Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume I Mechanics e Heat e Electrodynamics SECOND EDITION ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Director ‘Abhay's |..T. Physics Teaching Centre Patna-6 css CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANY, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)Dedicated to my Teacher Prof. (Dr.) J. Thakur (Department of Physics, Patna University, Patna-4) ISBN : 81-239-0399-5 First Edition : 1995 Reprint : 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint Reprint Reprint: Reprint Reprint: Reprint : 2005 Copyright © Author & Publisher All rights reserved. No part of this book may. be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India) Printed at India Binding House, Delhi - 110 032FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodov’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A. proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘‘physic--principles and Insights’” -- “‘In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science”. LE. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. B.P. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., DelhiPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Nothing succeeds like success, they say. Now, consequent upon the warm welcome on the part of students and the teaching fraternity this revised and enlarged edition of this volume is before you. In order to make it more up-to-date and viable, a large number of problems have been streamlined with special focus on the complicated and ticklish ones, to cater to the needs of the aspiring students, I extend my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book world. Patna June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION When you invisage to write a book of solutions to problems, one pertinent question crops up in the mind that—why solution! Is this to prove one’s erudition? My only defence against this is that the solution is a challenge to save the scientific man hours by channelizing thoughts in a right direction. The book entitled “Problems in General Physics” authored by LE. Irodov (a noted Russian physicist and mathematician) contains 1877 intriguing problems divided into six chapters. After the acceptance of my first book “Problems in Physics”, published by Wiley Eastern Limited, I have got the courage to acknowledge the fact that good and honest ultimately win in the market place. This stimulation provided me insight to come up with my second attempt—‘Solutions to IE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” This first volume encompasses solutions of first three chapters containing 1052 problems, Although a large number of problems can be solved by different methods, I have adopted standard methods and in many of the problems with helping hints for other methods. In the solutions of chapter three, the emf of a cell is represented by & (xi) in contrast to the notation used in figures and in the problem book, due to some printing difficulty. I am thankful to my students Mr. Omprakash, Miss Neera and Miss Punam for their valuable co-operation even in my hard days while authoring the present book. I am also thankful to my younger sister Prof. Ranju Singh, my younger brother Mr. Ratan Kumar Singh, my junior friend Miss Anupama Bharti, other well wishers and friends for their emotional support. At last and above all I am grateful to my Ma and Pappaji for their blessings and encouragement. ABHAY KUMAR SINGHCONTENTS Foreword Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition 21 2.2 23 24 25 2.6 27 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS Kinematics The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momemtum, and Angular Momentum Universal Gravitation Dynamics of a Solid Body Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body Hydrodynamics Relativistic Mechanics PART TWO THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Equation of the Gas State. Processes The first Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity Kinetic theory of Gases. Boltzmann’s Law and Maxwell’s Distribution ‘The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy Liquids. Capillary Effects Phase Transformations ‘Transport Phenomena PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS Constant Electric Field in Vacuum Conductors and Dielectrics in an Electric Field Electric Capacitance. Energy of an Electric Field Electric Current Constant Magnetic Field. Magnetics Electromagnetic Induction. Maxwell's Equations Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields iii vi 1-34 35-65 66-101 102-117 118-143 144-155 156-167 168-183 184-195 196-212 213-226 227-241 242-247 248-256 257-266 267-288 289-305 306-324 325-353 354-379 380-407 408-424PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS 11 KINEMATICS 1.1 Let v, be the stream velocity and v the velocity of motorboat with respect to water. The motorboat reached point B while going downstream with velocity (v, + v’) and thea returned with velocity (v’ — v,) and passed the raft at point C. Let t be the time for the raft (which flows with stream with velocity v,) to move from point A to C, during which the motorboat moves from A to B and then from B to C. On solving we get , = + 1.2 Let s be the total distance traversed by the point and ¢, the time taken to cover half the distance. Further let 2r be the time to cover the rest half of the distance. s s Therefore Fr Mh or ae @) 5 s and Zz" tyye of We 2) Hence the