108 Pairwork kk — eee Pairwork Unit 1 p.8 Job skills student Information Jamyang Shiwah Nationality Tibetan —_ Age 3 Job ‘Mountain tour guide Qualtiesard skils Physically fit Krows the mountains Workinghours =—SS‘(ries. 24 hoursaday - te — when onanexpedition “Typical dally tasks ‘Meets and recs the avellers, {guides them along the route looksafter ther interareta Things he / she enjoys ‘The mountains, theoutdoorlife, about the job meeting different people Reloningafter work Playsmusic 7 Ownholdays With his family in the city Unit 2 p14 ‘The biggest spenders and the biggestearners °° student A te Topo Teun Spender Position Country Expenditure - (Sbilion) a. iheuin a 2 Gemany ag 3 ts Unitdingdom 3 as — 6 a eo ¢ font ig? =<, = m7 = ae ew 9 Canada wo - To thenethende _ oe countryFaiework 109 Unit 2 p.19 Describing a destination SOUTH AFRICA ‘Lacation and geographic features +" southern hemisphere between Atlanticsnd Indian Oceans ‘Viemilon square hilometres * central plateau (or vel) with mountains tothe south and eas ‘> dramatic coastline and manybeaches Climate ‘warm, temperate, and dry ‘© 65M nf the country hasless than 50 em rainfall a year ‘Tourist atvactions ‘> mountainsand febuious beaches + vineyards ‘+ wildlife resorves (e.g, Kruger National Park —137 ‘mammal species, 130 bird species) © CapeTown~ lively city lifeand culture ther ‘= tourismis a major industry ‘+ problem ofrising crimeinsome parts SEYCHELLES Location and geographic features ‘middle of Indian Ocean 1,500 km east of Arica + U5 %slands capital is Vitoria on island of Mahe Gimate ‘tropical oceanic * onlysmall change in temperature throughout year © rainfalls low especially in June, July.and August ‘Tourlstattractions fabulous beaches (eg. at Praslir) tha climate ‘unique flora and fauna, incl * honeymocn island (paradise) Other * economy relies on tou tourism employs 30% of the workforce ing the giant tortoise Unit 3 p.23 Talking to tour operators Student A ‘Youare the tour operatar. Use the information inthe baxtoanswer your partner's questions ‘Tourfeature Tour: Beaches of Kerala Southern india) Touraeas — Reach eesort haliday type Airfares Notincluded. Client must organize ‘Transfers Transfers toand from airporton first and last day included. Private minibus used Meals Breakfact & evening meal Breakfast lunchon day of departure Hotels Alllotels locally owned and manages. Maximum size = 24 rooms. ll hotels have private gardens and luxury-class services.et. Groups Not accepted, Maximum 4 people per (=7+people) booking No minimum Travelagent’s 10% commission ‘Available next month for next season Brochures ‘Now change roles You are the travel agent. Ask your partner about culture and foldloretoursto Mexico. Use ‘the ideas in the'Tour feature’ column of the box to guide you.110 Pairwork Unit 5 p.42 ‘Suggesting alternatives and making a recommendation Student A 1 Yousreasales consultant Your partners acustomer, Suggestalternatives from the box forthesituation the (cortevries deverthes Pinish by rewemmending the beet option. Suggestions Situation A tripto the Pyramids and the Nile Apassto the Formula Traceat Monaco Abeginner'scourse in scuba diving. [Your ewn suggestion] Situation Around:the word Might Asafan and besch packagein Kenya ‘cruise aroundthe Carisbean [vourownsuggestion) {An opera tour of Germany anditaly Atourof theGreek Islands Atrip to Patagonia [our cwn suggestion] Situation 3 2 Nowyouare thecustemer. Gointo the travelagency and askforadvice for each situation Ask thesaies consultant forat leastthreealternatives for each situation. Situation 4 Youand your fiends have just left toniversty. You want travel together around Canada Situation 5 Youwanta farnly holidaytor you and yourwife /usband and your two small children. Situation é Youwanta very spectalhliday for your parents whoareabout tocelebrate their 25th wedding anniversary Unit 5 p39 Investigating actient’s needs Sales consultant You are the travel agent. Thereare two customers browsing in your agency Go up to them and beginto cestablisit rapport, Lite them to have aseat and then, use open questions toinvestigate theirinitial needs, Make notes of what they want. Unit 4 p35 Changes in tourist motivation student, Survey A: What were the main reasons for your holiday Journey? (2986) 1 Switching off,relaxation 2 Getting sway from everyday life,and having ® change of scene Recoveringstrength [Experiencing nature Having time for one another (fiiendsor family) GGeiting sunshine, escaping from bad weather Doing with ather people, having company Eating well Having funand entertainment 10 Doing what want, being free Unit 10 p29 Cultural differences Don't havelong wrversations in yourowitlanguage Li front of hoste who don't understand, Do sit with yourfeetunderneath you or eross-legged Don’t walkin front of an