1 An industrial revolution at its core occurs when a society shifts from using tools

to make products to using new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in
factories. It’s a shift from the home to the factory, from the country to the city, from
human or animal power to engines powered by fossil fuels (coal and, later, oil). The
industrial process occurred gradually, but the social and economic changes were so far
reaching over generations that, looking back, it becomes clear that they were nothing
short of revolutionary.
The revolution started in england, with a series of innovations to make labor
more efficient and productive. In the new industrial cities, advances in technology and
organization allowed the average worker to produce much more than ever before.  For
example, one low-skilled worker in a spinning factory in britain in 1820 could produce,
with the help of a steam-powered spinning machine, a hundred times the spun thread of
a pre-industrial worker (stearns 8). Though it started with labor-saving devices in
england, the revolution spread incrementally to other regions of the world.
The industrial revolution is an era that began in england at the end of the 18th
century, but it has yet to end. We can distinguish three phases of the industrial
revolution in modern world history, based on when various countries and regions went
through the process:
 The first phase (1770s to 1860s) started with britain and then spread to other
countries in northern and western europe and the united states.

 The second phase (1870s to 1950s) brought in russia, japan, other parts of
eastern and southern europe, australia, and new zealand.

 The third phase (1960s to present) brought in the so-called asian tigers (hong
kong, singapore, taiwan, south korea) and has seen tentative development in key
economic sectors in turkey, india, brazil, chile, and argentina.
 The main features involved in the industrial revolution were technological,
socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following: (1) the
use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel, (2) the use of new energy sources,
including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam
engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the invention of
new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased
production with a smaller expenditure of human energy, (4) a new organization of work
known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and
specialization of function, (5) important developments
in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive,
steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and (6) the increasing application
of science to industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously
increased use of natural resources and the mass production of manufactured goods.
There were also many new developments in nonindustrial spheres, including the
following: (1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a
larger nonagricultural population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider
distribution of wealth, the decline of land as a source of wealth in the face of rising
industrial production, and increased international trade, (3) political changes reflecting
the shift in economic power, as well as new state policies corresponding to the needs of
an industrialized society, (4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the
development of working-class movements, and the emergence of new patterns of
authority, and (5) cultural transformations of a broad order. Workers acquired new and
distinctive skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being craftsmen
working with hand tools, they became machine operators, subject to factory discipline.
Finally, there was a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources
and to master nature was heightened.
2 Manufacturing refers to the processes of converting the raw materials into useful
products. This is normally accomplished by carrying out a set of activities such as
product design, selection of raw material, and materials processing (Kalpakjian and
Schmid 2001). There exist a large number of conventional manufacturing processes
which are used for the manufacturing of common products. However, the
manufacturing engineering is a dynamic field marked with continuous advancement in
the traditional approaches and the incorporation of novel approaches for manufacturing
advanced products. Not all manufacturing processes can produce a product with equal
ease, quality, and economy. Each manufacturing process is generally characterized by
some advantages and limitation over the other processes. On the same lines,
manufacturing using lasers may offer extraordinary benefits in some cases or may be a
total failure in others. 
Manufacturing is a process of transformation. It is either: the transformation and
combination of constituent parts into an integral item (automobile manufacture, for
example), or: the transformation of a singular substance into constituent parts
(petroleum refining, for example).

Hence, the manufacturing system transforms, in a controlled manner, input into output,
usually guided by a specification of  the intended form (a design). Most modern
manufacturing systems include sub-processes to reduce variation in characteristics of
output, i.e., quality.
3 There are a large number of manufacturing processes currently used in industries.
It is convenient to discuss the manufacturing processes by grouping them into certain
classes based on some characteristic common features. The manufacturing processes
can be classified in various ways based on factors such as geometry of workpiece,
temperature of the workpiece, and type of deformations (kalpakjian 1967):
1. Primary and secondary manufacturing processes: primary manufacturing processes
involve the initial conversion of the raw materials into the semifinal product stage. The
output of primary manufacturing processes is then subjected to secondary
manufacturing processes to obtain the final or finished product geometry. Various
primary manufacturing processes include casting, forging, rolling, extrusion, etc.,
whereas secondary manufacturing processes involve various machining and forming
processes.
2. Hot working and cold working processes: when the manufacturing process is carried
out at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature of the material, it is referred
to as the hot working process, whereas below the recrystallization temperature it is
referred to as the cold working process. Hot working processes are generally carried out
at elevated temperatures. For example, rolling of steel may be a hot working (hot rolling)
or cold working (cold rolling) process.
3. Metal forming and metal removal processes: metal forming processes involve the
manufacturing of a product by deforming the raw material, whereas metal removal
processes, as the name suggests, involves the removal of material from the workpiece
to obtain the desired shapes. Various rolling, forging, and bending operations can be
regarded as metal forming processes. Material removal processes include various
machining operations.
Each manufacturing process generally involves complexity of equipment, processing
mechanisms, processing parameters, quality considerations, etc.

Production Line

A production line is a traditional method which people associate with manufacturing.

The production line is arranged so that the product is moved sequentially along the line
and stops at work centers along the line where an operation is performed. The item may
move along some kind of conveyor, or be moved manually by staff or forklift. For
example, operations along the production line could include assembly, painting, drying,
testing, and packaging. If needed, some parts can be removed from the production line
and stored as semi-finished goods.
The production line manufacturing process is very suited to high volume manufacturing
of a single product or product group. For example, a production line may be used to
manufacture a range of vacuum cleaners, where the only difference between the
models is the color of the plastic assembly and the attachments that are included in the
final product.

There are disadvantages to using the production line manufacturing process. The fact
that the production line manufactures a single product or similar products limits its ability
to manufacture anything else. For example, if the company manufacturing vacuums
wanted to make kitchen mops, it would not be able to use the same production line. The
second issue with production lines is that there is a high cost involved in the initial setup
of the production line and it requires a large volume of goods to be produced to justify
the capital investment.

Continuous Flow

The continuous flow manufacturing process is similar to the production line, but the
products that are manufactured cannot be removed from the production line and stored,
but require to have been through each process. For example, materials that are suited
to continuous flow include chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. The continuous
flow process is more inflexible than a production line as it does not allow for other
materials to be produced on the line without significant changes and the cost involved.

Custom Manufacturing

If a company manufactures a wide range of products that can be modified based on the
customers' requirements, then a custom manufacturing process is a good fit. The
custom manufacturing facility has a number of skilled employees and a range of
equipment that can be used to manufacture and modify a wide range of items. The
facility should be set up with a number of dedicated areas such as a welding area, lathe
shop, paint spray area, and packaging area. The custom manufacturing facility is not
designed for high volume products but is ideal for customized products.

Fixed Position Manufacturing

Fixed position manufacturing is different from other manufacturing processes as it

involves the finished product not moving from its fixed position from the beginning to the
end of the process. This is the method used in large-scale manufacturing such as the
manufacture of an aircraft or ship but is also used for products that are being
constructed in place for the customer, such as a conveyor system.