Fsc Physics Chapter 1 eo (e) = OO) pryer) na fa) = (er?) Dimension © Force Fou, = F = Mass x Acceleration oe F=ma 2. Dimension g e = [F} = [m] [a] ee (fF) = (ea) [er] = [mer] ENSIONAL fancaane he. denen bens physteal quantity we Agpresented by the le on 2,7 suare brackets as im), (tJ) ana [7]. These symbols ane ected imam €onh fore Damensronat EL ovnrions. The equations suck as) (W]'= (23) and. (F)=(mur"] ane used te SAT dimensions of a physical qearkty , equations. Fe” melted of dimensions used te check the alse dace ib, called dimenstonal analysis. Uses Or Dimensions cy Cueceane ‘Homocenerry Oc Equation To check the cotrectness of an eguation, Re dimon— sions of the quantities on bot. sides of the egualiion must be He same. This is cabled * The principle of Romogencily of dimanséons” di) Derwine A Posstece Formuca The succom of ts melhad to doe a Aelation Oe facto en: which He physical quankily olepends. Nomenxe He quantity which fad ne dimension 4 called oO nemetee.Fsc Physics Chapter 1 Fog Your Iseoamarion ; Vole @ . mp Mass thought ag a . according to Exnsteins famous equation E= mE? Acc ta Aes equation, £kg mas 4b 9x10" FT mp To pioduce, He erdie of colours sn colour wp The pumary standard for he unit opmtine ta, Cebium abemic standard, kept Yok) the “Nationa! Inst — tute of Stanolarde, atk Technology’ in Colorado (USA). mp Fhe travel Lime! of yo Meen te = fmin 20s Sun to pa = Bmin 20s Pluto te Ext — BR 20s > Age universe = Dd x10"s a Age % Font. = 1-4x1O0s id One Year = 32x10 oe One Day = B-6x10's % 86400s wp Time betureen normal Renrbbeats= 80x10 0% O-8s wp Period of audible sound uswes= 7-0x10 s wha pages, Se wr Perind of urbrakion of an maton mm a soled ) = 400 10's wip Period of visible Light usues = 2-0x16 5Fsc Physics Chapter 1 as reasonable time standards. ‘Ans, Any phenomenon that repens itself after regular ime intervals can’be used as a 1.3. Why do we foun 3 3 ‘p (@ Heart beat Gi)' Human pulse rate. (ii), Oscillations “0 time standard, The fotation of the Earth on its axis, which determines the lengllPof the day, has been used as a tims standard fom thé east, times, Scing, other, repetitive phenoinena, which ‘can, be’ adopted ‘to define!-a‘ time standatd: are simple pendul (Gv) Revolution of the moon'around the’ Earth (v) Characteristic vibrations of crystals such a5 quartz erystal (vi) Radioactive decay rae’ of some substances ie. Half life ofa radioactive substance. i nd 1.2.) Give the draivbacks to use the period of a pendulum as a time standard, Ani, The nisin drawback-of a pendulum (o-audpt it 379 sn stan ithe dependence ofits time pesiod of the value of gat any plscesleit te period of peal of Sad ah wl dea ent ok OPE changes. The other requirements of a simple pendilum are wyatt should be free tom tone eft, Pacsaly. i ia fees Wel singe pendulum. Poe useful(d Ma SUI Y, the siiouuf of substance, the Aailogranu and the mB1@? | |: ct re Ans. The amngurh 6fbubleahdts can be estimated by wo methods... 14 Aa 1s Ans 1.6 (G)\[By Weibhing tor which the une js kilogram {i)" By counting the aumber of enitis contained in the substance for welt the unit is mole A fo students measured the length of, @iieedle with a scale on which ‘uinimum ed!'as-(i) 0.2145:1m, (1)-0.20-in (ii) 0.214 m which record is correct snd why s+ Th least count ofa scale is 1 mm or-0,001 m, Hence, we can measure the length up to that accuracy. Thus, the record imber (il) 0.214,m is correct. ‘An old saying is that “A chitu is'only as strong‘as its weakest link”. What awalogous statement can you sake regarding experimental data used ina computation? =~ s. The analogous statemeit Sf old-sayiny.’