Chap 1 PDF

2/27/2017
Fundamentals of
Advanced Energy Conversion
Chap. 1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy
1 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC
Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy
q Energy Forms
q Work and Power
q Energy Conversion
q Energy Reserves and Resources
1
2/27/2017

ENERGY:
Energy is the capability of matter to do work.
Energy is manifested in various forms:
q Energy of electromagnetic radiation

q Chemical energy (chemical reaction energy)
q Nuclear energy (binding energy of nuclei)
q Mechanical energy (potential energy, kinetic energy, work)
q Internal energy
q Thermal energy (heat)
q Electrical energy
q Conventional energy sources:

are fossil fuels (coal, lignite, pit, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood) as well as
artificially produced fuel types such as coal gas, liquefied gas, coke, char, as
well as combustible wastes.
q Renewable (also called alternative, nonconventional) energy sources:

are solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, wave and tidal , and biomass energy.
2
2/27/2017
q Primary energy:
is the energy of an energy source without conversion. e.g., solar energy and
chemical energy of fossil fuels.
q Secondary energy forms:

are the energy forms produced by conversion of primary energy. These are
electrical energy, work, and thermal energy for heating, cooking, and cooling.
q The end use energy :

is the energy that is available for the energy user.
q The useful energy:

is the energy that is required to be supplied for a particular purpose, such as
vehicles, motors, lighting, heating, cooling, cooking, or industrial technological
processes
3
2/27/2017
Solar Energy
q The whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation includes ϒ radiation (wavelength

range λ ≤ 10-11 m), X-rays (λ ≤ 10-8 m), solar and thermal radiation (λ ≤ 10-4 m),
radio, TV, and radar waves (λ >10-2 m).
q Solar energy is electromagnetic energy in the wavelength range from 250 to ~

4000 nm. The solar spectrum includes ultraviolet radiation (λ = 250-380 nm),
visible light (λ ≤ 780 nm), and near-infrared radiation (λ ≤ 4000 nm).
4
2/27/2017
Solar Energy
q The total emissive power of the sun is 4 x 1023 kW. Only a very
small fraction of the total solar energy flux is emitted to the
Earth.
q However, the solar energy flux that reaches the Earth's surface
is huge and surpasses annual world primary energy
consumption by a factor of about 13,000.

Solar Energy
q One square meter of collector surface area can produce annually about 500
kwh of useful heat with a temperature of the heat transfer fluid of 45-60°C at
a locality with an annual solar flux of about 1200 kWh/m2.
q A flat plate collector of 4-6 m2 and a hot water tank with a capacity of 200-300
liters are required for domestic water heating for a family of four. The capital
cost of such a plant in Germany is about $7000. The amortization period lies
between 12 and 15 years .
By the way:
The sun is the most abundant undepletabIe source of nonpolluting energy.
5
2/27/2017

Chemical Energy
q Chemical energy is energy stored in a chemical compound.
q The heat (enthalpy) ∆Hr of formation of a compound is the heat required to form 1
mol of the product from the reactants in a thermodynamic standard state.
q As an example, consider the reaction of hydrogen combustion:

Nuclear Energy
q Nuclear energy is released by radioactive decay, fission, or fusion of nuclei.
q A nucleus of an atom with a mass number A is composed of z protons and n = A

- z neutrons. The mass of a nucleus is less than the total mass of its nucleons.
This difference is called the mass defect:
q The total binding energy is equivalent to the mass defect ∆m:
6
2/27/2017

Nuclear Energy
q The excess binding energy is released either in fission or fusion processes.
q The fission process taking place in a nuclear reactor occurs when a heavy
nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two or more light nuclei.
q The amount of energy released by fission of 1 g of uranium 235 is:

490 x1021 MeV = 78.5 GJ.
q This energy is equivalent to the amount of heat that is released by combustion of
2700 kg of coal with a heating value of 29.3 MJ/kg.
q In a fusion process, two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus with
release of excess binding energy.
13
A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

More about Nuclear Reactions
A nuclear reaction is the process in which two nuclei collide to produce products
different from the initial particles.
Energy conservation
7
2/27/2017

Energy conservation
In a nuclear reaction, the total energy is conserved. The "missing" rest mass must therefore
reappear as kinetic energy released in the reaction; its source is the nuclear binding energy.
Using Einstein's mass energy equivalence formula E = mc², the amount of energy released can be
determined.

Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses
energy by emitting particles and radiation.
An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom (with two neutrons and two protons each).
Many heavy radio nuclides, such as uranium-238 and plutonium-239, decay mainly by emitting
alpha particles.
8
2/27/2017

Nuclear fission
A slow- moving neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, which

in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and three free
neutrons.
Nuclear fusion
Fusion of deuterium with tritium creating helium-4, freeing a neutron, and releasing 17.59
MeV of energy.
9
2/27/2017

Energy Units:
q Energy, particularly electrical energy, is also measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh). These

energy units are related as follows: 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ.
q In statistical reports,
Ø coal equivalent and
Ø mineral oil equivalent.
1 tonne of coat equivalent is 1 tce = 29,308 MJ
1 tonne of mineral oil equivalent is 1 toe = 41,868 MJ
For large (fuel) energy quantities, a million tonnes of oil equivalent (1 Mtoe) is used:
1 Mtoe = 41,868 x 1012 J = 41,868 TJ
1 Btu = 1055.05 J Quadrillion Btu=1015 Btu 1 kCal=4.2 kJ

19

ENERGY RESERVES AND RESOURCES
q There are conventional and nonconventional energy sources. Conventional energy
sources are associated with fossil fuels and artificially produced fuels.
Nonconventional energy sources include nuclear energy and renewable energy
sources.
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Ref: Beyond Petroleum Co. :Statistical Review of World Energy
10
2/27/2017

Renewable Energy Resources
q The renewable (also called alternative) energy sources are solar, wind, hydro,
geothermal, wave and tidal, and biomass energy.
q The annual amount of solar energy incident on the Earth is equivalent to about
13,000 times the world's annual consumption of energy of fossil and nuclear
fuels and hydro energy. It is about 160 times the proven reserves of energy of
fossil fuels.
q Hydro energy is the most utilized energy of all the renewable energy sources
at the present time.
11
2/27/2017

BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009
24
12
2/27/2017
25
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios and history (NG, 2014)
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2015

13
2/27/2017
27

28
14
2/27/2017
29
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios and history (Oil, 2014)

15
2/27/2017

31
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios and history (Coal, 2014)

16
2/27/2017
33
17
2/27/2017
35 Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2008
Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2015

18
2/27/2017

19
2/27/2017
Fundamentals of
Chap. 2 Fuel Combustion and Gasification
20
2/27/2017
Fundamentals of
Chap. 1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy
q Energy Forms
q Work and Power
q Energy Conversion
q Energy Reserves and Resources
1
2/27/2017

ENERGY:
Energy is the capability of matter to do work.
Energy is manifested in various forms:
q Energy of electromagnetic radiation

q Chemical energy (chemical reaction energy)
q Nuclear energy (binding energy of nuclei)
q Mechanical energy (potential energy, kinetic energy, work)
q Internal energy
q Thermal energy (heat)
q Electrical energy
q Conventional energy sources:

are fossil fuels (coal, lignite, pit, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood) as well as
artificially produced fuel types such as coal gas, liquefied gas, coke, char, as
well as combustible wastes.
q Renewable (also called alternative, nonconventional) energy sources:

are solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, wave and tidal , and biomass energy.
2
2/27/2017
q Primary energy:
is the energy of an energy source without conversion. e.g., solar energy and
chemical energy of fossil fuels.
q Secondary energy forms:

are the energy forms produced by conversion of primary energy. These are
electrical energy, work, and thermal energy for heating, cooking, and cooling.
q The end use energy :

is the energy that is available for the energy user.
q The useful energy:

is the energy that is required to be supplied for a particular purpose, such as
vehicles, motors, lighting, heating, cooling, cooking, or industrial technological
processes
3
2/27/2017
Solar Energy
q The whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation includes ϒ radiation (wavelength

range λ ≤ 10-11 m), X-rays (λ ≤ 10-8 m), solar and thermal radiation (λ ≤ 10-4 m),
radio, TV, and radar waves (λ >10-2 m).
q Solar energy is electromagnetic energy in the wavelength range from 250 to ~

4000 nm. The solar spectrum includes ultraviolet radiation (λ = 250-380 nm),
visible light (λ ≤ 780 nm), and near-infrared radiation (λ ≤ 4000 nm).
4
2/27/2017
Solar Energy
q The total emissive power of the sun is 4 x 1023 kW. Only a very
small fraction of the total solar energy flux is emitted to the
Earth.
q However, the solar energy flux that reaches the Earth's surface
is huge and surpasses annual world primary energy
consumption by a factor of about 13,000.

Solar Energy
q One square meter of collector surface area can produce annually about 500
kwh of useful heat with a temperature of the heat transfer fluid of 45-60°C at
a locality with an annual solar flux of about 1200 kWh/m2.
q A flat plate collector of 4-6 m2 and a hot water tank with a capacity of 200-300
liters are required for domestic water heating for a family of four. The capital
cost of such a plant in Germany is about $7000. The amortization period lies
between 12 and 15 years .
By the way:
The sun is the most abundant undepletabIe source of nonpolluting energy.
5
2/27/2017

Chemical Energy
q Chemical energy is energy stored in a chemical compound.
q The heat (enthalpy) ∆Hr of formation of a compound is the heat required to form 1
mol of the product from the reactants in a thermodynamic standard state.
q As an example, consider the reaction of hydrogen combustion:

