Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brigette Mars
Contents
Flowers
One of the safest and most commonly used parts of the elder are the cream-colored blossoms. They are
expectorant, mildly laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic. They have traditionally been used as part of a spring
blood-purifying formula. Throughout history, elder flowers have been administered as a tea for treatment of
lung infections, measles and scarlet fever.
The elder flower is rather musk-scented. Some feel that its perfume is somewhat psychoactive. and this may be
the reason why so much lore and legend surround it. Elder blossoms are often used in herbal salves for tropical
application to the skin. Other common herbs included in such salves are comfrey leaves (Symphytum
officinale), calendula (Calendula officinalis) blossoms and plantain (Plantago major) leaves.
Elder blossoms are frequently made into a tea, sometimes with eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) and used as an
eyewash for conjunctivitis. Elder flowers are mixed with rosewater and applied to the eyes to improve vision.
Elder flower tea is a popular "spring tonic," taken first thing in the morning for several weeks. Elder flowers
have also been used as a traditional herb in smoking blends.
Nursing mothers have long loved the soothing ben-
Leaves
Elder leaves are primarily used for topical applications as an emollient and vulnerary. They were traditionally
mixed with tallow and made into an ointment for hemorrhoids, burns, bruises, sprains, chilblains, wounds,
hives, eczema, tumors and gout. Elder leaf salve is reported to be as effective as cortisone creams. Elder is most
beneficial in moving the stagnation associated with black-and-blue marks. Soaking cuts in a tea of elder leaves
before applying the salve is another common first aid application.
If your eyes feel heavy, steep a handful of elder leaves in two quarts of water. Lie down and place a cloth
soaked in the tea over your closed eyes.
Elder leaves can be used in foot baths to soothe tired swollen feet. They also can be warmed and applied to a
headache brought on by stress.
Elder leaves contain the alkaloid sambucine, a precursor of hydrocyanic acid, which is somewhat toxic. Thus,
the leaves are used only topically in ointments for sprains or bruises. Bruised leaves can be rubbed on the body
or worn under a hat to prevent being pestered by insects. Cooled strained leaf tea can be applied to plants to
discourage aphids.
Internally, elder leaves are used only with caution to cleanse the bowels, to promote sweating and to increase
urination.
Berries
The culinary, nutritional and medicinal properties of elderberries are legion. They lack the usual tartness of
other berries such as strawberries. Drying them improves the flavor. Dry them carefully to prevent mold from
growing. Dr. Bernard Jensen recommends elderberry tea as a remedy for ovarian and menstrual problems.
When made into a syrup elderberries help to coat and protect the throat. Elderberry jam is reported to cleanse
the kidneys.
Use elderberry tincture for the treatment of rheumatism. The high potassium content of elderberries makes them
a prime food or supplement for those suffering from angina or high blood pressure. Use elderberries to build
the blood and treat anemia.
Elderberries are used medicinally for catarrh, sore throats, fever and asthma. When cooked with a sweetener
into a thick syrup known as a rob they offer the same health benefits. Elderberries are excellent in pies,
cobblers, jam, chutney, muffins and puddings. Elderberries are rich in vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus and beta-
carotene. The berries may be dried and used in winter. Avoid green, unripe berries. The berries should be
cooked before eating, remove the seeds when making jam or wine. Elderberry jam is sometimes served as a
alternative to cranberry sauce, accompanying turkey or game.
Only the blue elderberries are edibleSambucus canadensis and S. carulea (found in North America) as well as
the European variety S. nigra. The red elder Sambucus pubens has toxic red berries and flowers that are conical
rather than flat-topped clusters. "Blue is true and red is dead," is a popular expression among herbal harvesters.
Bark
The pharmaceutical name for elder bark is Cortex sambuci. It is toxic in large amounts or if used for an
extended period of time. It is best aged for a year before using internally, much like the herb, Cascara sagrada.
European bark is considered safer than that collected in America. Sambucus canadensis is too high in
hydrocyanic acid and sambucine for internal use. Elder bark is greenish-gray and warty looking when it is
young. As it gets older it becomes black and cracked. It has been used as a purgative and emetic since the days
of Hippocrates. It contains volatile oils, albumen, resin, fat, wax, chlorophyll, tannic acid, viburnic acid, grape
sugar, starch and pectin. It is considered pungent, dry and warming. Elder bark is rarely used internally these
days because of its potential toxicity.
