467 10.3. Transformer protection We shall first of all study the transient currents that occur during transformer switching and the value of the LV short-circuit current seen from the HV side for a delta-star transformer. We shall then study the protection of transformers inside the site. 10.3.1. Transformer energizing inrush current When the transformer is energized, a transient overcurrent is caused which depends on the the moment the voltage is applied and the remanent induction of the magnetic circuit. The asymmetry and the current value are maximum when the transformer is energized the moment the voltage reaches zero and when the remanent induction on the same phase is ‘maximum, The overcurrent is due to the saturation of the magnetic circuit which causes a very high magnetizing current. Itis shown that: Bynax =2B, +B, Bryax | Maximum induction reached By B, + remanent induction which may reach 0.8 B, ‘nominal induction This overcurrent is referred to as an inrush current. Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BEThe inrush current thus develops as shown in figure 10-21 Trash trash (= Lrush Figure 10-21: transformer energizing inrush current ‘The peak value of the inrush current is dampened according to an exponential law Fan (= Fran & Tru (0) + peak value of the curet in lation tthe time Just ‘maximum peak value, ie. the frst peak Tash damping time constant The maximum peak value /.,., , iS defined in relation to the nominal r.m.s. current of the transformer: Tables 10-3 and 10-4 give the maximum values of the inrush currents and the damping time constants in relation to the power of the transformers for energization on the high voltage side (France Transfo transformers). If the transformer is energized on the LV side, the ratio must be multiplied by 2 and the time constant divided by 1.5. Note 1: when the inrush current curve is drawn for the selectivity study, the following value must be taken: Lius (1) (see fig. 10-27). Note 2: Manufacturers generally supply the no-load inrush current value. Experience has shown that the or-load transformer inrush current value is roughly the same. Tho ptcoan restr ond precio fr nao acon ha sod ou ion cron Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02.888 608/BE469 Power in kVA 100 | 160 | 250 | 315 | 400 | s00 | 630 | 800 | 1000 1260 | 1600 | 2000 2500 | 3150, | 2}2fa2]2)2}n}ol}w)o}e}el}al|s Man = Tuy in seconds | 0.15 | 020 | 022 024 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 030 | 030 0.35 | 0.35 | 040 | 045 | 050 | 0.85 Table 10-3: inrush current on high voltage side of France Transfo liquic-insulated MV/LV transformers Power in kVA, 160 | 250 | 400 | 630 | 200 | 1000 | 1250 | 1600 | 2000 tos | tos | 10 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 5 Ty inseconds | 0.13 | 018 | 025 | 026 | 030 | 030 | 035 | 040 | 040 Table 10-4: inrush current on high voltage side of France Transfo dry type MV/LV transformers Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BE470 10.3.2. Value of the short-circuit current seen by the HV side protection during a short- circuit on the LV side for a delta-star transformer Let us take a delta-star transformer with a transformation ratio of +t (see fig. 10-22). ‘We shall determine the values of the primary currents for three-phase, phase-to-phase and neutral-phase short circuits occurring on the secondary side. ‘« > qd 1 ca WW Lv 1 Figure 10-22: deta-star transformer with a transformation ratio of m= —- ines and branches of a delta-star transformer (see fig. 10-23) k hs i, is hs - AG. ; iy Ai hg Figure 10-23: current in lines and branches of a detta-star transformer Tho ptcoan restr ond precio fr nao acon ha sod ou ion cron Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02.888 608/BEan ie 1 , 7 The transformation ratio is n=. On the other hand, owing to the detta-star connection, the 3 ratio of the number of tums between primary and secondary windings is equal to. n V3 Indeed, let 1 be the amplitude of the secondary current, Ns = las = lag = In figure 10-23, we see that: hy = (hu ~hy) lap = (le now hence Tip = lap = Fp = kT ™ determining the primary current values for a three-phase short circuit on the secondary y= hay= bsp" see §4.2.1 Taa,qy + HV side three-phase short-crcuitcurent ¥, single-phase voltage onthe secondary Zz positive-sequence impedance of the network upstream of the short circuit seen from the secondary Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BE472 ™ determining the