sought average velocity Qu (+%) s s LP" Ta” 24M) V+ +2V, 13 As the car starts from rest and finally comes to a stop, and the rate of acceleration and deceleration are equal, the distances as well as the times taken are same in these phases of motion. Let At be the time for which the car moves uniformly. Then the acceleration / deceleration each. So, ta At time is4 Ate p Age w 7 t= 2 {pw a ES or 4 Hence Ate 1- = 15s. 14 (a) Sought average velocity sn rt <> = f= OS so cm/s iS — + () For the maximum velocity, & should be maximum. From the figure & is maximum for all points on the line “ac, thus the sought maximum velocity becomes average velocity z for the line ac and is equal to : 0 10 20% be | 100m Pad gD em/s (© Time tg should be such that consrotng to it the slope srouta pass through the point O (origin), to satisfy the relationship 4 - z From figure the tangent at point d passes through the origin and thus a time t= f= 165. 1.5 Let the particles collide at the point A (Fig.), whose position vector is 73 (say). If ¢ be the time taken by each particle to reach at point A, from triangle law of vector addition : We Haitee Raitt pat Mem +My 3, A so, Hai= aye @ 4 Wy l7-7l eal) ped From Eqs. (1) and (2) aoe poe oo I-A heh - ()-)) Ss yy 1=72- (-%y 1 I 0 he therefore, f= @ 7 -7 a oo SF Tiara” 1-97) Fr]" which is the sought relationship. 1.6 We-have wavy @ From the vector diagram [of Eq. (1)] and using properties of triangle17 v= Vit40? +2 rq vcos@ = 39.7km/br (2) ad ——-— ot sino = V5i0@ sin@e-@) sin v or = sin” Using (2) and putting the values of v and d = 19.1" Let one of the swimmer (Say 1) cross the river along AB, which is obviously the shortest path, Time taken to cross the river by the swimmer 1. —— 4, (where AB = d is the width of the river) (ay % For the other swimmer (say 2), which follows the quickest -path, the time taken to cross the river. he d “7 @ Be x 36 I a | — d t Vo” = > vl ~_ Vp _ A Tin the time fy, drifting of the swimmer 2, becomes Yoh “2d, (using Eq. 2) @) If t, be the time for swimmer 2 to walk the distance x to come from C toB (Fig.), then d gee “0% (using Eq. 3) @ According to the problem , = f+ 43 or, On solving we get4 18 19 1.10 Let 1 be the distance covered by the boat A along the river as well as by the boat B acrc the river. Let vp be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of each boat with respect water. Therefore time taken by the boat A in its journey L 1 A” Tan Toe and for the boat B bo Se ~% Vv'-%y Vv"~vo a vt Hence, oe where n = — ao ae va (een) On substitution y/tg= 18 Let vo be the stream velocity and v the velocity of boat with respect to water. A % orm N= 2>0, some drifting of boat is inevitable. Let 9” make an angle 0 with flow direction. (Fig.), then the time taken to cross the rive te. v 4; (where d is the width of the river) In this time intezval, the drifting of the boat x= (v'cosO+ yy) t i (7 cos 0+) 5G (cot 0+ 1 cosec 0) d sin 1 I For xq, (minimum drifting) i a ; d aa Jo (008 8 +n cosec 8) = 0, which yields yl > vv — cos 8 -> C2 x Hence, = 120° 0 ‘The solution of this problem becomes simple in the frame attached with one of the bodies. Let the body thrown straight up be 1 and the other body be 2, then for the body 1 in the frame of 2 from the kinematic equation for constant acceleration : ooo yo lo Fa Tou) + Youn? +> Mat So, Fin Yount (because Wi2= 0 and Fo2)= 0) or, |Figl= 1¥%aa)lt q@) But |¥o11= [¥al= % So, from properties of triangle 2 Youn = V e+ Hence, the sought distance l7pl= vo V 2(1-sin 8) ¢= 22m.1.11 Let the velocitics of the paricles (say 7" and 93) becomes mutually perpendicular after time 1. Then their velocitis become Uy = of aRts Wy = eat ® As VP Lv 50, WP vy = 0 A Lv, 1% or, (W484) (+B) = 0 2 ‘ 7 mmte=0 Sao Hence, te» ae @) Now form the Eq. 7h Faun + Vaan)! + Hat? PS i i I7tal= [Vaal 4 (ecause here Wi 0 and To2)= 0) Hence the sought distance soy te > VFal= Vey as oan l= + ¥) 1.12 From the symmetry of the problem all the three points are always located at the vertices of equilateral triangles of varying side length and finally meet at the centriod of the initial equilateral triangle whose side length is a, in the sought time interval (say £). DN jos Let us consider an arbitrary equilateral triangle of edge length / (say). ‘Then the rate by which 1 approaches 2, 2 approches 3, and 3 approches 1, becomes : xd yy veos (22) at vest 3 On integrating :6 1.13 114 Let us locate the points A and B at an arbitrary instant of time (Fig.). If A and B are separated by the distance s at this moment, then the points converge or point A approaches B with velocity =. v~ucos a where angle ot varies with time. On intergating, Oseea ~Sds= f(v-ucos a) de, aaa (where T is the sought time.) r or Im f(v—u0cos.a) de @) 0 As both A and B cover the same distance in x-direction during the sought time interval, so the other condition which is required, can be obtained by the equation Arm fat So, uT= fv.cos a dt @ il Solving (1) and (2), we get T= oat One can see that if u= v, or u y oI % i p> y From Fig. (b), Yign Voyeuy, and tan O= = Q) 2 The shortest distarice AP = AM sin 0 = (OA ~ OM) sin 0 = (J, - 1, cot ®) sin ® Mi 4b 7% 4 f. or ahi ‘using 1 Vie sine) The sought time can be obtained directly from the condition that (J, - , 1)” + (L,~ v2.1)” hy thy, imum. This gives t = 14 4 a yew Let the car turn off the highway at a distance x from the point D. So, CD = x, and if the speed of the car in the field is v, then the time taken by the car to cover the distance AC = AD -x on