*A¥chain is only as strong as its weakest link is that the result of an experimental data Is a8 accufate as any of the least accurate measurement used in the eonipitaion: ‘The period of a simple penduluin is theasured. by.a stopwatel. What type of cervors is possible in the time period? ‘Aus, . When a stopwaitch is used to measure the:time period of a.vibration, one possible type of error is the zero error in the stopwatch, which is'a systematic error and can be corrected by applying correetion factor, The other is the human reaction time to start and to stop te stopwatch. Its called personal error, Does, a itiensional. analysis give aly “eousigit oF proportionality that may appear in nui algebraic expression? Explain, 2° The method “OF dineisional analysis, doesn’t give! any information’ about the dimensionless constant ie. number only:"\The:/yalue"of* the: constant of proportionality has to be determined either by experimentally or theoretically Write tie dimensions of () Pressure (i) Density "7," | Diniensions of Force» Dimedsions of Area My FT) : I or y= IM ey ‘ inensions‘of Masd Dimensions of Volume, ‘Iw m -M i or bl = ML ala ‘The wavelength °° of a waye dey ‘the speed *y of the wav Parmer ae In} hy hyo = fur!) and [ft] , Dimensions of Pressure = Dimensions of Density, = rhe Dleaewhich of the following i correc, Ans. @) To check f=vA The dimensions oflefthand side) (el =.tTT! The diménsions of right hand side (va) (ery x(L) = TUT") ‘Thus, the, dimensions on the two sides are not, same; hence, the equation is not dimensionally correct gw) ty The dimensions of let hand side (Sh OR . ‘The dimensions of right band side 1 eT) Let 5 Pal thr: SL ‘ As dimengjons ote hand sie ae phe sane s that of ih hand side’ hen equation if dimensionally correet. "i" ‘ thisFsc Physics Chapter 1 "WEASURENEDTS Tre desing te knew about u ere gee. The urerd Scrence’ getetaly COMES ae Ae ae ee “Scr0” meaning ‘te know’. Scienca 19 Ke bum Es. iaadotge which man Aas ene Hheaugh ages - a: put, t ures Lernited but as fhe kneurhedgr expands, ibs oS eae become. impossible - Therefore sckence. uras divided ste tiff — erenk branches. The fuse. main branches oF ALLPLR. BAL. ch es Selence Chemistry , Astronomy 7 Geology etc. Brocecienc Serente "Tt deahs with Bear objects only. Be. ak dehence 2s Aroe ste. Losloy ( dex2nee oF animals), Botany C becence of phants) 9 Paysites & cA ts Be branch oF Physical seence wheok he Aebationship sea Tk alse explains fhe The word. “Puvsres? actucelly comes em He. Greek urerd. me ‘nature’. nee cA th AtLencK dealing wth. the sbady of nalicre. and vatiaur natural pheremena. ‘ x,Fsc Physics Chapter 1 Branenes Or Puystes pA at fhe end 19h, century began te believe Mat about has been dbeovened. Bub at the stork of 10m century, some new expemental Ahoured that the Mars dusemuened prestous secentists need Some modi — feeatien. Ayter. fhak seme new branches oF Phases came sto existance as 4. Nuccear Puysics Thak branch protons ustuch foun protens are called nucleons. That branch BAA be OWTOUA. the of physi the atemie nuclec. LL so Aclated te neulrons and tre atemie nuctec. Neutiens and 2.RPaersere Prystes on Hien Eneray Pivsres which deals wir which, deals wilh elementary particles, 3 Recasovistie Mecranies That bhanch of which deals with. These Oty which. ane meving wk, velecclios approaching to that of Beoft. 