Math, DI & LR

Regd. Office: IMS Learning Resources Pvt Ltd.

E-Block, 6th Floor, NCL Bandra Premises, Bandra Kurla Complex,
Bandra (E), Mumbai 400 051
Tel No: +91 22 66680005 Fax: +91 22 66680006
Email: ims@imsindia.com Website: www.imsindia.com
 ®
CMAT

NUMBERS & ALGEBRA Logbook

The Number Glossary Factors and Multiples

1. Factor: A positive integer ‘f’ is said to be the 1. HCF/GCD: HCF of two or more numbers is the
factor of a given positive integer ‘n’ if f divides greatest number which divides each of them exactly.
‘n’ without leaving a remainder e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 2. LCM: LCM is the least number which is exactly
6 and 12 are the factors of 12. divisible by each of the given numbers.
2. Rational Number: Real numbers which can be 3. Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM
p HCF of the numerators
expressed in the form of , where p and q are
q 4. HCF of Fractions= ,
LCM of the denominato rs
integers and q ¹ 0. Rational numbers have
when all the fractions are expressed in their
repeating or terminating decimals.
lowest forms.
3. Irrational Numbers: Real numbers which have
non-terminating and non-repeating decimals are 5. LCM of Fractions= LCM of the numerators ,
irrational numbers. HCF of the denominato rs
4. Prime Numbers: A prime number is a positive integer when all the fractions are expressed in their
which has only two distinct factors, itself and unity. lowest forms.
5. Composite Numbers: A composite number is a 6. (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b 2
number which has more than two factors. 7. (a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b 2
2
2 2 2
6. Factorial: For a natural number ‘n’, its factorial 8. (a – b)3 = a3 – 2ab + b
is defined as: n! = 1 × 2 × 3 × ... ... ... × n. 9. (a + b) = a + 3ab(a + b) + b 3
10. (a – b) = a – 3ab(a – b) – b 3
3 3
(Note: 0!=1).
11. a3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b 2)
7. Absolute value OR Modulus of a Number: For a real 12. a3 – b 3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b 2)
number ‘a’, modulus is defined |a| = a when a ³ 13. a3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b 2 + c 2)
0 |a| = –a when a < 0. 14. a3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc, if a + b + c = 0

Tests of Divisibility Roots & Indices and Number Properties

1. am × an = am+n 7. a0 = 1; a1 = a
1. A non-negative integer is divisible by 2, 4, 8 2. m n
a ÷ a = a m – n
1 1
and so on, if and only if the number formed 3. am × b m = (a × b) m 8. a–p = p ; ap = - p
by the last digit, last two digits, last three digits a a
4. (am) n = amn p
and so on, respectively, is divisible by 2, 4, 8 q
and so on respectively.
m
am 9. a q = ap =
æaö
5. ç ÷ = m 10. am = an and a ¹ –1,
2. A non-negative integer is divisible by 3 and 9 èbø b
0, 1 then m = n
if the sum of all the digits of the integer is 1 11. a m = b m, m ¹ 0
divisible by 3 and 9 respectively. 6. p = p a i) a = +b, m is even
a
3. A non-negative integer is divisible by 11, if and ii) a = b, m is odd
only if the difference between the sum of the 12. A perfect square should always end with 0,
digits at the odd places and the sum of the digits 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
at the even places is divisible by ‘11’ or is ‘0’. 13. A perfect square ending with zero should end
with even number of zeros.
4. A non-negative integer is divisible by a composite 14. A perfect square ending with 5 must always end with 25.
number, if and only if it is divisible by two or 15. A perfect square ending with 6, must have its
more of its relatively prime factors e.g. a number last but one digit odd.
is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by both 3 16. A perfect square ending with 1, 4, or 9 must
have its last but one digit even.
and 4, similarly a number is divisible by 30 17. The digit sum of perfect squares should be 1,
if it is divisible by 2, 3, and 5. 4, 7 or 9.

2
 ®
CMAT

18. Cyclicity Rule: Rules of Inequalities

The units digit of successive powers of ‘n’ 1. If a > b and c is any number
follow a pattern as given in the table below: a + c > b + c
a – c > b – c
2. If a > b and c > 0
ac > bc
a b
>
c c

3. If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc

4. If a – c > b, then a > b + c or –c > b – a.
5. If x2 < a, where a is a positive number
The fifth power of any number has the same Þ - a <x< a ( a is the positve square
units place digit as the number itself root of a)

