© ‘Surry University Prose 1973 él 20.2 QAI An introduction to structural design (1) Concrete Bridges DERRICK BECKETT B.Se. (Eng. ), D.LC., A.MLHLE Shani crue Kinet i es 2 ee eames Avie ‘ists! Bad ~ vet tfContents. latorial development Dente, Provision for movement oc e tnng rie ‘Bopanna eo MGetagaadgyaecruenes ae 3 slonT SPAN BRIDGES Continous bridge decks ung santa eas. ‘Advantages and Ghadvantages af coninty Galeuationa'rosteant momenta ust cop an deren ‘vamaton of Sap tat Eeaied exacts ‘Sijetive a he oer Preface Te at a erg ot rotary eae coving as curse ‘nestor Es sh eae sos racist soe cranasiecae ‘Seta Sesion Sioa Beige te form comer emontasy knoagge airtel mechs od rer caes af pracace wil be avoided as te Jiary is dal wih princpion. A mer of Coden oh sees are aoe ur teviton te design pony bls bed Bicecept of maltple lit state, Toe it sale ES SSsded pact la seriea partially i he aeons dealing ra “rhe tex ae sppemented by compressive SER SOSTEE Soe system own scoped itn geberal Si. There seerererrs nonbes of eaamplen weare imperial Unita nave Deen f= {Be Shale tachaentteratvee published by fhe Gemene and Concrete SSANTLSETNT ilrmctie gang wie anne ete er Siting Pemion roms ea a Caster 1 page (1) The joural of he gttion of Highway Bsiners. YENI Tse for snotorwayi tune oun apa peecipal roads the fnanta yero 1903/08, ‘Chater 1 pag (13) Criteria for adequate security extrac from Ro ett Eafecataey wows 14/000/ WPM Angus! 1985 BE 300 cero Ey permission of Dison, fraaport Rend Renerch labor torye Crown Copyright Chater 2 pages (9-7) Anas of eam gris and orthotropic ai: Ghee BEsccooer nate cb by bares sChares Masbome, Here aeaters 010,203,076 03,0,6,0,4,0.5 0-800, PL Sea ea Puotaber Coity Lookwoia Sona Md, pChapla 2 page (8) International Associaton for Belge and rye SERS S ataleion to rprocuce cata trom Volume 7, some ‘eee poets Ee tnery of tlspraerbetages by CM. Naaao= Ra Tetaioee hata 2 ae 0 Camera Cnet arcane Stor a aoe the evaluation oe femaralparaete@ and (Or [iBupatameter o for hallow componteprecnt concrete Drege. ‘Gauter 2 page (20) Briah Sandaras Institution, British standards Hes 2 a Se Ln iat or set pcer beara se eet Sissies Por Sk: te plarasentinent) Tnleang Hasan ed Cats arc at Pe ‘Chater 3 page (18) CIRUA Testa note No.2 Aagut 1968, Gidance SIRENS UPSLsee a pracuee fr etactaral anf, perieion {Cprotiee aa relating fo partial safety facors. Custer 4 rage (182-8) Cement and Concrete Astociation persion 0 eee ae comoriel abies ef example Now! CG A ue 0 O02 caved continous bene ah ues by PB. ERSSESGUAE' avin sepia rom te Joural of he strvetral = Mores Mie Amerian Stiety of Cit Baines Va 2, 1.575 Esper oe ‘Chopar6 pages (195-200) America Society of Chil Baines permisr Ser ee Cc roa the jure ofthe trea cei es Sete .aaP analogy for aalyls of box eders OF LN. Sega l' prteaar Pa-® 0.299) Lint tte lies bopendices Refcrences consis CContennut beam constructed span by san Seed brie date CONSTRUCTION IN CANTILEVER THE TWISTING OF Hox sECTIONS Ppertes of Sti ‘poms nr ape el 11 praDoe ABUTMENTS ‘Genera conigersiona anna fy aime on weve appepoc APPEND2 Concrete Bridger 1 Introduction asTORICAL, DEVELOPMENT MASTORICAL Dfrueure forme for bridges the beam, arch an chs ‘alata the Ty saat e'eonive ue f concrete begs fr Fig. Glenfim adc, averness-a eae ecase ve England Seine Yours sen tb tr Ma 9). Thee bg ata nw sea _ Nowy