4. $oun Stare Puysics TAat branch which, deals wilh, ihe struckure ond properties of SelcAds . Ores Main Ano New Brancnes Phasces ab the. most amentol of all suences and can be sack as mother of oth sckencas Geme other mon branches Physcca ahe «Mechanics * Heat and Theamedynamics * Optics » Ebectxemognrlism a Atomic Phyics » Molecular Phopees * Plasma PI Wysccs ow Space Paysites *& Quantum Mechanis, Some new branches physces ane # Brophysies Phen Chem # Astrophyptcs « Heal Physces ete.Fsc Physics Chapter 1 Score Of Puvsies Reyes 46 One Khe AtLeNLaA wahich ofer ib BLERLOA BAL. produced such as nuckear physics , solid state phasic, particle » Aclativistic mechanics, efe. Pp + the most cs detence deals wih the urprtol of extn. Aange suck os unwene, the urestd smash such as electrsms, protens, neutiens, mesens ete, and Me worlol middle gized fry moteale ta eth i Tr akuddtcs auch things like Laws of motion, | he Atruckure Apace “and Lime, he nature. of pen ent forces 4n he untuense, he snter— a patileea, ah event partiztes and togrnl| Tk fos an Aole zn Pre thir feeds | as g A, aatnaphstcs ich 5 physical chamuat Ag ryiheeadthy, phyees , obeRtrerwes ote, Physics Ras alse plage an important aste sn the “davelepment of technology and neeAiing « The anfermation media and Means commu nitakien oe due te co» Fe computer rakivertes, ane produchs of Ages which alse developed from Hence ure can Say that physics 25 the baore. building bLocks DHERLL « Pivsten, Quanrsrres ee qpeartibias which are measured Phyecealty | qynantilies ‘ Fox example, Wars; Length, , time, velocity , force ole Tvees Oc Buvstcean QuanrariesFsc Physics Chapter 1 Base Quanrites These physical quantilies which are not clefened sn teams of other, quantities, called base qpanbilies OR The minimum number of Hose quantities itn kerma of ushich other, PAysical quantetces can be 1 , cabled base quantiles. TRe Eypccak examplos of base guantiies aie Mars, bengih and Line. Measurement Oc A Base Ovuanriry The measunemank a base ity 15 based en two aby ean. , qpactily -} dN Te setup a c0dune, ing the UG is. Ben ind Bee compairg yea Cunencrearsrics OF Aw Foe Sranodrp An toleal standard 44s 9hup i plato ihonactertatces CTE x assessible. Gite & snyartable. Deerrven! Quantirces Frese physccol quanbities which are defined tn beams of other, physccal quantities, OR Those physceal quantities whic ore obtatned mulbiplyng and. dimoing base guantilioy fe ee as, velocity , acceleratisn , fiten, energy , pouren , bensily , momentum , torgue ete! Hore: = Phyaceat qpran lilies ane the butldling blocks of physics wed bs express the Laure of Paysites» To Awpresent a Prysicak qprarity 5 we reed Mag riliscle. and untl, IMaGnituve Tae numeral value oO physica fh qpontity 45 called hs magriliade hs Unir Fhe standard name a Phusteat waaerdily whites ib cs kneum aough the. eae SLA, ed ‘af uniFsc Physics Chapter 1 ov Example, Forree & measured on newton (4), do IN to the unik of force standard name, Hn 10N, 10 1% the magrilide ond WN 42 the Tyees Oe. Unairs ar G@) Base Units Gi) Derived Urals Base Unirs oR The unils in which base quanklies are mespirod ae called base unils. Baal Gdaurere m I The units all other physical quantitiesFsc Physics Chapter 1 ean Foxe newten N mS Blok. goule I Pourer. uralt. Promure | pascal Pa “In 1960, an intetnational etganindtion of which fhe mest derelepe contaces are mamber, called “Generar Conrerence Or Brcsacia Ano Measures” has been agveed te establish a new units . This tem of units 4d called “IN reanarronar System Oc Units” os “$4- Units? 