The flavor of elder bark is sweet at first and then becomes nauseatingly bitter. As a medicine, elder bark
primarily affects the liver, kidneys, stomach and
Wood
Elder has a hard white wood that is resilient yet easy to hollow out. Carpenters have long employed it, enjoying
its close grains and the fact that it polishes easily. The wood has a pleasant musky smell. The wood has also
been used for fishing rod parts, fishing floats, needles for net weaving, shoemaker's pegs, combs, bows,
skewers and small toys.
The hollowed-out twigs have been used as flutes, shepherd's pipes, taps for maple trees in syruping, blow guns
and elk calls. Elder twigs are very flexible and thus used to make baskets.
Native Americans had several innovative uses for the wood. The Shasta Indians used it to make, a special knife
to out the umbilical cord of a newborn.
Elder Fungus
There is a fungus that occasionally grows on the bark of elder trees in damp, shady areas, known as Judas ear.
Its botanical name is Hirneola auricula-judae. It is soft, purplish in color, resembles the shape of an ear, is
somewhat rubbery and can be gelatinous when fresh. It is eaten as a vegetable in China. In Chinese medicine it
is known as mu erh or yun-erh. The herbalist Gerard regarded it as having a binding and dry-
Teas
To make elder tea using the flowers, bring one cup of fresh cold water to a boil. Turn off the heat and add a
heaping teaspoon of dried flowers (2 teaspoons if fresh). Cover and allow to steep for about 10 minutes. Then
strain into a cup. Honey or lemon can be used as a flavoring, if desired.
Elderberries can also be made into a tea. Simmer 1 teaspoon of dried or two teaspoons of fresh berries in I cup
of water, covered, for 2 or 3 minutes. Mash the berries to extract their juice. Allow to sit another 5 minutes.
Strain.
One cup of elder tea can be consumed three times daily on a regular basis. However, if one is dealing with an
acute condition such as the flu, up to a cup every hour that one is awake can be used for a few days at a time.
Try brewing a quart of tea by quadrupling the recipe, straining it into a clean glass jar and refrigerating it for a
cooling summer iced beverage.
There must be a good reason to use elder bark as a medicine because it is strongly purgative. It may be wise to
consult with an herbalist first. To make tea from the bark, simmer 2 oz. of bark in I quart fresh cold water.
Simmer until it is reduced by half. Strain. Take 2 to 4 oz. at a time.
Tinctures
A tincture is an extraction of the medicinal properties of a plant that preserves well and is easy to use. To make
a tincture from elder flowers or elderberries, fill a clean jar with elder flowers or mashed elder berries (fresh or
dried), cover the herbs with vodka or brandy, adding an extra inch of alcohol, cover and allow to sit for 2
weeks or even up to 1 month. Every day, give it a good shake. After 2 weeks to 1 month, strain the herbs
through a clean piece of muslin or several layers of cheesecloth. Bottle in 1 oz. amber dropper bottles. Label.
Store away from light and heat. Tinctures will keep several years. If one cannot use alcohol, apple cider vinegar
or vegetable glycerin may be used instead. The shelf life of the latter two, however, will be shorter. Use these
up within a year or two.
Tinctures are very concentrated. For most elder flower tinctures, an appropriate dose would be 20 to 40 drops in
a bit of water. This can be taken 3 times daily for a chronic condition. However, if it is an acute condition, once
every 1 or 2 hours that you are awake would be more appropriate. To determine dosage for a child, to treat a
fever, for example, take the weight of the child and divide by 150. Thus a 50-pound child would get 1/3 of the
adult dose. The tincture can be put in a bit of water or juice to dilute the taste of the alcohol.
Compress
A compress is easily made by preparing elder tea from the flowers, soaking a clean cloth in the tea and applying
the cloth to the affected area. Compresses can be made from hot or chilled tea, depending on the person's needs.
For example, a headache may be relieved by an application of a cool elder flower compress.
