Natural Convection

NATURAL CONVECTION
1. Natural Convection for Vertical Planes and Cylinders

2. Natural Convection in Enclosed Spaces

BOILING AND CONDENSATION

 Boiling
- the temperature of the liquid is the boiling point of this
liquid at the pressure in the equipment
- The heated surface is at a temperature above the BP
- Bubbles of vapor are generated at the heated surface and
rise through the mass of liquid
- the vapor accumulates in a vapor space above the liquid
level and is withdrawn
- BOILING MECHANISM

• Region A – Natural Convection

• Region B – Nucleate Boiling
• Region C – transition Boiling
• Region D – Film Boiling
NUCLEATE BOILING
- Simplified empirical equations to estimate the boiling heat
transfer coefficients for water boiling on the outside of submerged
surfaces at 1 atm abs pressure :

For a horizontal surface (SI and English Units)

For a vertical surface,

Where Delta T = Tw-Tsat K or F

- if the pressure is p atm abs, the values of h at 1 atm above
are multiplied by (p/1)0.4
For turbulent flow for Nre>1800

FILM CONDENSATION COEFFICIENTS OUTSIDE HORIZONTAL

CYLINDER
-The analysis of Nusselt can also be extended to the practical
case of condensation outside a horizontal tube.
- For a single tube the film starts out with zero thickness at
the top of the tube and increases in thickness as it flows around to
the bottom and then drips off.
- if there is a bank of horizontal tubes, the condensate from
the top tube drips onto the one below
Types Of Condensation
1. Film-Type Condensation
When a vapor condenses on a surface a film is formed
that increases the resistance to heat transfer.

2. Dropwise Condensation
 Small drops are formed on the surface; these drops
grow, coalesce, and the liquid flows from the surface
HEAT EXCHANGER

1. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

2. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
3. Cross Flow Heat Exchanger
Log Mean Temperature Difference Correction factor

1-2 Heat Exchanger

2-4 Heat Exchanger
END OF MODULE