* Solution means mixture. ® en7 angry amt ghz si substance wer 2 sar ae aw & & sir pute substance E) spr maximum Substance. misttwre 3) BRASS = CU+Zn GERMAN SILVER=CU+2yn BRONZ = Cu 4zn+ni LPPM FLUORIDE = PREVENTS TOOTH DECAY 1.5 PPM FLUORIDE = CAUSES MOTTLED OF TOOTH HIGH CONC, FLUORIDE = PolsoNoUs [NaF USED IN RAT PolSoN) YRS 4ramoz SOLUTION = SOLUTE +SOLVENT a ; aHomogensus mixture of two] mare than 4wWd Non-steacting wmponents is Called Solution # Every Solution ig 4 mixture but evens mixture is not a solution » Evesxy solution ig q miztwte but every mixture is Not A Solution LASSNOTE. t | i je IN SOLID SOLUTION = SOLID + Maybe anyone # IN LIQUID SoLUTION = LIQUID + Maybe Qmyjone aw iN) GAS SOLUTION= GAS + Maybe anyane. KOTACONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION lt seus srelative amount of SOLUTE present in SOLVENT/ In SBLUTION 1, DIOL ARITY (M ™) umber of motes Of SOLUTE Present i ONG LITRE oh Solution is called molarity M= MOLES OF SOLUTE = WEIGHT OF SOLUTE (gm) X 1000 VOUOF SDLUTION Mw OF SOLUTE XK Vem c 4 Molaxity At OC of 4 mot colute Im 1 Litne ig Colled DEMAL SOLUTION 4 Tt in question ontentxation ir ae specie then take MOLARITY j 2. MOLALITY (mm) | Numb et 44 males of so.uTe present in 1g SOLVENT oles of SoLUTE in= Mules of WT OF SotvENT (KQ) % molality % formula %+ votume ad aaa % thos why molality dient depend on temperature3. NORMALITY Numbot of getam equivalent OF Solute present in ONE LITRE Of solutim ig Called NORMALITY ya Meehan ey of solute _ Witm), 000 vol of Solution (vi. © Very) | Fos. 4 Parcticutorr Solute ij Ss [NXE = Mx Mw] ae \ } NXT = M1 . Gyr vet {N = MxveP | i aN vy valency saciy ar mr at i Cone) a equal erar ar ard: Cone) Bo sarer ers Thats why IM Ha Pi 13 PO LN HaPog he mxv-¢ N= mxvef Ne 1¥3 [ss SUK me 5Mae I > 4. FoRmaity _ WT OF SOLUTE FoRmULA WT OF SoLUTE % Ver) ® Et is mainly used for tonic Compounds Tn which motecules doemaot exist in aquar Solution eg> CuaCooH Uigcoow WT molecular weignt 60 Bar & aut Benzene W dimer form afar rar %) (ctgcoot),, Thai why Formula wieght ob Ciywon) =120 * if moleculax weight =formality then ee Nad; mw =58 hus 58 & STRENGTH _ WEIGHT OF SOLUT CIN gm) VoLUME OF SoLUTION In 4 liteedr6. IN Terms OF PERCENTAGE Lv] 7 BY WElGH(W) = wt oF SOLUTE 3), ‘a0 Wt OF SOLUTION BY VOLUME = Volume OF SoLUT ) VOLUME OF SOLUTION me 7 BY STRENGTH (WL) = WE OF soLUTE (9m) 1, VolumE OF SoLUTION (m2) NcERT hi | x commercial Bleeching = 3.62 mass percent Of sodium hypochlorite in waster we BS7 (Vv) Solution of Ethylene glycol Lowers the Freeziny Point OF wotey by yoTn cLASSHOTE4 More FRACTION —_—__ ee MOLE ERactiON = ives OF COMPONENT _ | TOTAL MOLE OF MIXTURE Comporl ent = () Molet = NA nB A x Mole Pa namburt Z| mote can nevey be negative By mole-peaction zevo Lo) er ar sural gor eut one an oe naman = od] ROTA ELASSNE (Wr Grd'x 1000 Ze = ei 6 GA xina i000} x A 