INTRODUCTION

The word manufacture is derived from two Latin words, manus (hand) and factus
(make); the combination means made by hand. The English word manufacture is
several centuries old, and ‘‘made by hand’’ accurately described the manual methods
used when the word was first coined.1 Most modern manufacturing is accomplished by
automated and computer-controlled machinery

Technologically, manufacturing is the application of physical and chemical processes

to alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a given starting material to
make parts or products; manufacturing also includes assembly of multiple parts to
make products.

Systems of manufacturing refer to the ways of organizing people and equipment so

that production can be performed more efficiently.

The words manufacturing and production are often used interchangeably. The
author’s view is that production has a broader meaning than manufacturing.
 Primary industries
cultivate and exploit natural
resources, such as
agriculture and
mining.

Secondary industries Manufacturing is the

take the outputs of the
primary industries and
convert them
into consumer and capital
goods
principal activity in this
category, but construction
and power utilities are also
included.

Tertiary industries
constitute the service
sector of the economy
INTRODUCTION: STATE OF THE ART IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING. Materials,Processes,and Systems; Mikell P. Groover; JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., (2010)
 INTRODUCTION: STATE OF THE ART IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING. Materials,Processes,and Systems; Mikell P. Groover; JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., (2010)
FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING. Materials,Processes,and Systems; Mikell P. Groover; JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., (2010)
FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN
MANUFACTURING.
Materials,Processes,and Systems;
Mikell P. Groover; JOHN WILEY &
SONS, INC., (2010)
FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING. Materials,Processes,and Systems; Mikell P. Groover; JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., (2010)
FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING. Materials,Processes,and Systems; Mikell P. Groover; JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., (2010)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

Industry 4.0 is the current trend of automation and

data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It
includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of
things and cloud computing.

Source: DFKI, 2011

http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstr
uktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Material_fuer_S
onderseiten/Industrie_4.0/Final_report__Industrie_4.0
_accessible.pdf
http://www.assemblymag.com/articles/93619-industry-40-myths-vs-reality
 GERMANY INDUSTRY 4.0

FACTORIES
EUROPEAN HORIZON 2020 OF THE
UNION FUTURE

FRANCE INDUSTRY IN THE FUTURE

HIGH VALUE
UNITED KINGDOM MANUFACTURING
CATAPULT

INDUSTRIA
ESPAÑA
CONECTADA
M. Rüßmann et al.,Industry 4.0: The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries,
April 09, 2015, http://www.inovasyon.org/pdf/bcg.perspectives_Industry.4.0_2015.pdf
 https://smalltechtalk.wordpress.
com/tag/internet-of-things/

Things‘ are active participants in business, information and social processes where they
are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment
by exchanging data and information sensed about the environment, while reacting
autonomously to the real/physical world events and influencing it by running processes
that trigger actions and create services with or without direct human intervention.
H. Sundmaeker, P. Guillemin, P. Friess, S. Woelfflé, Vision and challenges for realising the Internet of Things,
CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things, 2010.
CHINA MANUFACTURING 2025; Putting Industrial Policy Ahead of Market Forces, European Chamber (2017)
http://www.eljueves.es/news/cataluna-crea-sus-primeros-independentistas-artificiales_499
http://www6.mityc.es/IndustriaConectada40/informe
-industria-conectada40.pdf
 Behzad Esmaeilian, Sara Behdad, Ben Wang, The evolution and future of
manufacturing: A review, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 39 (2016) 79–100

FUTURE EVOLUTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

SOME DEFINITIONS

REMANUFACTURING the process of restoring non-functioning, discarded, or traded-in

products (cores) to like-new performance

aims to create and distribute innovative goods that: minimize

SUSTAINABLE usage of resources (mfg. process inputs), and remove
MANUFACTURING unnecessary process outputs, including waste, toxic materials,
CO2 emissions over the product lifecycle

Sustainable manufacturing meets the requirement of the triple bottom line of

environmental, social and economic factors, while GREEN MANUFACTURING
targets environmental and social factors.
 Behzad Esmaeilian, Sara Behdad, Ben Wang, The evolution and future of
INDUSTRY 4.0 manufacturing: A review, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 39 (2016) 79–100

BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIES

SMART Manufacturing systems capable of handling, processing and
MANUFACTURING manipulating a huge amount of data
SYSTEMS
Big Data
CLOUD MANUFACTURING service platforms aim to virtualize
manufacturing capabilities, connect various manufacturing resources and
provide resource sharing.

CYBER-PHYSICAL smart factory and cyber computational–physical (machine) systems

SYSTEMS (CPS). These new models are based on integration of software and
embedded intelligence into industrial products. In CPS, machinery
is equipped with prediction tools that process data to extract
information and make real-time informed decisions

SOCIAL MANUFACTURING represents a system in which consumers are fully involved

in production. Recent progress in information technology,
3D printers and cloud technology are making social
manufacturing a reality. The information that consumers
put online impacts all the supply chain and manufacturing
activities.
Behzad Esmaeilian, Sara Behdad, Ben Wang, The evolution and future of
manufacturing: A review, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 39 (2016) 79–100
 TRENDING PROCESSES

ADITIVE MANUFACTURING

Rapid Prototyping INCREMENTAL SHEET FORMING

OTHERS

Micro and nano manufacturing

High Speed Machining

Efficient Machining Processes Located Heating assisted machining processes

Hybrid machining processes

Microforming
M. Geigerl (I), M. Kleine* (2), R. Eckstein’, N. Tieslerl, U. Engel’
Chair of Manufacturing Technology (LFT), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
http://www.coldheadermachinecorp.com/article.
Chair of Forming Technology (LFU), University of Dortmund, Germany
htm
MICROFORMING

Pins used for IC-carriers (LFT)

http://www sfs-onIine.com

Comparison of micro and macro deep drawing cups

F. Vollertsen, Z. Hu∗, H. Schulze Niehoff, C. Theiler
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 151 (2004) 70–79
 MICROMACHINING

Portion of micromilled trenches with stepped and

straight walls (scale bar = 100 μm)
Friedrich, C.R., Vasile, M.J., 1996, Development of the Micromilling Process for High-
Aspect-Ratio Microstructures, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 5/1:33-38.

The Delta Cube II prototype developed at EPFL:

Mechanical structure of the micro-EDM machine
K.P. Rajurkar, G. Levy, A. Malshe, M.M. Sundaram, J. McGeough,
X. Hu, R. Resnick, A. De Silva , Annals of the CIRP Vol. 55/2/2006

Scaling effect on tool geometry and wear (work material:

40CrMnMo7, 50 HRC, cutting speed: Vc = 200/100 m/min,
depth / width of cut: ap = ae = 0.04 x d, feed: fz = 0.01 x d,
number of teeth: 2, down milling, tool material: cemented
carbide with TiAlN coating
Weinert, K., Kahnis, P., Petzoldt, V., Peters, C., 2005, Micro-
Milling of Steel and Niti SMA, 55th CIRP General Assembly,
STC-C section meeting presentation file, Antalya, Turkey.
Dirk Herzog , Vanessa Seyda , Eric Wycisk, Claus Emmelmann,
Additive manufacturing of metals, Acta Materialia 117 (2016)
371-392
ADITIVE MANUFACTURING