fwbdk j? go y/shpkVh nykDK T[`s/ w/o/
fJ; jEb/ e'F T[`s/ e'Jh ezw j'fJnk Bjh_ fwbdk. fJ; ftu y/shpkVh nykDK
fg`S/ ekoiFhb ;wkie, ;fGnkukoe, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ekoBK ~ x'yDk
goyDk fJ; y'i ekoi dk w[`y T[d/F j?.

- - - - -
 jtkb/ ns/ fN`g DhnK
1H eoB?b f;zx fEzd, gzikp dk b'e fto;k,
fto;k gzBk 226H
2H "Proverbs are short and wittty traditional expressions that arise as part of
everyday discourse as well as in the more highly structured situation of
education and judicial proceedings."
- R.M.Dorson, Folklore and Folklife, p. 119.
3H vkH r[owhs f;zx ns/ gtB e[wko, ;ztkd (ioBb), g';Nrq?i{J/N gzikph
ftGkr, ]kb;k ekbi, nfwqs;o, 2015, gzzBk 47H
4H gtB e[wko, gzikph b'e f;nkDgK L o{g ns/ gqekoi (nykD ns/
f;nkDg d/ N'NfenK d/ gq;zr ftu),
ftu) gzBk 17H
5H R. Machonachie, Selected Agricultural Proverbs of the Panjab,
Imperial Medical Hall Press, Delhi, 1890, Preface.
6H vkH tDikok p/dh, o{;h b'eXkok L fJe gSkD,
gSkD gzBk 159H
7H eoB?b f;zx fEzd, gzikp dk b'e fto;k,
fto;k gzBk 230H
8H okfizdogkb f;zx, @@b'e f;nkDg d/ gqshe nykD##, b'etkDh,
tkDh gzB/ 22-23H

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