1000 xp Ca x molality (m) auiTy *XB X (600 MOLALITY = xm Solve x AVEE SSS + 8 PARTS PER mLLION cppm) When amount of Souute is very- very fess then Conce rseotion ip expressed In terms of PP PPen = weight ot sdute x10® weight of Solution Phan = Volume of solute og Volume of Solution PP = Wt of Solute “106 Volume of Sol?” (Ne) NCERT CHEM % A dite bf Seq- Water (which weigh 1oS0 gm) Contains about 6x5?gm of disoled oxyaen * Hee prm & @ut Environmertal issue Ar chapter Biomagni fication Ir DT water 7 0.003 PPb (Parct pex billion) edt % x Hard Water WF cada ap coe" 5 ppm ge@sn. . 2oy by (wiv) nao Ht Solution find molerdty Be ny qu Solution Contains Qo gm NooH me wtxiooo = 20x1000 = 5M ~ "Mw Xv Ap X10d Om Caruiate te amount of oxalic acid Sequlred to Obtuned He 250 MU OF semimolax soutiv) fm oxalic. acid labir dinyduated form pede Bo assumed dihyured oxalic - Acie oxalic acid = (Con. AH20 H2l204-* AHad = _ we =632 Pa oe “w, . Ww Molaity = Ro RV GO és Wt xL000 = Tab X Aso o wt = 1S-FS gm o pom Bré oxalic acid Tear ear assume dihyadurted oxalic atid (Cov), -2Hs 4 BUTT Question A FrhydHour oxalie—aeid FFA er ar yemove tho and tke (coon).SL ao}. by werght Naw solution Find molality {00 gn Sotetfon Contes 2 gm NADH m= Moles of, Solute WE OF sotvertt LKI) _ Wop solute x1oo0 Mw ofsoluke x we of solvent cep = 20x 100 40% 80 = a= 6-25 Is Coleulate mam oh W.0r sequiyed in making as ke of Oras mola] aguas Solution fin, = Molality= motes of U2ee9 sa Went Of Sofvert O25 =< Wt of Urey X& [Ovo Mw v4 Urea Xt Oh Hoo Sec Wun 1000 O:8S>= So C aep0— Wire) Weight = 36-94 gm weight of Solute (UreA) = Wem We of Solutio = ay Ut Oh Stlvent = (2¢00-w) 4m= Equal mote Of V¥ea And Water Que taken in Q flack what ig mass pexcentage of Ustea and Molality of Solution Ane unen = % mel wt of yyes = %Xbo = 60x Ho = met WE tho= XXIF= ISX A woe = Wepht Of UA xi99 of Gig WAL QRT "Uma Segar oy Sunction picks eae (60x-+ (ex) 60 =— x10 co” X00 97 a B lalt — moles of colude \ mola = ign of exert CR) Sc mot % (000 xB) g = 55:5mM sn Calculate Nowmality Of Si (hv) Hrsg salution 4 = foo nd Solution have 5S Gm +thSo4 Nea Wt of Soluke_X [000 Eq wt of solute XVol™ Obs oLLH on = 5Xl0o0 44x (do = 52 = }|.02N 43*.' — _ oe fea Yk RELATION BETWEEN MOLARITY ANDMOLALITY tm] Lr re ™ x 1000 ~ (to0od— M xMw) Mw = Molecular wt Of Seeae = 3-4m * Ditech by -formuly ma MM xtoor Coted— mx Mw) m= 3:06 X006 Clete x1.2— 3.06 xg) m= 3.4—s Py... . - GM tem of Hoa + FF density ob splution 12 18 9r)o% Calculate ite molallty fos igm hsoq => [e mol HaS04 present in [bk Solution Pa WE of #509 = (18 x98) 10643 4 1000 "FX 1-8 ge 4 9 1g00qm solutt Solvent = 1600- (8x98 V ie Cloo- 98) (8x2 Be ym moles of solute = 1g mol X1009 — Soom wt of Solvent (Hy) 36 ke %_Dixect by Formuly wi u + _M xID00 itty (ooo. d— M XMwy) A8xtoop ~ Ctosox b8— (8X58) = 500™: FGENERALLY for AN ABUAS SOLUTION MDbLALITY > MDLARITY