the highway AD-x : 1 anny ® Ce — >, and the time taken to travel the distance CB A in the field VPee he @ sy ¥ So, the total time elapsed to move the car from point A to B a) 1 AD-x Vlee | te t+= 4Doe Yee mY v For ¢ to be minimum \ 8 1, x a 1 feo w t-te or Wee Pee or xm1.18 To plot x (1), s() and w, (f) let us partion the given plot v, (¢) into five segments (for detailed analysis) as shown in the figure. For the part oa: w,= 1 and v= t=v ia Vy Thus, Ax, (= fv,dt= far= 5750 1 0 (ay | br ttf IAT NU L213 R PTT 2 For the part ab : a w,= O and v= v= constant = 1 Potting #= 1, we get, Axy= s= unit 4 ‘ Thus Ay (= Jredt= fa- ¢-)= 50 1 Putting t= 3, Axy= s)= 2unit For the part b4: w,= 1 and v,= 1-(t-3)= 4-H=v 2 t Thus Ax ()= f4-)ae~ 4t-5- 3 Putting t= 4, Axe xe Sanit For the part 4d : v= <1 and v= -(1-4)= 4-1 So, [= t-4 for t>4 ' a ‘Thus Ant far-oar 41-5 -8 Putting t= 6, Axy= Similarly 50= flyla= fo-4a= ‘4 Putting t= 6, 5= 2unit For the part d 7: w,= 2 and v,= -2+2(t-6)= 2(¢-7) va |v,|=2(7=2) for 1-7 ‘ Now, Ax(t)= f2 (t-Tdt= 17-1464 48 Putting t= 4, Arse -1 ‘ Similarly 55()= f2(7-)de= 141-17-48 Putting t= 7, ss On the basis of these obtained expressions w, (1), x(t) and s(t) plots can be easily plotted as shown in the figure of answersheet.10 119 1.20 (2) Mean velocity yp = Pola distance covered Time elapsed = $= FR. so.cm/s a VY t (b) Modulus of mean velocity vector i f a Laz, 2k. 32em/s (2) (©) Let the point moves from i to f along the half circle (Fig.) and vy and v be the spe at the points respectively. [<3 |= We have few, or, v= vp+;t (as W, is constant, according to the problem) S Mo+w,tde P , vot (+s) votv : 0, <= 2 - See ¢ fe 0 So, from (1) and (3) Y+v aR imme G Now the modulus of the mean vector of total acceleration o. Avy |¥=%l_ vty 5 [eit> |= Ae, Pool 0°” Gc Fig 6 Using (4) in (5), we get : | 2mR : [ |= SSE (a) we have Fe at(l-an so, % £ u-209 and w- @. 207" (b) From the equation = 7 Ta-an, FE 0, at t= O and also at r= Are + So, the sought time ant As vt T-200) 1 a(1-202) forts 1 2ar-1)| ft — a(2at—2)) forr> So, v= |vy=1.21 Bt Hence, the sought distance a va 40 Joae f a(t-2anare f agarna ta Simplifying, we get, s= oa (@) As the particle leaves the origin at t= 0 So, Are xe frpde (yy = ool, ft s mmf where ¥ is directed towards the +ve x-axis t a rented B From (1) and (2), : 1 =f voft—f)aee weft st so fuft-gan oes @) ° Hence x coordinate of the particle at r= 6s. 6 x= s0x6 (1-355) 24cm = 024m Similarly at t= 10s 10 xe 10 x10(1-345) and at t= 20s x= 10% 20(1- 20.) ~ ~200cm= -2m 2x5 (b) At the moments the particle is at a distance of 10 em from the origin, x= + 10cm. Putting x= +10 in Eq. (3) = meen 2 _ to» 10%(1 in) or, t7-10t+10= 0, So, pe pe 102 V100- 40 VINA 52 VIS Now putting x= -10in Eqn (3) t -10= 10(1-i5} On solving, t=5+V35 5 As t cannot be negative, so, t=(5+V35 )s12 1.22 Hence the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin at three moments of time : t=StVi5 s,5+V35 s t (©) We have ve volt - 7 volt ;) forts + So, v= liy= | »ff-} fort >t So = fuft-a for t< t= vot (1-0) nd - 1-4) de+ J vy(4£-1) de for ¢ a sf %(1-5 v9(£-1)de for ¢>« 0 g = vot [1+ (1-%)]/2 for r>t (A) ‘ 4 t t of oft-)a- frofs-dar= aten ° ° And for t= 8s 8 s sf 10 1-2 as fro £1) ae 5 5 ° s On integrating and simplifying, we get s= 34cm, On the basis of Eqs. (3) and (4), x(t) and_s (£) plots can be drawn as shown in the answer sheet. As particle is in unidirectional motion it is directed along the x-axis all the time. As at t=0,x=0 So, Ax= x= s, and few Therefore, v= ave = avs or, wa &, aids ° dt 2Vs dt av aavs 2vs” Vs (ty dy oe As, wee > a a On integrating, f dve | Sat on ve Se @) oO 01.23 1.24 (b) Let s be the time to cover first s m of the path. From the Eq. se fvde (using 2) @) The mean velocity of particle Vs/a 2 f © td frou 2 val Is fa 2Vs/a 2 <= According to the problem wae aVy (as v decreases with time) or, -f Vo dv= af ds % 0 On integrating we get s= 243? Again according to the problem -2. av or -2 ad iv 0, on, {%- aft YM Ww Thus @ As Fe atit bei So, x= at, y= bi? 2 bx? and therefore ye @14 1.25 which is Eq. of a parabola, whose graph is shown in the Fig. (b) As re atinbey” ve a ain2btj” @) So, v= Va"(-2bt) = Vae4be Diff. Eq. (1) wart. time, we get -2bj” So, [Wl =w=2b HW (ai=2bt7)-(-26j5 a (Va?e4ab7s? 2b © cos a= 2bt or, cos a= APL, Va7+4b71 50, tana= =o , 2bt o, a= aw"(357) 2bt (@) The mean velocity vector ot [cot 2oejyar t Hence, [ |= Var+ (-b)? = Vat ab? = aitbtj” = (a) We have x= atand y= at(l-ar) (1) Hence, y (x) becomes, (b) Ditferentiating Eq. (1) we get v,= @ and v,= a(1-2ar) @1.26 127 15 So, v= Wty? =aVi+(1-20t)" Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time w,= Oand ¥,=-2aa So, wa Vue w= 2a (© From Eqs. (2) and (3) We have Ve ajta(1-2at)j” and We 2aaj” ww _-a(1-2a)200 vw aV1+(1-2a%) 20a On simplifying. 