1 Now SI uniks ana ben used by worlds baente pe iy) en oll secentifir worls. $f unis 46, coun eg (h) Base, Oniks Gi) Supplemenk Uriks ii) Dertured Onibs. : Deernirron A system unils measurement called snternakimal system of units ot SE - units, Base Unirs Or $I Fae SI sytem Ras sewen bose uniks for the Phyteal quantities Leng. , mows, tune , temperature , electric. eusrent, Luming-us tnkensity and amount of substance, Depinilions of base uniks are guren as Fhe $1- unit of ks metre olenoted ‘m. Derinirrons One mate cs the oestenen trourelled bg the hight uraure. 2 rou dusang a Bre of Y299,792., 458 seconals. Jureenatronar System Ow Unurs on S$1-Unus MetreFsc Physics Chapter 1 Tke SI- unit of mam £6 kelogtam denoted by é Deriiriont One ki % he mas ip platinies! (904) and midcan CLO XY alley 3-9em cn diameler, and ee a te eres and Preasures tn Faance. This mass Atandard. urs sel up in 1904. Seconp The SI- unit of time ty second denoted by Ss Deemnirron: One second 15 the Lime : votuch 9.192,631,770 vibrations of Cesium —133 atom take place. This tine standard ures deb up in 1967. The SI- unit of Heramedynamic eratisne 0, Kebixin denoted by K. a Decinzrros:One kelvin £5 “hea fiection Yrs: 46 of the wwatsn Taipatm AED YUE atlctance ch Kat’ temper, at which) solid, Lequth and vapeur Atates ore sn eguilehsium. The Licppla.’ poink of rater. iis 273-16 K, Ths Lermperature standard uras ek up tn 1967. Keein Ameere The ST unit oF elective curaent 13 ampere denated A. DEFINITION? One ampere is that constant current which iy iy maintained. in duro straight parallel conductors of — niwen neghigibte anuilar, Aes— section abe apark in vacuum wold produce oe Hese- tcanductors a aa equal te 2x10" Nim (Cnewten pea metre) oR Thes Alandard unik was ack up an 1974. Canvera The SU- urik of Luminous ee anbandily of Light 4s candela errsFsc Physics Chapter 1 DeeingTions One candela 1a the sntensi of Light xn the perpendicular direction of @ surface ef 4/6 00000 Aguas. meter of a bhack body Aadiator at the Lemp nalinne Of preczeng platinium under a Presunre, oF 101325 newt pr Azure metre TAs skondord. unit was set up in 1967. Moce The St unik of amount of substance 45 mote denoted mot. Derinitron:On mole is he amount of substance. of a autem uthich conkons as entilies ob Ihene anak akbems in O- O42 Ky carbon —42. TRis stanolord. unit unas det up cn A992) Supreementae Unis Or $1 Certain units of Sh Aawe) hekebeen deaded as base unils ot detiued! eniks by Gereral Conference on Weights and, Maaienes. These unils are ¢ supple— \ Fou the Lime being, ere ore only two svpplemantany a oF fe quantifies plane anabe ang as and. selad ) Radéan Gi) $teraoian Rapian fe. ent wo ie PRE ae og Derinirion: ly Leng arc feng becomes eyuak ty the. Aadias of the tae then the angte subtended ak the centre < the cache will be one padcan. "Lo Eaom figure s on 7 aaa las OC AB A then - mZAOB = 1 rad.Fsc Physics Chapter 1 TR ioe unit soli angle 4 Aterocdian clensted. Bn. % Derren: Ore oat 4a the AslioL subtended at the centre of & sphere by an aren of its apres. exsist ke We. agate: of SS the Aadius of fhe phere. 0 Measures on France. In 1960, metre uras 7 a One melse is a lenght, equal. te 1,650,763°73 tn voce of the ae Aed radiation emilted by the Kuypten - 86 atom Secono (Ornen Deeinitron) One second 16 1/396400 port an average of the ge 1900 A.D. % “vdFsc Physics Chapter 1 Serenrrerc Dorenioy — © Wumbers ane expressed tn standard foun cattest dererde pice nolatien which use peurer. tan. ; The of 4 accepted. forum ib that here ‘Aoulh be only one nena gous digit Leb of denial. Exameces The rumber. 134-7 should be. wnilten as 1-347% 10°. The number. 