extensively for bridge construction. Between 1887 and 1891 the SES Rea tatagonganteton Wayoe an Fling cna cares arenes wt sue ae we ine oy uidge aber tan a a tna ler oth etenan Yad ivereseire gD s ‘Ber aac ner rage ie . EEELEH to uoea ine Gomponte materia (eel and cocrete) - fer arn a en go, cee 1,Figsé PSC. voided sled ay, aan, Coming teeta hag over te ie Gata ane 2B n/m and 125 N/tmm! respect Fig Solid Rta for shane upto 12 metres \5 Concrete Bridges {lie abe saver Fete Soli ni Gig. 10) is uae forth shorter Figo BCs Foams wih sald forming © 1 Ph Mein Wan che, Th ue =r nde eve rege ae rng Coma ns ee ere “teveral countries, WW Wy double cantilever and suspended spanctr ch ae covered yIngri Memory (rg) MS Stoo of 21 N/mm! compression aba zero tension for tpe Ma eu {Se te eat lo lon 38 tinea te ve Teipeestr accor precy etme Seema vue aoe a ora isgrearcaccr meme ete te Seah aie tran maar SS ee Eigaeienman ates. PROVISION FOR MOVEMENT Arial apes ofthe dein of concrete beiges Is thei articulation {theta induced n'a arch or portal frame brioge can be demonetrates {S"Cutanng he reels tangas fume each i a inne? SOT Bae ie "The dlnenion tte sroctere Semon tera aie ‘Ril tose de to comtraclseH'= 625 1X. or cae (a the folowing expression canbe derived forthe reactions SAS (oe eager 8 SACS Sinan mare area Surber of egal spans to tld the bridge oan by apan wih Lays Sea ecietneoee meas arn ie aceratcuusranay een ta Eider dicripe ee ren etc Spe paitenittna tte minaret Bien Se iyerameive sean Sr sere cre rate ee see cnt cess Sane ie Sage Design standards for brlages are prepared by the Department ft Eputoment O02 Brien Engenring Deny Stngere Dv ‘lemorance nas coe of practice for briage design se now In pre tite or concrete trages beng Els seein a rai corporate ac rics deege stanagede ate thane fr leaing and strensan Losi ID coreed yah Sadar Seles edb 3 ntmor Suvnen lane ioeding wc i he norte oan led, tnd Ty {ivan ttnormal ant fuaing tobe eaed when apeied ty ihe 29 ‘opine suort. Loading and load atribon frm he obec ‘ter of nape 2 ‘ermine strsnos for relaforced Nghway structares are cover U7 etnleal Memorancum (Brvgee) BELO (ot Rewsion) esters \Coseete for Highony Stracturee:Materiale, Workmanship, Deser Sarcastic theory witha mada rato for aseasng the Uiespih of members. Ultimate strength calculations arena reir Seis Sey encarta erm ae els ‘A vomeratsierent approach a adopt for prestressed highvay10 Concrete Bruges Strentn nice in arco 1 cance ocean ‘re8 shrinkage strain in brevented. Assuring a creep factor @ = 2.0 ‘A datas tentment of tia sujet is even by Leonhané (5 Reig eis cuts eulien cane 08 w tin 05 + stn ow Matting by cos & coe 6; =Cy sin $y 208 #5 + Cy 2 $5608 by nd from i) R606 9: =Cy (en 9, C08 95 # £0805 sin) Root inte, + op Gaver En eras ux ea 1.2000 TEN tn he nauam bending om ‘te rooe Aare T 5 es fe rat er +r rf} : ob vat aoe12 Conerete Bridges Introtucton and tn én Myereent ‘Thus for uifore loading W ona hee spane Whatty + ba) aa ‘ig. 12 Wichrt tase support recon RD canbe maid by ajuting th au 8, Conree snd trom 6)14 Concrete Bridges ‘tera load ia He Lethe ial Gfiecion under ihe ater oa even ih causing mica st moment gen Wye, sing the angen module ormila ra shore ig = ssivalent pin ended coun tenth and Bt = tangent modulus of elas at beklng. For exons secon are A the eitical stress i gven by ag feet o pos tensioned