19. To find the powers of a prime number ‘p’ 6. If x2 > a, where a is a positive number
contained in n!, where n is a natural number. Þ x> a or x < – a ( a is the positve
Highest power of prime number ‘p’ in n! square root of a)
= [n/p] + [n/p 2 ] + [n/p 3 ] + [n/p 4 ] + ...
Where the value of the term in the [ ] is the 7. |x| < a Þ –a < x < a
greatest integral value less than or equal to 8. |x| > a Þ x > a or x < –a
the terms n/p, n/p 2, n/p 3, n/p 4, ...
9. Quadratic inequalities:
(x – a )(x – b ) > 0 if x < a or x > b ( a < b )
Quadratic Equations < 0 if a < x < b
1. For the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,
let a and b be the roots.
b c
Then ax2 + bx + c = a (x2 + x + )
a a
= a (x – a ) (x – b )
= a [x2 – ( a + b ) x + ab ]
Hence, we have:
b c
i) a + b = – ; ii) ab =
a a
2. The roots a , b are given by:
-b± D
a, b = ; where D = b 2 – 4ac is
2a
the discriminant.
3. Properties of the discriminant D :
i) If D ³ 0, then a , b are real.
ii) If D = 0, then a = b .
iii) If D < 0, then a , b are complex conjugates.

3
 ®
CMAT

ARITHMETIC Logbook

Percentages, Profit & Loss, Averages, Mixture & Alligation

Simple & Compound Interest
1. Arithematic mean/average
final value - initial value Sum of all the elements
1. %increase = × 100 = Total number of elements
initial value

initial value - final value

2. %decrease = × 100 2. If two quantities e1 and e2 are mixed, such
initial value that their average is ‘a’, then where e2 > e1,
3. If ‘n’ is increased by a%, and then by b%, then these two quantities should be mixed
and then c%, then the new value n1 will be 1 q
2 e -a
in the ratio q = a - e .
2 1
æ a öæ b öæ c ö
n1 = ç 1 + 100 ÷ ç 1 + 100 ÷ ç 1 + 100 ÷
è øè øè ø
3. If a vessel contains ‘a’ litres of wine and if
Selling Price - Cost Price ‘b’ litres are withdrawn and replaced with
4. %profit = × 100 water, and this operation is continued ‘n’ times,
Cost Price
n
Wine left after n operations æa - bö
Cost Price - Selling Price then = ç ÷
5. %loss = × 100 Total Volume è a ø
Cost Price

Marked Price - Selling Price

6. %discount = × 100
Marked Price

PNR
7. Simple Interest =
100
P Þ Principal
N Þ Number of years
R Þ Rate of interest per Annum (%)

The sum of the principal and interest is the Amount

A = P + S.I.
8. Compound Interest
N
æ R ö
A = Pç1 +
100 ÷ø
; where A = amount, P = Prin-
è
cipal, R = rate of interest per Annum (%), N =
number of year.
C.I. = A – P

4
 ®
CMAT

Ratio, Proportions & Variations; Partnerships Time, Speed and Distances; Work,
Pipes and Cisterns
1. Ratio is the comparison between similar types
of quantities; it is an abstract quantity and 1. Distance = Speed × Time
does not have any units.
2. If a distance is covered at ‘a’ kmph and the
a c return journey is made at ‘b’ kmph, then the
2. If b
= d
, then a, b, c, d are said to be in
2ab
proportion. speed of the entire journey is kmph.
a+b

a c 3. If two bodies move in the opposite direction,

3. If b
= d
, then their relative speed = sum of their speeds.
a) a × d = c × b
4. If two bodies move in the same direction, their
b)
b
=
d
, invertendo relative speed = difference of their speeds.
a c

a b 5. If the speed of a boat in still water is ‘b’,

c) c
= d
, alternendo and the speed of the stream is ‘s’, then
a. Upstream speed (u) = b – s
a + b c+d
d) = d , componendo b. Downstream speed (d) = b + s
b
a-b c-d u+d d-u
e) = , dividendo c. b = d. s =
b d 2 2
a+b c+d
f) a-b
= c-d
, componendo & dividendo
6. If A can do a piece of work in ‘a’ days and
B can do the same work in ‘b’ days then A
a c e g ab
4. If = = = = K and B together can do the work in days.
b d f h a+b
a + c + e + g(sum of all the numerators )
then b + d + f + h(sum of all the denominator)
= K
7. If the A and B can do a work in a and b days
respectively, then their efficiency will be in
5. If aµ b, provided c is constant and a µ c, the ratio b: a, and their wages will be in the
provided b is constant, ratio of their efficiencies, if they are working
then a µ b × c, if all three of them are varying. together.

6. If A and B are in a business for the same time, 8. If pipe A is ‘x’ times bigger than pipe B, then
then
Profit distribution µ Investment (Time is 1 th
A will take of the time taken by pipe B,
constant). x
to fill a cistern.
7. If A and B are in a business with the same
investment, then 9. If pipe A can fill a cistern in ‘a’ mins and
Profit distribution µ Time of investment B can empty it in ‘b’ mins, then together they
(Investment is constant).
ab
can fill the cistern in mins.
b -a
8. Profit Distribution µ Investment × Time.