Im] > [m] 4 i moles of Solute > molec of Solute > Sto Sohent Volume of Solution Hexe mules ob Solute ate count But Solution ar Solverte SGT BY ean sate mM x MIXTURE FORMULAE FoR NORMALITY () WHEN SOLUTION OF ACID-@ASE AREMIXED NaVa— NbVp Nex = (Va Ve) (B) WHEN SOLUTION OF ACID~ Acp CARE MIKED fies Nava +Nava_ ~~ \(Vfatve) & MIXTURE FORMULAE FoR MOLARITY Te two Solutions Of Same solutes we mixed then +MaVa to (iM) Mmix pit d= tamim oR 4 >> 19m/mL then em)ee —— ES & Culauate volurne Of BN +2504 and an thSOt sol” Which should be mxed +0 Pxepaxe grits GSN HrS64 Solution. CwWater (g not Added) Ang Naixes Nivit Nove = Nuvi + Nave (Witv2) Veal Noix = SRV + 2X2 _ BV 2C2-V) a a 65 = Poe * IS= Bvt 4-4M Ms WSL Ns =0-5L 2 4 Calculate final MOLARITY When BL ob 3r1 Sugar Solution and 3L of 25M SUpar Splution avte mixed then diluted 4o |bL With water Ang Here Solution of same Solute Mginod = Mavi t™ 2 ViAVe 3x2 +aSX3 lol = 135m =as —" P =L Gluwlate the normauty Of Hasog In Mite OF foo mt of 0.2 M Has04 and 200 mi of; o-2m Hel th, eradr Tem ata AL EET Question wr class % He Studert A solve SOUT A agate wer WE Mixture a NoRmautTy ae Gar VI ower az Re tasog ar Gare Normale 4h$0q. in mi = Ime oh Hast a” i Total vol™ of rn ixtare ©-4% Ibs (oo + 200) mt aw 2 = TEN atx Question WY Hel aT NoRmptl ar N Ok Hdl in Mixture = Om ey 6h Hel Total Vot™ of mistuce = (0-2 x36) me (Boo) me = 0-02.4N OTA GCLASSNOTE:wy ee . ee & culate Normality oF following mixture ) 100 me} O-IN Ha 50 7m ob 0-2NaoH fw a) tomes Hel @) lomes, Na@OH KOTA GLASSNOTESAFTER DILUTION n C= ys Va = Final volume of sol” Va >Vi ae © Before dilution = After dilution CM = V2 Mv = Mav Nv = Nivy x Befove dihution and after dilution ar 3 toncentxastion | 2 ahh ar difference er sine volume ~ Bur Motes ar Same A CRT = GV= Gv2=Ne qc Cav.20 Vou CLUME STRENGTH / VOLUME CONCENTRATION OF Hada secuTia et Volume ob Oxygen gas( 02) at NTP/ STP obtained decomposition of unt volume Solution Of Hoo. is CUled volume strength of Hobe solution 2H202 ———>_ Bt +0 aml Lal 0. Lmtd —________+> £ msl = eo Let Or VOLUME STRENGTH 1.2V = In 4 Lifte sol” lmol Haba. = mid og)=11-2. Loxlsrs Bxtve in 1 libte SM Amst tho. 4 mot 0. = 22-4 Lol 33-6V =In 1 Lite SoM, Smal thor= 2 motor = 326 (cr Qn 5 Lit Solutio oF Hoo, on decomposition gives looLitd, at S1P. volume Strength th Had ? fy «5 Lite —> 100 Lit Or 1 litte ——9 we Lit Ov aol ° Ov fins eea ENGTH AND MOLARITY OF H10, SS : SEUTION BETWEEN voLuME S Let vome staengin of W202 solution be = 2%¥ Sey" mr meaning Br ALE Hod, stm decompose Ghir ay XLit Of02 powduce eTsT.