concrete beara (10). BEARINGS ‘Laminated rubber bearings have bean wdey wed in rocat years fF ort span riage where tbe movement in relatively tail Pros ‘Sona eign roe aro given n'a MOT-tomorandin (1) bef mest eempnantod tat te fe of rutbor tings may be evoaershy Ian tha hat ofthe brie strture and heraore provision soul be ‘le for ther inpecton tnd vonacement tse ls stce eth low fscuon properties of payeatafuoronhylen? PTE) te sartacen are nity lubricated then he seign co leon af iiton fora tearing'nog othe exnton steel siting Gh PTFE ie 0.03" An informative uray of theory and practice ‘Satings and expaston Jina for Urges har Seen prepared by Dar Stee ‘survey of exzanson joints on about 200 bigs in England and Wales ahead out bf the Rend Heneareh Laboratory fa) wae wed that on 25 pe Cato he Urges te Joint were defective, The flowing enter were extblohd for adequate secur (0) ont ar tere by dng Sov its the hare (0) ine aie jit are acure by reblocing areca it he sould be teas 1525 m/e. 920 meron ts possible (denn reference (9) MoveMENr oF cones ‘The columns euporting the bridge deck wl be aubjected to ater‘Bias atte 0/6 eonerate eager srenth (14. To or {rescore utah tu rao fH con be ne othe EP ‘ello propestion, The effet af cep can be included by asening & Sreep actor @ (eee Cote 3 titecdve sasiua i ven by Berea Be lean in bending moment ExEy ul eddiconts ef sxpanuion hasbeen plied bythe Fons Seczaech uabertor [8h Bone tpi! raues are given belo for Ree Expansion fer“) (1) S-Bagland (won parm) (Gmectne ag) 110-6 8 0.8 wx 8s on “re taneton of bride i to provide a pasnageway or poone,vehiclen itN ae i be | | | | 1g, 16 Strectivan caret for concrete based on Hogne- Si egal, adr cventh PVC ranging fram 20001 {tooo fat The svtgt nes oreo lol of ne tangent ‘asus Beaguinat sven (prgramme prepered by Bt iges Dept of Clot Smenaerings torey of Serres) For (atk of malipty tires ordinates by 10"18 Concrete Briges smtrotction cy ne ab aceeny in he Gene i at Sty a ng Toe mothe coer utc ane and took) an, conoaaes Becket, Dersiek, Bridges Pal Harty - fhe in coat compartaons =| 4 Travan, Hal) Contry of Bren PrestressingTechtogy OH, 800 motarvay and rik Fou ries tan shown tat sow 1 pe2. Loading and load distribution ‘Toe BS, specification for sel eider bridges, Part 3A, Secon A Tease (Beial: Par 3A out poe amendieity hat een neopet by ‘heel he Evromene ©.0° a a ete dee ae BUuShed coin Weemoratdun ecm] (cover polntesmlcharioe when ‘Ear loaded lengtn tn unatfected bythe lane with wherens the Iter ‘BUatiston fn seeornce wih Figure is append Ao BSS (re- PeSeacen Abpea W ges 36 Sed 27), ‘The standard highway lading is type WA whieh te gormal esi {ottng lor ret Brite and connata of¥witormly autibted ane Iotaing soe laifle edge load wlormy itrintoa across the with tine tac lve, Toe wlth and amber of trae lanes tobe use In Sonjncton wh sandard highway londinge maybe tained fom he ‘Ghia iow (clase ta, paragraph» in BSL Carriagery wath (0) Neat anes ove 24 opt and netucng 38 BiSee Se up fang incucng 28 Nowe (euptoandincaaing 60 | 3 TLEDSTS UME ROUTEE RR dng stale keno sccony one o2Sirctay ithe sein ntorny erated ver the ll with of SREVSET ve ice al alvaye te onatzerea ae cup by Tal HA {Bidar wie all ther lanes sl be conicered a cccpied by ene {fied he fl lane loading excet where ners species by Te propriate autnoriy. ve eqtvatet wiforny ste