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    IRC 78 Ammendments

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    kom1984

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    AA USP PMI eee: : erat (Secretary General): +91 (11) 2618 5303 ara ar oy san eT IH, ‘aftarert (Sectt.): 2618 5315, 2618 5319, 2617 1548, Recah — 110 022 (area) 2618 5273, 2671 6778 ‘ere Fax): 491 (11) 2618 3669 INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS Kama Koti Marg, Sector 6, R.K. Pars em New Del 110022 Gig) atea.....£2,2,.APR 2010 No. IRC-11(BSS)W/2009 Dr. N. Rajagopalan Chief Technical Advisor L&T-RAMBOLL Consulting Engineers Ltd., 339-340, Anna Salai, Nandanam (CHENNAI-600035 Sir, am directed to enclose herewith a copy each of the following documents for discussion during the Bridges Specifications & Standards Committee meeting to be held on 1* May 2010 at 11.00 AM at IRC Conference Room, R.K. Puram, New Delhi 1. Draft document on Manual for Grade Separators (finalized by General Design Features (Bridges and Grade Separated Structures Committee (B-1) 2. Draft Revision of IRC:SP:37 “Guidelines for Evaluation of Load Carrying Capaci of Bridges” (finalized by Maintenance and Rehabilitation Committee (B-8). (Please note that the figures contained in this document will be printed in colour during final printing). 3. Draft Addendum to IRC:SP:74-2007 Guidelines for repair and Rehabilitation of Steel Bridges (Finalized by Steel and Composite Structures Committee (B-5) 4, Draft Amendments to TRC: 78-2000 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VU Foundations and Substructure (Second Revision) (Clause No. 707, 709, 710 and Appendix 5 & 6) (finalised by Foundation, Sub- Sturcture, Protective Works and Masonry Structures Committee (B-3) ‘A copy of the Agenda and Memoranda for the meeting is also enclosed It is requested that your comments, if any, on the documents may kindly be sent to Shri ‘Arun Kumar Sharma (Member-Secretary, Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee), Chief Engineer (B).S&R, Ministry of : Road ‘Transport and Highways, Transport Bhavan, New Delhi-110001, with a copy to this office. ‘Yours faithfully, oe (Dam Singh ) Under Secretary -II Encl: As above Tel. No.26185273 teonge sire: SII arse, eTEAl as. TE Re-110011 (ea) Satellite Offic: Jamgagar House, Shahjahan Road, New Deli - 110 011 (India) FENN ee AF erty Genera #91 (1) 238 486, FT (Sec #1 (1) 2998459, 29987 0,299 5995, 2336274, 209879 FRI (Pax: 491 (11) 2386 1649, 4st (Emails): sectetarygen@ire org, dsa@icongin, SIGE (Website): wws.irc gin J 1 o8ed. ssqgqzsesneqo01'p0'S1, Site 40 Ayeded 1eo1Uyo9}0989 £°60L e602 602 +388) peo| ‘yoo 8q eYS }S0} peo] [en|U) ay, “peo uBisep ayy seu) ¥4z UeUN $89] JOU 40} payaNpUOD aq jfeUS 188} PEOT SMT “Al P ple} ainpadoid ayy sed se euop oq “yood Ul S2lld payeyoos @4j 10} pue ‘uojo|4, uo BulAreu JoUpIeA seid Buyeeg pue 101 psuoyed aq ue jse} peo} ulgjuIeW 8, ‘votjouy apis pue Buz29q pve woy yjBuess Buinsap solid 404 388} peo} a1}9K9 2q EUS 150} PEO] [2 Uueuy $82) jou 40} pajonpuca eq zz60n pur soy (q ——ermum @ woeds }'9"F'60L “saild Jo Buloeds-— deo e jo ezis aut Wjsuod ~—~ pue| Jo} (a | vs"V602 (unpusbne5 se pausiqnd 5d Oy) SuOIs|AoId Pasodoid 600 SuNF SKeMUBIH UBIPUT U] Peys|IGNa Se sUOISIAOId TON @SneID | BLIND SSE 40 NOLLVUACISNOD HO4 0002-82:04 40 604 SSNV1O NI SZONVHO, NOs S3LLIWINOD £-8 DU! 4O SNOLLVONBININODSY ' Jo ZaBed ssqgqusasne}29) 'r0'S1 eo [ WeUrTeieeTe eq You TRUS Tansy mncos ye VoWPeLep our Toor osm TEUIGWOS FET U SOURTS|SST PEO] [BIER y20 0} pesn aq ABW 116z ‘S| Aq pepuewiooa) Bulsn sisffeue jo ‘aU, “selld jenpinipul Jo eoue}sisal jele}e| Jo Wns ay) peedxs Buysay peo| Aq UoReUjLIOS “sed [OER jo now e s0y JeIewelp Jana} snoos ye uoDeyep 04 puodsess00 @Ie| Jes eu “sald jenpinIpUl jo JOU ysnu GHOST JS sousjsisal jevelel ajes oul Z'S'C%60d | Jo wns oy) peeoxo tou jsnlu aoue|s! zyre'on g-mpueddy ui pareindis se sys soyyiny a potas “TT SOL Sane JO T VOETIGUIOS PROT Toy TWeLOTGS “grpueddy ut paretndys se syuuy soyuny 0} oalqns ‘yuauodwico soue}sises epis 197908 Uo 0} pue uauaduioo BueRd T9OZ SERED JOT UONEUIGWOS GEO] IG] Fz | Ou uo s aq jNeys AjaJes Jo 40}De} “y004 UI sajfd 404 “Jos ul said 15 J0 s18eq a4) Uo paynduoa Ayoedeo jerxe BINULIO} REIS JO SISEq AY} UO Painduioo Ayoedeo uo Aajes Jo sojoe} winWHUILW aus 2AI—VeS 40 40}0e luo Av@jes 