5
 ®
CMAT

MODERN MATH Logbook

SET THEORY
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING:
1. Set A is said to be a subset of Set B if each and
If there are two jobs which can be performed
every element of Set A is also contained in Set
independently in m and n ways, then
B. Set A is said to be a proper subset of Set B
i) either of the two jobs can be performed in m + n
if Set B has at least one element that is not
ways (OR)
contained in Set A.
ii) both of the jobs can be performed in m × n ways
2. The Universal set is defined as the set of all
(AND) e.g. if there are 15 boys and 12 girls in a
possible objects under consideration. Every
class then
other set is then a subset of the universal set.
i) a boy OR a girl representative can be chosen in
3. Union of two sets is represented as A È B and
15 + 12 = 27 ways.
consists of elements that are present in either
Set A or Set B or both. ii) a boy AND a girl representative can be chosen in
15 × 12 = 180 ways.
4. Intersection of two sets is represented as
A Ç B and consists of elements that are
present in both Set A and Set B.
LINEAR ARRANGEMENT
5. Venn Diagram: A venn diagram is used to 1. Linear arrangement (or permutation) of ‘n’
visually represent the relationship between distinct items among themselves = n!
various sets.
2. Linear arrangement ( or permutation) of ‘r’
What do each of the areas in the figure
n!
represent? out of ‘n’ distinct items = nPr =
(n - r)!
only A - a
only B - b 3. Linear arrangement of ‘n’ items out of which
only C - c n!
A and B, not C - d ‘p’ are alike. ‘q’ are alike, ‘r’ are alike =
p!q!r!
A and C, not B - e
4. Circular arrangement of ‘n’ distinct items
B and C, not A - f
A, B and C - g = (n – 1)!
None of A, B or C - h 5. Circular arrangement of ‘n’ distinct beads in a
6. Some important properties: (n - 1)!
n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ç B) necklace =
2
n(A È B È C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ç B)
–n(A Ç C) – n(B Ç C) – n(A Ç B Ç C) 6. Selection of ‘r’ items out of ‘n’ distinct items

n!
= nCr =
r!(n - 1)!

7. Selection of atleast one item from ‘n’

distinct items = nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + nC4 + ... + nCn
= 2n – 1

6
 ®
CMAT

PROBABILITY
LOGARITHMS
Probability deals with the chance or likelihood
n
of a particular event happening or not happening. If a = b, then log b = n
a
If an event can happen in ‘a’ ways and fail in
Conventionally, log b represents log10b
‘b’ ways and each is equally likely to happen,
then the probability or chance of its happening 1] logb 1 = 0
a a 2] log a a = 1
is i.e., P(a) = and the probability of
a+b a+b
1
b
3] log a b = OR loga b ´ logb a = 1
logb a
failure is P(b) = . (P(a) < 1 and P(b) < 1,
a+b
P(a) + P(b) = 1, P(a) ¹ 0, P(b) ¹ 0)
4] logb (m ´ n) = logb m + logb n
Instead of saying the probability of the happening
æmö
5] logb ç ÷ = logb m - logb n
a ènø
of an event is , the probability of its not happening
a+b
6] logb (m)n = nlogb (m)
æ a ö b
is ç 1 - ÷ = . It is sometimes stated that
è a+b ø a + b log a m
7] logb m = = loga m ´ logb a
the odds are ‘a’ to ‘b’ in favour of the event or ‘b’ log a b
to ‘a’ against the event. Two events A and B occur α
8] logbβ (aα ) = logb a
with probabilities p(A) and p(B). Then, the probability β
that A and B occur is P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB);
where P(AB) is the probability of AB occuring together. 9] log x a = log x b if and only if a = b
P(AB) = P(A) × P(B), if the two events are independent 10] logyx > 0 if both x, y > 1 or both x, y < 1
of each other. < 0 if x < 1 < y or y < 1 < x