1-20f= #1 1 As, 40, =o Differentiating motion law : x= asinwt, y= a(1-coswt), with respect to time, v,= G0 COs Ot, v= aw sin wr So, V= awcosot {+ aasinotj” a) and v= a@= Const. Q Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to time Be De ~ae*sinot it aw cos ory” Q) at (a) The distance s traversed by the point during the time + is given by s=Jvde=Jawde aot (using2) 0 ° (b) Taking inner product of v” and W We get, i= (aw cos writ aw sin at] } (asin wt (i) +00 cos wt-j) So, V" We ~ a” w” sin wt cos wt + a w° sin wt cos wt = 0 Thus, VL w, ie., the angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector equals 5. Accordiing to the problem. ns We w(-j) dy, dy, So, w= Gin 0 and Was -w @ Differentiating Eq. of trajectory, y= ax - bx”, with respect to time Hr, 242 95, @16 1.28 So, dty ad's -20( 4) -25 dx or, or, ¢ Using (3) in (2) «& Hence, the velocity of the particle at the origin 7 a veV (a) _,*(4) a Vere (using Eqns (3) and (4)) Hence, ve Vy(ite) As the body is under gravity of constant accelration Z° it’s velocity vector and displacemen vectors are: ~ weet a > o> 1 ¥ and Are r= ptt zet? (P= Oate = 0) z @ Hence from Eq. (3), over the first ¢ seconds Be irks (4) For evaluating 1, take VV (+ BDH +B = vO 42 G-Be+ a oe or, ea Re OG + gt But we have v= vy at ¢= 0 and Also at ¢= t (Fig.) (also from energy conservation)ns 8 17 Hence using this propety in Eq. (5) a e204 ee? 20,9 As #0, so, t= -— 3 ee Putting this value of v in Eq. (4), the average velocity over the time of flight a> f00 a & <= H- The body thrown in air with velocity vp at an angle a from the horizontal lands at point P on the Earth’s surface at same horizontal level (Fig.). The point of projection is taken as origin, so, Ax = x and Ay= y 1 (@) From the Eq. Ay= f+ yMye O= vosinat—4 ge 2vosin a 8 (b) At the maximum height of ascent, v, = 0 ‘As t 0, so, time of motion t= so, from the Eq. vy = v4 +2, Ay O= (sina) -2gH vg sin? 2g During the time of motion the net horizontal displacement or horizontal range, will be obtained by the equation Hence maximum height H = Ace Vag bmg? eISaaa vasin2a or, Rx vocosat—>(O)v= vycos a= when R=H vsin?a vesin? a or tana= 4, so, a= tan"'4 8g 28 (©) For the body, x (0) and y (1) are X= vgcos at ()18 1.30 7 12 and ya vsinar—> gt @ Hence putting the value of f from (1) into (2) we get, 2 -2#( aa) a xina- EE, y= vsina > ¥ c05 0 Weostar sia) Which is the sought equation of trajectory ie. y (x) (4) As the body thrown in air follows a curve, it has some normal acceleration at all the moments of time during it’s motion in air. At the initial point (x= 0, y = 0), from the equation : w= z (where R is the radius of curvature) rales % geasa= Re Gee Fig.) or R= og At the peak point v, = 0, v= v, = vg cos a and the angential acceleration is zero. Now from the Eq. wn Re vp.cos* a 4 ve cos? ge Re Note : We may use the formula of curvature radius of a trajectory y(x), to solve part (d), 3 14 (dy/dx) 7 | fysae| We have, v,= vo cosa, ¥,= Vp sin a — gt As Vt d, all the moments of time. Thus vm v2-2gtvysinat gt? wy 1d 1 Now, wea Iya)" 7, #8 osina) = -8(ysina-gi)= - E(ysina-ge) % y Hence Iwl=e Now w,=Vw-we= e-8s ¥, or Wy~ 85 (where v= VE %)As FT ,, during time of motion y, Wem Wm BS On the basis of obtained expressions or facts the sought plots can be drawn as shown in the figure of answer sheet. 131 The ball strikes the inclined plane (Ox) at point O (origin) with velocity vy= V2gh (1) As the ball elastically rebounds, it recalls with same velocity vp, at the same angle a from the normal or y axis (Fig.). Let the ball strikes the incline second time at P, which is at a distance J (say) from the point O, along the incline. From the equation Y= Yoyt+ %, 2 Om yycosar-fgeasa? where t is the time of motion of ball in air while moving from O to P. 2% As #0, so, t= —* Q & Now from the equation. rented? . lo ne? Im vosinat+>gsinat 1 (2v\ 1. 0 , = vysin a +>gsina|— 7 i re) 28 8g 4visina =e (losing 2) Hence the sought distance, 1= 4284)8iN@ _ gy sin (Using Eq. 1 ry ing & 1.32 Total time of motion 2vysina rg 984 ee STS or sine Hee OG @ and horizontal range Rex vcosat ot cosas R= S100. 85. Q) Yor 2400 40 From Eqs. (1) and (2) ose? aye (35? aso? * (avr On simplifying v4 2400 1? + 1083750 = 020 1.33 1.34 Solving for 1? we get : 2_ 24002 V 1425000 2400. 1194 ig 2 2 Thus <= 42395 = 0-71 min and t= 2455s = 0-41 min depending on the angle a. Let the shells collide at the point P (x, y). If the first shell takes ¢ s to collide with second and At be the time interval between the firings, then x= v00s0,t= ¥0050,(¢-A2) (1) and y= vo sin 01-5 gt? y = vosin®,@-a)-Fee-wP @ [E (ay) From Eq. (1) t= = @ | Pp 2 From Eqs. (2) and (3) KS 9, 2vpsin (0, - 0, Papieta tae clan) mena aaa & (Cos 0, + cos 0,) x According to the problem 4 @) a vy or dy= vydt Integrating qa) And also we have s. ay or de= aydt= avotdt (using 1) i eee pea yee So, fe ay fede, of, xm pargttn 7 (using 1) d ‘ (b) According to the problem enaaaeTaey @ So, ve Vee Vinee? ww _@y dy __@y w= Be 7 a Vijeay? at Vis (ly Therefore Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time. So,1.35 1.36 Hence w,=-ViF ow = V ee —Or . __tvo 1+ (ay/va) Vit (wy (@) The velocity vector of the particle Ve ais bxj ae 80, Fea: De From (1) fe- afd on x= at 0 ° And dy = bx dt= bat dt y ' ; ees Integrating Sfe- wo fea on, y= abe From Eqs. (2) and (3), we get, y= ee (0) The curvature radius of trajectory y (x) is 3 14(dy/ae? P Re [yra] Let us differentiate the path Eq. y= ge with respect to x, Heb, ang PY ae aa and ae From Eqs. (5) and (6), the sought curvature radius : ae a{,.