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semiconductor photocatalysts is a promising technology smaller catalyst particles are demanded. However, using
in which solar energy is harnessed for hydrogen genera- such particles is associated with higher pressure drops.
tion from renewable sources such as ethanol. However, Thus, fluidized bed systems and micro-channel reactors
hydrogen production by means of this method remains have been developed to reach a trade-off between these
economically and technically challenging (Nadeem two opposing requirements (Sidhu et al. 2017). On the
et al. 2012, Jovic et al. 2013a,b). Among these methods, other hand, the major disadvantages of the conventional
ethanol steam reforming (ESR) using an appropriate cat- ethanol reforming reactors include equilibrium restric-
alyst is the most economical way of renewable hydrogen tions and a hydrogen-rich gas stream that contains carbon
production (Silveira et al. 2009). The main advantages of oxides and other by-products as well as unreacted rea-
the ESR method are its non-use of oxygen supply, a high gents (Meng and Tsuru 2015). In this connection, hydro-
H2/CO ratio for hydrogen production, and the possibil- gen production processes have traditionally been carried
ity for regulation of the process condition by preventing out in reaction units in series with one or more separa-
coking (Dehkordi et al. 2016, Sohn and Ozkan 2016). ESR tion units because of incomplete reactions induced by
is represented by the following general stoichiometric thermodynamic and/or kinetic obstacles. Nowadays,
reaction: many researchers have demonstrated that an integrated
system in which the reaction and the separation are oper-
C2H5OH + 3H2O → 6H2 + 2CO2 (∆H = 174 kJ mol −1 at 25°C). (1) ated simultaneously (rather than sequentially) is able to
accelerate the reactions both kinetically and thermody-
The enthalpy change value of 174 kJ mol−1 is consid- namically (Basile 2008, Iulianelli et al. 2016b). Among
ered when the reactants are in the gas phase (Palma et al. different techniques, membrane technology seems appro-
2014, Mulewa et al. 2017, Sidhu et al. 2017), while the value priate for the production and purification of H2 consider-
of 347.4 kJ mol−1 for enthalpy change at 25°C is applied to ing its attractive possibility of process miniaturization,
the liquid phase (Haryanto et al. 2005, Carrero et al. 2010). continuous operation, and energy saving (Basile 2008,
Many efforts have been made to develop catalysts for Di Marcoberardino et al. 2017). Therefore, the idea of the
ESR in different reactor configurations (Hedayati et al. simultaneous production and removal of hydrogen, which
2016, Pirez et al. 2016, Sharma et al. 2017) to overcome is realized by using a membrane reactor, has received a
by-product formation and catalytic deactivation, which great deal of attention in the past few decades because it
are the major barriers to the ESR method. The catalysts would allow for a significant reduction in capital costs.
are based on noble or non-noble metals as well as the The application of the membrane reactor creates the pos-
combinations of both, which are supported on alumina sibility to overcome the thermodynamic limitations of
or other different materials (Gallucci et al. 2010, Muñoz the reforming reactions and to perform these reactions at
et al. 2013, Roldán 2015). Noble metal catalysts such as milder operating conditions (Gallucci et al. 2013, Anzelmo
Pd, Pt, Rh, Au, and Ru exhibit high catalytic activity et al. 2017). Also, when a reactor is integrated with a mem-
and stability. Among these metals, Rh is considered as brane, removing hydrogen through a membrane results
the catalyst with the best activity (Palma et al. 2014, da in a shift in the equilibrium reaction toward the product
Silva et al. 2015, Roldán 2015, Miyamoto et al. 2016, Sohn of interest; however, it is normally limited by the mem-
and Ozkan 2016, Touri and Taghizadeh 2016, Sharma brane’s surface area, hydrogen partial pressure driving
et al. 2017). Although inexpensive catalysts such as Ni, force, membrane’s permeance, reactor design, and reac-
Cu, and Co as non-noble metals are more attractive for tion kinetics (Gallucci et al. 2013, El Hawa et al. 2016,
commercial applications (Sharifi Pajaie and Taghizadeh Jiwanuruk et al. 2016).