primary current values for a phase-to-phase short circuit on the secondary between phases 1 and 2 The equivalent diagram is shown in figure 10-24: i I hp Fre I a hp Fle I And Figure 10-24: equivalent diagram of a delta-star transformer during a phase-to-phase short circuit BY, According to paragraph 4.2.3 I. 8h Ty + LV side phase-to-phase short-circuit current V, = single-phase vottage on the secondary Zz positive-sequence impedance of the network upstream of the short circuit seen from the secondary In figure 10-24 we can see that: ly esa L,= KV, Tessa woz (2 ‘he pateston ron rd pocctn ota nal Pry hs Ccuner a Pt show tha or nn coset Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02.888 608/BE473 ™ determining the primary current values for a phase-to-neutral short circuit on phase 1 The equivalent diagram is shown in figure 10-25. +1 hp Aw pet bp Figure 10-25: equivalent diagram of a delta-star transformer during a phase-to-neutral short circuit A According to paragraph 4.4.1.1 J.) =7=—+— ig to paragraph "Z7,.) Y, single-phase voltage on the secondary Z, impedance of the neutral circuit through which the fault current flows positive-sequence impedance of the network upstream of the short circuit seen from the secondary In figure 10-25 we see that: ie. + v, 1 2 Vi G+ Zan) VS (C2) a, NB (Z4 Zoey) Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BE474 mrecap Table 10-5 recaps on the HV side current value calculations for three-phase, phase-to-phase and phase-to-neutral short circuits on the LV side. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 ‘Three-phase short circuit Desay Tsay Fes Phase-to-phase short Tasar at a circuit between phases 1 a 2 and 2 Phase-to-neutral short- Zoi, ° Zz oA, circuit on phase 1 (Z4 Zou) V3 (2 Zou) V3 Table 10-5: value of the HV side current during an LV side short circuit for a delta-star transformer Table 10-5 can be used to determine the HV side minimum and maximum short-circuit currents for an LV side short circuit. The values indicated are valid whatever the transformation ratio. It is necessary to know these values in order to determine the setting thresholds of a transformer's HV protection - in order to protect the transformer against a short circuit occurring directly at its downstream terminals or when the HV protection must act as back-up to the LV protection. In this case, the minimum short-circuit current must be known, - when the protection must be selective (of the amperemetric type) with the LV protection. In this case, the maximum short-circuit current must be known. Important: when the HV protection only monitors two phases (phases 2 and 3 in our example), the minimum short-circuit current seen by the HV protection (Ise min, V0") #8 ; ater Tho ptcoan restr ond precio fr nao acon ha sod ou ion cron Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02.888 608/BE475 10.3.3. Faults in transformers The main faults that may affect a transformer are: - overload, ~ phase short circuit (internal or external), ~ earth fault ™ overload Most of the time, this is due to an increase in the number of simultaneously fed loads or an increase in the power demand for one or more loads. This causes an overcurrent of long duration which causes a rise in temperature that is prejudicial to the withstand of insulators and the longevity of the transformer. ™ phase short circuit This may occur inside or outside a transformer. - intemal: this is a fault between conductors with different phases or between the turns of the same winding. The fault arc damages the transformer coils and may lead to fire. In an oil- insulated transformer, the arc causes a decomposition gas to be emitted from the liquid dielectric; if the fault is weak, a small amount of gas is discharged which, when accumulated, becomes dangerous. A strong short circuit causes considerable damage which may destroy the coils, but also the tank by the oil on fire spreading. - extemal: this is phase-to-phase fault in the downstream links. The short-circuit current causes electrodynmic effects in the transformer that may mechanically affect the coils and transform the short circuit into an internal type fault. earth fault The earth fault is an internal fault. It may occur between the coils and tank or between the coils and magnetic core. For an oil-insulated transformer, it causes a gaseous discharge. Like the internal short circuit, it may cause the destruction of the transformer and a fire. The amplitude of the fault current depends on the earthing system of the upstream and downstream networks. So that the fault current is not close to zero, the zero-sequence impedance seen from the fault point must not be infinite (see § 4.3). The amplitude of the fault current also depends on the position of the fault in the coils (see § 10.1.1). Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BE476 10.3.4. Transformer protection This includes any type of transformer inside an industrial site (except specific transformers for welding machines, arc furnaces, etc._. 10.3.4.1. Protection against overloads This is ensured: - either by monitoring the temperature of the dielectric for liquid-insulated transformers (see § 7.23); the alarm threshold is generally set at 80°C. The off-loading or switch-off threshold of the transformer is generally set at 90 °C. - or by monitoring the temperature of the windings for dry type transformers (see § 7.23). - or by phase overcurrent protection. - or by along time-delayed trip relay on the circuit-breaker installed on the low voltage side. - or by thermal overload protection (see § 7.7). Remark: when the specifications of the loads being fed exclude the possibilty of overload, protection against overloads is not necessary. 10.3.4.2. Protection against internal phase short circuits - for liquid-insulated transformers: using a gas and pressure detector (see DGPT § 7.25) which is sensitive to discharges of gas caused by a short circuit between the tums of the same phase and is sensitive to the displacement of oil caused by a phase-to-phase short circuit. This type of protection is recommended for transformers with a power above 630 kVA. - for dry type transformers: by monitoring the temperature of the windings (see § 7.23), using a thermal probe that detects an abnormal rise in temperature. = using transformer differential protection (see § 7.6.3). Tho ptcoan restr ond precio fr nao acon ha sod ou ion cron Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02.888 608/BE477 10.3.4.3. Protection against external phase short circuits This can be provided by a circuit-breaker or switch-fuse. 10.3.4.3.1. Switch-fuse protection To determine the fuse rating, the selection tables in equipment operating guides are generally referred to (see, for example, table 10-8 for the SM6). For cases which do not correspond to the standard selection tables, the rules and criteria indicated below must be respected when choosing the fuse rating. rated fuse voltage The rated fuse voltage U,, must be higher than or equal to the network operating voltage (Uy): Uy 2Uy Important: a fuse with a rated voltage that is too high will, if fused, cause excessive overvoltages on the network. ™ maximum breaking capacity of the fuse The maximum breaking capacity of the fuse /; (see § 8.4) must be higher than the maximum short-circuit current of the upstream network J... ™ short-circuit current on the transformer secondary The short-circuit current of a symmetrical three-phase fault /,., on the secondary must be higher than the minimum breaking current of the fuse /; (see § 8.4) bs transformer basic current (or nominal curent) U,,(%) + transformer short-ccut curent (see § 42.1.3) Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BE478 installation conditions ‘The thermal power diffused by the fuse during steady-state operating conditions must respect the maximum heating limits of the fuse environment. For example, for the SM6 the cold resistance 2, must satisfy the following requirement 19R ts <100W for an ambient temperature < 40 °C <80W for an ambient temperature 40 °C /, is also fulfilled example For a power transformer of = 31544 with a phase-to-phase voltage of U,, =20 kV , a Fusarc 25A fuse is suitable (see table 10-5 a): ty | tr | ts | tua | Lem | tr | tag | Bre | Tru Transformer 9A 108 A 227A 024s Fusarc 254 | 824 135 4 | 190 4 Switch 1450 4 ‘Source Ss see fig. | see tab) seefig. | see tab. | see fig. BU, 10-26¢} 10-3 10:26¢| 410 | 1026b Table 10-5 a: 315 KVA transformer, U, =20kV , protected by a Fusare 25 A fuse Puticaton, radicon etrepreducton oles ou partes de ce document sont igereutementintrdies sf atventon ite de noe serves, The puesian sant ond roweaican, ee hyo pry, osu ha sha ehot bwon Coot Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02 888 608/BE482 Figure 10-26 c: fusing curve - 24 kV internal Fusarc fuse ‘he pateston ron rd pocctn ota nal Pry hs Ccuner a Pt show tha or nn coset Industrial network protection guide DESA/DDM 02.888 608/BE