Eyewash
Prepare elder flower tea. Strain well. Wait until the tea has cooled down to a comfortable temperature. Use an
eye cup from the pharmacy and rinse the eyes with the cooled tea several times. Elder flower eyewash soothes
sore or strained eyes.
Mouthwash
Prepare elder flower tea. For every cup of tea add 1 tsp. of salt and mix well. Gargle repeatedly.
Syrup
This is very delicious and beneficial for colds and flu.
Simmer 1 cup of fresh or 1/2 cup dried elderberries in 3 cups of spring water; add 1/8 tsp. powdered cloves, 1/4
tsp. powdered cinnamon and 1 inch of fresh chopped ginger root. Mash the berries with the water and spices
and simmer at a low boil for 1/2 hour. Strain. Return the liquid to the cooking pot and
Recipes
ELDER PICKLES
2 cups unripe green flower buds, with stems removed
1/4 cup salt
1 cup water
1/4 cup unrefined sugar
1 cup apple cider vinegar
Wash and drain the green buds and place them in sterilized jars. Dissolve the salt in water and pour over the
elder. Cover the jars with a cloth and allow them to sit undisturbed for 2 days. Drain and place the buds in 2
1/2 pint sterile canning jars. Cover with boiling vinegar mixed with the sugar. Fill to the top. Seat immediately.
Let sit for 3 to 4 months to allow flavor to develop.
ELDER FLOWER FRITTERS
1 cup cornmeal
1 cup unbleached white flour
1 lightly beaten egg
1 cup water
1 Tbsp. maple syrup
10 sprigs of fresh elder flower clusters
Enough oil to deep fry the clusters
Mix the first 5 ingredients together to make a batter. Heat the oil. Dip the blossom clusters into the batter and
then fry them in the hot oil 3 to 5 minutes. Drain on paper towels. Enjoy the elder fritters drizzled with some
maple syrup, honey or yogurt. They can also be enjoyed plain.
ELDER FLOWER VINEGAR
Steep 2 parts fresh elder flowers in 12 parts apple cider vinegar for two weeks. Strain through several layers of
cheesecloth. Discard the flowers and bottle the vinegar in clean bottles. A gourmet's delight, this is delicious on
salads. It can also be used as a gargle for sore throats and is an effective asthma remedy.
A Pest Deterrent
The elder tree in its own right is hardy and rarely suffers from insects, pests or disease. Farmers have long
considered it an ally indoors and out.
During cheese-making time, elder branches have been hung on the walls to repel flies. Well cared for animals
have worn a wreath of elder leaves to deter bugs. An infusion of the leaves can be poured into mole and mouse
holes to inspire them to find other living quarters.
Dwarf elder tea (sambucus ebulus) is used by organic gardeners for many reasons. A tea of the leaves applied
to cabbage and cauliflower prevents caterpillars from devouring them. Applying the infusion to corn deters
yellow flies. Turnips are immune to pesky flies when doused with a tea mixture of elder leaves or buds. The tea
can also be used on fruit trees to prevent blight. Sometimes other ingredients such as copper sulphate, iron
sulphate, nicotine, methylated spirit, slaked lime or soft soap are added to elder tea as a fruit tree blight remedy.
To make a spray to rid a plant of aphids or caterpillars, simmer 8 oz. of leaves in 1 quart of water for 30
minutes, stirring several times. Cool and strain out the herbs. Add 1 tsp. of dishwashing liquid and
A Dye Plant
Everyone enjoys having a little color brought into their lives. Throughout history, elder has done just that.
Elderberries yield a violet color. In times past, not only were the berries used to color hair and wine, but also to
enliven fabric and basket materials. Elder-berries have also been used to make beautifully colored inks and to
tint paper blue. With alum used as a mordant to fix the dye, the berries give a purple color, used best on wool
and silk. Elderberries mixed with alum and salt produce a lilac hue, and mixed with alum and cream of tartar
they make a lovely crimson shade. Chrome used as a mordant with elder-berries produces a blue dye and tin
used as a mordant produces blue gray.