(e raft] In accordance with the problem But So, vdve= (at) ds= adr” on, vdv= ai-dr= adx (because a°is directed towards the x-axis) So, Soave afar 0 0 Hence v= 2ax or, v= V2ax 21 qa) @ @) @ ©) 6)22 1.37 1.38 The velocity of the particle v= at dv So, Gama Oy 2 gh vid? And wy Fo FZ (using v = at) @ From so fvde ' -2aRn= afvde= dar? 0 dan 2 S., an ® From Eqs. (2) and (3) w, = 4am, Hence w= Vwiew? = Vas (many = aVi+ lon my = 08 m/s? According to the problem Iw l= Lal For v(0), =f - a Integrating this equation from vy< v< v and Os ts t a dil Yo J S-ife ne % ° *R 2 vdv vi Now for v(s), - “7 >= F , Integrating this equation from vos vs v and Os sss dv 1 v s So, fen ds or, nek My ° Hence ve we @) (©) The normal acceleration of the point 2 pam w,= = —— (using 2) And as accordance with the problem [wy | and w, tt, LW, ty i) R Iw, 2 so, wa V2w,= V2 ge = VE139 1.40 141 23 From the equation v= avs dads a 2 “GE IVE an DET ye we be HE nO ROR As w, is a positive constant, the speed of the particle increases with time, and the tangential acceleration vector and velocity vector coincides in direction. Hence the angle between v*and Wis equal to between w, 1 an w, and a can be found by means of the formula : From the equation I= asinot 4 ye aocswt a So, w= Qa) w,= f= Coos ot @ (@) Atthe point 1= 0,sinws= 0 and cosws= = 1 50, or= 0, x ete. eo Hence w= w, “2 Similarly at = 2 a, sinwt= + 1 and cos @f= 0, so, w,= 0 Hence As w,= a and at t= 0, the point is at rest So, v(0) and s(0) are, v= at and s= fat? a Let R be the curvature radius, then v_ at? 2as Wen Re GTR cosing 1) But according to the ‘problem w, = br4 22 2 So, bt*= o, R= 5= ie (using 1) @) rac] ‘Therefore we Vor ang = Vals (2as/R)? = V a? + (4s? / a)" (using 2) Hence we aV 1+ (4697/0)24 1.42 (a) Let us differentiate twice the path equation y (x) with respect to time. dt dt* gp? dt de Since the particle moves uniformly, its acceleration at all points of the path is normal and at the point x= 0 it coincides with the direction of derivative d” y/dt”. Keeping in mind Dray tt, AY. a (8) +] that at the point x= 0, |= -% We get we fy =2av=w, dt leno aoe or Red So, w= 2avie F, or R= 2- Note that we can also calculate it from the formula of problem (1.35 b) (b) Differentiating the equation of the trajectory with respect to time we see that ad d 2 Gt ay - 0 @) which implies that the vector (b"xi"+ a”yjJ is normal to the velocity vector ve er DF wnicn, of course, is along the tangent. Thus the former vactor is along the normal and the normal component of acceleration is clearly 2 dx dy i: bx aat “oD "Os ayy on using w,= Wen | 7]. Atx= 0, y= * band soatx=0 erate np Differentiating (1) si) Bh ta) ot8) Also from (1) Bonx-0 So 2) = = v (since tangential velocity is constant = v ) Thus (3)-=3 249 ant ov e wf = ea n| GEOR This gives R = a’/b.25 143 Let us fix the co-ordinate system at the point O as shown in the figure, such that the radius vector 7°of point A makes an angle @ with x axis at the moment shown. Note that the radius vector of the particle A rotates clockwise and we here take line ox as reference line, so in this case obviously the angular velocity o= -2 taking anticlockwise sense of angular displacement as positive. Also from the geometry of the triangle OAC R r Sind” Sin Gerdoy 7 77 2Reos0. Let us write, F™= reosOjtrsinOj= 2Rcos*Oj% Rsin20j” Differentiating with respect to time. Hy v% 2R2c050(- sin 0) 22 742.8 cos2040~ on an(=30 2) {sin2 077 cos207) of, Y= 2Rw(sin20i— cos? Oj) So, |¥] or v= 20R=0-4m/s. As © is constant, v is also constant and w, = 2. 0, 2 2 v?_ (2oR) ao 2 So, we wn = GORY. 4u?R~ 032 m/s Alternate : From the Fig. the angular velocity of the point A, with respect to centre of the circle C becomes d(28) -d0 > 2 1 )-20- constant Thus we have the problem of finding the velocity and acceleration of a particle moving along a circle of radius R with constant angular velocity 2. Hence v= 2oR and (20RP a = 40°R 1.44 Differentiating @ (1) with respect to time 19 oe at a dt For fixed axis rotation, the speed of the point A: y vewR= 2a: or R= 7 @26 1.45 1.46 Differentiating with respect to time w= en 2aR= ©, (using 1) at 2 |? But wR" year 2aty (using 2) So, wa Vwlew? =V(v/t)+(2atvy a iVie4aa The shell acquires a constant angular acceleration at the same time as it accelerates linearly. The two are related by (assuming both are constant) ~ 2nn Where w= linear acceleration and B =_angular acceleration Then, o= V2B2an= V 2 (any But v?= 2wl, hence finally 2anv o= Let us take the rotation axis as z-axis whose positive direction is associated with the positive direction of the cordinate @, the rotation angle, in accordance with the right-hand screw rule (Fig.) @ nee p(t) with respect to time. Lu a-3bt7= 0, (1) and z a ep 2, oe Gin Ben -6b8 Q From (1) the solid comes to stop at Ar= r= V4 OL The angular velocity w= a-3bt?, for 0= Sar Similarly B= |B,|= 6b for all values of £.27 y~ Lbat a OFat “Pe, dt So, 27 147 Angle ais related with |w,| and w, by means of the fomula : > Where w,= @7R and |w,|= BR qa) where R is the radius of the circle which an arbitrary point of the body circumscribes. From the given equation B = a. at (here B= do » as B is positive for all values of £) Integrating within the limit f deo a fede or, onfar? 4 So, meena (22) netite and Jw, l= BR= atR Putting the values of |w,| and w, in Eq. (1), we get, @rtR/4 at? 4 want tt, Po ro [(4)ana] ws 1.48 In accordance with the problem, B, < 0 ‘Thus -2. k Vo, where k is proportionality constant or, -J 9e-efae or, Vo = Van~ 4 @ When w = 0, total time of rotation t= t= ane28 1.49 1.50 2Vang/k 2,2 f (oe okay dt a ; ‘wdt erage angular velocity < @ > = ————EEE fat 2Ve /k ee peal a Hence < @ >= | ot + F>- ‘0g Vou? /2 = @/3 dp, We have w= wy— ag = Integratin this Eq. within its limit for (@) ¢ ‘ ' Saige [tron “7 7 0 Hence o- Pa-et) @) (b) From the Eq., @ = wy ~k@ and Eq. (1) or by differentiating Eq. (1) ake w= oye Let us choose the positive direction of z-axis (stationary rotation axis) along the vector By In accordance with the < caution do, TB 8 OTe Be or, 0,d0,= B,dp= A Integrating this Eq. within its limit for ©, (@) “ ° fao.