EET cornet itn theme eg lead maybe ctaned from {Hite or Fpure Vin Append A of BSI. ‘Where the lngial members are race st teas than hal the with ‘Wa eat e loading oe taken geese members sal be pp besten ae ah. he owing eames eet oe ample () 96 carriageway, span 60, Slab deck. rom Figare 1 the lane losing 18220018, Fora 36 currlageway the Sime, FA. ar Bride RJ. "Bdge Desgn in Aran of Mining Sieetet ie ati 9 ay cere im Research hepor! teringsn tig brags’ Memorandom No, 802, Lowen 190 (Goreetione Soeur 1985) Lee Davi" theory an practice of bearings and expansio [Sia for bdgue Cement and Concrete Arcocaion 181 ‘uk, 0. "eitormance bigs exanin it ret Peden ese tg Pin etme Tati tearm Cres, Le Corbster, Hamlyn Publishing Group Ld, 10 Minty f Transport, The appearance of ridges, HMS.0, 1908ig. 18 (etre dimensions fr type I lading ae ven in BS19, Pasi a 150: sce Fig. tae Appendix I page 288 thes Slt toaed with one thea of fpr Wa onan ‘Mialaty of anspor” shoud be caaalted wih sefaré fo the ang eauirements for brisgs Highway Officials (A.9'3.H.0.) specification for highway bridges which Eat slopes Contre ceri Ts AAS ‘ia ofeach fone tre ans oe inch pe oof aa eat ‘he leded us The stresses produced bythe AAS Olona She Ievenoed yan impact fe mogiciena tpg tose ta coat ncaa Sg ERanoan nme ‘Now he Departnent lhe Envebament 10.0.6.) umber of lanes 163 of 12 witht for sa the lane losing is ‘Sfccod by th fans we an haste load or ny ‘200% 0.1 = 220 0/0 KE.L, = 270015 mmole) 36 1 carigerny ep 0, eam an tack bu Load for ay f= 2200/12 = 163 Be KEWL, = 200/12 = 28010, ‘Tne Laing onthe ears 6 appropiate to haf x ane wih that lo 189.6 = 110018 UL. ample (¢)_ 96 1 earviagoway, span 120 beam and slab deck bes rom Figure tthe lane lading it 18601, ‘Load pe 29 f= 180/12 = 15515, KEWL, = 2100/12 = 28020, ‘The team spacing 87, thus the oange 155 47 = 1008 UDA, or sm nore mn the KE ce tap fr, For continuous spans te UD.L. selected trom Pigre 1 area ‘be toned tength representing (a the tage Length of the greatest postive or negative edi are thee the inlvence line tr the tombe ander sonserainyor @ ombined tae lenght sdacet areas of snl poste oF ey Sian iene lino (hes a te fae eng of [sparta poses avons oro the sepirtenopaive areas the cans ‘ay be under the influence Line iiehever proses te maximus. {SUL cicet at tha pnt undo ccnideraton, tenga eet magenm e arate epee reseee me Br eiyipae Seat cemeraments ta Eau eckeaiiatenasren atin ta cantar epytecrta cara Pbontgeinytnss mecrcer TE| 24 Concrete Bridges seo get te ad nen sateen hlacat a ‘LOAD DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS Betore considering netods of end dstibution analysis the maxis Teaial benny moments ona simply supported team and lab ‘SRESTHPS helen on ne sooumption hat te lead each team 8 ‘SESSuhos etme wnet eae azole i eta ae sme” eck is gubjested to 6 ue of MOT ND i ie RTE he brome ee ats feetres Determine the ree egacinal moment om ateral bea we gee Tor For the abcornal vetete In the ysition shown fig. 21 the oad on ‘eae A per ue willbe 41,25. 