2012, Trane-Restrup et al. 2014, Miyamoto et al. 2016, Recently, some authors have focused on the catalyst
Pirez et al. 2016, Sharma et al. 2017), non-noble cata- of ethanol reforming (Contreras et al. 2014, Baruah et al.
lysts become deactivated due to carbonaceous deposits 2015, Sohn and Ozkan 2016, Sharma et al. 2017). To the
formed as the by-product of the ESR reaction (Jeong and best of our knowledge, however, no review paper has
Lee 2008, Carrero et al. 2010). discussed various membrane reactor configurations for
ESR is an endothermic process that requires high tem- hydrogen production using ESR. Hence, in this review,
peratures with effective heat management, which also we will first provide an overview of the recent attempts
favors high intrinsic reaction rates (Sohn and Ozkan 2016, concerning the catalysts of ESR. Subsequently, new
Sidhu et al. 2017). Packed bed reactors have so far been the concepts in membrane and membrane reactor designs
most common reactors for producing hydrogen through are highlighted, and the applications of these con-
steam. To improve the heat and mass transfer rates as the figurations for hydrogen production from ethanol are
vital factors for the effective performance of the reactor, discussed.
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M. Taghizadeh and F. Aghili: Hydrogen production by ESR in membrane reactors 379
2 E
SR process and kinetic 2.1 Catalysts
mechanism description Catalysts play a crucial role in completing ethanol con-
version and maximizing the hydrogen yield (Hou et al.
Steam reforming is recognized as the first step of the
2015). As mentioned in Section 1, the catalysts can be
H2 production process. In this stage, C2H5OH is fed into
divided into noble-metal-based, non-noble-metal based,
a reformer or reactor, where the liquid is broken down
and bi-metallic catalysts (Baruah et al. 2015). Besides
into carbonaceous species that would react with steam
the active metals, the support by the effect on the cata-
over the catalyst to produce a mixture of H2 and other
lyst activity can accelerate ethanol transformation (Hou
compounds, such as methane, carbon monoxide, acetic
et al. 2015). During the last decade, various catalytic
acid, acetaldehyde, ethylene, acetone, diethyl-ether,
systems, such as single active metals, a combination of
and coke (Haryanto et al. 2005, Mulewa et al. 2017).
several active metals, single supports, and mixed oxide
Many reactions occur in the process of steam reform-
supports, have been tested (Bshish et al. 2011). Noble
ing of ethanol (Table 1). Three significant reactions,
metal catalysts are well known because of their high con-
namely ESR, water gas shift (WGS) reaction, and ethanol
version efficiency and high H2 selectivity.
decomposition, are the principal reactions in the kinetic
However, the high cost of noble metals is a major lim-
schemes and design purposes (George and Suresh 2016,
iting factor in their use for hydrogen production via steam
Sidhu et al. 2017). Among these reactions, ESR and WGS
reforming. As a matter of fact, few works have been con-
are thermodynamically and kinetically favored at high
ducted to develop novel catalysts with composite phases
temperatures (Sidhu et al. 2017). However, high tem-
and nanostructures (Baruah et al. 2015). In addition, it is
perature is favorable for the formation of CO as a result
seen that the direction of recent literature is shifted toward
of the reverse WGS reaction. Thus, converting CO–CO2,
the development of non-noble metal catalysts as a succes-
as an exothermic reaction, occurs appreciably at low
sor to the conventional noble metal catalysts (Zhang et al.
temperatures.
2014, Baruah et al. 2015).
Kinetically undesired by-products may be related
Table 2 shows the basic results of selected studies on
to the operation conditions (complex reaction mecha-
ESR using noble metal catalysts. As can be seen, among
nisms) and the type of catalysts. Nevertheless, catalysts
the noble metals on various supports, Rh-based catalysts
designed to maximize the hydrogen production should
usually present superior performance in terms of activity,
efficiently break the C–C bond, as well as eliminate the
selectivity, and stability in the ESR reactions, as Rh has
side reactions (Chen et al. 2009, Guil-López et al. 2011,
the highest capacity to break the C–C bond and the high
Muñoz et al. 2013).
hydrogen yield (Ferencz et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2014, Hou
et al. 2015).
Table 1: Possible reaction pathways of ESR (Palma et al. 2014, Non-noble metals, especially Ni and Co, have been
Trane-Restrup et al. 2014, Roldán 2015, Sohn and Ozkan 2016, widely investigated for ethanol reforming essentially
Sharma et al. 2017, Sidhu et al. 2017). because of their lower cost as compared to noble metals.