- Bof cosody ° oF oe si or, 2 7 Bosing Hence, = = V2 Bysing ‘The plot «, (7) is shown in the Fig. It can be scen that as the angle @ grows, the vector GF first increases, coinciding with the direction of the vector Bg («, > 0), reaches the maximum. at p= @/2, then starts decreasing and finally turns into zero at @ = x. After that the body starts rotating in the opposite direction in a similar fashion (w, <0). As a result, the body will oscillate about the position @ = @/2 with an amplitude equal to x/2.29 1.51 Rotating disc moves along the x-axis, in plane motion in x-y plane. Plane motion of a solid can be imagined to be in pure rotation about a point (say J) at a certain instant known as instantaneous centre of rotation. The instantaneous axis whose positive sense is directed along @ of the solid and which passes through the point /, is known as instantaneous axis of rotation. Therefore the velocity vector of an arbitrary point (P) of the solid can be represented as : we wary, ® On the basis of Eq. (1) for the C. M. (C) of the disc y te tei ® According to the problem tt i and Tt Fie. wi @Lx-y plane, so to satisy the Eqn. (2) 72; directed along (—j ). Hence point oe xe is at a distance roy = y, above the centre of 0) the disc along y-axis. Using all these facts in Eq. (2), we get Ye Yom wy or y= @) (a) From the angular kinematical equation ©," Oe +B, t @ w= Bt. On the other hand x= vt, (where x is the x coordinate of the C.M.) z or, re (6) From Eqs. (4) and (5), = v - yy, Using this value of w in Eq. (3) we get y= spe 2 (b) As centre C moves with constant acceleration w, with zero initial velocity (hyperbola ) So, xedwi and v,= wt ax Therefore, ven WY » VoEw ¥ VOwe Hence yoge “a (parabola)30 152 1.53 ‘The plane motion of a solid can be imagined as the combination of translation of the C.M. and rotation about C.M. So, we may write y= Vet = %tOxKe (1) and Wat Wot Wye Wet o?(—Mmc)+(BXM%c) @) Tac is the position of vector of A with respect to Ce In the problem v, = v= constant, and the rolling is without slipping i.e., vos v= oR, So,’ wc = 0 and f= 0. Using these conditions in Eq. (2) =a > a yen Wam ©7(=r4c)= OP R(~ tac) ™ (tae) Here, ity ¢ is the unit vector directed along 7, ¢- 2 a R Hence w,= %- and wy is directed along (~ ii, ¢) of directed toward the centre of the wheel. (b) Let the centre of the wheel move toward right (positive x-axis) then for pure tolling on the rigid horizontal surface, wheel will have to rotate in clockwise sense. If w be the angular velocity of the wheel then w = ee Vp Let the point A touches the horizontal surface at t= 0, further let us locate the point A att=1, When it makes @ = wf at the centre of the wheel. From Eqn. (1) ope ieee = vit (-k)x [Ros 0 (-j) +R sin 8 (-i)] or, Hx vid OR [cos ot -F}+sin oj] =(v- = cos wt) i+ v sin wt] (as v= wR) So, vy= V (v-vcos wr)? + (v sin ws)® = vV2(1-cos wt) = 2vsin (wt /2) Hence distance covered by the point A during T= 2x/w 2x/e a= Snare f 2vsinonr a x. 8R. Let us fix the co-ordinate axis xyz as shown in the fig. As the ball rolls without slipping along the rigid surface so, on the basis of the solution of problem 1.52 : Wn 4 T ere 0 | Thus v= oR and @tt(-k) as Wtti @)31 ad @,+ Px 7 = 0 and we= BR and Btt (-k) as wetti A VetWR=Va At the position corresponding to that of Fig., in accordance with the problem, B Wem W, SO V.= We Bel exe and w= Eo and B= % (using 1) 4 V5 RR (a) Let us fix the co-ordinate system with the frame /777777 attached with the rigid surface as shown in the Fig. As point O is the instantancous centre of rotation of the ball at the moment shown in Fig. 50, = 0, Now, melvaenre = voit OC E)XRGY= (ve+ oR) So, Wx 2voi= 2miG 1) Similalry ¥p= 5+ Tx how voit o(-k)xRG) = vet OR (-j)* Veit Ve(-F) So, vg=VZ v,=VZ wt and Vf is at an angle 45° from both iand j (Fig.) 0) y= e+ 07-79.) + BRT A W #2 = 0 7c) = Clloc) (using 1) where tigg is the unit vector along Foc directed towards the centre of the ball Now Wy, = We +0? (- To) + BX ie be = wita?R(-j)+B(-E)xR]- 2 (using 2) and Wy is ” wepryirZcis (using 1) = awe BE id -V awe =2wV a+r) Similarly Wy = We + 07 (~ 750) + BX Fac = wit oR (HT +B CERO So, Ee (Stans (using 1)32 = (+) wi eins 2 wey ew? So, Wy 1.54 Let us draw the kinematical diagram of the rolling cylinder on the basis of the solution of problem 1.53. A VaziMe _WetBr \ ey We (Br ve=VaVe As, an arbitrary point of the cylinder follows a curve, its normal acceleration and radius of curvature are related by the well known equation so, for point A, or, 4r (because v,= wr, for pure rolling) Similarly for point B, Wain) = R Wy, Ry” ar cos 45° = Fe or, Ry= 2V2— = 2v2r or 1.55. The angular velocity is a vector as infinitesimal rotation commute. Then the relative angular velocity of the body 1 with respect to the body 2 is clearly. G28, - a, as for relative linear velocity. The relative acceleration of 1 w.r.t. 2 is (#),137 33 where S' is a frame corotating with the second body and S is a space fixed frame with origin coinciding with the point of intersection of the two axes, ‘ dB) (do) - ut a | lahore Seesstnees &, Since S$‘ rotates with angular velocity wi, . However ( a ) = 0 as the first body rotates Is with constant angular velocity in space, thus Ba @ xi Note that for any vector By the relation in space forced frame (k) and a frame (k’) rotating with angular velocity @ is Z| al +e elle Wehave @= ati+br?j Q) So, w= V (at? + 67) , thus, ol, jo, = 7.81 rad/s Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to time Be 2 e artanj @ So, B= Va's (2b and Bl, 10. = 1:3 1ad/s ) cose SB, ati bj) (ois 