older person. Don’t let postarfencecome between you if youare walking witha Mongolian De receive food ora gift froma Mongelian with both hands. vont pointa knitein tre aurectionoranyore. Don’t turn yourbackon an altar orreligious object, Do take asip ornibble af drink or food that is offered. De _walkroundinside ahouse ortent in aclockwise direction. won't take foodrroma plate wnn your lert ran. Do keep your hat on when entering a house ortent. Don't tonchatherneanle'shate De leave asmall gift.otherthan money, for your hosts vo wkeoft your gloves before snaking nanas,Unit 7 p.62 Giving information about hotels TheH10 Las Palmeras hatelislocated in Playa de las ‘Americas surrounded by generous subtropical pardens. with erect accace tn the seaside-nramenadleand anki 15km rom the airport. Food & drink bnthehotel you can ind the'LasPameras restaurant, wherethere is abuffet with show cooking, # Barbecue Restaurant nearthe swimming pos), Pool Bar, the Big Ben? Bar which ofers evening encercainment. a Plano Bar inthe Hall and the Bailena Bar’, asnack-bar near te beach. Unit 7 p.67 Taking a telephone booking callert guest name: Wel Wei ai oom type: single, smoking contact telephone 669.374 3707713 arrival Thursday 23 departure: Monday 27 credit eatd type Visa cardholder's name: We'-Wet Lai card number: 6381 8352 74976832 expiry date: 07.08 ccatier2 guest name: Regina Loreto oom type: double, non-smoking (at the back of the hotel) contact telephone: 0034 95 863 5569 arrival: Monday 13 departure: Friday 17 credit card type: American xpress cardholder'sname:Regins Loreto card number: 7400 6583 4545 4890 ‘expiry date: 9109 Pairwork 111 Sports & leisure ‘Thehotethas two swmming pools [one heated in warceri, wn aspecia section for cniren, tree tennis courts, ping pong and billards. Facilities & services Hairdresser, internet corner, private parking, souvenir shops, car rental, money exchange, room service, TV. games ‘oom, meeting roams, and day and nighttime entertainment are aiso aallable nthe note Unit 8 p.71 Do you SWOT? Student a transport and access — transport links with the rest of the country are very good (8) accommodation -already good and getting better(S) restaurants, etc.~ good and varied but notgeared to tourismyet (0) Jocal food -criginal and tasty butnot well4enown (0) ‘nightlife and clubbing - not very good and not very. safe (W) ‘museums and art galleries very goodintheother city inthearea(T) activities for families ~a very good range ofactivities 6) the weather -unpredictablesummers. Cold winters. (7) ‘marketing potential very high butnot yet used toits full potential (0) marketing strategy no marketing strategy (W) current advertising only brochuresand a poorweb page (W) the image ofthe city —poor, and often identified with industry and contamination (¥?)M2 Palrwork Unit 9 p.79 The airtravel route map teams Baggage: Personal possessicns taken on toa planebya passenger. including checked and hand luggage Connecting flight: A segment of afight that requiresa passenger to change planes, but not change carters Direct fight: A flight that does not invoivea change of ‘Aight number Hy Drive package: A package that includes the cort of both the flightand hire ofa carat thedestination Hub: A centralaisport used as aeunnecting point to dzect passengers to thelr other destinations. Madd isthe hub tor the Spanish airine Iheria Non-stop flight: A Might without any stops Open jaw trip: Aretur air ticket that allows you to fly intoa country at one airport and leave the country by adifferent airport Return trip: an air journey thatdeparts fromand arrives backatthe samme airport stopover: An interruption toa trip lasting twelve or more hours Terminal: Thealrport bullding that hasall the facilities for passengers that arearrvingordeparting Unit 10 p.90 Escape and enlightenment holidays Student A RIO CALIENTE Unit 10 p.88 ‘Questions on Antarctica student Ask Bthese questions. Makenotes and ask for dlarification and more details ifnecessary. 1 Where do ships leave from? 2 Dowe getachanceto go ashore? Answer B's questions using this information. Give as muchdetatlas possible. ANTARCTICA No documentation or visas ae required to visit Antarctica, but your enuieeatops off other aountrioe on route, ‘sas and documentation may be required for ther variety of passeniter ships sail to Antarcticaand the choice of ship can make a big ifference to your journey and experiences, Antarcticervises aren't ike other mote well-known cruises towermer climateswith discos and showhiz entertainment, though the larger the ship, the more likely there is tobe entertainment provided, What youwillfindis a number ofvery well informed and experienced cruise guides working on the ship who will ge lectures on a regular basis about various aspects of Antarctic history and