Table 3 summarizes the main non-noble catalysts used in
Name of reaction Formula of reaction ESR. Despite the challenges in using Ni-based catalysts
Ethanol decomposition CH3CH2OH→CH4 + CO + H2 (e.g. rapid deactivation due to heavy coke formation and
Incomplete reforming CH3CH2OH + H2O→2CO + 4H2 Ni particle sintering), Ni-based catalysts have been widely
(insufficient steam) investigated in ESR on different supports considering their
Dehydrogenation CH3CH2OH→CH3CHO + H2
high activity and relatively low cost. Also, several strat-
Dehydration CH3CH2OH→C2H4 + H2O
Coke formation C2H4→coke
egies such as modifying the support or Ni species have
Diethyl ether formation 2CH3CH2OH→(C2H5)2O + H2O been developed to improve the catalyst stability (Bshish
Methanation CO + 3H2→CH4 + H2O et al. 2011, Hou et al. 2015, Viviente et al. 2017). Cobalt
Methane decomposition CH4→C + 2H2 has also been investigated because of its aptitude to C–C
Methane steam reforming CH4 + 2H2O→4H2 + CO2 bond rupture (Soykal et al. 2012, Kumar et al. 2017). In this
Acetaldehyde decomposition CH3CHO→CH4 + CO
regard, several studies have shown significantly different
Acetaldehyde steam reforming CH3CHO + 3H2O→2CO2 + 5H2
Acetone formation 2CH3CHO→CH3COCH3 + CO + H2 properties of the catalysts in bimetallic systems than either
Acetic acid formation C2H5OH + H2O→CH3COOH + 2H2 of the parent metals. As a result, bimetallic systems can be
Water-gas shift, reverse water- CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2 promising approaches to promote the synergistic effect of
gas shift two active species (He et al. 2017, Shejale and Yadav 2017).
Boudouard reaction 2CO→CO2 + C
Table 4 reports the performances of the bi-metallic systems.
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Table 2: Noble catalysts of ESR.
Rh La2O3-SiO2 Incipient wetness 773 K 100% 68% A slight difference in the hydrogen permeated/feed ethanol (da Silva et al. 2015)
Rh CeO2 impregnation 773 K 100% 70% ratio was observed at higher sweep gas flow rates being higher
Incipient wetness for Rh supported on CeO2 in comparison with the Rh/La2O3-SiO2
impregnation catalyst
Rh La2O3-Al2O3-CeO2 Wet impregnation 723 K 80% 65% The modification of γ-Al2O3 with La2O3 and CeO2 improves the (Osorio-Vargas et al.
stability of the catalyst by decreasing the carbon deposition rate 2015)
Rh Al2O3 Over Rh/alumina, the steam reforming reaction was maintained (Bilal and Jackson
and the carbon deposition showed no trend relative to the 2017)
impurities
Pt ZrO2 773 K 75% 55% H2 and CO formation was favored over Pt/CeO2 and Pt/CeZrO2 (de Lima et al. 2008)
Pt CeO2 773 K 100% 58% catalysts, whereas Pt/ZrO2 catalyst exhibited the highest
Pt CeZrO2 773 K 65% 65% production of acetaldehyde and ethene
Pt HBS Pt/HBS not only exhibited excellent catalytic performance but (Zheng et al. 2016)
also maintained the catalytic reaction for >28 h without losing
its activity
Pt Al2O3 The Pt/alumina catalyst was rapidly poisoned when propanal, (Bilal and Jackson
propylamine, and acetone were present as impurities and the 2017)
high conversion related to ethanol decomposition resulted in
380 M. Taghizadeh and F. Aghili: Hydrogen production by ESR in membrane reactors
Ni TiO2 Sol-gel assisted 500°C 89% 55% The Ni/TiO2 nano-composite catalyst possessed excellent stability at (Mulewa et al. 2017)
impregnation the optimum temperature, over a 20-h reaction time
Ni CeO2 Solution combustion 400°C 98% 65% (Iulianelli et al. 2016a)
Ni SBA-15 Incipient wetness 550°C 100% 90% (He et al. 2017)
impregnation
Ni Al2O3-La2O3-CeO2 773 K 100% 73% The γ-Al2O3 modification with CeO2 and La2O3 improves catalyst (Osorio-Vargas et al.
stability by decreasing the carbon deposition rate 2016)
Ni CNT-SiO2 The Ni/CNTs-SiO2 catalyst was used for the ESR at different reaction (Prasongthum et al.