27) OB TV (ai)? + o>? Va? + bir Putting the values of (a) and (6) aitd'taking ¢ = 10s, we get ae 17° (@) Let the axis of the cone (OC) rotates in anticlockwise sense with constant angular velocity &" and the cone itself about it’s own axis (OC) in clockwise sense with angular velocity @&y (Fig.). Then the resultant angular velocity of the cone. Be T +d, (Q) As the rolling is pure the magnitudes of the vectors @ and a, can be easily found from Fig. oaaeeetP, = Roara? C0" WR @) As @ 1G from Eq. (1) and (2)34 1.58 o- Vo" van Ri v_\ (vy v (rare) +f] * Rosa” 231d/s (b) Vector of angular acceleration d@ +0) do Ben at (as = constant.) The vector Gy which rotates about the OO! axis with the angular velocity @, retains i magnitude. This increment in the time interval dt is equal to [dG |= we w! dt or in vector form diy = (@" x By) dt. ‘Thus T xB G ‘The magnitude of the vector Bris equal to B= ww (as D135) 7_vy aes 2:3 rad/s R i Bm ReotaR The axis AB acquired the angular velocity O = Be (1) 0 Using the facts of the solution of 1.57, the Sars angular velocity of the body WHBE w= Varro” = Voip + B30? = 0°6 rad/s Wo A And the angular acceleration. de d@+%) ad 4% Cad eee So, B= (Bor x @) + Bo As, BoLa@y so, B= V (oy By + Be = By V1 + (af = 02 rad/s?2 1.59 161 35 THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS Let R be the constant upward thurst on the acrostat of mass m, coming down with a constant acceleration w. Applying Newton’s second law of motion for the aerostat in projection form F,= mw, mg-R= mw (a Now, if Am be the mass, to be dumped, then using the Eq. F, = mw, R-(m- Am) g= (m-Am)w, @ From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get, Am= 22 gtw Let us write the fundamental equation of dynamics for all the three blocks in terms of projections, having taken the positive direction of x and y axes as shown in Fig; and using the fact that kinematical relation between the accelerations is such that the blocks move with same value of acceleration (say w) my 8 -T,= mow Qa) x T,-T,- km, g=m,w @ and T,- kg = mw @ The simultaneous solution of Eqs. (1), (2) and @) yields, -k wan gLto= kl +m) } +4 Tig + Mi, +, (+k) Mm and Te cares ‘mog As the block my moves down with acceleration w, so in vector form ae Ion km + ma) 18" Mg + my + My Let us indicate the positive direction of x-axis along the incline (Fig.). Figures show the force diagram for the blocks. Let, R be the force of interaction between the bars and they are obviously sliding down with the same constant acceleration w.36 1.62 Newton’s second law of motion in projection form along x-axis for the blocks gives : m,gsin ak, m,gcosa+R= mw () m,gsina-R-k,m,gcosa= m,w @ Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get km, + we gina eos oH ang m, +m, Ru Ma (ky ~ be) B cos. a @ m +m, (©) when the blocks just slide down the plane, w= 0, so from Eqn. (3) i k, gsin a. - g cosa oF, (mm, + m,) sina = (km, + kym,) 00s (ky my + km) “Ma, +My ‘Case 1. When the body is launched up : Let k be the coefficeint of friction, u the velocity of projection and / the distance traversed along the incline. Retarding force on the block = mg sina +k mg.cos.c and hence the retardation = gsina + kg cos a. Using the equation of particle kinematics along the incline, O= w-2(gsina+kgcosa)! 2 Hence tana= * '* Teiaa+tgeoa) ” and O= u-(gsina+kgcosa)t or, u= (gsina+kgcosa)t Q Using (2) in (1) l= 4 (sina +kg cosa)? @ Case (2). When the block comes downward, the net force on the body = mg sin a — kom g cos a and hence its acceleration = g sina - kg cos Let, ¢ be the time required then, In 4 @sin a — kg cosa) 1’? 4 From Eqs. (3) and (4) 2 | sina-koosa (according to the question), Hence on solving we get37 1.63 At the initial moment, obviously the tension in the thread connecting m, and m, equals the weight of my (@) For the block m, to come down or the block m, to go up, the conditions is m,g-T20 and T-mygsina-fr20 where T is tension and f, is friction which in the limiting case equals km,g cosa. Then or ma g-m,sina> km, gcosa on 725 (cos a +sina) Noo " (©) Similarly in the case T Mm, 8 Sina m2 8> Flin fr of, m, g sin & - mg > km, g cos dg mg. or, 7 < (sin - kos a) my (©) For this case, neither kind of motion is possible, and fr need not be limiting. Hence, (kos 0 + sin a) > 2 > (sin a - kos a) 1 1.64 From the conditions, obtained in the previous problem, first we will check whether the mass m, goes up or down. Here, m,/m, = > sin a + kcos a, (substituting the values). Hence the mass m, will come down with an acceleration (say w). From the free body diagram of previous problem, m,-g-T= mw Q) and T-m,gsina—km,gcosa= m,w 2 Adding (1) and, (2), we get, m,g-m,gsina—km,gcosa= (m, +m) w os (m,/m, -sina-koosa)g (y-sina-kcosa)g (1+ m,/m) 1+ Substituting all the values, w= 0-048 g =0-05 g ‘As m, moves down with acceleration of magnitude w= 0.05 g > 0, thus in vector form acceleration of m,: ape Mosina-keosa)” yo. *, oe 0.05 z° 1.65 Let us write the Newton’s second law in projection form along positive x-axis for the plank and the bar fr= m,w,, fre mw, @)38 1.66 1.67 At the initial moment, fr represents the static friction, and as the force F grows so does the friction force fr, but up to it’s limiting value Le. fr = frigmaxy= KN = km, g. fr. [maf F Unless this value is reached, both bodies moves [mm] Fp as a single body with equal acceleration. But as soon as the force fr reaches the limit, the bar starts sliding over the plank i.e. w, 2 W,. Substituting here the values of w, and w, taken from Eq. (1) and taking into account that f= kim g,we obtain, (at ~ kan, g)/m, 2 ee , were the sign "=" corresponds to the moment " t= tg (ay) k Hence, fp oe al +m) 1 It ty then w,= 22 (constant), and m Wz = (at - km, g)/m, On this basis w, (t) and w, (2), plots are as shown in the figure of answersheet. Let us designate the x-axis (Fig.) and apply F,= mw, for body A: mg sin.