natural history. These villalso often be around tosocializ in the evenings along with some ofthe ship's erew and captain, Hot Springs - Spa ond Nature Resort Primavera, Mexico Rio Caliente iso natural hot sorings spa ond retreat centre, only 4.5 ‘minutes rom the international airport of Guadalajara, Mexico. Siuaiedon the slopes cf an encient valley, itolfers the natural beauly ofthe forest and mountains and boasts a perfect mountain climate, Rio Caliente provides the ideal secluded location for the spa-goer seeking re, relaxaton, ond rejuvenation. ‘AtRio Caliente, you can enjoy hily yoga ond woler exercise, guided nature hikes, get inhot pen wee horseback: pabacsh inassage, cromaheropy, beouly and ant-aging beaiments Recharge you siritand your imagination. Recharae your body and soul, Comet Rie Caliente!Pairwork 113 Unit 12 p.103 Tha chork-in and infarmatian dacke ‘Student A 1 Youcrea check in clerk Lookat the departures board and seat availibility notes and answer Student B's questions. Cons Ce eee Deum ote fa Cee ee Te! a De Came De cas Noh eh en ad ro Pr dean cat ao) rT Cee Cre mee ere Coccmr omen REMINDERS 3 Check passengerhas correct sight 2 Checkin lngenge (ara luggage ~ one bag only) 2 Asksecurityquestions 2 Give boarding ss ara gate number 4 Paintoutif fight ison time unit 2 p.l4 The biggest spenders and the biggest earners stadentB Top 10 Tourism Zamers Position Country Receipts (6 billion) 2 Nowchange oles. You are acustemer meeting atraveller Ask theinformation clark quectione tofind out about the following Customer meeting traveller Meeting: Ms AmandaFrench (business contact) from Auckland (NZ008?) “VIP travelling fst dass Customer meeting traveller 2 ‘Meeting: Dorie Marshall your grandmother) Flight: UA955 Note Mever lon before Customer meeting traveler3 ‘Meeting: Ko Miyuki and family Fight fromLondon tutnat sure ofnumber (Note: worried because you arrived late Cuctamear mactingtravellor Meeting: Thorsten Krebs from Germany Flight: V8019rom tondon Note-neads to he at very important ‘meeting at 1630114 Pairwork Unit 12 p.103 ‘The check-in and information desks ‘Student B 11 Vou area passenger Aekthe checkin ler ahont departures and seat availability. Passenger? Flight: UASO0toFrankturt Preferred seat: window Luggage: two bagsas hand luggage Passenger 2 Flight: K160Sto Amsterdam Draferred rast: Winrcur Luggage: Very large suitcase Passenger3 Flight: DL8599 to Paris Preferred seat: No preference, but two together Luggage: One tocheck and one hand luggage each Passenger Flight: BA284 Preferred xext-Nn preference Luggage: Hand inggage only (ina hurry toget to appeinimentinLondon) £ Nowchangeroles. You are tne ntormatian clerk. Look atthe arrivals board and answer Student A’ questiors. Asrportarsivals hoard Meet a meet © Coens! Eerie med Pera) eT) ‘me nowis 14.30. Unit 3 p.23 Talking to tour operators students ‘You are atravel agent Ast the tour operator questions about package holidays to the beaches of Keralain. Southern India. Use the ideas in the Tour feature ralimn af the how heleuta guideyen ‘Now change roles. Youare the tour operator. Use the information in the box toanswer your partner's questions. ‘Tourfeature Tour: Mexicoand its folkiore guided tour Tourarea —_Cultureand folklore circular tour from type MexicoCity firfares _rourst-casstieketincuaed Transiers Transfers toand from airortand all trancereduring turinceled Coarhes and local taxisused ‘Meals allmeals included exceat onthe two fee daysihen oniybreakrast ncluced Hotels Only luxury-class international hotels used ‘uroups_acceprec (= people Discount for 7.5% for group 12-20 pax. 9% for groups i Travel agent's 9% commission Brochures Will send within 48 hours of receiving addressUnit 5 paz ‘Suggesting alternatives and making a recommendation Student B Youare a customer. Gointo the travel agencyand ask for advice for each situation. Ask thesales consultant for atleast threealternatives for each situation. ‘Situation Youareloskingfor an incentive trip for ‘your company’s best worker Situation 2 Youare about to get married and are looking fora place to goon your haneymoon. Situation 3 Youand your partnerare about to retire and want to celebrate with a special holiday. ‘Now you are thesales consultant and your partneris the customer. Suggest alternatives froma the boxforthe situation the customer describes. Finish by recommending the best option. Situation Atourof Northemindiaindudingavisit to the Taj Mahal Aweekina luxury spa ‘An eight-day cruise around the Mediterranean [Your ownsuggestion} Situation Aseif-drive tourinamotorhome ‘AGreyhound Coach Canads Pass ‘Apass for the Trans-Canadian [Your cwnsuggestion} ay Situation6 An apartment na Mediterranean resort Arpt Disneyland ‘Ahcliday in afamily resort village like Cemterrars (Your ownsuggestion} Pairwork 115: Unit 