24 511.25 = 20.287, Pavinaieatea ing. 22 odd ae M0. ngs HA an HD ee 2m ‘oa DisrRIBUTION iproairnan eee strnctral ep. Wit regard the AA S0, sociale ie ‘as idee ictart tomate Meese iets aman ‘Ech aringer (nthe rection of te wheel lod aeruming ha 12 ly Seine meas es aie Sy erenirmetamgertwansre ac Saihimata i neta a eee aes eee ESSa oer SL Sarat soca nen ‘Te intoduetin of aphragme aa bre deck impedes the cone 13a foense an tha the pres tenceny fof elite sap (eueSicetbamovtas Minin contrite eps coes nt neees Sein economy if latermesiate aperuema are reed ‘SERA Ubvelopment i. 0) a the one of iseateal girders of bow sc ‘SS comactd ys cutinous upper chard uned au the cariagensy Haare ala alte rile ceacereees Fors ond ‘led on the eeatre ine of coe geenr the torsional ply of 2 Steen andthe flomral strength of he deck sab an esl th ‘nserver 40 yr cost te lad tothe adjacent eae An ‘Enna he ue ofan br secon connected by 2 tins eit ete How Betage sea intercetion seem in Lando. Tee eteh etiz nc aaitces fang i Tue overall with ote2 Concrete Bridges “orion eriage Tr te no totn gle triton ond nes face by vite ofthe reuistance to sear a he fume ‘With and aitrtntion by hear and torsion takes pis and repre teats the opimam with regaréto load dition. In pratce, pe {oreed concrete and presireased Briige decks wil be betwan those Pry : 4 ro + ‘here are several methods avilable fr carrying outs Lad aetribu- ay aay a somes pchaes ae rane aa he gn Iiettod ent Gayony Masesanet Bares orthotopic pat teary in ‘sctre wich ns he sane Svorae nen an torial si Sse soealstracture, The linatns fie ssthod have bee bln {clout bya nriber3f authors (eferences 61,3); Hower lew of the tables and carta available fo aciat the lohgnind spicata the method andthe goon of te extension to continua dec nad frames ana also to Yierendel type deck sections deta eins ‘THE PLATE BQuATION. Toe grr nate enti fv th ti of he Gua aston eng moments in bridge decks eng Socficints of intra Astri= ition which are avallale in atuae form (5) Tha method fas been Adoplen and presented in the form o design curves Oy Morice, ite sede (i. Tales of dlstinain cwtcents ae neuded with {om 3'consideration of he wuiriom of simple team Cage 2 For the algebrale sun of vera! frscs tobe nats se see we oe fof 20,25» 38 -an.0o, x50, Mg = 33.71 30.0 100 vent Bem 0 x 2.2412 = osu Is almost double tat obtained by 2 load datitutionanayats| ning daphrapms at ig span pints andthe HB load paced a he ‘massnum accents ‘he object of a load alsteiton analysis to assess how much othe "HB oad is ustained by each ofthe longtcinal member ofthe Gees rok ad the entnt to wile the traneveres merabere asst in sire ie te eden nua ans fo ren {eeme of ficteney af oad aistebaon are represented ty actople Sab having the same lasle properties in all ivetina) andthe ne‘SEAR on WEISS ifthe ces Gi we ean wrt w 1 Polotons ris take ito ascount then BI is replaced by D whe acre Pate thiemeas Fa pone ep 0s8 trom) ern, Fert 9 ly rir ee Dasani ge gare ienaks sonen ooeanammarsais moe Seageraraal neuer masa Se Seen an Sees Bie eee eerie ian pide verona rea ne SSE Sota aca eh consort Reto Fheory oy Plates and Seti, paue 8" Fig.25 ALA al same level, B ond Bat diferent levels aes ean—F or the algebraic sum of monient to be zero and ignoring second M+ a) Fae =0 o tn onde to visualize the bahuvour of asplate Hera ts convenient 15 Sencocr it terme of two ete of Son stripe (ag. 28), Hehe vise ZG y 7D0 Concrete Bridges the torsion shies in crcton paral the wag equation of te daloction eoriace om £2) 260, Baty Same BSE rst et na itn eat gape asm : Tr eeemuatr tte ten arte Tescyauietendgc rt naee seaman see ittek rs Senon arin enrcmtor sities 2 ay are nner SDS: i) py sin the Lond pla) = py ain ae datritsted over te whole with 2b ofthe system (fg. 28) tenth ftenity of ond, uniform in they cretion, posin tt 2 “This loading ietsiinted over the what with of th deck Bb wil pxo~| mols) = Wy tn 2s 20 2g, cn 1 can ls be write nthe flowing form aya te ieee det bey yt 1 equation (te eat two terns represent eal beam strip action nd ie thn involving tte 2). ay detection. 