0 10}9e4 wnUUJUIW OY: AIOJeS 30 JOE ze'eon aN 0'S2"b 40 (81 52) EdIN $'Z2"S MMA feUBTEWOED payusUiEd ‘enIseyoo] FOR (p s 19.06) werarsmoid OS < 1 a edWN 0'S% 9" 10 (18) Nsosrenps61 enue 9H APU Be SLUADSIED | ca ges YI MBER panoUeD eneouE| TE egW $2'0 um seuotepnus 30 saleus Aafs fe “oNSEYo ‘SUOOE/SMOIG 0S) WE’ D/SMO|A uM ‘ 0S "S > US} $°2) edt $20 MIM seuoIspnu 10 sejeUS AejD °6'9 ‘anIseyOD TneeWCSS Sepeuew] (9 i fr ‘{euwo 0€ / smolg Og ) wi e'g/SmoIG Og5 ( 94e1 UNAIN oun Se0'S se Ae) FOSONSEID (P| asosne) nai ts sNse6-VO J oneD Pues ) POSTIVE (a Bymoyoy ay sesnes avy asodind Jo4 "e601 e8neID Jed Becobhded iets opietatey rainy iciood Se eueiu0 1uaUIO|NES BIGEMO|E Bt) PUP F'E°6DL PLE E'E'60L | osawy jo asodund seg fed se eusIUO qUoWomas suoqaes soja 'dnoB a1 Jo Ayoedeo Bupeynojeo 104 pawoyoy | Seal Jn, Sounl 2cd BL GOL Ene on oe et ayes dnoie alld 30 Ajoedeo Buneindje 40.4 “Pamotjoy 8q pinoys s-xipueddy J© vojepuswuodss apd jo Aoedeo pouBisep Buneinojeo 104 60d 1e60L TuinpuebyI6s se patisiand eq oi) suOIsiAdId pasodoia 00g Sun SKEMUBIH UeIpul Uy PeUsiignd se suOIsiAcId’| “ON esNeID Jog o8ed ssqgozsasnejoor'r0'S. + 818eq Buoy} ou) uo pessosse oq ew! 9116 uo Buywoo peo} jeuoRppe Yong “UINENS YTS ul YEUS op 84) Buoje payessuaé s! peo} jensen jeuomppe |'a}@ peo| eoepNs jOm UMO Si! 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YOO: YeaM JO} Yosiy ‘Pash q lueo (yoeoidde pnons 209) z poulew ul pequasep YoBoidde ‘uy ‘(yos Kafe 40 seynuesB e se paylsselo jou s} YoIYm) Breas paewbey AySiy smoys GOY aay suojenys uj “pasn 9q.ueo | poyjeui Ui paquosep YoRoidde eu ‘Gujse} jo poyreus Plepueis Busn peysiqejse Aooup yiueys anjsseidwico Peuyucoun pue UBYe) eq UBD 400! BY) JO Se100 BION ‘mojaq UBM sayoeodde ony ou Jo evo Woy peVe!nOIED 2 few Ayoedeo Buikueo peo sjewnin sy, -eouejsise1 ‘2pIs 184908 pue Sujeag pus Aq Ayoedeo eyp enuep Buoyjeam J0 e0iBep BulKien jo S901. pexoyIeam pe SYO! UI Satid sAypedeo Bulkuzeo peo} [exXy 16 240M ONY Moow GNY WRIBLVWO39 BLVIGAWYAINI NI STd JO ALOVAVO “6 | TVIBLVI-OR ALVIGRWYLNI NI STIld JO ALlOvdvo *6 :moj9q uenib sesed mm aderden :mofeg uanI6 sexed ya soeidors | g-uonoos . ou SSH 0} 1005 oq oF suo|sIAOId Basodord 6002-04nr sKemysyy ueIpU UF popU asnerg | ‘SSG 0} 1UOS Oq 03 '000Z-BL-DUI JO 5 ~ XIGNAddVV Ul SuO|s{ne1 pesodoig, 709, PH.E FOUNDATION Clause No. For Read 709.1 General 709.14 For piles in streams, rivers, creeks, ote, the following criteria may be followed () Scour conditions are property established. (ai) Permanent stee} liner should be provided at least upto maximum scour level. In case of ‘marine clay or soft soil or soil having aggressive material, permanent steel liner of sufficient strength shall be used for the full depth of such strata, The minimum thicknesé of liner should be 5 mm. In last ine under (i) change $ mam to 6 men. | 709.15 709.1.5.1 Spacing of piles and tolerances Spacing of piles : The spacing of piles should be considered in relation to the nature of the ground, their behaviour in groups and the overall cost of| the foundation. The spacing should be chosen with regard to the resulting heave or compaction ‘and should be wide enough to enable the desired ‘umber of piles to be installed to the correct pen- tration without damage to any adjacent construe- tion oF to the piles themselves. ‘Spacing of piles and tolerances, 709.1.5.1 Spacing of piles a) Where pier is supported on miatiple piles, ‘connected by frame structure or by solid pile ‘cap, the spacing of piles should be considered in relation to the nature of the ground, their| bbchaviour in groups and the execution conve- rience. The spacing should be chosen with re- ‘gard tothe resulting heave or compaction and should be wide enough to enable the desired number of piles to be installed to the correct penetration without damage to any adjacent construction or tothe piles themselves. ') For land bsdges pier may be supported on single pile having diametcs sufficiently large to aecommodate construction tolerances of pile installation with reference to location of piers as well as having strength as required by the design. The pile should be designed to cater forthe maximum eccentricity of vertical load in such ease. Alternatively, pile shaft can be continued to act as pier and get connected to pier cap which i designed to accommodate the eccentricities due to construction