5 p39 Investigating a client’s needs customs 1 StudentsB eC ‘You and your partner are customers. ‘You are interested in an adventure holiday m south america, You are notstire exactly where you want to go- perhaps Pena, Chile, ar Argentina You would like some time for independent travel ‘You would like tosee some of the farnous historical ‘monuments as well. like Machu Pichu in Peru, Vantne gat three weslecin Angee You'llbe travelling with five otherfriends in agroup, You don't want to spend very much money. You want to fly direct to South America=youdon't ‘want to change planes anywhere outside Europe 2 studentsC&e A You and your partner arecastomers, ‘You ave interested ina weekend breakin a Europeancity butyou want something different ~you've been to Paris,2ome,Madrid, etc already. You ate not sure exactly where you want to go ~ perhaps ‘one ofthe Baltic capltals (Tallin, Riga or Vilnius) or pertaps Warsaw or Berin You are not really sure, You would likea tour with guided excursions and visits. You want free time todo some shopping. Youdon’treally want to spend the whole time looking atmonuments. You've got four daysany time in the spring You'llbe travelling with afriend. ‘You want half-board and you want. bitof luxury-tt's aspecial occasion, 3 Students A&B ‘You and your partner are customers. ‘ou ara intarartad in » hexch holieay in Greece, You'd like tosee Athens anda bit of history, ‘monuments that sortof thing but you aze really interested in relaxing on thebeach on an island. You would quite Hketodoa bitof snoikelling or even tny scuba diving, but nothing strenuous ike walking You've gat two weeks. You want try local food. You want a villa or apartment so thatyou candoyour own cooking You'llbe travelling with afriend. ‘You want te hitea carand see the island.116 Pairwork Unit 8 p71 Do youswurr student transport and access ~excellent for both domesticand international aniva’s (S) accommodation ~abundantbut expensiveand rot very good (W) restaurants, etc. varied good food interesting (3) local food - world-famous (8) nightlife and clubbing really good butonly local people know about it (0) museums and art galleries not very attractive and often closed (W) activities fer families —there aren't many (W) the weather—rmuch too hot in summer. Rains all winter. (2) marketing potential -uite limited because most tourists already imow theefty (7) marketing strategyagroup of expertsare preparing anew strategy (0) current advertising the city onlyuses limited umber of promotional techniques (0) theimage of the city ~i often closely linked to other citiesin thearea (0) survey 5: What were thermain reasonsfor your holiday journey? 1. Going to places! haven't visited before 2 Meeting new and different people 3 Opportunities to increase ones knowledge 4 Experiencing new and aifferent ifestyies 5 Having fun, being entertained 5 justrelaxing 7 Sscaping from theordinary © ewig wgewter as a farculy 9 Tryingnew foo 0 Talking about the trip after! returned home Unit 10 p.90 Escape and enlightenment holidays Student B Yeamina de © antiago ¢ THE PILGRIMAGE ROUTE OF ST JAMES Probably the most famous Christian pilgrimage route of allis the medieval coute to Sontingo de Compestela in porthern Spain, buna place of St James. Pilgrimages began in the 10th century We follow the whole route from Le Puy to Santiago in ten stages. You can choose the section that pasies tough the part of the ceuntry that interest you, and ‘you can start at any point along the route Your luggage ii moved ahead each day and you are accommodated in comfortable smell hotel and guest houses with breakfast and dinner unless otherwise stated, Depart any day you lke from 1 May to 30 October,Unit 10 p.88 Questions on Antarctica ‘Student Answer A\s questions using thisinformation. Give as much detallas possible. ANTARCTICA Peninsula voyages generally depat from Ushuatain Argentina, Other South American portsare occasionally used, For trips tothe Ross region and Easiern Antarctica. ‘commonly used ports are Hobartin Australia, and Auckland | inNew Zealand. ‘Departures sometimes set out from Cape Town and Fort Elizabeth in South Africa, and Fremantle Perth in | Australia, ‘One ofthe main rules thatwill affect your visit is that only | 110 passengers at any one time may’belanded in any ane placein Antaretics. Thc ito help preserve the fragile ‘ecoeystem. Ifyouare on a emall chip of up to 100 passengers, thon you get achance to go ashore everytime, the ships | large’ then there will be less opportunity for landings. Aska these questions. Make notesand askfor dlarficationand more details ifrecessary 1 Doweneeda visa? 2 What arethe ships like? Unit 7 p.62 Giving information about hotels Student Unit 9 p.79 ‘The airtravel route map Team> Airticket: Acontraci between an air camrieranda passenger