11 tas been assumed thatthe elate properties ofthe material of the plate are the mme in all dretion, ‘or te eae of on ornotrople ‘late tho equation can bo written inthe form Parag Cat © vehere A,B and C relate tothe flenaral an torsional properties of he [APPLICATION TO GRILLAGES Consider two syatemn of parallel beams sual datances apart (i.2). ‘esol sly feat are reauete By. Peel ey pets # rt42 Concrete Bridges ns 2 2 yt wrote Fors pinta ond at an escnry eh he ening momen eee yin) = EEE win) te evn ening moments te prope te deecsoe sm _ Mat) se” Foca mnter ef oie sn i sh ttn abn sag momen ay pt) an ee by oer fe Ky) ver J vio ane oy waa nwa ‘were W0)g, in represents te detection du to x soso Load eit ample atin eccentritty Now Mola) = EW Tia L which fora load of wait amplitude gives gt st aw Loading and load datibution ‘Bue to he line loa (tg. 26) the eystem wil eect tothe surface ny) = Wi) ain BE en th aint i a tnd sn I, The cont yy) = ou! MOD . et)” Wo C ‘rhe coffees K depends on) 2 flexeral parameter 8) a torsional {nvamcter oi te poston ofthe Toad e/b i) the reference poi Seite ab 37 ‘An enesnal lon snacldal inthe xerection pls) = sn 2 and v= formiystfited over a wiih 2 wil cause a dtc the ys J =Wosin ‘The corvature ofthis surface 1/R ie defined as 1 ery a24 Concrete Briiges Loin amd od dstibtion 1 every opm in equation (i i ede by equation vi then MgO9) = Mel Y pi) ti yn = 1 te toads py sin te average Bendingmoment My) ie are unllormiydetibated over the wth 2 thon aoe Se se aged = mie) Bw w cae ee oi ~——iriing equation (te by equation 8) Mybr) _ Mot Y G9) ae) ~ © Fes =noy = pion a ‘The above procedure a valid In general but if point Load are used the ~ twat Is ciy spranimate since te proceds is bated on infacnce Ines for iateat dition whieh holds exactly tive for loa sna Sotealy varying in the noeection. greater aceuray i require ‘eyelop the etal Ion pa) into 2 Fourier seriea in the x-retion ny cel). The previous expressions for My o ol take into account eS ea - Sasareinemen eee ert ~ nine standard positions for a no torsion (Ky) and full torsion (K,) gril~ = = : BRS eee eee 28 ae _ tigations * ‘se te sas ser pen iSoe = 026 Comorate Bridges8 Concrete Bridges sth ofthe dk he owing ‘Assuming the HA lato oecupy the ome per nl main i ones tH) He aun 192 0,128 +40 16 0.25, = 51204 “The moment de to urtacing = ig x 198 0.128 tay mase por oa = 1800 g/t? = 16480 8/2 = 16.ds w/e Moment doe tose weight Saction modal with =} x 0,12 0.0817 m 0.588 n/m? Determine the maximum longiatinal being momest My for tbe sab SE Shows in fg 29 gen ne following at: HA Loading VDL = 12 KMJm? (220 b/R) KEL. 2 tom Groot ‘HD Loading (45 wit): wheel load 112 RN, whet Biba mans opacea Denalty of concrete = 2400 kg/m? Surtacing 1s mia? se ost40 Conevete Bridges MU ; ea evant as 2, = 8,678 for unit oud P= 1 sya Px Las = 048 PRI. = 0.08 Px 1.96/2.5 = 0.70 Px 3.04/2.8 = 0.417 aya 2we wa =P xo.s2.8 =0.218 Px 146/2.5 = 0.004 ay = 00800 aly ing