Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Power Electronics For Renewable Energy Systems Transportation and Industrial Applications PDF

    Uploaded by

    Pio_Chronicle
    164 views49 pages

    Original Title

    246463385-Power-Electronics-for-Renewable-Energy-Systems-Transportation-and-Industrial-Applications.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    164 views49 pages

    Power Electronics For Renewable Energy Systems Transportation and Industrial Applications PDF

    Uploaded by

    Pio_Chronicle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 49
    POWER ELECTRONICS for Renewable Energy Systems, Transportation and Industrial Applications tors Haitham Abu-Rub | Mariusz Malinowski | Kamal Al-Haddad be WILEY A co-pablication of IEEE Press and John Wiley é& Sons Lxd ‘This edition first published 2014 (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ld Registered affice John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atsium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, POLD 85Q. Ui ited Kingdon For details of our global editorial offices, far customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please sec our website at wurw.wiley:com, ‘The tight of the author to be ier Designs and Patents Act 1988. ed as the author ofthis work hasbeen asserted in accandanee with the Copyright, All rights reserved, No part of this poblication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form orby any means, elesitonic, mechanical, photocopying, revurding or otherwise, etceps as peamutied by the UK Copyright, Designs and Palents Act 1988, without the prior permission af the publisher, Wiley also publishes its books in a warily of electronic Formats, Some content thal appears in priat may not he available ia eleetranic books, Designations used by companies t distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and pproguct names used in this hook are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners, The publisher is wot assoeiated with any peoduet or vendor mentioned in this book. it of Liabiligy/Dielaimer of Wareanty While the pablisher and author have used ther best efforts in preparing this book. they make no representations or warranties With respect to the accuracy oF completeness of the contents of this book and specifically diselains any implied waerasties of merchantability o#fitgess fer a particular purpose, I is sold on the understanding that the publisher is nat engaged inendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be Kable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expent 1 the services of « competent professional should be caught Library af Congress Cataloging in-Publicatiow Dat Power electronics for renewable energy systems, tamsportsti ‘AbueRub, Marius: Malinaweski, Kamal Al laddad, pages em ‘Author's surname spelled “Flaitham” 90 title page Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-118.63403.5 (cloth) 4. Power elecaranies. 2 Industries = Power supply. I, Abu-Rub, Haithem. editorof compilation, I Mariusz (Electrical engineer), editor of conspilstion, IIL Al-Haddad, Karmal, editor of compilation, TRIE. 1SP6728 2014 e213"? —aea3 sd iodustril applications / edited by Haitham 2014001834 ‘Acalalogue record fr this book is available from the British Library, ISBN: 978119634035 ‘Typeset in 1 pt Tinea TS by Laserwords Private Limited. Chena lad ery Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Contributors w 23 a Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Eleetronies in the Present Century Introduction Enerey Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem: 13.1 Global Warming Effects 1.3.2 Mitigation of Global Warming Probtems Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 14.1 Energy Conservation 142 — Renewable Energy Systems 143 Bulk Energy Storage Smart Grid Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1.6.1 Comparison of Buttery EV with Fuel Celt EV Conelusion and Future Prognosts Re ‘Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: ‘The Power Electronics Contribution Introduction Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems FACTS HVDC le Enerey Systems Wind Energy Photovaltaic Energy ‘Ocean Ener ‘Transportation Systems xxi xxv a4 vi ‘Contents 25 Energy Storage Systems a Technologies a 2.52 Applicatian to Trasmission and Distribution Systesas 46 25.5 Application to Renewable Energy Systems 6 4 Application so Transportation Systems 47 2.6 Conclusions a7 References 47 3 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 50 3.1 Iniroduction so 3.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 31 3.3. Photovoltaic Generators 52 34 Wind and Mini-hydre» Generators 5s 3.3 Energy Storage Systems 36 3.6 Electric Vehicles 57 3.7 Microgrids 37 3.8 Smart Grid Issues 0 3.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 60, 3.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids él 3.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing o 3.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63 References 65 4 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology oo 4.1 Introduction oo 4.2 Silicon Power Transistors w 42.) Power MOSFET: n 422 IGBTs n 42.5 Migh-Power Devices 7 43 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 1 43) SICIPET 1 44.2 Bipolar Transistor in SHC 7 43.5 ® 4a ™ 43.5 SiC Paneer Mocttes ™ 44 Gate and Base Drivers for SIC Devices so 44] Gave Drivers for Normaly-on JFETS 80 442 Base Drivers for SiC BIPs 84 44.3 Gate Drivers for Norwally-aff IFETs 87 444 Gate Drivers for SIC MOSFETs BR 4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors x0 4.6 Overview of Applications 97 4.6.1 Phiotowerlttien 98 406.2 AC Drives on) 4.6.3 — Hybrid and Plug-in Blecsric Vehicles 99 4064 High-Power Applications 99 4.7 Gallium Nitride Trans Lop 48° Summary 102 References 02 Contents St 52 53 SA 58 56 Sa 64 65 66 67 68 7 12 73 TA Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters: -wable Energy and