Design and operating parameters responsible for air

pollution in SI engine.
Que-State the Design and operating parameters responsible for
air pollution in SI engine. (8marks)

Ans-Following are the Design and operating parameters

responsible for air pollution in SI engine.

(1) Incorrect air fuel ratio-:

Up to a certain point the amount of HC gas in
the exhaust increase as the air fuel mixture gets richer if the mixture is made
too lean however the concentration of HC will begin going up down.

(2) Low compression-:

Low compression and insufficient oxygen cause misfiring
which leads to incomplete combustion of fuel, resulting in raw HC gas in the exhaust.

(3) Valve overlapping-:

During the short time that both the intake and exhaust
valves are open some of HC gets sucked out of the combustion chamber through the
exhaust valve before it burns.

(4) Quenching-:

The unburnt or partially burnt fuel from this quenching zone is then
exhausted from the cylinder when the piston begins moving upward during its exhaust
stroke.

(5)Ignition timing-:

The nox concentration near the theoretical air fuel ratio becomes
markedly higher due to high combustion temperature as the ignition timing is
advanced.
(6) Warm up-:

If the engine is not warmed enough, the gasoline cannot vaporize

sufficiently while engine is warming up, and a great deal of CO and HC are produced.

(7)Idling-:

During idling, the concentration of CO and HC therefore increased due to

incomplete combustion, while the concentration of NO decreases to almost zero due to
the fall in combustion temperature.

(8)Low and medium speeds under 100km/hr -:

CO and HC concentrations rise,

no does not falls due to an increase in the combustion temperature in the combustion
chamber goes up, creating NO.

(9)High speeds over 100km/hr-:

CO and HC concentrations rise, but no does not fall

due to an increase in the combustion temperature even with a rich mixture.

(10)Accelerating-:

The throttle valve opens wide, increasing amount of air fuel

supplied also naturally increases, so that air fuel mixture becomes richer (8:1)and the
concentration of CO and HC increase.

(11)Decelerating-:

These increases the concentrations of CO and HC and lower the

concentration of NO to almost zero.

(12)Heavy load-:

CO and HC concentrations high and NO is also created due to the

rise in temperature in the combustion chamber.
(13)Compression ratio-:

Due to the low compression ratio the air fuel mixture will be
less packed into stagnant pockets of the combustion chamber where it likely to escape
ignition. The lower compression engine also has a higher exhaust temperature which
may promote oxidation of the HC in the burned mixture and there by reduce HC
concentration in exhaust.

(14)Combustion chamber deposits-:

The quantity of deposits affects the

compression ratio of the engine by lowering exhaust temperature and reducing
clearances volume and exhaust emission increases. Uniform distribution of deposits is
likely to provide more void space for the absorption of unburnt HC during combustion
thereby raising exhaust emission levels.

(15)Coolant temperature-:

The significant reduction in HC emission when tap water

is changed to boiling water but further temperature increases of the coolant produces
no further reduction in emission.

Higher emission with tap water is probably due to

condensation of fuel on some of the colder spots in the chamber.
Ques- State the Design and operating parameters responsible for
air pollution in SI engine (4 marks)

Ans-Following are the Design and operating parameters

responsible for air pollution in SI engine

(1) Incorrect air fuel ratio-:

Up to a certain point the amount of HC gas in
the exhaust increase as the air fuel mixture gets richer if the mixture is made
too lean however the concentration of HC will begin going up again of down.

(2) Low compression-:

Low compression and insufficient oxygen cause misfiring
which leads to incomplete combustion of fuel, resulting in raw HC gas in the exhaust

(3) Valve overlapping-:

During the short time that both the intake and exhaust
valves are open some of HC gets sucked out of the combustion chamber through the
exhaust valve before it burns

(4) Quenching-:

The unburnt or partially burnt fuel from these quenching zone is then
exhausted from the cylinder when the piston begins moving upward during its exhaust
stroke.

(5)Ignition timing-:

The nox concentration near the theoretical air fuel ratio becomes
markedly higher due to high combustion temperature as the ignition timing is
advanced.
Ques-State or show the effect of design and operating variables on exhaust
emission and engine air flow.(4marks)

Ans-Following table show the effect of design and operating variables on

exhaust emission and engine air flow.

Sr.No. Variable HC CO NO Ch2o Intake

Increased Conc. Conc. Conc. Conc. Mass/Flow
Const.10m

1. Air fuel ratio

2. Load

3. Spark retard
pressure

4. Intake
manifold
pressure

5. CC deposits

6. Surface/volume
ratio

7. CC area

8. Stroke/bore
ratio

9. Displ./cylinder

10. Comp.ratio

11. Air injection

12. Fuel injection

13. Coolant temp.

14. Speed

B Shows increase in parameter. Shows decrease in parameter.