temperatures (300–550°C) 2017)
Ni CeO2-MgO 600°C 100% 75% Ni/CeO2-MgO catalysts were prepared on powder form and (Santander et al.
supported on stainless-steel plates 2017)
Ni SiO2 Incipient wetness 500°C ESR was studied in a fluidized bed reactor. Ni and Co were (Vicente et al. 2014)
Co Al2O3 impregnation deactivated at 500°C because of coke deposition
Co Carbon nano- 723 K 100% 96.5% This approach showed significant results in terms of hydrogen (Kumar et al. 2017)
filament generation and method of Co carbon nano-filament for further
utilization in different prospects
Co ZrO2 Impregnation 450°C 75% The reaction pathway of ESR on Co-ZrO2 was identified. It means (Sun et al. 2015)
ethanol was firstly dehydrogenated to form acetaldehyde, which
was then converted into acetone via a condensation/ketonization
process. Then, acetone was reformed to H2
Co Cordierite pieces Co-precipitation 873 K 65% ESR was carried out in a catalytic membrane reactor consisting of (Espinal et al. 2014)
(Al3Mg2AlSi5O18) cobalt hydrotalcite-derived catalyst doped with potassium
Ni-Pt CeO2-SiO2 Wet impregnation 520°C 95% The catalyst was tested under fluidization conditions and the results (Ruocco et al. 2016)
showed good attrition resistance of the catalyst and no chemical
interaction with the membrane material
Ni-Cu SiO2 600°C 99% 69.9% Mg-promoted catalysts achieved the highest hydrogen selectivity (Carrero et al. 2010)
Ni-Cu Mg-SiO2 600°C 100% 84.8% because of smaller Ni crystallite size, which is one of the main
Ni-Cu Ca-SiO2 600°C 99.9% 78.1% factors affecting catalytic activity. Ca-modified catalysts produced
the lowest carbon deposition
Ni-Ti-Al Impregnation 80% One-pot synthesis of nanostructured ternary oxides of Ni, Al, and Ti (Gonçalves et al. 2017)
was designed and performed via evaporation-induced self-assembly
Ni-Cu Al2O3-ZrO2 Single-step epoxide- 450°C 100% (Greluk et al. 2016)
driven sol-gel
Ni-Au SBA-15 550°C 100% 98% Au promoted the Ni/SBA-15 catalyst in terms of high activity and (He et al. 2017)
excellent long-term stability for ESR
La-Ni-Al Impregnation 873 K 100% 80% The least amount of coke was accumulated on meso-3LaNiAl catalyst (Ma et al. 2016a)
Cu-Ni-Co HTc Incipient wetness 98% 83.3% The presence of Cu, Ni, and Co assisted in the low formation of (Shejale and Yadav 2017)
impregnation intermediates and coke with higher concentration of hydrogen
(93.6 mol%)
Rh-Ni Al2O3 700°C 100% 70% (González-Gil et al. 2016)
Rh-Pt CeO2-SiO2 680°C 100% (Cifuentes et al. 2016)
Rh-Re TiO2 Impregnation 473 K 36.1 (after By adding Re to the Rh/TiO2 catalyst, the initial rates of H2, CH4, and (Nozawa et al. 2015)
10 h) CO2 formation increased 3–4 times
Rh-Fe Ca-Al2O3 On Rh-Fe/Ca-Al2O3, a good balance of the interaction between Rh, (Choong et al. 2017)
Fe2O3, and Ca-Al2O3 prevented strong metal support interaction
382 M. Taghizadeh and F. Aghili: Hydrogen production by ESR in membrane reactors
Furthermore, there are other nano-catalysts such as toward hydrogen, an extremely high selectivity for hydro-
nano-diamonds (Xiaoyan et al. 2013), which were used by gen separation, and stability over a long period) meet the
Mironova et al. (2013) for ESR. Nano-diamonds are not only industrial standards (Viviente et al. 2017). However, cost
used as catalyst supports, but they can also demonstrate remains a challenge that hinders their practical applica-
intrinsic catalytic activity. Hydrogen selectivity depends tion. Microporous membranes are promising materials
highly on the treatment conditions of nano-diamonds. employed in membrane reactors because of their low-cost
In other words, change in catalytic activity is caused by manufacturing and the high-purity separation of hydro-
changes in the nature and quantity of functional groups gen. As size exclusion is the main mechanism of hydrogen
on its surface. separation in this membrane, selectivity is still limited
Incipient wetness impregnation is a common tech- compared to dense inorganic membranes (Meng and Tsuru
nique used for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. In 2015) such as unsupported palladium membranes, which
this procedure, the active metal precursor is dissolved in are generally thick self-standing films (>50 µm thick) with
an organic or aqueous solution. Then, the metal-contain- high mechanical stability (Conde et al. 2017, Fernandez
ing solution is added to a catalyst support containing the et al. 2017). The sharp increase in the costs involved in
same pore volume as that of the added solution. The solu- membrane separation, on the one hand, and decreasing
tion is drawn into the pores by capillary action, and then of the permeation flux, on the other hand, are the main
the catalyst is dried and calcined to drive off the volatile drawbacks of increasing the membrane thickness. Thus,
components of the solution (Baruah et al. 2015). in order to minimize the cost and maximize the membrane