Transportation Iniraduetion Hard Switching 4e-Link Universal Power Converter Sofi Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ae-Link Universal Power Converter Design Procedure Analysis Applications 57.1 Ae~ae Comersion (Wind Power Generation, Variable frequency Drive) S72 De—ae and.ac—de Power Conversion 5.7.3 Multiport Carversion Summary Acknowledgment References Power Electronics: Key Technology for Wind Turbines Introduction Development of Wind Power Generation Wind Power Conversion 63.1 Basie Contraf Variables for Wind Turbines 63.2 Wind Tirkine Concepts Power Converters for Wind Turbines, 64.1 TwooLevel Fower Converter 64.2 Mubtifevel Power Converter 64.3 Multicelt Converter Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 65,1 Active Power Contrat 66.2 Reactive PowerControl 66.3 Total Harmonic Bistortion G64 Fett Ride-Through Capability Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System Conclusion References Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems Inireduetion Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PY Systems 721 Electrical Model of a PY Celt Photovelttaic Mostute 1 and P¥ Curves 7.2.3 MPP under Partial Shading Grid-Connected P¥ System Configurations 2.31 Centralized Coufigunetion 2h.2 String Configuration 73.3 Mulsi-string Configuration 7.34 AC-Madiite Configuration Control of Grid-Connested PY Systems 74.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Merhids 24.2 DC-DC Stage Convener Control 107 m7 rng, nz 3 122 123 126 126 138 130 133, 133, 133 136 136 137 138 139 140 M3 haa 145 ut re) 150) Ist 152 152 153 155) 156 156 160 160. 162 162 163, led 165 167 v1 7 8. Ist ist 15, x ‘Contents 743 — Grid-Tied Comerter Controt 186 744 Antivislanding Detection 189 7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverier-Based PV Systems 192 7.6 Summary 195 References 195 8 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 198 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2. Zero Dynamies of the Nonlinear System 201 82.1 First Method 201 82.2 Second Method 202 8.3. Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L. Filter to the Grid 202, 83. Steady State ant Stable Operation Region 203, 83.2 Zem Pynamic Analysis 207 84 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter tthe Grid 208 8d. Steady State anc Stable Operation Region 208, 842 Zero Dynamic Anaiysis 3 8.5. Controllability and Stability Analysis of PY System Connected te Current Sourve Inverter 219 85.1 Steady State ant Stability Anatysis of the Svstem 220 85.2 Zero Dynamics Awalysis af PY 221 8.6 Conclusions 28 References 2 9 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 9.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems DAI Singte-Stage Photovotiaie Systems B42 SmalléMediam-Sized Wind Tarbine Systenis BAF — Overview of rhe Control Strwciiere 9.2 Conttalof Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 243. 9.21 Drowp Control a4 9.2.2 Power Controf in Microgrids ‘247 3 Contre Desigar Parameters 252 9.24 Harmonie Compensation 256, 93° Ancillary Featore 259 93.1 Valtage Support at Local Loads Level 259 9.5.2 Reactive Power Capability 203, 9.3.3 Voltage Support ar Electric Power System Area 265 94 Summary 267 References 68, 10 Properties and Control of « Doubly Fed Induction Machine 270 10.1 Introduction, Basie principles of DFIN 20 10.1.4 Smacture of the Machine and Etecsrie Configeeration 210, 10.1.2 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit m 10.1.3 Dynamic Modeting 27 10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DCIAC Converter 780, 10.2.1 Grid Connection Operation 280, 10.2.2 Rotor Position Observers 292 10.2.3 Stand-alone Operation 296. Contents los ILS IL 12 124 122 123 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Comersion Systems 10.3.1 Wind Turbine Aevodynamic Turbine Gonirol Zones Turbine Consvol Typical Dimensioning of DFIM-Based Wine Furbines Steady-State Performance of the Wind Turbine Based on BFIM Analysis of DFIM-Based Wind Turbines during Voltage Bips AC-DC-AC Converters for ributed Power Generation Systems Introduction Hdl Bidivectional AC- DC-AC Topotogies INL.2 Passive Componemts Design far an AC-DC-AC Comerier INL.3 — DC-Link Capacitor Rating Ihdef Flying Capacitor Rating INS Land ECL Filter Rating TEL Comparison Pulse-Width Modulation for AC-DC—AC Topologies. IL21 Space Vecior Modulation for Classical Thiee-Phase Two-Level Converter IH2.2 Space Vector Modulation for Classical Theee-Phase Three-Level Converter DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Bulancing in Diode-Clamped Converter JA3.2— Pulse-Wicltdr Moutalation for Sinn AC-DC-AC Topologies Jt3.3 Compensation of Semicanductor Valtage Drop and Dead-Time Effect (Control Algorithms far AC-DC—AC Converters IIA. Fietd-Oriented Control of an AC-DC Machine-Side Converter Stator Current Contvoller Design Direct Tongue Contin! wish Space Veetor Modulation Machine Stator Flux Controtler Design Machine Electromagnetic Torgue Canteotler Besign Machine Angelar Speed Comrotter Design Voitage-Oriented Condval af an AC-DC Grid.Side Converter Line Current Gentvollers af an AC-DC Grid-Sidle Converter Direct Power Control with Space Veetor Modutation af an AC—DC Grid-Side Converter L44.10 Line Power Controtters of an AC-DC Grid-Side Converter INA11DC-Link Voltage Controller for an AC-BE Comerer AC—DC—AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward ILS. Anatisis of the Power Response Time Constant of an AC-DC-AC Comerter N52 Energy of the DC-Link Capacitor Summary and Conclusions References Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft Inimduction More Electric Aircraft 12.2.1 Airbus 380 Electrical System 12.2.2 Boeing 787 Electrical Power System More Electric Engine (MEEy 12.3.1 Power Optiotized Aircraft POA) 305 305 307 308 310 aul 313 a7 365 385 367 369 370 372 372 xi ‘Contents 124 Electric Power Generation Strategies 304 125 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 318, 1246 Power Distribution 381 12.6.1 High-voltage operation 383 12.7 Conclusions 384, References 385 13, Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 387 13.1 Infroduetion 387 13.