7
 ®
CMAT

GEOMETRY Logbook

GEOMETRY 13. In a 45°- 45°- 90° isosceles triangle, the sides

For a triangle ( D ABC) with sides a, b, c : are in the ratio 1 : 2
1. Sum of interior angles = 180°. Note: The above two properties are also used to
2. Side opposite to the greatest angle is longest, solve Trignometry based questions in CMAT
and side opposite to the smallest angle is relating to Angle of Elevation and Angle of
smallest. Depression.
3. Sum of any two sides of the triangle is always 14. If D ABC is an equilateral triangle:
greater than the third side. a. Each angle = 60°,
4. Difference between any two sides of the triangle
is always lesser than the third side. 3
b. Height = × side,
5. Measure of exterior angle = Sum of remote 2
interior angles.
3
1 c. Area = × (side) 2 ,
6. Area = × (base) × (height) 4
2
height
a+b+c d. Inradius(r) = ,
= 3
s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) , where s =
2
2
= r × s, r = radius of the incircle e. Circumradius (R) = × height .
3
abc
=
4R
, R = radius of the circumcircle 15. D ABC is similar to D PQR if Ð A = Ð P, Ð B
= Ð Q, Ð C = Ð R and is represented as D ABC
AB AE » D PQR.
7. If BE is the angle bisector then, = .
BC EC
A AB BC AC
a. = = i.e ratio of their sides
E PQ QR PR
remains constant, say, k.
B °° C
Perimeter of DABC AB
8. A line segment joining the midpoints of any b. = = k
two sides is parallel to the third side and Perimeter of DPQR PQ
has half the length of the third
side. A Area of DABC æ AB ö
2
ç ÷ 2
c. Area of DPQR = è PQ ø = k
AD AE D E
9. If DE||BC, then = (BPT)
DB EC B C d. All other linear geometric dimensions will
10. If AD is the median .i.e. BD = be in the same ratio as is the side.
DC, then AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + DC2) For a circle with center "O" and radius "r":
11. If Ð ABC = 90°, then AC2 = AB 2 + BC2 16. Chords equidistant from the center are equal.
12. In a 30°- 60°- 90° triangle, the sides are in 17. Perpendicular from the center bisects the
chord, conversely, the line segment joining
the ratio 1 : 3 : 2 the center and the midpoint of the cord is
perpendicular to it.

8
 ®
CMAT

18. Equal chords subtends equal angle at the

center.
19. In the adjoining Figure, Chord AB divides the
circle into two parts:

y Q Note: This equation will hold even if the secants

P meet outside the circle.
O R 4. If a tangent (OC) and a secant (AB) meet externally
at O, then OC2 = OA × OB.
B
A x

a. minor arc - AXB

b. major arc - AYC
The area bounded by OAXB is a sector. (Tangent – Secant theorem)
20. Measure of arc AXB = Ð AOB = q 5. The angle made by chord (AB) with the tangent at
A (AD) is equal to the angle subtended by it on the
q opposite arc.
21. Length (arc AXB) = × 2 pr
360

q
22. Area (sector OAXB) is × p r2
360
23. Angles subtended by the arc at all the points
on the alternates segments are equal. Thus
APB = AQB = ARB m Ð BAD = m Ð ACB.
24. Angle subtended by the arc at the center is (Tangent Chord Property)
twice than that subtended at the alternate
segment. Thus Ð APB = Ð AQB = Ð ARB
POLYGONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
25. Angle inscribed in a semicircle or that
For any regular polygon:
subtended by the diameter is a right angle.
(A polygon which has all its sides and angles equal)
1. Sum of internal angles = 180°(n – 2).

TANGENT PROPERTIES

180°(n - 2)
2. Measure of an internal angle = .
n
PA and PB are tangents to the given circle, OA is
(where n is the number of sides)
the radius.
Properties of some special polygons:
1. PA = PB.
Parallelogram:
2. OA ^ PA..
Secant, Tangent and Chord Properties
3. If two secants viz. AB and CD, intersect at P, then
AP × BP = CP × DP.
3. Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

9
 ®
CMAT

4. Opposite angles are congruent.

1
5. Diagonals bisect each other. 19. Area = × sum of parallel sides × height.
2
6. Area of parallelogram = Base × height .
Regular Hexagon:
Rhombus:

7. Opposite sides are parallel and all sides are

equal.
3 3
8. Opposite angles are congruent. 20. Area = (side)2.
2
9. Diagonals bisect each other at 90°.
21. Six equilateral triangles are formed by
1 joining the opposite vertices of the hexagon.
10. Area = × Product of diagonals.
2
Square:
SOLID FIGURES

Euler’s formula:
Number of faces + Number of vertices =
11. All sides are congruent and opposite sides Number of edges + 2
are parallel. All angles are right angles. 1. Cube: If each edge of a cube is ‘a’ units,
12. Diagonals are congruent and bisect each other then
at 90°. l (diagonal) = 2 × (side). • Volume of cube = a3
13. Area = (side)2. Also, edge of the
Kite: cube
=
3
Volume of the cube
• Total surface area of the cube = 6a 2
• Lateral surface area = 4a 2

• Longest diagonal of the cube = a 3

14. Two pairs of adjacent sides are congurent. 2. Cuboid/Rectangular Parallelopiped:

15. Diagonals intersect each other at 90° and Let length, breadth and height of a cuboid
longer diagonal bisects shorter diagonal. be l , b and h, respectively, then
1 • Volume of cuboid =
16. Area = × product of diagonals. l × b × h
2
• Total surface area
Isosceles Trapezium:
= 2( l b + bh + h l )
• Lateral surface area = 2h( l + b)