performance, supported membrane consisting of a selec-
tive layer was proposed. Selecting the support is crucial to
3 Membrane prepare thin (<5 µm) and defect-free layers (Viviente et al.
2017). Porous ceramics with excellent chemical stability
Membranes are basically barriers that allow the flow of and good surface quality are the most common substrate
some components of a feed stream. The feed stream is sep- materials used as support. To deposit the dense metal
arated by a membrane into permeate and retentate related layer on a support, the following techniques are applied:
to the passed components and rejected components, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposi-
respectively (Gallucci et al. 2013). Regarding the types of tion, electroless plating (ELP), electro-plating, and diffu-
materials, hydrogen separation membranes may be classi- sion welding (Hatlevik et al. 2010, Shi et al. 2010, Peters
fied into dense membranes, porous membranes, and pro- et al. 2011, Coulter et al. 2012).
ton-conducting membranes (Figure 1) (Gallucci et al. 2013, Medrano et al. (2016) presented a 4–5-μm metallic
Wang et al. 2014). Among these types of materials, dense supported Pd-Ag membrane synthesized by the aid of
metal membranes (mainly palladium alloys) and dense the ELP method. They reported ideal perm-selectivities
ceramic membrane (having a sufficient permeability and hydrogen permeances at 600°C above 200,000 and
1.3 × 10−6 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1, respectively. Medrano et al. (2016) reactors has been proposed for pure hydrogen production
tested the prepared membrane configuration for >800 h. using ethanol reforming (Deshmukh et al. 2007, Fernandez
After this period, however, some defects appeared on the et al. 2015, Silva and de Abreu 2016, Serra et al. 2017). As
membrane surface, leading to an increase in the N2 perme- mentioned in Section 1, there are different types of mem-
ance with the consequence of a pronounced decrease in brane reactors that have been considered for hydrogen
the perm-selectivity. production. Although most previous works have been per-
A 5-μm Pd-Ru membrane supported on a porous yttria- formed in packed bed membrane reactors (PBMRs) (Figure
stabilized-zirconia/stainless steel substrate was used by El 2), there is a current growing interest in novel configura-
Hawa et al. (2015) for H2 separation. It was also demonstrated tions such as fluidized bed membrane reactors (FBMRs)
that the hydrogen permeance (0.0027 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1) was and micro-membrane reactors (MMRs). In the following,
highly stable at 580°C, for 1000 h of testing. these reactor configurations are discussed in detail.
Recently, Zhang and Way (2017) summarized the key
elements and details of Pd-Cu alloy membranes for H2 sep-
aration. These authors used the Pd-Cu phase diagram and 4.1 PBMR
its implications for membrane permeability and stability,
and demonstrated that there are still challenges in apply- PBMR is the first and most studied configuration for
ing Pd-Cu membranes in large-scale H2 separation, such hydrogen production. Generally, for those reactions men-
as membrane thermal and chemical stability, precise com- tioned in Section 1, ESR, partial oxidation, etc. (Tosti et al.