that gives the passenger the right to travel on spectfic fights Camiercode: Auniquetwo letter code thats used to \dentify an alrine inoffcral écheduler and ‘timetables. BA for example, ie the carrer code for ritish Airways ‘Code sharing: Anagreement between tw air careers that allows the fist cartes to use ts carsiercodeon an aircraft operated by the secondone Ast class: The est service and highest fare ottered by anairline Frequent flyer program: A programe offered by airlines that gives frequent travellers pois that are valid for tee or discounted travel in the future Gateway airport: An aicport that is the main entry. point toa particularregion or country Overbooking:The strategy airlines use of selling more seats than are availableon the plane RTW trip: An ar ticket that allows a pasrengertogo roundthe world, stopping inat least three continents, but alwaystraveling cither cast or west scheduled wise: Ar aitlune that otfersreguiar nights that depart and azriveat published times ‘Transit: Passengers who are waiting to changes planes atahub airport HOTEL FACILITIES This meelern hotel in the city centre, styled for the intemational business traveller's needs, is within walking distance of the city’s husy fairgronnel and the financial district with its chiracterisicskyscrapers, ane offers guests free use ofall Frankfurt publictransport, ining th tna tip te the General Services « Dry Cleaning/ Laundry Service + 24 Hour Front Desk « Safety Deposit Foxes « Left Linggage /Storage Facilities « Cots/ Cribs «Restaurant ret = Venmge/ Rar Business Feotities 4 Meeting Facies « Secretarial Services Intemet access « Black & White photocopying « Faxservice #TV& Video hire18 Pairwork Unit 10 p.90 Escape and enlightenmentholidays studente _ Dhanakosa Buddhist Retreat Yoga and meditation: In these LEPC PS SS ee en eer) ena peter et rier Beret rar Se a eerie at eee ry ae ee cee ee ee Se eee eet ee ee shores of och Violand issurrounded clarity confidence, energy and rere! by the magnificentimouneainsand positive emotion, these retreats es ee ae er ee er ery Peer coe ee ed Cee eae a es Job ekills student B Information Jamyang Shiwah Maria Sanchez Nationatity Mexica age B ob Children’s activity organizer in Cancun Mexico Qualities and stills Friendly and patient Good with children Working hours (0.00 to 12.00 and 16.00 12 20.00 Typical daily tasks Organizes games and activities; takes children on trips; supervises meal times; habysitting Thingshe/ sheenjoys Working with childeen, being in holidayresart about the job Relaxing after work Reading or sleeping, sometimes dancing Own holidays Visits friends in Mexico and the US.Grammarreference 19 Ls Grammar reference 1 Modal verbs, Verbs + -ing form or the infinitive, Present Simple and Present Continuous Modal verbs Modal verbs are special verbs that we use totalk about necessity, obligation, ability, nnd possibility. The most ‘common are:nave io, need 10, must, can, could, may, might, should, and ought to, Modal verbs arefollowed by the infinitive. With the exception af have toand need to, they arenot formedin. the same way as ordinary verbs, rosmve L/ You /He/She /it/We/They eanstart work immediately. = subject +can-+infinitive nro Hocan ta rtart warh immediatoly Negative 1/'Von /He /SheJ1¢/We /Thay cannat(esm') start workimmediately. ject sean’t infinitive Nor [dontese start work immediately. Questions Can |/you/he/she /it/we/they startwork immediately? = Can +subject + infinitive NOT Be-yourenr start work immediately? “The negative forms ofothermodals are must nt (mmustr'),could not (coulint), may not, might not {miantn't should not Ishouldn't)and ought notto foughtn't to), Havetoand need to are formed inthe same way asthe verbs huaveased ree. Shehastoe lenible Wedon't have to workiong hours. Do! need to wearauniform? Verbs + -ing form or the infinitive Some verbs and expressions are followed by the ing Jormoranoun. Inese include be good at, dislite, enjoy, ‘Jeei confident about, tite. am good at making people relex. Other verbs and expressionsare fellowed by the infinitive. These include be abieto, be willing to, can, have fo(- itis neceavaay te), know how fo. Weare willing to werk ong hours. Note that some verbs can he followed hy to + infinitive or ing form, with no changein meaning, These include: begin, continue, dislike, intend, lke, love, prefer, start She likes working independently. She likes to work independent!y Present Simple + adverbs of frequency Positive T/You/We/They provide good service He/She /It provides good service. = subject infinitive Negative 1/You/We/They do not(den")) understandthe language. understand the language. ~subject + do/ does + not infinitive Questions De I/you/we/they ave a private bathroom? have a privatebathroom? = Do /Does + subject + infinitive He/She/It dcesnot (doesn't) Does he! she/it Bo caroful with the he ‘he /iHforme, NOT He promide good service Nor sheddon-tunderstand the language ‘Weuse the Present Simpletotalk about things that are always te. A tour operator organizes the different parts of holiday.