17. One pair of opposite sides is parallel.

18. Non-parallel sides are congruent.

10
 ®
CMAT

• Longest diagonal of cuboid = 2

2 2 2
• Volume of hemisphere = 3
p r3
l +b +h
• Lateral/Curved surface area of hemi-
3. (Right) Circular Cylinder: Let ‘r’ be the radius sphere = 2 p r2
of the circular base and ‘h’
• Total surface area of hemisphere = 2 p r2
be the height of a right cir-
+ p r2 = 3 p r2
cular cylinder, then
• Area of each circular face 7. Spherical Shell: Let R and r be the outer
= p r2 and the inner radius of a spherical shell,
• Lateral surface area = then
Circum-ference of
4
base × height = 2 p rh • Volume of spherical shell = p (R3 – r3)
3
• Total surface area = Curved surface
area + Area of two circular bases = 2 p rh 8. Solid Ring: Let R and r be the outer and
+ 2 p r2 = 2 p r(h + r) the inner radius of a ring, then
• Volume of cylinder = (Area of base) × p2
height = p r2h • Volume of a solid ring = (R – r)2(R + r)
4

4. Right Circular Cone: If h is the height, l • Lateral/Curved surface area of solid ring
is the slant height and r is the radius of = p 2(R2 – r2)
the base of the right circu-
lar cone, then
1
• Volume of cone = p r2h CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
3
Distance between two points
• Lateral surface area =
The distance between two points (x1, y 1) and (x2,
p rl
• Total surface area = Curved surface area y 2) = ( x 1 - x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 - y 2 ) 2 .
+ Area of circular base
Section Formula
= p r l + p r2 = p r( l + r) If P is a point dividing the joint of two points
A(x 1, y 1) and B(x 2, y 2) internally in the ratio
• l 2 = h 2 + r2 i.e., l = h2 + r2
m : n (i.e., PA : PB = m : n), then the co-ordinates
5. Sphere: If r is the radius (x, y) of P are given by:
of a sphere, then
æ mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1 ö
P( x , y) = çç , ÷
• Volume of sphere = è m + n m + n ÷ø

4 If P(x, y) divides the joint of A(x1, y 1) and B(x2,

p r3 y2) externally in the ratio m : n
3
(i.e., PA : PB = m : n), then the co-ordinates (x,
• Surface area of sphere
= 4 p r2 y) of P are given by:

6. Hemisphere: If r is æ mx 2 - nx 1 my 2 - my1 ö
P( x , y) = çç , ÷
the radius of a hemi- è m - n m - n ÷ø

sphere, then

11
 ®
CMAT

Midpoint of a Segment æ ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 ö

If P is the midpoint of the segment joining the I(x, y) = ç a + b + c
,
a + b + c
÷
è ø
points A(x1, y 1) and B(x2, y 2), then the co-ordinates
(x, y) of P are given by: where a, b and c are the lengths of the three
sides opposite to Ð BAC, Ð ABC and Ð ACB.

æ x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 ö Area of a triangle
P(x, y) = ç , ÷
è 2 2 ø
If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the
Centroid and Incentre of a triangle three vertices of a triangle, then

x1 x2 x3
1
Area of the triangle = y1 y2 y3
2
1 1 1

1
= [ x 1 ( y 2 - y 3 ) - x 2 ( y1 - y 3 ) + x 3 ( y1 - y 2 )]
2

If area = 0, then the three points are col-

linear.

Parallel and Perpendicular lines

If A(x, y), B(x 2, y 2) and C(x3, y 3) are the vertices
of a triangle, then i) Two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 are
parallel to each other, if and only if m 1
i) The co-ordinates of the centroid G(x, y) of = m2, or both m1 and m2 does not exist.
D ABC are: ii) Two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 are
perpendicular to each other, if and only
æ x 1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 ö if either m1 × m2 = –1 or if m1 = 0 and m2
G(x, y) = ç , ÷
è 3 3 ø does not exist.
Thus, if the slope of a line is m, then the
ii) 1
slope of a line perpendicular to it is - .
m

The co-ordinates of the incentre I(x, y) of D ABC

with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3)
are:

12
 ®
CMAT

TRIGNOMETRY

1. Angle of Elevation:

B
ht
sig
of
ne
Li

Angle of
qelevation
O
Horizontal A

If a person at a lower level looks up at

an object at a higher level, the line of sight
makes an angle with the horizontal line
which is called the angle of elevation.

2. Angle of Depression:

If a person standing at a higher level observes

an object at a lower level, the line of sight
makes an angle with the horizontal line which
is called the angle of depression.