( At NTP) ore XV means I Li} Hab. produces x Lit 02 (NTA) ! Yv oun Lait Hada Prodtuer Y¥ Ut On (NTP) lov nL dit Ho Produces 10 Lit 02 (NTA) BHs02 —————> 2H20 + 02 Amol aoe se amd 4——————__! ax, ee” . a \ SS) 224 ie ain GM Elva. ret x= Volume statength ViL) Tite af 2A ue _ VOLUME STRENGTH Li ty io S=NHE N= MxV-t = 4-17 =o = a6 N ex eee a ~ 56Ka soq- Ma (song +24 io (Mw=348) iN 106-8 qm Oh Pune. watex det wrommne molality oh Saltin Sart Sohution- fn = I4Z = o1mole Mle “aaR “2 imate. o% Pitiash alan wesy— (&x2dgm a Limete Ob Potiash alum Tr wine = CIxigxe4)gm = 43-2 9m — — # Sobection of potas ALUM iz PXEPared by Aissolving 9448 Fm of Pure crupitels of Totd wtof tp = [06-8+43.2 = (S0gm ° n Molakaty = W(selvent) ol} mot K 1000 QM 50 ML, IMHel Solution ig diluted by 155 mL Of water. Find out Gueentrution bf soLution fm, Mis Miva Ix Bo = Mz X200 Mi=im Qs same data above but ditt upts 150 mL BY, Miy=MaNo => IxTO= ML RISO > Mri = ™M == —_ inne; FoR en lei \ ———— a) — *™Moloity al vf Br muttiply weruT Novmality snare *Nowmality Ar Gpwt F muti ply SR sTRG TH snare STRENGTH wr Lo ZW devide WET Ww (WH) y HTAT EY VOLUME STRENGTH 1 = MOLARITY Te M oLARITY = ne 2 NORMALITY = eekeF STRENGTH = N KE = X xit : STRENGM = 2K AC ‘(rey Re wry Caleulate Strength of Aov Had. in Tens of @) Molaut: Ams bt9 ® Novwnaity mus 3-c8 © storerq7n fim = 60-86 @ + (W) Ams = 6.085 gust follow upper -formula caquonce and get ArsueraE EE _ a CU DISSOLVE IN GOLD AMELGUM OF Hg with Na SOLUTION OF Hy in Pd TYPES OF Sovutio SOLID SOLUTION Liavid SOLUTION GASEOUS SOLUTION SOLID Liaulp GAS SoLID Liauip Liauip Liauip LIauID GLUCOSE IN WATER ALCOHOL IN WATER, Or DISSOLVE IN WATER CAMPHOR IN NITROGEN GAS CHLOROFORM IN NITROGEN MIXTURE OF 0, €NN NzVAPOUR PRESSURE # Uauid sobutions ov 4onmed when cohent is a Higuid Solute maybe spits qa * Here we shall discuss te Solution ef solid and Liquid ¥ Generally Liquid solvent oore Volatile x Prressuxe exetted by Vapour wher) Lquid and its Vapour axe if dynamic equilibrivm # Vopouie priessue ef a pure Aguid is constant at Coutant tempecodwee x vapoux presse mainly depends upm W narwee of Lquld @) Tempercture UW) NATURE OFLIQUID ‘EE —— WTEMPEentuRE CT t= vt) # Tempocatuxe 2 ssrTar AP vapoun ects” STITT Vapour &T ower ay SuTeT er vapour prensurte. * CLASSIUS CLAPEYRON'S EQUATION £5. Sie Log (R)= Sawa (7 a) f, and fa = Vapour prestute a Liquid at tempocaru T and Tr capes Alvap = Heot Of yapourtisation R= Gas Constavt 4 EXAMINATION T sae Question aia ay PR Sr asm Classius Clapeysums equation ig = ; OSG (A) OT 4 ody OR) = SESE “AD © 44% (&) = ae (anm @ None Asn which vessel Ns mote Vapoun Pressure ? Why finn, «Goth have sme Vapiux PHESUXe because for Pure Lguid dt Umotartt semperuture vapour Prgaune ate smeEEE Nic SCERT Quesnon) Vapour psessuxe of chioseoform (cHets) and nd dichlovo meinang (cNch) Qt A9EK ate 200 m™ Hy - 415 mm tty siespectively W Calewate Vapour pressure ob solution prepared bf miking ASS g oh cudlg and 40¢ of cHth at 296K t) Mole faction of each Cormpanend in vapour phase Ans Mola mass Of CHach = 85 g maf Muon mass o ches = 119.5 gmat? Mole of Clty = Goose = 0-44 mal Moles of chdy= 98:52 _ = 9.213 G3) aN 19-5 rid! Total no of