‘Wecanusethe Present simple + an adverb of frequency to talkabout habitual actions in the present. usually finish workat § pm Totalk about a temporary activity orarrangementin the presentwe use the Present Continuous. Present Continuous Ponitive 1 am working You/We/They are working He/She/It ie working subjects am//ix /are+-ing form Negative r amaet(Imnot) working. You/We/They arenot(aren't) working Heysherit snot (isn't) working. ssubject+ am/ts/are+ not +-ing form ‘Questions am 1 ‘working? Are you/we/they working? Is he/shevit working? ym /18/ Are + subject +-tng form. ‘There are some verbs which cannot be used in the Present Continuous These are have (= possess), and ‘thinking and feeling verbs such as dislike, hate. enow, like, love, remember. want Thatemynewjob nor Eashating my new job ? Describing features and resources, Present Simple Passive Describing features and resources Weaftenuce the Present Simple to describe features and resources, New Zealand lies in the South Pacific Ocean Itconsists of two wlands. The islandsare verygreen. There are many beautiful flowers. The extreme north has got asubtropical climate. Note:consist 497+ noun. Rememberthat weuse There is + singularor uncountable nouns and There are + plural nouns. When describing a location we can use verbs suchasbe or lie. However, it isalso very commento usethe Present Simple Passive. Present Simple Passive Positive ‘NewZealand islocated inthe South PacificOcean. = subject +am is ares past participle Negative ‘New7Zealand isnot(isn't)located inthe Scuth Pacific Ocean. = subjects am /ie Jare+ nots pact participle Questions Is NewZesland located inthe SouthPacific Ocean? = Am 1s Are’+ subject + past pasticiple Itconsists of two islands Nor #seonsisted of two islands The Balearic isiandsare located between Spain and North africa Nor The Balearic islands gate between Spain and North africa Other verbs like be located are be situated and be feud. Mount Etna ts found in Sicily. The main harbour is situated on the west coast. ‘The verbs lie, consist, and have gotare not used in the Passive, 3 Present Simple questions, Prepositions of time Questions ‘Weusually make resent Sirmple questions with do /does, have De you brochure? = Do /Dees +s subject + infinitive,‘We usually answer Yesor Notothese questions, With some verbs questions are not formed with Pa / Does. These includethe verbs be, can, and have got. Is thehotel nearthesea? = Present Simpleot be+ subject Can you give meadiscount? =Can+ subject +infinitive Have you got abrochure? = Present Simpleothave + subject+ got ute tat Ls possible Lu say Buu Du you Feaver and Have yougot? Question words Sometimes we begin aquestion witha question word ‘whenwe want specific information. The most common are:who,what which, where, when new, and why. When dcesthe tourbegin? How can! heip you? What and which canbe followed by anoun, What class of hotel do you use? ‘Other question words are how much, how many, how often, how soon, how far, and how long. How much does thetour cost? Prepositions of time We often use the prepositions in, at, on,and orto tall. about time n_ parts of days months,seasons, years inthe moming.in theafternoon, inMarch in winter in 2007 tosay how soon something is going tohappen ‘The tour will startin twoweeks. fat times of the day, nealtimes atsam,atapm. ‘at midnight, at dawn at breakfast, at lunch also. at night, at the weekend, at Easter fon days ofthe week, special days. dates ‘on Sunday, on Saturday afternoon ‘on Christmas Eve, on mybirthday onyJune Grammar reference 121 for totalk about how long something willlast We will stay in Barcelona fortwo days ‘fora long ‘time fora shorttime. 4 Giving reasons, describing trends Reasons ‘There areseveral ways of givinga reason for something: Because, because of, to, for, incase. {min london because Pm going toa university reunion. because + subject + verb ‘Theflight was delayed because of foo because of+noun We went to Benin formy sister's wedding Jor+noun ‘They're in New York toattend a conference. to-sinfinitive Incaserefers toa 1eason that might happen. ‘We're leaving early incase there aredelays. (- because there might be delays) ‘These expressions are often used in response tothe following types of questions. Why are youtravelling to Madrid? ‘What's the reasonfor the delay? What's the purpose of the supplement? Describing trends ‘Wecan describe current and past trends by using, different tenses Present Continuous describes current trend. People aretaking merediverse holidays. =subject+ fsVare+-ing Present