J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL, Vol. 20, No. 1, March.

2013: 22-34
STATUS OF LAND FERTILITY UNDER EUCALYPTUS
PELLITA F.MueII: CASE STUDY IN HPHTI PT. ARARA ABADI, RIAU
(Soil
fertility
ander Eucalyptus pellita F. Mu ell standsz Case study in PT. Arara
Ahadi, Riau)
Agung B. Supangat
*,
Haryono Supriyo
**,
Putu Sudira
***,
and Erny Poedjirahajoe
** ""
*
Forestry Technology Research Institute for Watershed Management
Jl. Jend. A. Yani - Pabelan, Kartasura PO BOX 295 Surakarta / S7fiZ
Tel .:
(0271)
716709, Fax .: (0271) 716959, Email: rrraz goenk@yahoo.com
-
Doctoral Program at the Forestry Science Study Program, UGM Faculty of Forestry
'-
Silviculture Section, UGM Forestry Faculty
***
UGM Faculty of Agricultural Technology
****
Forest Resources Conservation Section, Faculty of Forestry UGM
Received: 27 December 2012 Approved: 4 February 2013
Abstract
Information on soil fertility status in plantations is needed as a basis for
preparation
plans for manipulation of growth environment techniques such as fertilization and
other silvicultural measures.
The research aims to evaluate the status of soil fertility under the stand of
Eucalyptus pellita
in the third rotation, through analysis of soil physical, chemical and biological
properties. The results showed
that the Typic Kandiudults soil at the HTI E pellita location on the third rotation
in Perawang has a level
low fertility both physically, chemically and biologically, and lower than in
land in natural forests. Increasing the age of E. pellita plants forms an
increasingly forest ecosystem
steady for improvement in physical, chemical and biological properties in general,
which is shown to be partial improvement
greater than the observed parameters. Based on the results of identification of
soil fertility status above, in
land management on HTI land, necessary treatment, and efforts to manipulate the
growth environment such as
fertilization and weeding appropriately through more technical trials and research
both on a scale
laboratory or field. For this reason, further research is recommended to find out
the level of soil vulnerability in E. pellita HTI land both hydrologically and
financially in each
each plant age, so that efforts to better manage plant land.
Keywords: Soil fertility, HTL, Eucalyptus pellita, Natural forest
Abstructed
Information on status of
forest
soil
fertility
in the plantation
forest
is needed as a base
for
planning
the manipulation of environmental growth techniques such as
fertilization
and other silvicultural
techniques. The study aims to evaluate the soil
fertility
status under eucalyptus pellita stands on the third
rotation, through the analysis of physical, chemical and biological soil
properties. The results showed
that the soil of Typic Kandiudults at E. pellita stands in Perawang on the third
rotation has a low
fertility
level, physically, chemically and biologically, and lower than the soil in natural
forests.
The
increasing in age of the E. pellita plant causes a more stable
forest
ecosystems
for
the improvement oJ
physical, chemical and biological soil properties, in general, which are indicated
by improvement in most
of the observed parameters. Based on the results, in order to manage the plantation
forest
land, there are
required the treatment efforts of manipulation of the environmental growth such as
fertilizing
and
weeding precisely, through a trial and more technical research in both the
laboratory and
field
scale. So
that, it is suggested
further
researches to determine the degree of vulnerability of plantation
forest
land
both in hydrologic and nutrient at each plant age,
for
better plantationforest management.
Key words: Problem
fertility,
Industrial plantationforest, Eucalyptus pellita, Naturalforest
March 2013
PRELIMINARY
Development of plantation forests in Indonesia
is the main activity that supports
forest and land area rehabilitation program
critical (Ministry of Forestry, 2004). Besides
to restore the function of the forest area,
development of plantation forests
too
is expected
to meet the needs of raw materials
wood industry which cannot be met from
natural forest. Especially for functions that are
secondly, in Indonesia there are forests
industrial plants (HTI) with various
type
commodities such as pulp-producing wood
and carpentry wood.
Besides Pacn. forest area
degraded, land allocation for
HTI development is directed towards Paoe. land-
unproductive land (critical) with
low productivity
Types of plants that are
developed on HTI especially HTI pulp
most are
fast
growing species
(FGS), which has a short cycle of about 4 to
6 years. Eucalyptus pellita F.Muell be
one of
type
pre-eminent crop
wood pulp selecAcacia sp. In Riau Province,
planting of this plant has been carried out
on a large scale and has reached rotation
the 3rd.
Planting
types
FGS on HTI
can affect nutrient supply conditions
in marginal (critical) lands, which
caused by nutrient input and output processes
which is not balanced by these plants
(Supangat and Aprianis, 2009). Impact of
HTI development activities on a large scale
to worry about
precisely
result in
negative change in the form of a decrease
soil fertility. Nutrient impoverishment due
imbalance of the nutrient cycle
it is feared that it will get bigger by the time
the plant enters the second rotation and
so on.
Very plant growth and yield
it depends on how big it is
optimal need for nutrients from
these commodities can be fulfilled by land
as the media grows. If the land does not
able to provide nutrients in
sufficient amount, then the addition of
SUPANGAT, A.8., DKK .: KESUI STATUS] URAN
23
outside in fertilization
needed
to still guarantee that plants can grow
well. Poor nutrient in the lands
HTI is one of the causes of decline
land and crop productivity
endeavored.