-kmgcosa= mw or, we gsina-kg cosa Now, from kinematical equation : Isec a = 0+ (1/2) wr? or, t= V2Tseca/Gina — kos a) ' = V21](in2 0/2 - kcos" a) g ra (using Eq. (1)). a( Sp teas a) for tain ar A i ie. 20820 2b eosasina = 0 or, tan2a= -joa- 49° and putting the values of a, k and I in Eq. (2) we get fyi, = 18. Let us fix the x-y co-ordinate system to the wedge, taking the x-axis up, along the incline and the y axis perpendicular to it (Fig.).39 Now, we draw the free body diagram for the bar. Let us apply Newton’s second law in projection form along x and y axis for the bar : T cos - mgsina-fr= 0 q@ TsinB+N-mgcosa= 0 or, N= mgcosa-TsinB @ But f, = kN and using (2) in (1), we get T= mg sina +k mg cos a/(cos B + ksin B) @) For T,,,, the value of (cos B + ksin B) should be maximum d (cos B + ksin B) So, ap = 0 or tnpek Putting this value of B in Eq. (3) we get, 7 = —mglsina +keosa) _ _ mg (sina + k cos a) Me Vie + /Vi ee Vitek 1.68 First of all let us draw the free body diagram for the small body of mass m and indicate x —axis along the horizontal plane and y — axis, perpendicular to it, as shown in the figure. Let the block breaks off the plane at t= f ie. N= 0 So, N= mg-atysina= 0 oy — Q) From F, = mw,, for the body under investigation : md y/dt= at cos a ; Integrating within the limits for v (t) mJ em acosa feat (using Eq. 1) ds acsar So, vn Gn Seay Q) Integrating, Eqn. (2) for s (t) cosa t? sn eS @ Using the value of t= to from Eq. (1), into Eqs. (2) and (3) mg cosa and se 28 cos & ve 2asin?a 6a’ sin? a40 1.69 Newton’s second law of motion in projection form, along horizontal or x-axis ie. 1.70 L1 F,= mw, gives. F cos (as) = my® (as a= as) or, Fcos (as) ds = mvdv Integrating, over the limits for v (s) E ¥ rn o8 (ds ¥ af 2F sina or ve ma = V2gsina/3a (using F= ™) which is the sought relationship. From the Newton’s second law in projection from : For the bar, T-2kmg = (2m)w @) For the motor, T-kmg= mw’ 2 Now, from the equation of kinematics in the frame of bar or motor : ie Loewy? @ From (1), (2) and (3) we get on eliminating T and w t= V 2/(kg +3) Tr Let us write Newton’s second law in vector from F'= m/w, for both the blocks (in the frame of ground). T+ m,g= mv, @ T+ m,g% mit, @ These two equations contain three unknown quantities W,, W, and T’, The third equation is provided by the kinematic relationship between the accelerations : <_oh t oe e ow We ew, hem 8) where Wis th acceleration of the mass my with respect to the pulley ot elevator car. ‘Summing up termwise the left hand and the right-hand sides of these kinematical equations, we getLn 41 Wir ih= 2% @ The simultaneous solution of Eqs+(1), (2) and (4) yields ao _ (04, = ms) Bt Dm hy wa ‘ m,™, Using this result in Eq. (3), we get,

Using the results in Eq. (3) we get W = @-%) m, +m, (b) obviously the force exerted by the pulley on the celing of the car = = 4mm, Fe -27= — mm, +m, GW) Note : one could also solve this problem in the frame of elevator car. Let us write Newton’s second law for both, bar 1 and body 2 in terms of projection having, taken the positive direction of x, and x, as shown in the figure and assuming that body 2 starts sliding, say, upward along the incline T,-m,gsina= m,», q gl N m,g-T,= mw ® Ti For the pulley, moving in vertical direction Ti from the equation F,= mw, 2T)-T,= (m,) m= 0 oh "mg. R | (as mass of the pulley m,= 0) 2 VX2 or T,= 27, @) As the length of the threads are constant, the mg. kinematical relationship of accelerations becomes w= 2, 4 Simultaneous solutions of all these equations yields : 25(272-sna] i 28(2 (ay mm w= As 11> 1, w is directed vertically downward, and hence in vector form42 1.73 1.74 Let us write Newton’s second law for masses m, and m, and moving pully in vertical direction along positive x - axis (Fig.) : mg T= mm, Wz « mm, B-T= my Woy @ T,-2T= O(as m= 0) or T,=2T oy Again using Newton’s second law in projection. form for mass my along positive x, direction Fig.), we get T,= my “ The kinematical relationship between the accelerations of masses gives in terms of projection on the x ~ axis Wiz t Wo 2 Wy 6) Simultaneous solution of the obtained five equations yields : [4 m, my + mg (m, - m,) 18 4 my my + Mg (mm, + m,) w= Tn vector form xe _ (4m mg + mig (omy - ma) 13 we em ue im m+ mm, +) As the thread is not tied with m, so if there were no friction between the thread and the ball m, the tension in the thread would be zero and as a result both bodies will have free fall motion. Obviously in the given problem it is the friction force exerted by the ball on the thread, which becomes the tension in the thread. From the condition or language of the problem w4,>w,, and as both are directed downward so, relative acceleration of M = Wy_— Wp, and is directed downward. Kinematical equation for the ball in the frame of rod in projection form along upward direction gives : Is A Oy Md? Q Newton’s second law in projection form along Tef vertically down direction for both, rod and ball =P gives, Me-fr= Mong @ fr mg -fr= mq ® wy pad Multiplying Eq. (2) by m and Eq. (3) by M mi and then subtracting Eq. (3) from (2) and after ¢ using Eq, (1) we get y __21Mm M a =m ‘t