Elder leaves combined with alum or chrome as a mordant dyes fabric green. When the leaves are mixed with
alum and salt, a lilac color emerges. Adding elder leaves to copper and acetic acid yields a
Harvesting
As far as herbs go, elder is easy to harvest, providing an abundance of food and medicine with a minimum of
effort. It is a joy to collect the delicious and useful parts of elder. Be careful not to disturb animals that may be
dwelling in the elder. The wise person always asks permission before collecting from this tree.
It is best to collect above-ground plant parts in the morning, after the dew has risen, but before the sun
Appendices
References
1. Wood, Matthew, The Book of Herbal Wisdom, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, 1997.
2. Zakay-Rones, Zichria, Ph.D., Varsano, Noemi, M.Sc., Zlotnik, Moshe, M.D., Manor, Orly, Ph.D., Regev,
Liora, Schlesinger, Miriam and Mumcuoglu, Madeleine, Ph.D., "Inhibition of Several Strains of Influenza
Virus in Vitro and Reduction of Symptoms by an Elderberry Extract, The Journal of Alternative and
Complementary Medicine, Volume 1, Number 4, 1995, pages 361369.
3. Williams, Dr. David G., "Cheap Insurance Against Viral Diseases," Alternatives for the Health Conscious
Individual, Volume 6, Number 5, November, 1995, pages 3336.
4. Zechelius, Brunhild, Dipl. Ecotrophologist, Study of a Juice Fasting Treatment Based on Elderberry Juice,
Elderflower Syrup, Elderberry Herbal tablets, Blood Purifying Drops, Diuretic Capsules and Various teas,
Empirical Study, 1988.
5. III Mach, Lukas, Kerschbaumer, Randolf, Schwihla, Herwig and Glö31ssl, "Elder Fruit Lectin Occurs in
Monomeric, Dimeric and Oligomeric Isoforms," Biochemical Journal, London, 315, 1061, pages 343344, 1996.
6. Nakatani, Nobuji, Kikuzaki, Hiroe, Hikida, Junko, Ohba, Mayumi, Inami, Osamu and Tamura, Itaru.
"Acylated Anthocyanins from Fruits of Sambucus Ca31nadensis," Phytochemistry, Volume 38, Number 3,
pages 755757, 1995.
7. Kirschmann, Gayla J. and Kirschmann, John D., Nutrition Almanac, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.
Resources
For more information on elder products, contact:
Flora, Inc. (makers of Sambu Internal Cleansing and Weight Loss Program)
P.O. Box 950 Lynden, WA 98264. (800) 446-2110
J.B. Harris, Inc. (makers of Sambucol, the flu remedy) 4324 Regency Drive, Glenview, IL 60025. (800) 941-
7747.
Frontier Herbs, P.O. Box 299, Norway, IA 52318. (800) 227-7996.
Star West Botanicals, 11253 Trade Center Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95742. (916) 853-9354.
Bibliography
Altman, Nathaniel, Sacred Trees, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1994.
Blochwich, Dr. Martin, Anatomie of an Elder, London, 1644.
Cunningham, Scott, Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs, Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul,
Minnesota, 1994.
Cutler, H.G., Household Jewels, W.R. Vansant, 1903.
Diamond, Denise, Living with the Flowers, Quill Press, New York, 1982.
Felter, Harvey Wickes, M.D. and Lloyd, John Uri, Ph.D., M., Ph.,D., King's American Dispensatory, Volume
II, Eclectic Medical Publications, Portland, Oregon, 1983.