0-0023 should be wailten ad 2-3x40™- Conventions For Enoscarina Unirs iki “taning SE- units follow ing poirta must be kept tn mink given os (i) Full name of the unit oees not wilh a capital Letter, even if named after a scientist e.g. newton. Gi) The symbol of the unit named after (a Bekenbist hao initial copital Letters suck asoN fot newton. Gili) The prepee shoaty of wailten before the wut without any space such: a5 @x40"%m 45 usilten as 6 dtm. Gv) combenakion of base units £0 usnilten cack uni one space apark. for example, newten metre xo ursilten as Nm. (v) Compound prefixes wre not ahlourecl. For example, LHMME moy be urrilten as ipF. (Vi)A number, Like F-0x10"cm may be exprened sn Yee notation os 5-Ox 10m. (vil) INhen a multiple of « base unik 1s Aaused toa power, the power applies to the whole multiple and not the. base unit alene. Fo. example, 1km* = 1(Km) = 1x10%R. (vill) Measurements tn practical urstk must be Accotded. tn the mest suitable unils. For , minemeter snow gauge. measukement in mm but before the Axsull, all fhe measurgments must be. converted inte SI- base unils. Dereres Paapxes one used to Acpresent jhe Large on small numbers as mubleple of ten.eae Physics Chapter 1 LL Light | Year. = 946x102m = 9-46x10'm = 9-46 Pm Similarly , for smaller, purabeds dike. Radins of Proton = 12x10 m= 4-2x10"m = 1-2 fm es used prefixed are geen as T\ MAW action or an epinten Mak fs net covrect and 5 problems or aogects Ke regubt of a measurement 40 antl eAAOV. Reasons For Error The ctor may och In & measuement due te ANogkgence 6% ArRxpeMence, OF a person. 2. The faulty apparatin. 3. Unsuitable mohok ot tocknigpe. Tyees Of Error TArnre one two CALOAS Gd) Randem Error ae ci) $ ic ENN OL Ranoom Error Randem wren sol te OCCU, when repeated the same condibe. WE elle wenll anlnege causesFsc Physics Chapter 1 Bevove. Of ‘Rancom Eraoe~OSCSC*~C~SCSCS R ; at one tate he tfc of kardon oun Splemahic emorv is the effect that cnpluerces all, fhe measurements of & particular. i He same in j Reasons For Systematic peut The aysterrakice CA can ecm aue te CG) Tere “bir of the measuring trstrument, Gi) Incownect ing an the measuring unstaument. Remover Or $vsremate Error ' LE can be Aeduced by Compasing Weel chathument wih otter mame accurate Anstrament ant a comecton Uncertain Tres \/ A situation Mat causes feeling doubt abet Vike acsutls of measurements. nty 13 also descrtbed a5 a ROW tn measurements. Reasons For Uncerramry Uncestair may eceur due te fotlounng ALBANS, U) The state oe indtiumenk fs nek good erveugh, ii) Natkzal uartatcons He objeck . Cif) Natuaak paulk ot ureatner, tn the senses of a persan. Srsererenny Ergones In measurement, the accurately kneum digits and the fist doublpul digit are calles ‘egnifccand OR : The figures: which Aepresent a. measured.Fsc Physics i cal 1 aa G7) ALL dlegits 1,2,3,4,3,6,7,8,9 we Heureuer., 2063 may ot may ro Sap ifeant. It 200 the following Aubes may wn (HA zeae betureen Page Agnificant fegures td e Bias 90012 , 3012 ete b) Zone to Re Left of significant CA ane pele > eae &-9; Wiha, t aosi" ee BS BOTED on Goat OFores to the Aight of a hinbat phe rms facksn) zer05 or may net be «In decimal to the Acght of a acgnifecant feaune ane Bionic . For example, all the zeros 1 35709 Oo 2-400 oe Hower, sno ruirbers Like 2000 serge OE ty Oo ote rte és 4 uae Woke, ace in 8000 waiter wn sho oe fee sd ie Hy least count © 10k,, then tere will be three significant bepnes and wxilten as 3-00x 10° ky £1 auantpic notation 60 on. (When a measurement 4a Arcoraled tr y notation, the pipures otter Han peweds of 10 are i eee 650 xto* there ane three segni— fecant fequres tn ihre sensen Ano Division UMBERS Tn multiplying and idivideng , he. saan & of significant Hipten in the proach qualita is egual tm thet number. of aigeapicont feguacs of Re quarts Le be. nmutkiplted