males 0-444 013 = 0.683701 X opuce) 2a 0.688 rf Oh | 0-683 mel ‘Kens = [— 0682 = 0-312 Protal = PO + ( A&R) Xo = Doo t (41S- 260) X 0-688 = 347.9 mm Hy UD Y= Pi preted = Pi = Ya Phot Putda= 0-688 Xs my = 28S. S rami peHd, = 0-3)1 X200 mm Ha = 62-4 mma = 2865 MMre . o.g> Jat = Sg omy yd, = 62-4mmHg _ p19RAoULT’s LAW (A) For Liavip- Li aviD system Ye} For sovip - Liauip sys TEM IA] For LinviD-Liavip system ee Liguth oF PaixTURE Pure Liquid xfer a solution of volatile Liquid Parcial-vapowt Pregguxe Off Onrug tornponenk. at Cons tama temporcature ig equal bo. Hue _/Paunduuct Oh vapour pressure of Pwte lomponent and mate Patino frat Component in Solution W At Constent tempecotuce PA and Pe ace Constant Pe o< kp # Pure Liquid DN® FH surpace — Oa ® sara dark Bo Vapour PHesswite of syer a He ar Osk@® ar mix ay aw surface OS zn © off 23h and drat ar 5a mix W vapowt pressure arr ar individual Vapowe pressure aH try uw St Tae aeA Set ae At constant tempecadwte Partial press Of; amy component ig Afsrecthy Ppsroposti fucatiion oy tot Component in calution wee (OP press) ional +0 mole Toia) pxesswre Of Solution iz sum of Component @ + Compenent(B) [= smser] —— Ww ¥8=1 xAz] XAtKB=1 => XB= Ci-Ka) = (I-xa) PB = Pa— xa, Frum equation (ii) Py = XA PA+XBPB Pr= XA PA + PO- XA PB = r=] _—wn 4 (ef)DALTONS Law oF paetiAt PRESSUR ONLY fo Gaseous mTixTURE /VAroUR TaxTURE mote facaction s¢ Tote PressuRe [lis Faxtial presswee. = ' oe Oh gar in vapor of amirtuxe mixtwre ParePuvtial presswce of Am Mahala mole. Fraction of A in VaPOUT m)xtae ,, _ mix TURE Roctiat Press of 6 mate Fraction of B LiQuip MIxTURE mole faction 8 J i «eT Loge in diquid Xo Xan watdyfacadetion of Ain Liquid Pr+P@ = \Ya+ls) Paotal Frum equation u) and equation liv) Nas XAPA = YA Protel Ye Prpted pe = xePa =oe Vapotur Pressure of furce benzene Qt 2% ate FS Mim of Hy and 85mm ob HY nespectively + 234 9m of cons and 64-4 gr % Cong Hy ate mixed. Then -find ) Poxtial vapoux Pressure of, Cath component and tty vapour pressure of Solution () mole fraction of each Component in a Phase when vapour pxessuce are im equi in Male of benzene Ans oy = WO Xeemene = mate Gf benzene + mele of toluene = 0°38 mole’ oh toluene Xtroluene = mate. oy toluene +rnole Up benzent = 6-4 7 Peele = 38" ( rf. ~ \ Sp = PaxA =75%0-3 = a5 Pes PBXB=asxo-F =lNFS Pr= Patelg = arStItS = 40mmofty Pleenzene —- 2S — g.5ee0 WW) Yamrene = Pr ab es Yyoluene = “apes SS eeThe Vapour Prresstuce of pure cngoH at 238 K iS 0.18 bavy- The Vapoun pressute of Us Liquid In solution with Afquid B fs o-09 barr Caludal mote foaction of ciyoH in th Solution. diz0H @ PAs OS barry pla = 0:09 barr. plas xr P% 0.09 = XAX OS Xa = O06 ; am A solution i4 phepared by amiocing 329m Ope @nd 239m CoHsdH at Zook. nC fF and totes Vapoun pressuce of Solution and mote Reaction of Cath Component in Vapor Phase Bm Gitzo = tmat= © = 0164 Pa = xAaPaa %rGo =o