tolee- ances The cost ofa cap carsying the load from the struc- ture to the pile heads, or the size and effective Jength of a ground beam, may influence the spac- ing type and size of piles. ‘The size of a cap carrying the load from the structure to the pile heads, or the size and ef- fective length of a ground beam, tay infu} cence type, size and spacing of ples. ie INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 “The spacing of piles will be determined by = (a) the method of installation, e.g, driven or bored; (b) the bearing capacity of the group, ‘Working rules which are generally. though not al- ways, suitable, are as follows For friction piles, the spacing centre should be nat less than the perimeter ofthe pil or, for cir cular ples, Vie times the diameter. The spacing of piles deriving their resistance nly from end bearing may be reduced but the distance between | the surfaces of the shafts of adjacent piles should bbe not less than the leaSt width of the piles 709.1.7 [The minimum diameter of piles shall be as fol-|"The minimum diameter shall be 1.0 m for lows river/marine bridges. For bridges beyond the agasa [ive] | water zone and for bridges on land the diam- Lad Bridges __| | eter may be reduced upto 750 mm" Dives ainsi | 05 iam . jis me Bs Press pies asm Tm [Pacts Tom Ter 709.18 | The seitiement, differential setlement, lateral de-| Settiement, Differential Settlement and flection at cap level may be limited for any struc-| Pile Capacity ‘sate as per the requirement ‘The differential setlement between two suc: cessive foundations taken at pile cap level, may be estimated from the musximum settle. sent expected at two fourdations forthe dead Joa, superimposed Toads ive load and seour site. Th in seemed with time in clayey soils shall be ascounted for. In ab- sence of detailed calculations, forthe purpose of preliminary design, it ean be taken as not ‘more than the maxinm settlement of any of| the two foundations ‘The differential settlement shall be limited depending upon the following functional and structural considerations: z a) Functionally acceptable —differentiat settlement between two neighbouring piers shall not be greater than 1 in 400 of the span to ensure siding comfort, as Specific 706:3.2.1 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, TUNE 2009 ts b) The allowable settiement of a single pile considered for estimating the pile capacity shall be arrived from correlation of the settlement of pile group to that of single pile, as per clause 7093.4 ©) This further provided that the work- ing load capacity of pile based on the (b) shall not exceed 40% of the| load corresponding to the settlement of 10% of pile diameter (ie. safety factor of 2.5 on ultimate load capac- ity is ensured), 709.19 For both precast and cast-in-situ piles, the values regarding grade of concrete, water| cement ratio, slurap shall be as follows : For both precast and castin-situ piles, the values regarding grade of concrete, water cement ratio, slump shall be as follows: ori Dives canciin eae Canara Ca ‘eta by Treat af Mis | | Min ome a ws “Wg aoa fenton see we we Shans (aan) —.305 [100-186 we Min cement moi | soe a For improving resistence 10 pene: ton of het sets om sl ot mina aie ya sin Tone, GOBS conforming respective BiS/international standards) and as per TRC an IRC reer igi? aE ii) Inmarine conditions and areas exposed to action of harmful chemicals, pro rection of ple caps sith suitable coat jing such as bituminous based, coal- epoxy, epoxy based coating. may considered. High alumina cements, (i.e. quick setting cement) shall not be used: marine conditions, Also when both chlorides and sulphates are present, use of sulphate stant CemiGnt is not ec ommended 0. INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 709.2 [Requirement and Steps for Design and Requirem« ‘Steps for Design and Installation Instaltatio 709.21 | The initial design of an individual pile, group of| The instial design of an individual pile, giles and final adoption should pass through two | confirmation of its capacity by cither initial types of majar investigation and tests as follows: |load_test_or_by fe-cunfirmation of actual (Comprehensive ang detailed sub-surface Soil parameters, modification of design, if investigation for piles to determine the| quired, and final adoption should pass design