Note:

i] Numerically, the angle of elevation is equal

to the angle of depression.

ii] The angle of elevation and the angle of de-

pression are measured with the horizontal
line.

13
 ®
CMAT

DATA INTERPRETATION Logbook

Comparison of fractions
a a a + k
1. If a < b or < 1 then < k being a positive integer.
b b b + k
a a a + k
2. If a > b or > 1 then > k being a positive integer.
b b b + k
a c
3. If ad > cb then > a, b, c, d being positive integers.
b d

General Terms Involved in DI.

æ final value – Initial Value ö

1. Percentage change = çç ÷ × 100
÷
è Initial Value ø
2. Growth = final value – Initial Value
Total Growth
3. Growth Rate (in percentage) = × 100%
Initial Value
Total Growth Rate
4. Average Annual Growth Rate =
Total Number of years

5. Compounded Average Annual Growth Rateü é 1

ù
ï êç æ final Value ö
÷ – 1ú ´ 100
n
OR ý = êç ÷ ú
Initial Value
Cumulative Average Annual Growth Rate ïþ êëè ø úû

We need to know the decimal values.

1 1 2 1 3 1
= 0.5 = 0.33 = 0.66 = 0.25 = 0.75 = 0.2
2 3 3 4 4 5
2 3 4 1 5 1
= 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.8 = 0.166 = 0.833 = 0.142857
5 5 5 6 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 1
= 0.285714 = 0.428571 = 0.571428 = 0.714285 = 0.857142 = 0.125
7 7 7 7 7 8
3 5 7 1 2 4
= 0.375 = 0.625 = 0.875 = 0.11 = 0.22 = 0.44
8 8 8 9 9 9
5 7 8 1 2 3
= 0.55 = 0.77 = 0.88 = 0.0909 = 0.1818 = 0.2727
9 9 9 11 11 11
4 5 6 7 8 9
= 0.3636 = 0.4545 = 0.5454 = 0.6363 = 0.7272 = 0.8181
11 11 11 11 11 11
10
= 0.9090
11

14
 ®
LOGICAL REASONING logbook
Seating Arrangement
(1) In seating arrangement, generally the data will
be given with respect to the subjects or the
people involved in the puzzle. Hence the left
and right should be considered with respect
to the subjects or the people involved in.
(2) The candidate/observer is always assumed to
be facing North Direction.
(3) In case of linear Seating Arrangement if noth-
ing is mentioned the subjects are considered
to be facing North Direction. If mentioned
otherwise the left of the subject will become
the right of the observer and vice-versa. Cir-
cular seating arrangement will not have this
problem.
The language of the question should be carefully
understood.
eg., (i) In the photograph who
is to the left of Harbhajan?
Ans. Pointing.
(ii) Who was standing to the
left of Harbhajan Singh when
the photograph was taken? Ans. Symonds.
(4) In case of linear seating arrangement the
statement, "A is seating to the left of B" does
not mean "A is seating to the immediate left
of B". But in case of circular seating
arrangement it does mean so.
(5) The term diagonally opposite is generally used
to denote two people who are seated as far
as possible.
Comparisons
(1) "A is neither greater than nor less than B" means
"A is equal to B" (A = B).
(2) "A is not less than B" means "A is either greater
than or equal to B" (A > B)
(3) "A is not greater than B" means "A is either
less than or equal to B" (A < B)
(4) "A is neither less than nor equal to B" means
"A is greater than B" (A > B)
15
CMAT
(5) "A is neither greater than nor equal to B" means
"A is less than B" (A < B)
(6) Comparison should always be done in a Unique
Mode i.e., either greater than or lesser than.
i.e., if A is not less than B, B is less than C
and D is equal to A, then D = A > B < C is
conventionally incorrect.
D = A > B or B < A = D
C > B or B < C is conventionally correct.
(7) Two quantities which are not the part of an
inequality cannot be compared among them-
selves e.g., In the above example C cannot be
compared with A and D.
Alphanumeric Series
The logics which are generally used to frame
such type of questions can be categorized as
(1) Difference series:
– Difference between the successive elements
will lead to the logic behind these types of series.
(a) Constant difference series eg. 3, 5, 7, 9,
11, 13
(b) Increasing difference series eg. 3, 5, 8, 12,
17, 23
(c) Decreasing difference series eg. 12, 8, 5,
3, 2, 2
(d) Increasing decreasing difference series
eg. 17, 19, 23, 26, 31, 35
(2) Product Series
– Ratio between the successive elements will
lead to the logic behind these type of series.
(a) Constant ratio series eg. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48,
96
(b) Increasing ratio series eg. 3, 3, 6, 18, 72,
360
(c) Decreasing ratio series eg. 72, 18, 6, 3, 3,
0
(d) Increasing and decreasing ratio series.
eg. 3, 3, 9, 18, 72, 216, 1080
(3) Square/Cube series
These types of series can be characterized by
 ®
CMAT