Corson =tmo = 4 = 633 Pe=xee% = kxSl elt Protal = 60414 = Ftmm of Hg Pl = YA XPot ay BP ave 16) > Ya = Sy. = Oe 3 a A > Ye= 3 Here *if mare volatile because ee — I, Co= Ye x Protas = 692 t'a> Pe Va \ Va—— __ q T2) For soup— Lrauip system [RAOULT'S Law] NON-VOLATILE VOLATILE SOLUTE SOLVENT | « at olute ar soup E Sate 8 because soLusents rere olatbe~ ee 4» Frtin| equation eo \ — = \ S& 0 3] To FIND vaArbUR PRESSURE OF \\[Ps = XAP% +XBPB) vorptie LiguiD = fs = XAPA +0 [Because for non-volatile PB=d) Ps = XAPA 5 © ° To FIND VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SowT p PA) CONTAINING NON-VOLATILE coLUTE Ww Pir = P°( vapour prenwee of solvent In pure siete) r (Le COMP OCRAIUE. VAPERUC PREALUNE BY Qour 4 rung non-vo-tatite solution % discecthy poops mole” fonction of solvert fn solution. °° Xa + XB = Fam equation (v) Ps= (I-xe) Po Ps= p= xep* XoP°= PX Fs XB (solute) = i = = (vo S +N P2 Ps =aP (towering of Vapour Prrenunte)¢ = a = Relative boul a4 Papa poles wee When a_non- -volotfite, \sobilte 1s added to volaHte Liquid its vapotin preaa ure decreases because Some Suitheiee aren Of Liquid is occupied by non-volatile Solute Paxtide trenrepove tess vapowr are formed Potom equation (v1) p& Pe _ N =. “po EN => Po — WN .14N PRPs ” _ : pa ifs ee WN 7 Re fen 7 > PH (PE fn Pum (Pfs) 0 PsN |)Le >” 3S 82 Vapoux Pressure of water 18 92.6 mm oF O% 300 K+ Calculate vapour pearure ob £ motal Solution eh non- volutide Solute fn Pt. iF Ps = oat pe 55.65 X95 1459-50 = 90-84 mm of 49 am The Vapour Pressure Sh an aguas solution! bf glucose ig tov mm of Hy at 343°k- Calculate mole foaction 6f solute and mod Rin Ps = #50 mm Of HG P’= latm = #60 mm % Ne at « P> Ps pe Mmololety - 2 — = Imo} _ iKtopn _ 4 wk) — Gsxis)g” Gsxig) ———| = Vapour press wre Of pure benzene at centtain temperature is 640 mm Hg. 2-145 Fm non-volatile Solid 18 added 46 39 GF 9 benzene. Vapoust Presswire of sotution ix 600 mm -of Hg. whot ip moteuda weight of sobite Substme. Am pP’= 640 mm ue= QItsS Gm, Mw=? W = 399m Of CONE, Mw= FE R, = 600mm of TY PLA . Wy YiW N mu w Ps b4n-6d0 _ Q1tS y Te goo OSCD Sa Yno = 65:2 he =.6° a 2) Calculate Weta 4 QNon-volatile Solute (ma-4s) WhivrChoud ba disslve In 4 gm octane +o » Meduce, lik” vapour pressure te Go 7: Ane \ “Mu = +0 Mw = dé =} Wa Lf pe= loo mam Ps = Bo mm pups — UeM on eo WIIG =) WEA > go 40 All4. W = (09mA el —— a —_ 37. IDEAL SoLUTION Solutions wshich obey Raovrt’s Law exactly at au x9 of temperature Axe CoUed LDEAL SoLuTion CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL SOLUTION UW) Obsexbed V+P of Solution = Calcwlated V.P of sel” (ByROAY w) Amount of Heat evolved / aosoybed duntirg murctng of, Component ig Ze Means AT TE Heat absorb er art? Heat ewolve wr lke Atmrinty =0 ) Volume of Solution = volume of (solute +colvert) pe ob Vanreing =0 G9 obsesbed boiling Point of sol" = Caleulated b-P 4 solution SPECIAL