parameter of end bearing capacity, {*hrough following. steps of investigations, fection capacity and Tateral capacity of sil | sign and Youl testing surrounding the pile, ————~*4' i), Comprehensive and detailed sub-surface (Gi) Initial load test on tral piles forconfirmation | investigation for piles to determine Imodification of design and layout and| the design parameters of end bearing routine load test on working piles for| capacity, friction capacity and lateral acceptance of the seme. capacity of soil surrounding the pile ii) Design of pile and pile group based on (i) above for specified bearing strata iii) itil load testing Initil load test on pile of same diameter as design pile for direct confirmation of design . The initial load test is a part of the design process. confirming the expected properties of bearing strata and the pile capacity iv) Steps (ii) & (i) should be repeated for different types of strata met at site 709.22 | The stops far design and confirmation by tess are | The steps for design and confirmation by tests given below are given below (Subsoil exploration to establish design soil| i) Sub-soil exploration to reconfinm soil parameters parameters assumed in the design. (ii) Required capacity of pile group based on |i) Provide forthe required design capacity tentative number and diameter of piles ina] of pite group based on tentative number group. and diameter of pte in a group. Gil) Capacity of pile based on static formula ii) The allowance _totalidfferential considering ground characteristics. Theal-| settlement of single pife should be based lowable fotal/dfferential settlement should] on the considerations s per 709.1.8 and be duly considered. This step along 709.3.4. Capacity of single pile is to be step (ii) may be iterative. based on static formula considering. ground characteristics. This tep slong with stop (i) may be iterative iv) Structural design of ples. jv) Structural design of pits. INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 aa 12 o wi) Thitial Toad test for load capacity and uplift load capacity on trial piles to verify/confirm or modify the design consideration of piles done by steps (i and (iv). The load west shall be conducted for two times design load. Initial toad test shalt be cyclic load test Ifthe initial load test gives a capacity greater than 25 per cent of the capacity calculated by static formula, and if it is desired to take benefit of the highest capacity, another two load tests shall be carried out fo confirm the carlir value and minimum of the three shall ‘be considered as initial load test value, The rhuniber of initial tests shall be determined by the Engineer-in-charge taking into con- sideration the bore log and soit profile For load testing procedure of ples, reference is made to IS:2911 (Part ~ IV). Routine load test may be conducted again to reconfirm or modify the allowable load. Tests should he properly designed to cover particular group for single pile test and dou- ble pile test. The lateral load test may be conusted on two adjacent piles. w wi) initial Toad test as mcutvoned i 709.2. Mil) (a) is for axial load capacity, including uplift capacity, if required, con trial piles of the samme dian the design pile, The testing shall be done as per the procedure laid down in [S:2911, Part-V. The load test shall be vongasted for not less than 2 times the design Joa8. ‘The initisl Toad test shall be eyelic load test for piles de- riving strength from end bearing and side friction. The maintained loacl test, ccan be performed for end bearing piles without relying on friction, and for the socketed piles in rock. It the initial load test gives a capacity greater than 25 per cent of the capac- ity calculated by static formula, and if] iis desired to take benefit ofthe higher ‘capacity, another two load tests shall be carried out to confinm the earlier value! and minimum of the three shall be con- sidered as initial load test value, The number of initial (esis shall be deter ‘ined by the Engincer-in-charge tak ing into consideration the bore log. and soil profile 709.24 Routine Tests: Routine toad tests should be done on one pile for alter foundation for bridges. The number may be suitably increased/reduced taking into consid- cration the bore long and soil profile, limited to 1% of total number of piles oF two