wet Notation 3b/4. As @ = 1 terest clr Foe ena 4 eine eth tbe an ae tied blo oe fale ie bel ole late le je » [ptietin | ‘thw maximum vale of Ky t6 at band is equl fo 2-0, signs) © Mylan) ICL. “tue poston of he HB vec for maxon onitufinal moment it REE Some per at wie na styrmean) «0.225 Px 6,5 SEX 182A = 430 1a/m win.reing pre mite ron be Derr it ma Saas trl ai = anne ra ort “toe st loural rgty inthe yabretion 18 “te feral parameter 8 given by ’ () -tye evaluation of a normally aed onthe ul section proprtes 2 ‘Ree gran o.2 eine section peopertien and Ji gored; TM ine ete created in renfoea concrete eck he sel Can most Ue Po Fora prestreseed dec stested In bot cree= {dae fl setonproperton canbe Foted, “tee wnaunton a he torsional parameter follows the sme prosesre, wt ren ity anon = And dy #4g 445 = 4.001 CHECK. aloes fy for 9 = 0.625: rr wa ost 0.65 Tit La Lid 0.08 087 0.70 oes 1.12 1.25 1.22 1.14 1.08 we 41 0.00 ovr ovgo 1.22 142 147 a8 awe ose 0.40 0.5L 0.67 0.07 1.14 1.48 1. » 0.25 0.32 0.42 0.58 0.77 1.08 1.48 2.0 2.52 swe 2.520 b ost ‘Approrimate calculation gives K, Detaled ealvlalion gives Ky = 1.08. ‘ote that In ths example My(mas) for HB is less thn for KA. 1 should aso be noted that 1,98 = 2H) oF tn this ease J Py = 4 for wit outa P= 1 EVALUATION OF PLEURAL AND TORGOWAL PARAMETERS “The couticients of atralatiiation are relate to the femal para [Bute ¢ andthe torsional parameter a. "Theevauaton of and ais {overed in raterenes 1) Sn (8) anda rl dacripon of te proce Site ingen below {Considering 4 Yet and sab deck ti 32) the wait nara righty,14 Conerete Bridges orn mo et sea eee ecb pa ae ans dat shou be nlved whch es tg a4 eal ie feer to worked examples for evaluation of anda). te taken a anty and ts all conity ot he ia ‘or tox action tg. 24) the valu of Ig 00 ad sch term which appear In bth lg and Jp hast be muted by 0-8 “The unit talons riety 7-deetion) fy = phate Sire uate nace ‘Bare given below. freien tien “ee sehas been shown (el7) at when estimating the foros constants of Tonercte ridge dock negleet of ntl effect fg 29) can Felt STEEN bret the mesbrane analogy toe votre wader the oe edad membrane onsen npr le wade te ene adepcndet ectoneytat ta J5 >, Jy. THe CF Tut parameter a even 2. Yo te) eo oe mu = Plasons rato, Modus of elastety of eerste. tthe above exreuson fora 18 aplid to 2 sla ung the tin recta TMT 2B ermal then for eles46 Concrete Briges es wants seo secon A wma eon mem ae i se TPICAL Beas CROSS secTON ig 85 and 9 lo. Pha deals of elie pre je ig. 20 A = area contetned by outer walls 1s suggeoed by Massoone (cof. 8) hat the equivalent lah appronch| Th Seta tor soy grgworx of he brags type proving Were are [Run's main goers: Por any number of inermedate cross it= SEE Sato of utony ted anoereg ay [EVALUATION OF # AND a FOR HOLLOW COMPOSITE PRECAST ‘CONCRETE BRIDGES! ‘Te following methods should be weed in eleuating section properties, TRilacd he parameters # anda fo be used when piping onotrone flute theory to ne te of Bete shown In fg-25,0- ‘The parameters are called as follows (re,Conerete Bridge Dein by Roe. Rowe! ay "ba with of the equivalent ortotropte plate {second momento rea/ant with |) = ecard momento aea/unt Length 1 This section i reproduood by courteny of The Cement and Conerete [Rosoclation and rises tothe MOLT ]C- 4 C-A-standara bridge ‘ams tM beams) Florzed to ln Cheer 3.