NOTES a a par aie sovwtion Be ae Hest fx ot a Practically Sbdutly deol Solution Sb ATE benave BX. ATE behave FX TOT gt solution xb sonilax tdeal Solvent — Solvevtr (A) Solute — Solute ®), ce solute-— Solvent @ (B) They wil form Zdeal solutron x for srmilace Mrenaction molecwan sbucture and polos of A and & must be dameA smix>o = +tVe 4 Gmx Calculated v.P of Solution (By RAoucr Wonen intemdion between -two0 mulecules then (A-A), (B-8) > (8-8) * AHmixing > 0 = (4+ve) * Volume of solutfon > volume of (solute +salverd) AVenixing >o Cclacet Ge q fetla\* CB HS-CHy | Tela’ +” ‘CHg0H » ccl4 + C2HsoH ccl¢ + CHOls CHy0H + H20 CansoH + H20 STEP To CHECK att +ve HT -vE ——_—_- a set Sequence 7 check ay é etl +o----. = +e deviation Bray § | cudg+—-~--- = —ve deviation ast " CG Fo oe = +Ve deviation arr E Acid + ~ _ ___ =~ve deviation @a7EN cyclohexane _mixés with Alcohol - Alcdhe! betove mi xing H—0-- -- H—9----- H—o------ H—0---- | | C25 Cots betwee alone! Strong H-bonding is present. Alcon) after mixing H—9- G- gate si H—-o Cae js Cand weak Titevaction a Cydohexane AMansts% Arar t-bonding ar Break eX Sar 1 & weak fntecaction between aleshs! and Cylohexaneee a CHARACTERS oF =veE DEWATION 2% Obsoxbed vip of Solution 4kt+ [Fecal som Ps Ie hk tnt ~~ = [4a (n-) a \\ = 1+05(5-+) - eV = 142 ec —* =3 eral ; f = 00s Cexs) Collyyative Pa == Caltulated (Theoret) Coll gative Property Obs (exp) SE i ( ) \! obs BTb 4 (kbx melalfty) obs ATE = I(KExX molality bbs TW = iCRT uso DI AssocinTION OF SOLUTE No of Solute purcticle iN Solution decwases ¥ Obs (exp) aollig prop < Normal OP * Obs mw of Solute > Novmal/Theorotical mud vf Solute NONT HOFF FACTOR ( i) fe Obslezp) CP e Normal (calculated) ¢- p Obs Mo of Solute FoR AssocIPTION i2) CALCULATION OF (i) Let solute be A na——> (A), tnftiadly Ima! ° AFter association (1-c) Aln Total solute porttide = (1- X+e/n) Obs (exp) CP (I-d+2/n) —{j) Notma Gp ol | —W) swin 0-0 ke degree ty disociatim Te No Of Solute payticke which ausectate k= dy = (\-d) dti-t)s (1-0 d= Ut (i- Yn) ofa |/tos Tifet ts habeivenwenr eo)———_—_—_—_—_——OOO {1 calceate osmotic pressuce Of a decimolo) Solution oh @ad2 af 27'¢ Showing BO ‘/- deg wee ot iontsation e1 Ans f= 1-a +nel = 1+ & (n-1) =14+ 0-8(34) = 2-6 obs Wa iC cRT) = 2-6 (4, % 0-821 X30) = 32019 Gin Freezing print of aN Aguas Solution o-01 m ka [ Fe (cue) (8 — 0-062°C.- What ls’ the degree of dissociation of Complex — fms Obs T] = — 04062 To = be obs ATF = Te—T, = oc— (0062) = 0-062°¢ Obs ATE = i( KX molality) 0-662 = { (1-86 Ko-o1) i= !