nos. which- ever is more, Routine load test should be dane at loca tions of altemate foundations of bridges to reconfirm or modify the allowable’ loads. Vertical and horizontal oad tests should be properly designed to cover particular pile group. The lateral load test may be conducted on two adjacent piles. However, results of routine load tests shall not be used for upward revi sion of design capacity of piles. The ‘Minisnum number of tests to be conduct ced is as given below for confirming pile capacity: INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2003 Total number of | Minimum No. of Piles forthe “Test Pites ridge wo 30 — [pic iso 3 Beyond vail pies Gactional umber rounded to next higher integer number). Note: The number of tests may be judiciously increased depending upon the variability of foundation strata 2. Permissible Over Load While conducting routine test on one of] the pile belonging to a pile group, the pile is found to be deficient (based on the settlement criteria at 1.5 times the test load) an overload upto 10% of the capacity may be allowed. 3. For a quick assessment of pile capacity, strain dynamic tests may be conducted after establishing co-relation using the results of load tests. However, resulls of sirain dynamic tests shall not be used for upward revision of design capacity of| pile. Detailed guidelines & references fare at Appendix-7 Part 1 & 2. These methods can be followed, 4, To tave a fairly good idea about the quality of concret: and construction defects like voids, discontinuities, etc, pile integrity tests are extensively conducted. Detailed guidelines and references are at Appendix-7 Part 2. 7093 | Capacity of Pile 709.31 | For calculating designed capacity of pile /pile | For calculating designed capacity of pile, rec- ‘group methods / recommendation of 1S:2911 | ommendations given in Appendix-S should ‘should be followed. be followed. For calculating capacity of pile ‘group refer sections 709,3.3 and 709.3.4 and ‘the allowable settlement criteria as per Clause 09.1.8, For application of these clauses the following definitions will apply Appendix-5 gives formulae for estimating pile capacity based on soil / rock interaction with pile, INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 133 3) Cohesive soil (clay or plastic it with S_0.25 MPs; 1b) Granularsot (sand, greet or non-plas- tic silt with N (average within layer } $50 blows/0.3 m (50 blows / 30 cms), ©) Intermediate Geomaterial Cohesive: eg. clay shales or mud- stones with 0.25 MPa (2.5 ts!) < S, < 2.5 MPa. ‘Cohesion less: e.g. granular tills, gran- lar residual soils NSO blows/0.3m {50 blows/30 ems.) 4) Rock [cohesive, cemented geomate- rial with S, > 2.5 MPa (25 ts) or q-2 5.0 MPa. 70932 Factor of safety + The minimum factor of safely on ultimate axial capacity computed on te basis of static formule shall be 2.5 for piles in soil. For piles in rock, factor of safety shall be $ on the bearing component and 10 on socket side resis- tance component. Factor of safety : The minimum factor of safety on ultimate axial capacity computed ‘on the basis of static formula shall be 2.5 for| piles in soil, For piles in rock, factor of safety shall be 5 on the bearing component and 10' ‘on Socket side resistance component 70933 ‘Capacity of piles/group action : The axial ca pacity of a group of piles should be determined by a factor to be applied to the capacity of indi- vidual piles multiplied by the number of pites of the group. (i) Factor may be taken as | in case of purely end bearing piles having minimum spacing| of 2.5 times the diameter of pile and for frictional piles having spacing of minimum 3 times diameter of pile. (ii) Forpite groups in clays, the group cepacity shall be minimum of the following : (2) Sum of the eapacites ofthe ini al piles in the group. (©) The capacity of the group based on block failure concept, where the vl- timate load carrying capacity of the block enclosing the piles i estimated. Capacity of pilesigroup action: The axial capacity of » group of piles should be deter- ‘mined by a factor to be applied tothe capacity ‘of individual piles multiplied by the number of piles of the group, 8) Factor may be taken a6 | in case of purely end bearing piles having mini- mum spacing of 2.0 times the diameter of pile and for frietional piles having spacing of minirmum 