Index
A
acne, 56
aging
and antioxidants, 37
lore, 76
AIDS virus, 29
albuminuria, 39
ale, 52
Algonquin Indians, 6, 7
alterative, 18
amulet, 76
anemia, 13
angina pectoris, 13, 39
animals and elder, 61-62
anise, 50
anthocyanins, 37
anti-inflammatory, 19, 50
see also inflammation
anticatarrhal, 18
see also catarrh
antidandruff, 56
antioxidants, 30, 37
see also free radicals
antirheumatic, 19
see also rheumatism
antiseptic, 19, 55
see also infection
antispasmodic, 19
antiviral, 19, 27-31
anxiety see fretfulness
aperient, 19
see also constipation;
digestive; laxative
aphid spray, 12, 59-60
aromatherapy, 41-42
arthritis, 15
asthma, 13, 30, 39, 51, 52
astringent, 19, 55
B
bark, elder, 14-15
as dye, 61
protein content, 36
teas, 23
toxicity, 14
bee sting treatment, 60
bergamot, 42
berries, elder, 13-14, 64
anthocyanin content, 37
betacarotine content, 13
calcium content, 13
as dye, 60-61
as food, 13, 44-49
see also jam;
juice as food for animals, 61-62
harvesting, 69-70
phosphorus content, 13
potassium content, 13
preserving, 70
protein content, 28
stewed, 48
syrup, 25-26
teas, 23
tinctures, 24
toxicity, 64, 78
vitamin content, 13
betacarotene, 13
bioflavonoids, 43
birch, 33
Blockwich, Martin, 4-5
blood pressure, 35
bone marrow
fractionation, 36
transplants, 28, 36
boneset, 50
botany, of elder, 63-65
buds, as dye, 61
burdock root, 51
burns, 7, 12
C
calcium, 13
calendula, 11
calmative, 19-20
see also fretfulness
cancer
and lectins, 37
see also bone marrow;
leukemia
canning of berries. 70
carminative, 20
see also digestive
Carrier Indians, 7
cascara sagrada, 14
D
d-sambunigrin, 79
dandelion wine, 52
dandruff, 56
Dane's elder see Sambucus ebulus
decongestant, 20
see also colds;
congestion;
flu
Delaware Indians, 6, 7
detoxification, 32-35, 72
diaphoretic, 20, 30, 32
see also cleansing;
rashes
digestive, 20, 43, 50
Dioscorides, Pedanius, 4
disutient, 20
see also cancer
diuretic, 10, 14, 20, 32
see also kidney function
dizziness, 39
Doctrine of Signatures, 9
dosages, 40
children, 24
syrup, 26
tinctures, 24
dropsy, 17
druids, 4
dwarf elder see Sambucus ebulus
dye,14, 56-57, 60-61
E
earache, 51
eczema, 12, 51
edema, 8
elder
as alcoholic beverage, 52-54
as approved drug, 78
botany of, 63-65
and complexion, 55-58
description, 1
dosages, 23-26, 40
and the environment, 61-62
etymology, 2
as food, 7, 45-49
growing, 60-68
harvesting, 68-70, 73
history, 4-8
lore, 71-77
nutrient content, 43-44
parts, 11-17
in perfumery, 42
preparations, 23-26
preserving, 70
properties of, 18-22
as protection from evil, 72, 75, 77
recipes, 45-49
research, 27-29, 34-35, 36-37
species, 2, 63
synonyms for, 3
toxicity, 78-80
uses, 59-62
see also bark;
berries;
flowers;
leaves;
wood
elder absolute, 41-42
elder blow, 43-44
elder blow wine, 53
elder fungus, 16-17
elder tree spirit, 73
F
facial mask, 57-58
facial tics, 14
facial wash, 55, 56
fatigue, 57
febrifuge, 21
see also fever
fennel, 50
fever, 6, 7, 13, 50
see also febrifuge
fiber supplements, 33
fizz, 53
flavonoids, 29
see also bioflavonoids
flaxseed, 33
flowers, elder, 11-12, 64
as dye, 61
essence, 41-42
as facial wash, 55
in food, 43-49
harvesting, 69
oils, 57
teas, 23
tinctures, 24
see also nectar
flu, 1-2, 27, 28-29, 52
fluid retention, 15, 40
folklore, 71-77
food coloring, 14
fractionation, 36
freckles, 55
free radicals, 32
see also antioxidants
fretfulness, 3-40, 41, 43, 56
see also nervines
fritters, 45
fruit tree blight, 59
furniture of elder wood, 72
G
galactagogue, 21
ginger root, 30, 50