%s doje WY a ed % loo se eremiae o= TFT A Sear yeRs: Pee —t Calcwtate Lage depocee vb dassociation ob an elecvunlyl XYa (Normal moleculay wt = 164) tm waters Ef dhe bbs (mw) by measwung elevation in boiling pot ig (6s-6) 400. Noymal mw = |64 Obsesbed mw= 65.6 wy = 5%. = &0) _ @-s-) a =e K |00 C-+) Arg | ‘vopobe pe pressure of Solution and Boiling Pari of; sa" A>B><7Dd Asn, ollugative praporty duajram is given ANB fry, vapoun precsuce and ariling Print of subution AC BKC Kpun ‘the degree of, dissoctation of; Calcium nf eote [ca cnos).J Ina dilute aguas Solution Consaining yam Oh tre sat Pet 100 Ym oy water at loo'c ig A if the Vapour pressure of water at loc fg 60 amit Coleulate Vapour pressure of Solution Mi f= |- «+N = 1+ (m)o = it (35) KO-F = 24 we know that Pps _ dn pe 4n+Nn Obs “oe fa obs ap BA XFRE 445 mm “164 X10d obH Obs APS [4mm HY AP= p°—Ps Ps = PsP = 160-14 = 446 mm of Heas St carcutate amount of tee thar will separtote ous on (odling @ solution containing 50 gm etylene gry uct in 220 gm watt 10 — 9-3’ - Kf fey Hoo = 18 KKgmat™! Mw ob glycol = 62 fm Its vont top factor =! AT=9:3 @'e) \é Ke X WX1000 OTf = nyo 1 BEASD x 1000 cies 62x sla) g c= Woe 161-22 V \ ‘pevaint ob (ce separated out = 200—161-25 = 33-t1gmOEE HENRY LAW AL Const temperature Solubility of 2 Gs Ina Liquid Is clivecthy prapwrtional +6 Hu pressute oy gas provided that gas cloesnot send} with Lisufe Temp T= setupiuty oF Gas IN LiaviDL % Tt solubility of gas ia expressed interns of mole Faction of gas in svlution then PARTIAL PRESSURE - sary OF AAS (py | OK nOBIAITY OF 988 0 => ea art gas water Fr dissolve are 8), gus oxvaen water SEA am HY dissolve-erera et ftaay aH Auscolve Brat XE Aquatic M4ees Are sar Aart B > wt Fo. aga ow dissolve EY TATE] onthe other hakd “Kl is highly soluble in watery > Sodubllity of gas in Liquid is greatly apfected bq PRESSURE AND TE MPERATURE moe pressuse Mowe temperahwte Inpye. Soluble Less Soluble NCERT 7 8 § 2 & i 0-010 1020HENRY concePT => xo p! > P=Kuxt > Ky Depends on natwe ogi ak ead enya V4 | Hens Lad Constant > wf Unit = vnit of Presswte TAD KF OAKS NOTES Reovt's Lave Henry Law a ey special case | APPLICATION OF HENRY 1A ee % To Merease tru solubility of Cd, in Soft dycitk and Coda water -the bottled is sealed Under Hixh presswee1 7 “ Tf Na gas (8 bubbled theopugh water at 893 K+ pe many midlimotes Of Na gas would dissolve in 4 iitxe water assuming that Na OZedts a patti Presswte of 0-987 bOX. Given that henyy’s daw Gmstant toy No at 293K is 44-48 Koay mm Py = + 989 DaT KH = 46- 4% Kbay XNp = 0-987 borer 46048 K1G 2barT | Lite Hoo = SS-SS mole of tho Ss = j.29x15> N Na = [29x10 heer Tn tae>>> » Na) Ne we f.29K15> n Hr Constant bp = 393-Sk 68/327: NOTES % Components Of Ayeotoupie mtwte canst be separated ba Fxactional distitlation % Ayeatrtopic ranctune ane of two ype () Maximum boibing point warxdurce () inmem beiding Print myxhwte W MAX” BOILING POINT MIXTURE Boiling pornt of mache if we Han boiti Poi OF Component in mxtwie and these rate s ¢ nesative aeviottot fsvom RAULTIS LAW Wi) MIN BOILING POINT MixTURE (SS hee i BoRLing Poirtt Oo} mixture |g less than boiling ening ch Component in Tiactule Md these miature shows positive deviation faum RADVLT'S LAW i