3 times diameter of pile. ii) For pile grovps in clays, the group ca- pacity shall be lesser ofthe following ‘Sam of the capacities of the individual piles in the group. (©) The capacity of the group based on! block failure concept, where the ‘ultimate load carrying capacity of the block enclosing the piles is estimated. ia INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2005 709.34 Settiement of pile group 7093.42 Settlement of pile group in sands: ‘The setle- iment of a pile group is affected by the shape and size of group, length, spacing and method of in- stallation of piles. There is no rational method available to predict the settlement of group of| piles in sands. It is recommended to use empiri- cal relationship proposed by Vesic for obtaining. the sertlement of pile group. in this method, the settlement of the group is predicated based on settlement of single pile obtained from load test. ‘The following Table indicates the relationship ‘Width of Group /Pile diameter 5 28 50 60. Whee, 5g = settlement of pile group a settlement of single pile Settlement of pile group in sands : The seitlement of a pile group is affected by the shape and size of group, length, spacing and method of installation of piles. Methods given in 18:8009 (Pari) or any other ‘ational method may be used. The settlement of group of piles in sands can be calculated by assuming that the load carried by the pile group is transferred tc the soi! through an equivalent raft located at one third of the pile length upwards from the pile toe for friction piles. For end bearing piles the settlement can be calculated by assuming the raft placed at ‘the toe of the pile group, 70935 ‘Resistance to lateral loads 709.352. The safe lateral resistance must not exceed the sum of lateral resistance of the individual piles. ‘The safe lateral resistance of individual pile shall be corresponding to a $ mm deflection at ground level in accordance with 1S:2911 with full “E° ‘value and for appropriate pile-head condition in Load Combination, | of Clause 706.1.1. For river bridges with scourable bed, the S mm deflection ‘may be taken as the defection at scour level ‘The safe lateral resistance mustnot exceed the sum of lateral resistance of individual piles. The safe lateral load resistance of individual pile depewts on the modulus of horizontal fe reaction of the foundation taie- rial os well as the structural rigidity of pile. Appropriate rational method of snalysis us- ing soil modulus as recommended by 1S:2911 may be used to calculate the same. The safe lateral resistance of single pile shall corre- spond to deflection at scour level not greater than 1.0% of pile diameter. For a group of| vertical piles, confirmation by load testing is ‘not required. For pile acting singly the hori- zontal load test may be performed in accor- dance with IS:2911, Testing shall be for free head condition for piles having free standing shaft above scour level upto the pile cap. For conducting test at scour level, it will be nee- essary to drive @ larger diameter casing upto scour level so that the test pile above is free to deflect. The defiection at scour level INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2007 125 may be measured directly, or way be cal ‘culated from deflection measured at highes }(ground) level assuming that the pile acts as a structaral cantilever from the point of fixity. ‘The point of fixity can be taken from the anal- ysis performed for the design or calculated by ‘simplified method given in IS:2911 For piles in land zone of river bridges or for| ‘oridges on land (refer section 709.1,7). The lateral load capacity may be based on fixed hhead condition in appropriate direction for rigid pile cap permitting deflection at pile head of not more than 1.0% of pile diemeter. 