position control, and the development of alloy annealing 2009) were carried out in a Pd-based tubular membrane
procedures. reactor. Indeed, the tubular membrane reactor is the most
Supported composite Pd-Au alloy membranes on commonly used packed bed configuration, using which
alumina substrate were developed using the ELP tech- the catalyst may be packed either in the membrane tube
nique by Shi et al. (2010), who obtained a hydrogen per- (Figure 3A) or on the shell side (Figure 3B), and the per-
meability of 1.3 × 10−8 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−0.5 at 400°C by using meation stream is collected on the other side of the hydro-
5-μm Pd-Au alloy membranes. Also, Shi et al. (2010) gen-selective membrane. However, Tosti et al. (2009)
reported that the H2/N2 ideal selectivity was around 1400 employed a configuration (Figure 3A) in which the feed
under 350 h of a test run. stream (the water/ethanol mixture) was sent to the cata-
lyst bed via a stainless-steel tube placed inside the Pd-Ag
thin wall tube. They also added N2 as a sweep gas to keep
the N2 partial pressure on the permeation side of the mem-
4 Membrane reactor brane reactor as low as possible for minimizing the mem-
brane area required for the hydrogen separation.
The development of a membrane reactor is a good example Domínguez et al. (2012) investigated ESR at a low tem-
of process intensification in which hydrogen production perature in a PBMR using a reactor consisting of cobalt
and hydrogen purity are simultaneously performed in a talc [Co3(Si2O5)2(OH)2] supported over cordierite and a
unit. Hence, both the separation/purification and product Pd-Ag membrane. They set the configuration using the
selectivity are improved. The application of membrane catalyst bed packed around the membrane (Figure 3B). By
Catalyst
Membrane
sections, i.e. the catalytic zone and the permeation zone H2, CH4, H2O, CO2, CO
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Majid Taghizadeh
Pd-Ag membrane reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34:
Chemical Engineering Department, Babol
4747–4754.
Noshirvani University of Technology, P. O.
Touri AE, Taghizadeh M. Hydrogen production via glycerol reforming
Box 484, Babol 4714871167, Iran,
over Pt/SiO2 nanocatalyst in a spiral-shaped microchannel
e-mail: m_taghizadehfr@yahoo.com
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dynamics simulation of ethanol steam reforming in catalytic Majid Taghizadeh is a professor of Chemical Engineering at Babol
wall microchannels. Chem Eng J 2011; 167: 603–609. Noshirvani University of Technology (Babol, Iran). He obtained his
Vicente J, Montero C, Ereña J, Azkoiti MJ, Bilbao J, Gayubo AG. Coke BSc (Tehran University, Iran, 1988), MSc (Amirkabir University of
deactivation of Ni and Co catalysts in ethanol steam reforming Technology, Iran, 1991), and PhD (University of Claude Bernard Lyon
at mild temperatures in a fluidized bed reactor. Int J Hydrogen 1, France, 1998) in Chemical Engineering. His research areas focus
Energy 2014; 39: 12586–12596. on catalysis, kinetics and reactor design, hydrogen production and
Vigneault A, Grace JR. Hydrogen production in multi-channel purification, and molecularly imprinted polymers. He has pub-
membrane reactor via steam methane reforming and methane lished 60 journal papers and conducted more than 140 conference
catalytic combustion. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015; 40: presentations.
233–243.
Viviente JL, Meléndez J, Tanaka DAP, Gallucci F, Spallina V, Manzolini G, Fatemeh Aghili
Foresti S, Palma V, Ruocco C, Roses L. Advanced m-CHP fuel cell Chemical Engineering Department, Babol
system based on a novel bio-ethanol fluidized bed membrane Noshirvani University of Technology, P. O.
reformer. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2017; 42: 13970–13987. Box 484, Babol 4714871167, Iran
Wang F, Cai W, Descorme C, Provendier H, Shen W, Mirodatos C,
Schuurman Y. From mechanistic to kinetic analyses of ethanol
steam reforming over Ir/CeO2 catalyst. Int J Hydrogen Energy
2014; 39: 18005–18015.
Xiaoyan S, Rui W, Dangsheng S. Research progress in metal-free
carbon-based catalysts. Chin J Catal 2013; 34: 508–523.
Yan Z, Chen L, Wang H. Hydrogen generation by glow discharge Fatemeh Aghili is currently a PhD candidate at Babol Noshirvani
plasma electrolysis of ethanol solutions. J Phys D: Appl Phys University of Technology, Iran. She obtained her BSc and MSc in
2008; 41: 155205. Chemical Engineering at Babol Noshirvani University of Technology,
Yu CY, Lee DW, Park SJ, Lee KY, Lee KH. Study on a catalytic Iran, in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Her research interests are in
membrane reactor for hydrogen production from ethanol steam the areas of separation processes, membrane technology, and
reforming. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34: 2947–2954. membrane bioreactors.