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ACD2501 - Day 6 - Aircraft - Structures PDF
ACD2501 - Day 6 - Aircraft - Structures PDF
ACD2501
Aircraft Structures
Session Overview
Stress Analysis
As W*n = L
V-n Diagram
Bomber
Harrier Jumpjet
Commercial Plane
Structural Components
Structural Components
Part specific
Skin
1. Resists the applied torsion and shear forces by
• Transmitting aerodynamic forces to the longitudinal and
transverse supporting members
• Supports the longitudinal members in resisting the applied
bendingg and axial loads
• Supports the transverse members in resisting the hoop, or
circumferential, load when the structure is pressurized.
Part specific
Ribs and Frames : The skeleton
11. Structural
St t l integration
i t ti off the
th wing
i andd fuselage
f l
2. Keep the wing in its aerodynamic profile
Part specific
Spar
1 Resist bending and axial loads
1.
2. Form the wing box for stable torsion resistance
Part specific
Stiffener or Stringers
1 Resist bending and axial loads along with the skin
1.
2. Divide the skin into small panels and thereby increase its
bucklingg and failingg stresses
3. Act with the skin in resisting axial loads caused by
pressurization.
Simplifications
Aircraft Structures
1. Truss-type Structures
– Had struts and wire-braced wings
– Occupants sat in open fabric-covered cockpits,
2. Stressed-skin Structures
– All oof thee sstructural
uc u loads
o ds aree ccarried
ed by thee sskin..
– Thin wood skin Or aluminum-alloy sheets
Structures
Airframe Units
Structural Loads/Stress
Fuselage Construction
• This is the preferred method of constructing an all-
aluminum fuselageg .
– A series of frames in the shape of the fuselage cross
sections are held in position on a rigid fixture, or jig.
– These are then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements
called stringers.
– These are then covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, aluminum
attached by riveting or by bonding with special adhesives.
– The fixture is then removed from the completed fuselage
shell
– Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique
Fuselage Construction
Fuselage
B747 Fuselage
Fuselage Construction
Semi-monocoque
Cantilever
Cantilever Wing
Braced Wing
On ground no
Lift, only weight
Wing Construction
• Spar
p : main structural member Ribs
of the wing, running at right
angles to the fuselage.
• The
Th spar carriesi flight
fli ht loads
l d
and the weight of the wings
whilst on the ground.
• Generally there are 2 spars in
most aircraft wings.
• Other
O h structurall andd forming
f i
members are Ribs.
S
Spar
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 46
06
PEMP
ACD2501
Structures
• Stressed-skin
S d ki Wing
Wi Construction
C i
Undercarriage
Undercarriage
Elements of Structures
• Three common structural elements are used:
– skins, stiffeners, and beams
• Materials may experience both tension, and compression
– Compression can cause the elements to buckle
– Requires determination of air loads
– Requires determination of mass properties (weights)
– Check for parts exceeding yield stress
– Check for buckling
Fatigue
Composition of Composites
Types of composites
Fuselage
& Wing LE
fairings
Fuselage
skin & aircraft
str ct res
structures
• Materials by weight,
weight are 50% composite,
composite 20% aluminum,
aluminum 15%
titanium, 10% steel, and 5% other.
• Aluminum is used on wing and tail leading edges, titanium
used mainly on engines and fasteners
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 59
06
PEMP
ACD2501
(a) All types of aircraft (b) Midrange (Boeing and Airbus type)
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 65
06
PEMP
ACD2501
Mass estimation
• Step 1
• Here, suffixes
ffi TO
O means take-off,
k ff E means Empty
and F means Fuel
• Step
St 2 more detailed
d t il d
Thank you !