o divided. Fer example, 3-47 x 19-39 = 108-7983 = 109 419-89 + GAT = 3-63619 = 3-64Fsc Physics Chapter 1 Git) Apparren Ano Swereaction OF Nomsees _ Tn ard. sublrasting ruumbers, the number. decimal in he answer should be equal ee smallest number of drecmal places in any of the guantilies boing added or subtiacted.In tis case, nimi oh epipiont houses ip not important, It ds ondy the position og decimal which smportart.. Fou. example, ure wank te add the following quantities exposed tn metres. Case > Ease (ii) WZ #4, 2+ 7543 3-42 4-10 + 0.003 + 1+273 75-523 3 f1293 Covrect Anowen = F5+5M Correct Arsue = 8 #13 m In coset), Ke number 72d Kas the smallest decimal places and hence, ie ansrr ts rounded off te he dame decimal jipestttons ‘which ts then F5-Sme In ‘cosed!), the number 4-10 has the smallest decimal places and Renee the answer ts pounded off te Ke same desimal. peiikians which is then 8-13m. Similarly , ume proceed jor subtraction as Caseci) Coase cif) 99-8 GO -3 — 455-42 — 3-2 AA 38 357-3 Correct Answer - 44-4 Coviect Answers 57-D Devenwence Of Nomece Or Sronseseanr Frevecs TN In ary massurarnenk, He number of ocqrapecant equines depends upen He folowing factors. 1. Deeree Or Precision or Mecwrney Oc Measvein Device fe ee increasing ocauary of messingFsc Physics Chapter 1 Fou example, if we measure the Borg of a Fie ee le OS landed 2h me . wu, @ veanie collipenrs and wih a screur gauge» the accuracy nt figures alsa increotses. I, wh of He Line See pee ee ke the number, of eank pyures 1s ihce-Hp it is measured urlh. a. venta calipers as “14-15 em’, the number, of ‘ figures 4s and with & sere os 14-136 cm, thon the number of Agnifecank fequares 10 feve.Hence, a5 the number of Acgnifecank figures unl xsnehense. 2.$i1ze Or Boov ioe op een Wa uncreone tn Bze Fou example, Ne ad sot is 5-67 900 meg NINES Lan ae tou Hrce and hat of a bob \is 44- +56 yam Aamny your 4 ign ecank pegunes. 3.Deeree Or Arerroximarion Hie rembers oF decreases wih, APUALOAL 0 degree mophobmaintt 2 of measured quankilics. oe ls ane A a rg ema 6389 km, the number of “b edntta,, Fee ta poor: HE pen me is taken a5 @390Km Pa ts Wsve and if as 6400km oporoninckey fegusee the number, Oe “gp gps 2 tur. Rovnorne FF Al prncoss in which number of aignitican figunen én w deduced ta desired value 4 cabled alata. 4 Rues For Roonbine Ore Dare 1 TE the fe aif te be 5 toss than 5, 13-53 14 Aoundadd off as ASS. a menserredFsc Physics Chapter 1 2alf the frst depet to be dnopped Xs meie than 5, Re olga: to be kaknined is increased by ad. Fou example, 12-36 “4 Aoundod off ao 17-4, Buf the dit Lo be chopped 24 G, the previous oligit ubich ts te be Avtatned 45 ancransed. by hi iE 18 edd and Actained as puck if Ub as even. For, example, 12-35 45 naunded off as 12-4 and 12-45 as £2-4, Move examples of numbers which are hounded off fe Maco Of enacted oy as 43-3 96-8646 5 Asundled off as 56-9 73-650 is Apunded off as 73-6 64-350 is Apurcled off as Gd Erasers 760. V« Precision meansG at jhe abserrations made wiih, dipferest experiment aie wars close te each offen. Aesowwte Unecerramry Absolute uncertainty is equal to the Least count of the. sri erg tnstrument. Tb oh cues called. he prectscon| of the snsticment. Fo example, ye the fengih. an eck measured Bae iy acts Sie ce Le aloe hace tn millimetaez (mm), it os te ference of twe rcacings of the wiliak and final positions. The uncertainty an fe Avadling 2 t0-03 cm ushich, 1 new doubled and 14 called absolute. uncertainty equal te + O-4 om- So ahsolutel uneerkainty 46 equal Le fhe deast count of the mensusing instrument. Hence : Precision er. Absolute