7093.6 Uplift load carrying capacity 7093.62 The ultimate uplit capacity may be calculated ‘with the expression of shaft resistance/skin fric- tion only, ofthe static formulae for compression loads and applying a reduction factor of 0.50 on the same. However, inthe case of rock, the length of socket need not be restricted to 0.5 x diameter of socket ‘The weight of pile shall also act against uplift. Pull out tests may be conducted for verification of uplift capacity, "The ultimate uplift capacity may be calcu lated with the expression of shaft resistance! fiction only, of the static fonnulad for compression loads and applying a reduction factor of 0,70-0n-the same. In case of rock, the socket length shall be measured fom 0.3| 1m depth to ectual depth of socket, The we of the pile shal also'befaken as acting against plif. Pull out test shall be conducted for ver- ification of uplift eapacity factor of (2.5/0.1) = 3.57 on the ultimate strength shal be used, FORT Piles subjected to downward drag + A pile ‘may be subjected to additional load on account ‘of downward drag resulting from consolidation of 6 soft compressible clay, ayer due to its own weight, remoulding or surface load. Such addi- tional load coming on pile may be assessed on the' following basis: (i) In the case of pile deriving its capacity ‘mainly from friction, the value of downward drag force may be taken as 0.2 to 0.3 times undrained shear strength multiplied by the surface aree of| pile shaft embedded in compressible soi Gi) Incase of pile deriving is capacity mainly from end bearing, the value of downward drag force may be considered as 0.5 times undrained shear strength multiplied by the surface area of pile shaft embedded in compressible soil Piles subjected to downward drag : When a soil stratum through which pile shaft has pen- ‘trated into an underlying hard stratum com- presses due to its own weight, or remoulding, ‘or surface load ete., additional vertical load is generated along the pile shaft in such stra- tum upto a point where soil does not move down relative to pile sha. Such additional load coming on pile may be assessed on the following basis (to Gili) As it is, except to replace word “less” in the last sentence of (fil) by word “higher”, ‘Add: (iv) This reduction in capacity of pile is in the ultimate capacity. 26 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 | | Gil) For a group of piles, the drag forces shall also be calculated considering the surface area of the block (i¢., perimeter of the group times depth) embedded in compressible soil. In the event of this value being less than the number of pile im he group times the individual downward es, the same shall be considered in the 709.4 709.4.1 Structural Desiga of Piles pile asa structural member shall have sufficient strength to transmit the load from structure to soil, The pile shall also be designed to withstand temporary stresses, iTany te which it may be sub- jected to, such as, handling and driving stresses, ‘The permissible stresses should be as per IRC:21 ‘A pife as « structural member shall have suffi- cient strength to transmit the load from struc ture t0 soil. The pile shall also be designed to ‘withstand temporary stresses, if any to which it may be subjected to, such as, handling and | driving stresses. The permissible stresses should be as per (RC:21 The test pite shall be separately designed to ‘carry test load safely to the foundation, 709.43 For the herizontal foad at the cap level, the mo- ment in the pile stem can be determined by any rational theory. In the absence of any rational theory, the method given in IS:2911 (Part VSee 2) may be adopted. Ifthe pile group is provided ‘with rigid cap, then the piles should be considered as having fixed head for this purpose. Horizontal force may be distributed equally in all piles in 2 ‘group with a nid pile cup. For the horizontal loads the moments in pile shaft can be calculated as described in clause’ 709.3.5.2. For piles on land, ifthe pile group is provided with sigid cap, then the piles may be considered as having fixed head ia appro- priate direction for this purpose. Hori2oatal force may be distributed equally inal! pies in 1 group with a rigid pile cap. 709.44 Minimum reinforcement : The rinforceroens in pile should be provided for the full length of| pile, as per the design requirements. However, the minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be 0.4 per cent of the arca of cross-section inall in situ concrete ples. Lateral reinforcement shall be provided ia the form of links or spirals with minimum 8 mm diameter stel, spacing not less than 150 mm, Cover to main reinforeements| shall not be less that 75 mm, Reinforcements for east-in-situ piles: ‘The reinforcements in pile should be provided ‘complying with the requirements of RC:21, as per the design requirements, The area of