Gitskan Indians, 7
glycoproteins, 36
goldenrod, 50
gonorrhea, 6
gout, 12
GRAS, 78
green elderberry ointment, 6
growth of elder, 66-67
gypsy lore, 72
H
haemagglutinins, 36
hair conditioner, 56
harvesting of elder, 68-70
hay fever, 50
headache, 6, 7, 12, 25, 39
heart disease, 6
hemorrhoids, 5, 6, 12
herb combinations, 50-51
high blood pressure, 13
Hippocrates, 4
Hirneola auricula-judae, 16-17
hives, 12
see also rashes
homeopathic medicine, 39-40
Houmas Indians, 6
hydragogue, 21
see also edema
hydrocyanic acid, 14, 79
hyssop, 50
I
immune system, 29-30
and antioxidants, 37
Indians see Native Americans
infants see children
infection, 6
see also antiseptic
inflammation, 6, 12, 17, 39
see also anti-inflammatory
infusions, 56
insect repellent, 7, 60
insomnia, 76
Iroquois Indians, 6, 7
J
jam, 13, 43, 48
jaundice, 6, 15
Judas ear, 16-17
juice, 27, 33, 44
as dye, 56-57
juniper, 33
K
kidney function, 6, 10, 13, 33
see also diuretic
Kniepp, Father, 8
''knock on wood", 73
L
landscape planting, 68-69
M
marshmallow root, 51
measles, 6, 30
meditation, 72
Menominee Indians, 7
menstrual problems, 13
Meskwaki Indians, 7
Mexican elder see Sambucus mexicana
Mohegan Indians, 7
moisturizer, 58
mosquito repellent, 60
mountain ash, 79
mouthwash, 25
mucus see congestion
muffins, 46
mullein, 51
mumps, 6
muscle spasm, 39
N
Native Americans, 44
elder lore, 73-74
elder use, 6-8
elder wood, 15-16
nectar, 61
nervines, 21
see also fretfulness
nervous system, 9-10
nervousness see fretfulness
neuralgia, 14
neuraminidase, 29
newborns see children
nigrin, 36
O
oak moss, 42
oat bran, 33
oil, 57
ointments, 5, 12
see also emollients;
salves
Ojibwa Indians, 7
oregano, 50
Oriental medicine, 39
P
pain, 6, 39, 51
Paiute Indians, 7
pancakes, 46
pemmican, 7
peppermint, 30, 50
perfumery, 42
phlegm see congestion
phosphorus, 13
pickles, 45
pie filling, 49
Pima Indians, 7
plantain, 11
plant pests, 59
potassium, 13
potassium phosphate, 43
potassium sulfate, 43
pregnancy
and elder, 38, 79
and elder bark, 15
in elder lore, 74
preserving of elder, 70
propagation of elder, 67
proteins, 28, 36
see also glycoproteins
pruning of elder, 67
psoriasis, 51
psyllium husk, 33
pudding, 48-49
purgative, 21
see also laxative
R
radiation, and fractionation, 36
rashes, 30
see also hives
rejuvenative, 21
see also restorative
relaxant, 22
see also asthma; fretfulness
respiratory system, 9
restorative, 22
see also rejuvenative
rheumatism, 7, 13, 14, 52-53
and elder lore, 76
see also antirheumatic
rice pudding, 48
rob, 13
rutin, 43
S
salves, 11-12
see also emollients;
ointments
sambucine, 12, 14
Sambucus canadensis, 2, 13, 43, 64-65
hydrocyanic acid content, 14
lectin content, 37
sambucine content, 14
Sambucus cerulea, 13, 65, 68
T
tapioca pudding, 48-49
teas, 13, 23-24, 30-31
in bath water, 56
black, 51
dwarf elder, 59
Thompson Indians, 7
tinctures, 13, 24
tonic, 22
toothache, 7
toxicity, 12, 78-80
bark, 14
red berries, 13, 64
travel lore, 74
tuberculosis, 30
tumors, 12
U
ungentum sambuci, 5-6
uvular inflammation, 17
V
vinegar, 45
viruses, 29
see also antiviral
vitamin A, 43
vitamin C, 13, 43
vomiting, 6, 14-15
see also emetic
vulnerary, 12, 22
see also burns;
hemorrhoids;
infam-mation;
wound healing
W
weight loss, 32, 35
wild indigo, 50
wine, 5, 6, 30, 52, 53-54
see also cordial
wood, elder
in bows and arrows, 7
in furniture, 72
for magic wands, 75
uses, 15-16
wound healing, 6, 12
wrinkles see complexion
Y
yarrow, 30, 50
yin-deficiency, 15
ylang ylang, 42
Yorock Indians, 16