the presence of peculiar squares or cubes either The reverse implication is

in the series or in the series of the difference ~B ® A
of the elements in the series. It is not necessary that B ® ~A
eg. 4, 8, 17, 33, 58, 94 d) If A has not occurred then B will also not
eg. 4, 9, 1, 6, 2, 5 occur.
(4) Miscellaneous ~A ® ~B
(a) Fibbonocci series: Every element is the The reverse implication is
sum of two preceding terms. B ® A
eg. 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 It is not necessary that ~B ® ~A.
(b) Prime number/Square Cubes of prime
numbers Notation
(c) Product of consecutive prime numbers, 1. A belongs to group I.
eg. 6, 15, 35, 77, 143, 221 A Î I
(5) Combination series 2. A does not belong to group I.
(a) Alternate elements forming two different A Ï I
series 3. A and B are in the same group.
eg. 2, 13, 4, 17, 6, 19, 8 AB
(b) Difference and product series. 4. A and B are not in the same group.
eg. 2, 4, 12, 45, 206.5, 1140.75 ABx

Groups & Conditionalities

In the formation of a group, or for an event to
occur or for a particular arrangment, certain
conditions are imposed. While forming the group,
the conditions have to be taken into account along
with the directions given in each question.
Types of Conditional Statements
Conditional statements can be classified into four
groups:
a) If A occurs then B will also occur.
A ® B
The reverse implication of this statement
is, that, if B has not occurred A will also
not occur. The not statement is
denoted by the symbol ‘~’, i.e., not B is
denoted as ~B.
~B ® ~A
It is not necessary that B ® A.
b) If A occurs then B will not occur.
A ® ~B
The reverse implication is
B ® ~A
It is not necessary that ~B ® A
c) If A has not occurred then B will occur.
~A ® B

16
 ®
CMAT

BLOOD RELATIONS DIRECTIONS

Mother’s or father’s son — Brother
Mother’s or father’s daughter — Sister
Mother’s or father’s brother — Uncle
Mother’s or father’s sister — Aunt
Mother’s or father’s father — Grandfather
Mother’s or father’s mother — Grandmother
Son’s wife — Daughter-in-law
Daughter’s husband — Son-in-law
Husband’s or wife’s sister — Sister-in-law
Husband’s or wife’s brother — Brother-in-law
Brother’s son — Nephew
Brother’s daughter — Niece
Uncle or aunt’s son or daughter — Cousin
Sister’s husband — Brother-in-law
Brother’s wife — Sister-in-law
Grandson’s or granddaughter’s daughter —
Great granddaughter
Notations
1. A is a male
Logical reasoning questions based on directions
test your sense of directions and understanding
of them.
The figure below shows the four main directions
(North N, South S, East E and West W) and its
cardinal directions (NorthEast NE, NorthWest NW,
SouthEast SE and SouthWest SW).
N
NW NE
W E
SW SE
S
There are 2 types of questions based on Direc-
tions, one that tests your sense of directions and
the other that involve calculations.

2. A is a female
CALENDARS
1] An ordinary year contains 365 days, i.e., 52
3. Sex of A is not known weeks and 1 odd day.
2] A leap year contains 366 days, i.e., 52 weeks
A
and 2 odd days.
4. A and B are married to each other 3] 100 years (a century) contain 76 ordinary
A = B years and 24 leap years
5. A and B are siblings = (76 × 52) weeks + 76 odd days + (24 ×
52) weeks + 48 odd days
A <–> B
= [(76 × 52) + (24 × 52)] weeks + 124 odd
6. A is the child of B days
B
= [(76 × 52) + (24 × 52) + 17] weeks + 5 odd
days
A
i.e., 100 years contain 5 odd days.
7. A is the uncle / aunt of B
200 years contain 10 and therefore 3 odd
days. Similarly, 300 years contain 1 odd day,
400 years will have (20 + 1) odd days i.e.,
0 odd days. Similarly, the years 800, 1200,

17
 ®
CMAT

1600, 2000 each contain no odd days. 9] If both hands start moving from the same
4] 1st January, AD was Monday. Therefore, we must 5
count days from Sunday, i.e., Sunday for 0 odd position, then they coincide in 65 mins.
11
day, Monday for 1 odd day, Tuesday for 2 odd
days and so on. 5
If the hands coincide in time less than 65
5] February in an ordinary year gives no odd 11
day, but in a leap year gives one odd day. mins, then the clock is fast. If the hands