Perfect describes atend that began in the past andwich cominues up tothe present havebscome more popular = subject+ has /have + past participle Past Simple describes atrend that endedin the past. ‘The country's revenue from tourism increased. = subject + past form, Independent holidays122 Crammarreference itis commontouse atime phrase with the different tenses to show what period of time weare referring to. ‘These often go at the beginning ofthe sentence. PresentCentinuous nowadays,teday PresentPerfect _since+ past point in time. sofar, uptoncw Past Simple dates, periods oftimein mepast Nowadays, fewer people are using travel agents. ‘Since 1999, the number of holidays booked online has increased each year Between 1985 and 1998, Spain’ revenue from package teurem dropped Adverbs of degree We often useanadverb of degreetoshow how quickly orslowly trendsdevelop These incude slow /gradualy steady -+ strongly sharply dramatically Online bookings have increased dramatically over the ‘postfive years. 5 Open and closed questions, Suggestions and advice Questions Closed questions ean be replied to with yes or no. They generally begin with a form ofthe verb be oran auliary verb such asdo,can,or have. ‘Can she stay for longer than twoweels? Yes,she can. No she can't Yes,1do./ No Iden't ‘Do youaften goon package holidays? usiliary verb+ subject +mainverb Notethat itis more usual in Englishto reply to a closed ‘question with a shortanswer,ratherthana simple yes ‘Open questions are used when we want information, ‘They begin with question words such as where, who, what, which, when, why, whose, how. Other question ‘words beginning with howare: how long (= time) how far(= distance) how often = frequency) how much / mary (= quantity) Howdidyoutravelhere? Bytrain./Ttravelled here bytuain ‘When did youarive? at 10 o'clock /Larrived at 10o'cbck. = question word + didi + main verb Suggestions and advice Thereare several waysof making suggestions and offering advice Youshould + infinitive You should try the Best of Australia tour. + infinitive Whydon’tyou take the ‘full-boardoption? +infinttive You could (ook for {information onthe Intemet. Why don't you You could ftwere youd +infinitwe Iff were you,té travelin thespring. Yourbest option +infinitive Yourbest option isto hire isto aca. How about Haveyou ‘tnougne avout +-ing +-ing—- Howabout going by bus? ‘Have you thought about going py ous 6 Comparatives, Describing timetable Comparatives Lookat the table below. Adjective Comparing Comparing twothings _ morethantwo things Onesyllable — +-er,est cheap cheaper thechespest Onesytbe — tnst large larger ending in-¢ thelargest Onesyllable duplicate «big bigger endinginone consonant+-er_thebiggest Note, we donot duplicate w.Grammarreference 123 ‘Twosyllables endinginy ‘Twosyllables replaceywith easy easier iver the easiest famous more famous the most famous +more /most Treguleyadjartione annd hotter thebest bad worse ‘theworst far farther/ further ‘the farthest /the furthest Other ways ofmakingcomparisons are (not)as... as Abusisnotas convenient as ata. less tadjective+than Thetrains areless frequent now than in the morning. Describinga timetable ‘The simplest way of describinga timetableistouse the Present Shuple aida lutiews place plasms, Thetrain departs at9.00. = subject + present simple phrase Aphrasecan consist of 2 prepacition often on Tuesdays a preposition of place.e.g from platform ane inthe main equare.nt he brrestap, :imbvintght by fhe mening, \We use verbs such as eave, depart amive, nun, operat, tae The ferrytakesone hour andthirty minutes Todeseribe special rules or instructionson timetaties, a pansive fori uftens uscd g, vay Foam / may rot / ‘must /must not» be + past partielple Baggage must not be left unattended. 7 Describing location Deceribing location ‘Weuse certainprepositions to describe wherethings and people are. These include at in, on, between, near (to), and next to. ‘at fora building or an address ‘Maney people ony at our campote Theguesthouse islocated at 12 Northumberiand Avenue. in foraspecificstreet, town, or country, andthe countrysidein general ‘The hotelis in Northumberland Avenue. Id preferto stay somewhere inthe countryside. ‘on _forrivers.the coast, famous streets,and floors of busiding Tmstaying ct ahotelon Fifth Avenue Ourroom ison the seventh floor Note that both in and atcan be used for buildings.tn ‘generally refers toa position inside, while at suggests ‘thefunction of the building. He'satthe aym. (=heisdoing exercise) He's inthe gym. (= his leeation is inside the gym) ryat,atedon ave used in nay edhe expression sto describe location, which need tobe learn individually, eg inthe middle at home, on the top. Between means in the middle oftwo things. ‘The gymnasinm is between the car park and the winuming pool Opposite