Uncertainty = feast Count =@O-icmFsc Physics Chapter 1 Peeeise Mensuremenr A precise measarerrent is one which Aas Loss Accuracy means Hak He rcsult obtained will, difperenk experiments are close to the standard value, The aceunaey of a measurement depends on the és ow Freevonar Uncearamazry wncestaing tse nn Ee Pe oe Fiaebisiad, Uncortainty = tent Cot _. Pencenrece Ech ya “eet device wee Se LATOSY, ie 100 5 ; », beast Count 4 \/ Kprreg Uneerigdh = Peasused Unlae” 1007 hk ow Percentage Uncertainty = Fractional U; inky x 00 Accurare iE. SENT ie An accurate measurement cs ene uthich Ras Less tional hanky wh. uncerkainky o Km. Assessmenr Or forae Uncéernnry In Tne Finee Resuer Se eh! ae ee In erxcter to assess the total uneethainks o% error, ib Ls necemanry to assess the Likely uncertainities an ahh the anveled in that caleutation. Pe maxi- mum wncentai or ener in Ke feral Aesult can be found as eon? 1.For Moorr1en Ane S$verencrion When the Acéubling * vakoes are added or subtract, the botal uncertainty in’ the crak uncertainty tr the te ee Fee ap bling weaabale sncastelalin an Aghoiure.Fsc Physics Chapter 1 For example, the distance x found ey the dfpercnee, bebureen Lure separate measurements x, = 10-3t0-1em ond x, =26-8+ O-1em & X= M2-%, = 26:8 — 10-5 Ow x = 16-3 +0-2em 2. For Moctrectcation Ano Division ‘ ‘ oi) ieo , fase uncertainty fhe EL S58 Foo = cht 2h Py a2 a 0-05 oO 4 Lage, wuncentainty “fou F aga 400 - abouk © / Werte, total uncertainty in R is & 7. So R= T = Gaga =F19 Amo wilh. Yaga uncertainty of 87 wo R= @-2t OF ohms %. For Power Facror TP pourer, peste te 2 trurelued #n measuroments, en onubhiply the percentage by ak pour, For banner nm te Ne cogleckston He volume of a Sphere using relation V= 4 nA?, Fae Jage unceatainty nV = 5x Jage uncertainty tn Aadius ry Lot \ Radius of éphere =A =2-25+0-01cmn 0-01 | 100 & fog uncertainty sn hs a5 * joo =0-4/ Total Joge uncertainty un V = 3x0.4] = 1- 27Fsc Physics Chapter 1 $e, oe of sphere ras Vez grea Axs. 44 x (2 25) ow cay. ear wu. hage uncertainky # 124 eo Ws47-7 + 0-6 cn? 4. For Uncen vane In Tue Avernce Vewve Or Many Measurements Fo. Hus purpese, following muitod 16 adopt G)Find the ourenage value. of measured values. Gi Find Ke difference between each measerad vabus CHA) TRe mean” demiation 0% mean oifperance wd He, uncertainty tn the aureh age vablus. Fou example, the. Acx Amati % the mittomeler Dekete to measure Kepdiameler, of a. unre sn mm ane 1.20, 1-22, AyBZ) 4-29 4-22, 2-28 Them B:2044.22 42-23 + 4-1941-22 40-24 Airrage = S A = 4.21 mm Now, the olifgferanee belureen each meastited valu and owerage value, regbectiig the is 0-01 9 0-01" ©-02 5 Hak ptt, 0-00 Now mean deviation e mean difference. £5 Mean Deirixtion = DOE OLAS COR O02 + OO O06 Mean Deviation = O-O1 mm Hence, Lotah uncertainky An mean w% average vralun is A-Zit ©O-O1 mm 3. For Uncertainty In Tirarne Experiment pees Oy the sig es an Be. ‘ine: ported “Fsc Physics Chapter 1 Fou example , the tine of 30 utbrations of aw Simple pendulum found by a stop urabeh with Leal one gf Ots is 54-68. Thus, ferme period of. simple pendulum cs = 246 | wilh. uncertainty 2% = 0.0035 Se eke T 2 usaillen as T= 1-8240-003s Dimenstons Oc Puysien, Quenrrrzes — “Evey basic measureable physicat. quantity Ae presented. by aw Cit. symbel urulten wilh. Square *% dimension. Exe.anaTion % quantity. Fre dimension & phyweok quantity can be of mas = (mM) Dimension of beng [L] Deinersion of Taine = [T] Exameces Dimension Or Seeco : - As sa te Dimenseon Dirension oF Tone. oe (i= (2) =e Dimension Or fea As Acceberabien. Vebocily. &. Dimension of speed =