CLOCKS 5
coincide in time more than 65 mins, then
1] The entire clock can be divided into 60 mins 11
spaces. the clock is slow.
60 mins space is not a time of 60 mins, 10] In a slow clock i.e., a clock that loses time:
but a distance. Total time lost in T hours = (T ×
60 mins space equals 360 o turn. So, 1 minute
space equals 6 o turn. æ 5 ö
2] The hour hand goes over 5 mins spaces. ç x - 65 11 ÷
60) ç ÷ mins, where x is the time
The minute hand passes over 60 mins çç x ÷÷
spaces. è ø
Thus, in an hour, the minute hand gains
in which the hands of slow clock coincide.
(60 – 5) = 55 mins spaces over the hour
hand. 11] For a fast clock, i.e., a clock that gains time:
3] In one minute, the minute hand moves 6 o Total time gained in T hours = (T ×
and in one minute, the hour hand moves
æ 5 ö
o ç 65 11 - x ÷
æ1ö 60) ç ÷ mins, where x is the time
ç2÷ . çç x ÷÷
è ø
è ø
æ 1ö in which the hands of fast clock coincide.
4] In one minute, the minute hand gains ç 5 ÷ o
è 2ø
over the hour hand.
Every hour, both hands coincide exactly
once.
Every hour, the two hands are twice at right
angles. In this position they are 15 mins
spaces apart.
5] In an hour, the two hands point exactly once
in the opposite direction. In this position,
they are 30 mins spaces apart.
6] The hands are said to be in the same straight
line, when they are coincident or opposite
to each other.
7] If a clock shows 10:20 when the time is
10:00, then the clock is said to be 20 mins
fast.
8] If a clock shows 7:45 when the exact time
is 8:00, then the clock is said to be 15 mins
slow.

18
 ®
CMAT

VISUAL PUZZLES - BASIC CONCEPTS 3] Rotate 135 0 clockwise =>

A Clockwise Movement:
As the hands of a clock move.
to
e.g., ‹— Begin

original position after rotation

When movements/rotations are different from

The direction in which the ‘+’ moves is clock-
wise.
B Anticlockwise Movement:
Movement in the reverse direction of clockwise
movement. [ceiling fans move in this fashion].
e.g., ‹— Begin
the ones mentioned above you will have clues
– like multiples of 30 0 in a clock.
D Lateral Inversion:
This is basically a mirror reflection or if you
like, think of it as turning over an object on
its side while keep it vertical.

e.g.
original position laterally inverted

Taking the same example, the movement of ‘+’

is in the reverse direction. original position laterally inverted
C Rotation:
The object rotates by certain degrees in the E Vertical Inversion:
movement specified. The most commonly used This is inverting an object vertically - think of
movements are: rotations by 45°, 90° and 135°. it as a reflection of trees in a pond.
Remember that these are identifiable with just
visual inspection – a precise measurement is e.g., to
not required. original position vertically inverted
e.g.,
1] Rotate 90° clockwise => or to
original position vertically inverted
to
F Spatial inversion:
original position after rotation When you invert an object laterally or verti-
cally, one of two things can happen. One, the
2] Rotate 45 ° anticlockwise => object is inverted and is placed in the original
position; two, the object is inverted on its axis
to and placed below or to the side of the original
position as the case may be.
original position after rotation
e.g., to

19
 ®
This is vertical inversion, but the inverted object
is placed in the same position as the original
object.
But to
Here the object is inverted and moves down.
This movement is what we call spatial inversion.
There is no fixed type of visual reasoning
question. Any or all of the types discussed may
be asked. You could find all three forms of
inversion together.
e.g., to
Here the object is vertically and laterally
inverted; it also moves down.
By the end of this section, you should not have
any difficulty recognising these movements.
G Move 1 space or move 1/2 space:
This is purely our terminology coined for visual
reasoning questions.
e.g., or
This is moving one space - from a corner to
the other corner, or from a particular place
on one side to the same place on the adjoining
side.
e.g., or
This is half space movement - half of what you
would move in moving one space.
20
CMAT
SERIES COMPLETION
Compare each figure to the preceding one and
find out the difference.Numbers of elements in-
creasing or decreasing; rotary movements in one
or more elements; elements changing in a definite
pattern; common properties in all figures, and
so on.
The ideal strategy is these kinds of questions
is elimination. If you can eliminate 2 or 3
alternatives using a defined pattern, then your
task is that much simpler. You do not need to
consider each alternative for all elements.
ANALOGIES
There exists a defined relationship between 2
figures and given that you have to identify a pair
which exhibits/does not exhibit the same
relationship.
ODD FIGURE OUT
You have to identify similarities/patterns in a group
of figures and make the figure which does not
fit in with the group. A variation of this type of
questions is identifying the odd figure in a
sequence.You have to identify the figure which does
not follow the set rules of the sequence.
The things you would look for remain the same
– number of elements, angles, number of straight
lines or curves, arrangements and such.