means on the other side to aperson, building, ‘orother object. ‘Myhotelis opposite the station or My hotel is eppesitete the station. eur (iu) vei wok wey fa hum sonUEg UE someone, 1 prefer to be near (to) the financial district. Next to means at the side of something or sorveane, lam standing next to the canference centre128 Grammar reference 8 Verb patterns, Superlatives ‘Verh patterns ‘There are sevetal types of verb patterns verb +object ‘Thehotel provided a provide. offer questionnatte for each guest. veth+to+ infinitive Thecompany is preparedto bepreparedto, invest heavily. hhopeto,need to Wearehoping toattracta tot ‘more customers. ‘Thehotel needs to developa leisare programme eth sabject +te + infinitive give, send, ask tell We asked him to writea report. ‘verb object Let your eustomersknowabout + infinitive changes to yourservices. let: make ‘Thehotel made him paya single supplement Superlatives ‘When we are comparing more thantwo things, we use ‘the superlative form, Compare the rules for formation. cof the comparative and thesupertative. Adjective Comparative Superlative ‘Onesyllable — t-e, est cheap cheaper the cheapest Onesyllable tr. large larger cendingin-¢ thelargest Onesyllable duplicate big bigger endinginone consonant+-er thebiggest +one consonant Note:we donot duplicate w, Twosyllables —replaceywith easy easier endinginy iter the easiest Twosyllables —+7nore/ most famous more famous ‘the most famous dnregular adjectives good better the best bad worse the worst far farther/ further the farthest / the furthest Italy’ tourism campaign was judged to be the best. The highest numberof people voted for New York's campaign. Allthe campaigns highlighted the mestinterestingand ‘ernantelapecte nf the ener! Inthe same way that lessis the opposite of more, most tsthe opposite ofleast. The least successful campaign was also the mast innavative. 9 Like or dislike, Polite questions Like or dislike ‘There are several ways of talking about things that we like er deli, stronglylike —reellylove love really lite Tike prefer quite ike don'tmind don't like /disliee really don't like hate Strongly disike really hate Allthese expressions take the same structure: verb + ing or verb+ noun, Neutral really hate queuing at the check-in /Ireallyhate the check-in. She doesn't mind waiting in the departure lounge. ‘Do yout lite landing? Note that mind can only take verb +ingPolite questions ‘Weusually make questions with an aundliary verb and amain verb. Can youanswera few questions? = awanary verb +subject+ main vero ‘Where do youwork? = quection word + awaliary verb | cubject | main verb Wecan make questions more polite by phrasingthem inaless direct way. Would yeu mind +-Ing Would you mind teliing me ‘what youdo? Could you vinknitive Could you giveme afew ‘minutes of your time? Cantoskyou+inditect Can Task you where you work? iqunitions Note the difference betweena direct and an indirect, question. Directaquestion ‘Where do youwork? = question word + auxiliary +subject+ infinitive Indirect question (Can youtell me) where you work? question word +subject+ infinitive 10 Talking about experience, Describing service provision Talking about experience We oftenuse the Past Simpleand the Present Perfect to talkabout experience. Past Simple Positive Tenjoyed the tour. = subjeet+ past form Negative 1 didn't seethe Northern Lights. = subject +did not atdn') +nnnitive Grammar ‘Questions Short answers Didyouvisit thefamoustceHotel? Yes,1did. Noi didn't = Did+ subject +infinitive ‘Weuse the Past Simple totalk about something that happened on a particularoccasion inthe past. We often, use timeexpressions with the Past Simple They founda much better travel company. tried windsurfing last year. Present Perfect Positive have tried white-waterrafting. ~ subject + have /has + past participle ‘Negative Thaven't found a suitable company. = subject + have /has not + past participle Questions Haveyou visited the famous market? Yes, have No,thaven't. Shortanswers = have nas +sunject + past parucipie ‘Weuse the Present Perfect totalk aboutthings that hhave happened tous at some point in our lives. itis, gererally not important when these happened because the Present Perfect focuses on the experience itself Pye climbed Costa Rica's highest peak ‘Whentalking about experiences, weoften use ever with questions inthe Present Perfect tamean’at any time in your life’ Have you evervisited Machu Picchu? No.I've never heen there Describing service provision Wecan vee several tencas and werh forme ta daseribe theservices that areavailable to customers, Present Simple Verbs such as offerand provide are a better choice than have, while boastis often used in persuasive styles of text New York offersawide range ofattractionstosuttall tastes. Costa Rica boasts fantastic wildlife.