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 388 12 Electric Wehictes 388 15.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 89 13.2.3 Plug-tn Hybrid Electric Wehicles (PHEVs) 31 133 EVand PHEV Charging Infrastructures 302 13.3.1 EVIPHEV Batteries and Changing Regimes 302 134 Power Electronics for EV and PHEW Charging Infrastructure 404, IBA Changing Hantware 405 13.4.2 Grid-Tied Infrasiracrare 406. IRS Vehicle-to-Cirid (V2G}.and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 407 13.5.1 Grid Upgrade 408, 186 Power Electronics for PEN Charging 410) 136.1 Safety Considerations 400, 15.6.2 Grid-Tied Residential Systems 4u1 13.63 Grid-Tied Public Systems 412 13.64 Grid-Tied Systems with Local Renewable Enengy Prodiction 416 References: 409 14 Multilevel Converierffnverter Topologies and Applications 422, 14.1 Introduction 422 14.2 Fundamentals of Mulilevel Converters inverters 433 14.2.1 What fea Multitevet Converterflawerser? 423, 14.2.2 Tiree Typicat Topologies 4 Achieve Multitevel Voltage 404 14.2.3 Goneralized Muttitevel Convertertimerter Topology and fis Derivations 10 Other Topotogies 425 14.8 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 432 M3.F Merit of Cascaded Mulsitevet limerters Applied to Usility Levet 432 M32 ¥-Connected Careadted Multilevel hwerter and Its Applications 433, 14.3.4 B-Connectet! Cascaded Multitevet Inverter and fs Applications 438, 13.4 Face-to-Face Connected Cascaded Mulitevel laverser for Unified Power Flow Contat 44 144 Emerging Applications and Diseussions 44 MAF Magnetic-tess DCIDC Comersion 4a M42 Multitevel Modular Capacitor Clamped BCABC Comverter(MMCCC) aay 14.3 1X BC/DC Converter 431 Md Component Cost Comparison of Flying Capacitor DCDC Comerter, MMCCC and nX DEMDC Converter 453, 14.43 Zero Current Switebing: MMCCC 435 14.6 Fault Tolerance ane! Reliability of Mutitevel Corerters 458, 14S | Summary 459 Acknowledgment 461 References 461 Contents 15 Isl 13.2 15.3 1s 135 16 16.2 16.3 loa 165 a a 172 ina ina a5 176 na 178 Multiphase Matrix Converter Tapologies and Control Introduction ‘Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Ouipur Matrix Converter 1 Topology 15.2.2 Contro! Algorithms Simulation and Experimental Results Matvix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output I5ek.1 Topology I5A2 Control Techniques Sample Results Acknowledgment References Boost Preregulators for Pawer Factor Correetion in Single-Phace Rectifiers Tntradection Basic Boost PFC I6.2.1 Conerter’s Topology and Avenged Medel 16.2.2 Steady-State Anctlysis 10.23 Canatrol Circuit 16.24 Linear Control Design 10.2.5 Simulation Results Half Bridge Asymmetric Boast PFC 16.3.1 CCMACVM Operation and Average Mocleting of the Converter 16.3.2 Smali-Signat Averaged Model and Transfer Functions ‘Control System Desige 14 Nwmerical Lnplemencation and Simuiation Results Interleaved Dual-Boost PPC JOA Converter Tapoloxy 164.2 Operation Sequences 16.4.3 Linear Control Design and Experimental Resutts Conclusion References Active Power Filter Intreduction Harmonies Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonies wernational Standards for Harmonics ‘Types of Harmonics IPS Harmonic Current Sources I7.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources Passive Fillers Power Definitions 17.7.1 Loading Powerand Power Factor 17.2.2 Loading Power Definition 17.7.3 Power Factor Definition in 3D Space Current Coontinare System Active Power Filters J78.1 Current Source inverter APF 17.8.2 Voltage Source hwerter APF 463 463 464 6a 464 84 488 488 ag) 499) sn Sol 503, 503 sng 504 su? S07 500) sil sil 313 514 315 518 519 522 523, 526 528 529 534 534 535 335) 536 337 537 537 530) 40 54 S41 Sal 523 S44 544 sw ‘Contents 17.8.3 Shunt Active Power Filter Sil IT&A Series Active Pawes Filter Sas 1783 Hybrid Filters 35 17.8.6 High-Power Applications ST 17.9 APF Switehing Frequency Chaice Methodology S47 17.10 Harmonie Current Extraction Techniques (IICET) 38, 1710.1. P-Q Theory a8, 1710.2. Crass-Vector Theory 550, 17.10.3 The Instantaneous Power Theory Using the Rotating P-Q—R Reference Frame 551 17.104 Synetronons Reference Frame 553, 1710.5 Adaptive Interference Canceting Technique 553, 17.10.6 Capacitor Voltage Control S54 1710.7 Time-Domain Cosretation Function Technigae 554 17.10.8 ldentificarion by Fourier Series 355 1710.9 Other Methods 17.11 Shunt Astive Power Filter IT1L1 Shunt APF Modeling 337 17.1.2. Shunt APF for Three-Phase Four.Wire Systern Son 17.12. Series Active Power Filter S64, 17.13 Unitied Power Quality Canditioner S68 Acknowledgrie 69 References S08 ISA Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electroni A Powerful Simulation Too! S13 I8A.1 Background 573, 18A 11 Haihware-in-the-Loop Systems in General 533, I8AL.2. “Virtual Machine” Application S74, IBA IBAA 188 18B.1 18B.2 Increasing the Performance of the Pawer Stage 1SAD.F Sequential Switching 1842.2 Magnetic Freewheeling Canrol 1842.3 Increase in Switching Froquency Machine Madel of an Asynchronous Machine I8A8.1 Cont Problem 184.2. “limerted™ Machine Model Results and Conclusions ISAS Results 18442. Conctusions References Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs} Introduction ISB.1.. fndusteial Applications of MACS 1881.2 Constraint dntsndaced by Reat-Tinve Simulation of Power Electronics Converter in General 188.14 MMC Topology Presentation 188.14 Constraints of Simulating MMC Choice of Modeling for MIMC and Its Limitations a7 S80 S81 581 582 S83 383 589 80 so 5o1 391 92 S94 505 sor Contents 188.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation I8R.3.1 Simdation Using Sequential Programming with DSP Devices ISR3.2 Simulation Using Paraltel Programating with FPGA Devices 18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach J8B.4.1 Sequential Programming for Average Model Algorithm 188.4.2 Parattel Programming for Switching Femetion Algo rit I8B.5 Conclusion References 19 Mode! Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 19.1. Intruduction 19.2 Review of Cssical Speed Control Sehemies for Electrical Machines 19.2.1 Electrical Machine Model 19.2.2 Fietd-Oriented Contrat 192.8 Divect Torque Canteol 19.3 Predictive Current Control 19.3.1 Predictive Moet 19.3.2 Cost Funetion 19,3,3 Predictive Algorithm 19.34 Control Scheme 194 Predictive Torque Controt 194.1 Predictive Moctet 194.2 Cost Function 194.3 Predictive Algorithm 19d Coninol Scheme 195 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 19.5.1 Predictive Macdet 19.5.2 Cost Function Predictive Algorithm hf Comal Scheme 19.5.5 Conirol of Reactive Input Power 19.6 Predictive Speed Control 19.6.1 Predictive Mocdet 19.6.2 Cost Funetion 19.6.3 Predictive Algorithm 19.84 Control Scheme 19.7 Canclusions Acknowledgment References 20 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Drive System Structure 20.3 The PWM in CSCs 2014 The Generalized Control of a CSR 20.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynehconows and « Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 20.6 The Currentand Voltage Control of an Induetion Machine 20.0.1 Fietd-Oriented Controt 20.6.2 The Current Mulii-Sealer Coninot 20.6.3 The Voltage Mutti-Seatar Control 598 508 599) att ena en ale atl wi ‘Contents 20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Mator 651 20.7.1 The Voltage Meusi-scatar Control of a PASM 631 20.7.2 The Cusrent Control of an Interior Permanent Magnet Motor 653 20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 657 20.9 Conclusion 661 References 62 21 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 664 21.1 Introduction 4 2 Capacitive Bearing Current 68 21.1.2 Electrical Discharge Machining Cuevent 668 23 Cireuloring Bearing Current 669 24 Rotor Gaunding Current 671 21.1.3 Dominant Bearing Current 671 21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Alede Parameters 67) 21.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 614, 21 Decreasing the limerter Switching Frequency 614 213.2 Common-Mode Choke 615 23.3 CommonsMode Passive Filter 678 21.34 Comman-Mode Transformer 67 283. Semlactive CM Current Reduction with Filter Application: 680 23.6 Integrated Common-Mode and Differentiat-Mexle Choke 681 2127 Machine Construction ant Bearing Protection Rings 682 214 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 682 21.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 683, 215.1 Tite Nen-parity Active Vectors (3NPAVS) 685 21.5.2 Fivee Active Vector Modutation (3AVM) 687 215.3 Active Zero Voltage Control (AZVC} 688 2LS4 Space Vector Maculation with One-Zero Vector (SVMIZ) 689 216 Summary 602 Referenc 602 22 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 695 22.1 Introduction 693 222 LNG Plans 696, 223 Gas Turbines (GTaI: the Conventional Compressor Drives 697 22.5.1 Unit Starting Requirements 697 22.8.2 Temperature Effect on GT Output 60 22.3.3 Reliability and Durability 608 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 690 Power Electric Motors 700, 22.5.1 State-of-the-Art High-Power Motors 701 22.5.2 Brushfess Exeitation for SM 703 226 High-Power Electric Drives 703 227 Switching Devices 70s 22.7.1 High-Power Semiconductor Devices 107 228 High-Power Converter Topologies 708 2281 LCI 709 Contents avi 2282 VST 710 83 Sununary a 22.9 Mulilevel VSI Topologies 7 9.) TwosLevet Investers 7 22.9.2 Multifevel investers 12 22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 19 22.101 PWM Methods ™ 22.11 Canelusion 73 Acknowledgment nA References m4 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters ca) Introduction m7 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Vollage Source Converters 79 1 Parattel-Comected H-Rridge Converter (H-BC) n9 23.22 Diode Clamped Comerter (DEC) 733 23.2.3 HeFlying Capacitar Converter (H-FCC) 736 23.24 -Comparivon 73 23.3 Cantrol of AC-DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters, 18 23.3.1 Single-Phase Cantril Algacithen Classification 79 DQ Synchronous Reference Frame Currewt Control — PLCC 31 ABC Natural Reference Frame Current Contra PR-CC 784 23.34 Controller Design 756 25.5 Active Power Feed-Forwant Algorithm 759 234 Summary 763 References 763 24 Impedance Souree Inverters 66 24.1 Multilevel Inverters 766 Pile Transformer-Levs Technology 786 24.1.2 Traditional CMP or Hybrid CMT 767 24.1.3 Single-Stage Inverter Topology 167 24.2 Quusi-Z-Sourve Inverter 167 24.2.1 Principle of he qZSl 767 24.2.2 Control Methods of the 281 ™ 24.2.3 giSE with Battery for PY Ssstems 73 23 qZSl-Based Cascade Multilevel PY System 775 243.1 Working Principte 75 24.3.2 Couinol Straegies and Grid Synchronization 779 24.4 Hardware Implementation 780 2a] dnypedance Paranteters 780 244.2 Control System 73 Acknowledgments 782 References 782 Index 787 Foreword Iis my great honor and pleasure to write the foreword for this state-of-the-art book Posrer Efectronics for Renewable Eneray Systems, Transportation, and Indvestrial Apptications, Power electronics and drives ‘control is an extremely complex field with multiple disciplines throughout the field of electrical eng: neering. It is virtually impossible to write a book covering the entire area by one individual specialist ‘particularly witnessing the revent developments in neighboring fields such as control theory. signal processing, and applications in renewable energy systems, as well as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, all of which strongly influence new solutions in power electronie systems. For this reason, the book has, been written by the key specialists in these areas, This hook comprising 24 chapters is divided into three parts: (11 impact af Power Electronics for Emerging Technologies (Chapters |S), (2) Power Electrons for Distributed Power Genevation Systenis (Chapters 6-11}, and (3) Power Electronics for Transportations and Industrial Applications (Chapters 12-24), The first chapter is written by the workd-renowned power electronics expert Professor Bimal K. Bose, and is followed by a review of power electronics in high-vallge direet current (HIVE) and Nlexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), a chapter on smart grid concepts and technologies, amd then chapter on recent advances in power semiconductor technolagy. Chapter 5 is the last in Part 1 and this ‘presemls a new class of AC-link universal power converters. The second part of the book begins with two: chapters (Chapters 6 and 7) that provide an overview of renewable technology, both of which are ‘co-authored by the world-known speciolist Professor Frede Blaabjerg: these chapters deal with power slectronics for wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) energy. The next four ehuplers (Chapters B—11) ‘cover controllability anal ysis, distributed power generation, variable speed doubly fed induction machine (DFIN), and AC-DC=AC converters in tenewable energy systems. The third and largest partof the book ‘pegins with two chapters (Chapters |2 and 13) on wansportation, including one on modern power elee- ‘onic solutions for aircrafts and the other on eleciric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. These two chapters are followed by adiscussi a presentation of multilevel converters «Chapter 14), niultiphase ral converters (Chapter 15), high-power factor rectifiers (Chapter 16), active power filters (Chapter 17), hardware-in-the-loop power electronic systems (Chapter 18), predictive control of comerter-fed electric machines (Chapter 19), current source converters for drives (Chapter 20), reduction of common-mode (CMD) vollage sind bearing currents in pulse-width modulation (PWM)-fed drives, high-power indus- trial drives, modulation and control of single-phase grid-connected converters (Chapter 23), and, finaly impedance Z-source inverters (ZS1}.and quasi-Z-souree inverters (qZSI (Chapter 24) ‘The work has typical attributes of a contemporary book and discusses several aspects of the authors ‘current research in an innovative and original way. Easy description and good illustrations make the ‘book attractive for researches, engineering professionals, graduate students of electrical engineering, and power systems faculties. ™ Foret Finally, 1 would like to applaud the initiative taken by editors in this timely book to cover a wide area of power electronic applications in renewable energy systems, smart grids, distributed generation, transportation, and other industrial areas. This work perfeetly fills the current gap and eontributes toa benter understanding and further applications of power electronic systems. Marian P. Kazmierkowski, IEEE Fellow Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics Warsaw University of Technology, Poland. Preface Itis our pleasure to present this book on up-to-date power electronics technologies and advancements their use in renewable energy. transportation systems, and various industrial applications, We fave written this book in response to the current lack of relevant research available to researchers professionals, and students. It is our hope that we successfully convey aur passion for this fickd in a manner that is easy to follow textually and visually. We have chosen to write this as a joiat initiative hecause of the expertise needed in an all-encompassing research on power electronic systems: In this book we cover a wide range of power electronie components, renewable energy systems, smart _grids, distributed generations, transportation systems, and other industrial areas, This wark fills a gap in engineering literature and contributes to. better understanding and further application of power-elec- ‘wonic systems. Power eleetronie components and applications ate among the fastest growing engineering areas today and are key in responding 10 our current environmental constraints and energy demands, ‘This hook integrates material in onder to answer current problems and offer solutions for the growing, ‘commercial and domesti¢ power demands, ‘The book discusses several aspects of current research, and the participation of the world's top scientists solidifies the book's credibility. including JEEE life fellows Prof. Bimal K. Bose and Prof. Joachim Holtz, Other seientists who participated in the writing of this book include Professors Prede Bluabjerg, Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Carlo Cecati, Hamid A. Toliyat, Bin Wu, Fang Zheng Peng, Ralf M. Kennel and Jose Rodriguez. ‘The book is divided into three main parts: (1) The Impact of Power Electronics for Emerging Teehnolo- _gies (Chapters 1-5), (2) Pawer Electronics for Distributed Power Generation Systems (Chapters 6~11), ‘anal (3) Pawwer Electronies for Transpartations and Industrial Applications (Chapters 12~24), Chapter 1 offers a brie but compreftensive review of the world’s energy resources and climate change ‘problems because af fossil fuel burning. along with possible solutions or mitigation methods, The author concludes With a discussion of the inipast of power electronics thal have eh energy conservation, renew- able energy systems, bulk storage of energy, and electrie/hybrid velticles in the present century, Chapter 2 focuses.on the contribution af power electronics to achieve efficient energy transmission and, istribution, enable a high penetration of renewables in the power system, and develop more electrical transportation systems, This chapter also addresses flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices; high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems; power electronics converters for wind, pho= tovoltaic (PV), and ocean sources: power conversion for electric vehicles: and energy storage systems. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the main technologies, features, and problems of distributed generation and smart grids. This chapter gives a short but comprehensive overview of these emerging topics. Chapter 4 presents recent advances in power semiconductors technolegy, focusing specifically on wide ‘bandgap transistors. The authors offer a shart introduction to state-of-the-art silicon power devices and ‘the characteristics of the various SiC power switehes. Design consideeations of gate- and hase-drive xxi Preface circuits for various SiC power switches. along with experimental results of their switching performance, are presented in details alongside a discussion of their applications. In Chapter 5, the authors categorize AC-Tink universal power converters within « new elass of power converters, and demonstrate how they can interface multiple loads and sources while remaining single-stage converter. ‘Chapter 6 expands on technological developments and market trends in wind power application. The authors review a variety of wind turbine concepts, as well as power converter solutions, and offer an explanation of control methods, grid demands, and emerging reliability challenges, ‘Chapter 7 presents a comprehensive overview of grid-connected PV systems, including power curves, grid-connected. configurations, different converter topologies (both single and three phases). control schemes, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and anti-islanding detection methods. lhe chapter focuses. on the mainstream solutions available inthe PV industry in onder to establish the current state of the art in PV converter technology. In addition, the authors offer a discussion of recently introduced cone cepts.on multilevel converter-based PY systems for large-scale PV plants, along with trends, challenges, and possible future scenarios of PY converter technology: In Chapter 8, the authors demonstrate that the components of renewable energy systems, including interfacing filters, are frst seleeted to ensure steady’ optimum performance operation, after which eon- trollers are designed and implemented to ensure stability, high dynamic performance, and mbustness. 0 disturbance and parameter variations. The controllability analysis of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) wind (urbine generator connected (0 the grid through a filter interface is analyzed, and the stability of the nonlinear system and the study of the zero dynamics provide insights inte potential constraints on controller stricture and dynam ‘Chapter ® points our that the role of the power converter's control is fundamental and involves a number of issues: power flow control, synchronization with the main grid, reactive power capability, voltage regulation at the point of common coupling and power quality constraints. In addressing these matters, the authors focus on PV and small wind turbine systems, as well as the management of the transition among grid connection, stand-alone operatian, and synchronization ‘Chapter 10 describes the main properties and control methods of the doubly fed induction machine, hich are related to hoth grid. connected and stand-alone operation modes. The chapter presents the prop. erties of a wind turbine equipped with a doubly fed induction machine, and offers 2 shart deseription of ‘wind turbine aerodynamics, wind turbine superior control, and steady-state performance of wind turbine. ‘Chapter [1 is devoted 10 various topologies of AC-DC-AC converters and. their design, It offers an inedepth discussion of classical three-phase/three-phase transistor-hased AC-DC-AC convert rs ((wo-level andl three-level dinde-elamped converters (DCCs) and lying capacitors converters (FCC) and simplified AC-DC—AE converters (two-level and three-level three-phasedone-phase and Uree-phasedthree-phase DCC. ‘Chapter 12 describes how More Electric Aireralt (MEAI technology is continually evolving and being widely recognized as the Future technology for the aerospace industry. This chapter provides a brief description of the electrical power generation. conversion, and distribution in conventional aircrafts and in more electric aircrafts, such as Airbus 380 and Boeing 787. The author also discusses more electric architectures, power distribution strategies, more clectric engine concepts, and the effect of high-voltage operation at high altitudes. ‘Chapter 13 presents the structured hasie design aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEW), as well as future trends in EW manufacturing. The authors alse discuss the integration of EVs with green, renewable enerey sources and introduce the design of siech systems, ‘Chapter |4 isdedicated toexplaining multilevel convertersfinverters and describing their prasand eons regarding their most suitable applications, The chapter presents bow mul erters are applied to static sar generation (SVG), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and PACTS devices, The authors further explore magnetéc-less multilevel DC-DC converters and analyze the multilevel con rs? fault tolerance and reliability level i Preface sili Chapter 15 elaborates on the theoretical and analytical aspects of multi-phase matrix converters encompassing existing and emerging topologies and control. The authors also discuss various control algorithms for efficient operation, Chapter 16 presents a detailed analysis of three boostype preregulstors commonly used for power foctor corteetion in single-phase rectifiers: the single-switch basic boost, the two-switeh asymmetric ‘ll-bridge boost, and the interleaved dual-boost topology, The authors als illustrate the mathematical modeling approach. applying ito the first two topologies. Inso doing, the authors are able to demonstrate ‘he effectiveness of these converters associated With their respective control system: Chapter 17 looks at how power clectronics applications have penetrated multiple arcas of moder life. theseby increasing nonlinear loads in comparison with linear foods. Simultaneously. power slectronics-based loads are sensitive to harmonic distertion, which leads to a discussion of active power