lon- gitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than (0.4 per cent nor greater than 2.5% of the actual area of cross-section in all cast-in-situ conerete piles. The clear spacing between vertical bars shall nat be fess than 100 mm, Grouping of not ‘more than two bars together can be made for achieving the same. Lateral reinforcement shalt be provided in the form of spirals with mini- ‘mum 8 mm diameter steel, spacing not more than 150 mn, For inner layer of reinforcement, separate limits tying them to each other and to outer layers shal be provided, INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 127 709.53. | famarine conditions orin areas exposed to the ac-| Delete tion of harmful chemicals, ete. use of dense com acted conesete shall be made, the pile cap shall bbe protected with a suitable sti-corosive paint High alluming cement, ic, quick siting cement shall not be used in marine constructions. 70934 |The minimum thickness of pile cap should be | 70953 at least 0.6 m or 1.5 times the diameter of pile (i) The minimum thickness of pile cap Whichever is more. Casting of pile cap should | should be at least 1.5 times the diameter of| be at level higher than water level umless func-| pile. Such a pile cap can be considered as rig tionally it i required to be below water level at| id, The pile cap may be designed as thick slab hich time suficient precautions should be iaken | (deep beam or, by using ‘strut & tic’ method to dewater. The forms to allow concreting in dry] All reinfon:ement in pile cap shall have fall anchorage capacity beyond the paint at which, itis no longer required. Ie should be specially ascertained for pile caps designed by ‘strut & tic? method. Where large diameter bars are used in pile eaps as main reinforcement, the comers of pile caps have large local cover due to large radius of bending of main bars. Such comers shai! be protected by locally placing simall diameter bars. Gi) Casting of pile esp should be at level higher than water level unless functionally tis required to be balow water level at which time suficient precautions shouldbe taken to dewate, the forms to allow conretng in dry condition, in marine conditions or in areas exposed to the action of barmfial chemivas, the pile cap shall be protected with a suitable anti-corto- sive paint. High aluinina cement, ie, quick setting cement shall not be used in marine constructions. 709.6.2.3. [Tn case of bored casicin-site piles wemies of 200 | Conereting of Pies mm diameter shall be used for concreting. Tbe’ temic should have uniform and smooth cross section inside, and shall be withdrawn slowly ensuring adequate height of concrete outside the ttemie pipe a all stages of withdrawal. Other rec- ‘ommendations for temie concreting are : (j) The sides of the borehole have to be stable throughout; (ii) The tremie shall be watertight throughout its length and have a hopper attached at its head by 2 ‘Concreting shall be done by tremie method. In tremie methos the following requirements are particularly applicable a) When conereting is carried out fora pile 4 temporary casing should be installed to sufficient depth, so that fraginents of ground cannot drop from the sides of the hole into the conerete as itis placed. The temporary casing is not required except near the top when conereting ul- watertight connection, der drilling mud, 28 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 Tie Wen pipe shoud be lowered to the] by The hopper and emis should Be» Teak bottom of borehole, allowing ground water or] proof syste drilling mud to rise inside it before pouring can- }<) mie diameter of minim 200 enn crete; shall be used with 20 mum diameter down {iv) The treme pipe should always be kept fall] aperepate of conerete and should penetrate well into the ay (i surged to discharge the concrete. concrete in the borehole with adequate margin of| safety against accidental withdrawal if the pipe is ° D 2 » The first charge of concrete should be: placed with a sliding plug pushed down the tube ahead of it or with a steel plate of adequate charge to prevent tnixing of| vonerele and water. However, the plog stiould not be lef in the concrete as a ump ‘The temie pipe should always penetrate well into the concrete with an adequate margin of safety against accidental with-

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