Nuclear Energy
q Nuclear energy is released by radioactive decay, fission, or fusion of nuclei.
q A nucleus of an atom with a mass number A is composed of z protons and n = A

- z neutrons. The mass of a nucleus is less than the total mass of its nucleons.
This difference is called the mass defect:
q The total binding energy is equivalent to the mass defect ∆m:
6
2/27/2017

Nuclear Energy
q The excess binding energy is released either in fission or fusion processes.
q The fission process taking place in a nuclear reactor occurs when a heavy
nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two or more light nuclei.
q The amount of energy released by fission of 1 g of uranium 235 is:

490 x1021 MeV = 78.5 GJ.
q This energy is equivalent to the amount of heat that is released by combustion of
2700 kg of coal with a heating value of 29.3 MJ/kg.
q In a fusion process, two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus with
release of excess binding energy.
13
A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

More about Nuclear Reactions
A nuclear reaction is the process in which two nuclei collide to produce products
different from the initial particles.
Energy conservation
7
2/27/2017

Energy conservation
In a nuclear reaction, the total energy is conserved. The "missing" rest mass must therefore
reappear as kinetic energy released in the reaction; its source is the nuclear binding energy.
Using Einstein's mass energy equivalence formula E = mc², the amount of energy released can be
determined.

Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses
energy by emitting particles and radiation.
An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom (with two neutrons and two protons each).
Many heavy radio nuclides, such as uranium-238 and plutonium-239, decay mainly by emitting
alpha particles.
8
2/27/2017

Nuclear fission
A slow- moving neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, which

in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and three free
neutrons.
Nuclear fusion
Fusion of deuterium with tritium creating helium-4, freeing a neutron, and releasing 17.59
MeV of energy.
9
2/27/2017

Energy Units:
q Energy, particularly electrical energy, is also measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh). These

energy units are related as follows: 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ.
q In statistical reports,
Ø coal equivalent and
Ø mineral oil equivalent.
1 tonne of coat equivalent is 1 tce = 29,308 MJ
1 tonne of mineral oil equivalent is 1 toe = 41,868 MJ
For large (fuel) energy quantities, a million tonnes of oil equivalent (1 Mtoe) is used:
1 Mtoe = 41,868 x 1012 J = 41,868 TJ
1 Btu = 1055.05 J Quadrillion Btu=1015 Btu 1 kCal=4.2 kJ

19

ENERGY RESERVES AND RESOURCES
q There are conventional and nonconventional energy sources. Conventional energy
sources are associated with fossil fuels and artificially produced fuels.
Nonconventional energy sources include nuclear energy and renewable energy
sources.
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Ref: Beyond Petroleum Co. :Statistical Review of World Energy
10
2/27/2017

Renewable Energy Resources
q The renewable (also called alternative) energy sources are solar, wind, hydro,
geothermal, wave and tidal, and biomass energy.
q The annual amount of solar energy incident on the Earth is equivalent to about
13,000 times the world's annual consumption of energy of fossil and nuclear
fuels and hydro energy. It is about 160 times the proven reserves of energy of
fossil fuels.
q Hydro energy is the most utilized energy of all the renewable energy sources
at the present time.
11
2/27/2017

24
12
2/27/2017
25
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios and history (NG, 2014)

13
2/27/2017
27

28
14
2/27/2017
29
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios and history (Oil, 2014)

15
2/27/2017

31
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios and history (Coal, 2014)

16
2/27/2017
33
17
2/27/2017
35 Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2008

18
2/27/2017

19
2/27/2017
Fundamentals of
Chap. 2 Fuel Combustion and Gasification
20

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2/27/2017

1 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

2 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

Energy is manifested in various forms:

q Energy of electromagnetic radiation

3 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q Conventional energy sources:

q Renewable (also called alternative, nonconventional) energy sources:

4 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q Secondary energy forms:

5 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q The end use energy :

q The useful energy:

6 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q The whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation includes ϒ radiation (wavelength

q Solar energy is electromagnetic energy in the wavelength range from 250 to ~

7 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

8 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

9 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

The sun is the most abundant undepletabIe source of nonpolluting energy.

10 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q As an example, consider the reaction of hydrogen combustion:

11 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q Nuclear energy is released by radioactive decay, fission, or fusion of nuclei.

q A nucleus of an atom with a mass number A is composed of z protons and n = A

q The total binding energy is equivalent to the mass defect ∆m:

12 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q The amount of energy released by fission of 1 g of uranium 235 is:

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

14 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

15 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

A slow- moving neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, which

17 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

18 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

q Energy, particularly electrical energy, is also measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh). These

1 Btu = 1055.05 J Quadrillion Btu=1015 Btu 1 kCal=4.2 kJ

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

20 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

21 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

22 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy

23 A. Jafarian, Tarbiat Modares University, AEC

Chap.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Energy