filters thut can be emplayed to cancel or mitigate harmonics and their effects In Chapter ISA. the discussion provided proves that the so-called virtual mochine (VM) is a ‘hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) system allowing an inverter to be tested at real power levels without the need for installing and operating eal machines as the VM has the same characteristics as areal induction moter oF even a synchronous motor, Different machines and their respective kau conditions cam be emulated by software, meaning thatthe drive inverter under test can operate in its normal mode Chapter ISB also relates to the HiL. systems, with a thorough presentation of the modular multilevel ‘converter (MMC). The authors explain the limitations of standard simulation methods and propose more Suitable eontral techniques. Issues raised by the converter topology are discussed with regard ta the choice ‘of anlware Ws achieve real-time simulation, and examples af implementation for real-time appl using OPAL-RT real-time simulator are piven for the different techniques previously discussed. Chapter 19 describes the use of model predictive control (MPC) for speed. control in lect machines, The authors also show how the MPC is a conceptually different comtrol technique that offers high flexibility t control different power electronics topologies and manages several control objectives, without adding significant eomplesity to the system. Chapter 20 presents two approaches used to control electric machines supplied by the current source invester. The first approach is based on the current control and the seeond approach contains the volkuge conta] with mulkiscalar model approach. The topologies are analyzed for eontrelling a supply “squirtel-cage induction moter, daubly fed machine, and permanent magnet synchronous machine. Tn Chapter 21, the author shows how the high diva’ and the common-mode soltage generated by the investor pulse-width modulation (PWM contol result in the appearances of bearing. currents, shaft walt ages, motor terminal avervoliages, the decrease in motor efficiency, and electromagnetic interference A common-mode motor equivalent circuit is analyzed, with an emphasis on the bearing currents and various aspects of currents” imitation. The author dedicates much of the chapter to analyzing the active methods on the limitation of common-niade currents based. on PWM madifications In Chapter 22, the impacts of megawatt variable frequency drives (VFDs) for liquefied natural as (LNG) plants are discussed. This chapter presents few examples of actual high-power VFDs that ean realize up to 1O0 MW systems using four sets of 25 MW neutral-point-elamped (NPC}-based. multilevel voltage source inverters (WSIs}. The chapter stats with an overview of LNG plants, cutdines conven- ‘ional gas turbine (CT), drives techno-cconiomic and environmental implications, and introduces various slectric drive technologies used for LNG plants, highlighting their limitations. technological problems, and their impact on future LNG plants (Chapter 23 is devoted to the modulation and controt of single-phase. active front-end converters. The frst past ofthe chapter presents aliterature review and analysis of PWM techniques with unipolar switch- ing for three main mulilevel converter topologies. The second part of the chapter is devoted to current control of single-phase voltage source converters ‘The final chapter offers a comprehensive and systematic reference for the current and future devel- ‘opment of the high-performance Z-source inverter (ZS\quasi-2-source inverter (qZSI}. and provides adetiled explanation of the impedance parameter design, It looks at ZSI/qZSI, otherwise known as aan impedance source inverter, This inverter hus atiracted increasing interest because af a single-stage wiv Preface power conversion with a step-up/step-down function, handling the DC voltage variations in a wide range without overrating the inverter and allowing switches on the same bridge leg to simulianeously turn on, ‘The authors present the operation principle and eontrel methads of conventional ZSUqZSI, and offer a discussion of the advantages of novel extended topologies, such as qZSI with banery and q7SF-based cascade multilevel systems, Haitham Abu-Rub Mariusz Malinowski Kamal Al-Hacddaxl Acknowledgments ‘We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to everyone who directly ‘or indirectly helped in making this book a reality. Our special thanks go to Mrs. Suzun Nasser and Me. Wesam Mansour for assisting us in this work. We are also. very grateful to Mrs. Amy Hamar for her help in revising the language of specific chapters. Special thanks also go to Texas A&M University ‘Qatar, for funding the language revision, ecliting, and other related work. We are indebted to our families for their continuous support, patience, and encouragement without which this project would not have been completed. We would alse like to express our appreciation and ide to the stalT of Wiley, especially Miss Laura Bell and Mr Richard Davies, for their help sincere gr and cooperation. Haitham Abu-Rub Mariusz Malinowski Kamal Al-Haddad List of Contributors Gontal Abad, Electronics and Computing Department, Mondragon University, Mondragon, Spain Ayman 8. Abdel-Khalik, Eleciric: Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Egypt Haitham Abu-Rub, Department of Electrical and Computer Engincering, Texas A&M University at ‘Qatar, Doka, Qatar Shehab Ahmed, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas A&M at Qatar, Doha, Qatar Kamal Al-Haddad, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal ‘Canada Mahshid Amirabadi, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit Chicago, [inois, USA of Hingis at Jean Bélanger, Opal-RT Technologies Inc, Montréal, Canada Lazhar Ben-Brahim, Depart nl of Electrical Engineering, Qatar U versity, Doka, Qatar Frede Blaabjerg, Deparment of Energy Technology. Aalborg University, Aalborg. Denmark Handy. FP. Blanchette, Ee wea de Technologie Supérieure, Montre ‘Till Boller, Institute for Electrical Machines and Drives, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany Bimal K. Bose, Department of Electrical Engi Tennessee, Tennessee, USA ing and Computer Science, The Uni ersity of ‘Cancettina Buecella. Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economies, and DigiPower Lic, University of L Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ‘Giampaolo Carli, Departmentof Electrical and Computer Engineering. Concordia University, Mont Canada ‘Carlo Ceeath, Department of Industvial and Information Engineering and Economies, and DigiPower Ltd., University of L’Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ‘Christian Dufour, OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES Ine, Montréal, Canada sxvill List of Comribuntore Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Department of Electronic gineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain Baoming Ge, Schoo! of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Figotong University, Beijing, China: Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA Lue A. Grégoire, Electrical engineering department, Ecole de Technologie Supéricure, Montréal, Canacka Jaroslaw Guzinsk Gdansk, Poland Faculty of Electr I and Contzol Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Joachim Holtz, Institute for Electrical Machines and Drives, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany: Alif Iqbal, Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar: Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Indi Graegarz Iwanski, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Marek Jasinski, Faculty of Electrica ,. Warsaw, Poland Engineering, Warsaw University of Technolog; Hadi ¥. Kanaan, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Saint-fosepht Univer sity - ESIB, Mar Roukez, Lebanon Hossein Karimi-Davijani, Department of Electrical and Computer Enginesring/Center for Energy Sys tems Research, Tennessee Technological University, Tennessee, USA Ralph M. Kennel, Institute for Blecttical Drive Sys Muenchen, Munich, Germany and Power Electronics, Technische Universitaet Samir Kouro, Department of Electronics, Universidad Tecnica Federies Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile ‘Abigniew Krzeminski, Departnient of Automatic Control of Electrical Drives, Gdansk University of Technology, Gilansk, Poland Jose 1 Leon. Department of Blectronic Engineering. University of Seville, Seville, Spain ‘Yongdong Li, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Mareo Liserre. Christian-Albreehts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr, Germany Yushan Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar: School of Electrical Engineering. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing. China, Ke Ma, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University. Aalborg, Deamari: Marius Malinowski, Faculty of Blectrical Engineering, Warsaw U Poland ersity of Technology, Warsavw, Ahmed M. Massoud, Electrical Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar List of Contributors vin Rosa 4, Mastromauro, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnicodi Ba, Bari, Iealy Pawel Mlodzikowski, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsave Poland SK, Moin Ahmed, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at ‘Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Department of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Marcin Morawiec, Department of Automatic Control of Electrical Drives, Gdansk University of Teche nology, Gdansk, Polar Antonella Nagliero, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari Italy stockholm, Sweden Hans-Peter Nee, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, ‘Olorunfemi Ojo, Department of Electrical and Computer Engingering/Center for Energy Systems Research, Tennessee Technological University, Tennessee, USA, Fang’Z. Peng. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan. usa Dimosthenis Peftitsis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stackholm, Sweden Marcela A. Pérez, Department of Electronics, Universidad Técnica Federico 8: Chile ita Maria, Valparaiso, Jacek Rabkowski, Emissions Research and Measurement Division, Warsaw University of Technology. ‘Warsaw, Poland: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm, Sweden Kaushik Rajashekara, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, USA José Rodriguez, Department of Electronics, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile Arash Shafiel, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, ‘Canada Schastian Stynski, Facully of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology. Warsaw, Poland Hamid A. Toliyat, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA Sergio Vazquer, Department of Electronic Fi ng, University of Seville, Seville, Spain Sheldon $, Williamson, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada wey List of Comribntore Bin Wu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Ontario, Canada Teruo Yoshino, Power Electronics Systems Division of Toshiba Mitsubishi-Eleetrie Industrial Systems Corporation, Tokyo, Japan 0,Chile Héctor Young, Department of Electronics, Universidad Téenica Federico Santa Maria, Valpara 1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century Bimal K. Bose Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Tennessee, USA LL Introduction Power electronics eonceens the conversion and control of electrical paver with the aid of power semis conductor devices, which include diodes, thyristors, tides, gate turn-off thyristors (GTO), power metal ‘oxide silicon field effect transistors (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and iniegraied _gate-commutated thyristors (IGCT), Their applications include regulated power supplies (DC.and AC), uninterruptible poorer supply (UPS) syste

    You might also like