, Based on the background above, then
soil fertility status information is needed
paon. land use for HTI plants.
The actual soil fertility status can be
basis in determining limiting factors
plant growth from the aspect of fertility
land "One way of assessing status
soil fertility can be done through
analysis of soil samples (Tisdale et al., 1990;
Hardjowigeno, 1992), Status information
soil fertility is an input
which is useful for takers
policy / decision regarding technique
silviculture which must be carried out in
HTI development, including actions
fertilization. This paper aims to
evaluate the status of soil fertility in
under E. pellita stands through nature analysis
physical, chemical and biological soil.
METHODOLOGY
Research Time and Location
The study was conducted in 2011.
The study was conducted in the Forest area
Industrial Plants (HTI) PT. Arara Abadi at
Riau, precisely on HTI land
type
E,
third rotation pellita where two rotations
formerly the Acacia plant
mangiunl, at the age of I to 5 years at
mineral land, in the Rasau Kuning District,
Perawang, Siak. Each location
Plant age is presented in Table l.
Based on Schmidt Ferguson's criteria,
at the research location looks climate type A,
with annual rainfall around 1,937
-
3,484 mm (an average of 2,456 mrr / yr). Temperature
daily air averaged 27.7
oC,
with a maximum average of 29.3
oC
and
a minimum average of 26.4
oC;
while
average daily air humidity of
68.7
oA,
with a maximum order of T5, l
o / o
and a minimum average of 63.0%. Accordingly
general,
type
land at the study site
24 J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
Table 1. Location of each soil sampling point
Vol. 20, No. I
No. Age Plot (mth) Geographical Plot (UTM) Elevation (m.dpl)
l. E. pellita I th I I 39.B
2. E. pellita2th 25 78
3. E. pellita 3 th 35 253
4. E. pellita 4th 49 179
5. E. pellita 5 th 60 175-B
6. Control of natural forests fuboreturn
are Ultisols (Red Yellow Podsolik),
with sandy loam texture (sandy loam)
until loamy sandy clay (sandy clay
loam).
Material and Equipment
The research material used is
mineral soil samples under E. stand.
pellita aged I to 5 years and in the forest
natural. Equipment needed, among others
soil sample ring, ground drill, Vskop,
meter, measurement blank, and stationery
office.
Method
Soil fertility is soil quality
for farming, which is determined by
interaction of a number of chemical, physical and physical properties
the biology of the body part of the soil that is becoming
habitat of active plant roots
(Notohadiprawiro, et al., 1984). Evaluation
soil fertility status is done through 3
stage of field activities. Third activity
these are profile creation activities
soil to see the soil layer (horizon
soil), physical, chemical and sampling
soil biology for characteristic analysis
physical, chemical and biological fertility, as well
N 0780896 77
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E 0083239
N 0783431 54
E 00844s6
N 0792164 33
E 0082636
N 0787175 50
E 0083245
N 078423s 56
E 0083435
N 0780848 79
E 0084412
laboratory analysis of soil samples
(Supangat et al., 20l).
The soil profile is made with the size of I m x
Im x 1.5 m (in). Land profile created
as many as one test score for each age
plants, as well as cross-check with
drill the soil 3 times. Sample
physical soil (ring sample) taken as much as 2
Repeat times (dots) at each age
plant. Each point is taken 2
depth, i.e. 0
-
15 cm and 15
-
30 cm.
Cirnia and soil biology samples were taken
in composite, 3 times repetition
(period) at each age of the plant.
Data and parameters needed
in this study include:
Soil profile: depth of each
soil horizon and soil color
Soil physical properties: includes bulk parameters
density (BD), soil pore space,
permeability, soil and water texture available
and groundwater content (pF)
Soil chemical properties: including pH parameters
soil, organic C, N total, CA {, P available,
cation exchange capacity (CEC), bases
can be exchanged (Ca, Mg, K, Na), and
base saturation.
March 2013
Soil biological properties: covering total
microorganisms, respiration and C-
microorganisms
The analysis was carried out in a soil laboratory
and SEAMEO-Biotrop Bogor.
Data processing is done with
data tabulation and presented in the form
trend tables and graphs. Analysis
Data is done by comparing values
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil
with standards based on criteria
(Hardjowigeno, 1992).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mineral Soil Profile
The results of identification of soil profiles on
each E. pellita plant location
ages I to 5 years are presented at
Appendix l. Cross-section of soil profile on
each plant age location
illustrated in Figure l.
Based on observations, it is known
that the average ultisols land in the forest
E. Pellita plants average depth
(more than Im). The older the plant
E. Pellita shows the horizon condition
on land (horoizon O and A) which is increasingly
thick. Average horizon layer O around
4.5 cm or ranging from 2 to T cm,
compared to distant natural forests
SUPANGAT, A.8., DKK .: STATUS Fertility
25
reach 5 cm thicker. Average
layer A horizon about l3 cm or
ranging from 8 to 15 cffi,
compared to thicker natural forests
reach l5-20 cm. Horizon B on all of them
the location shows almost depth
uniform and included in the category (more
from 100 cm).
Identification of soil color on
each age of E. Pellita plants
show the same color on
same horizon. That is caused
by
type
uniform soil that is soil
in the order of ultisols (Typic Kandiudults) of
sandstone parent material. Horizon color O
(organic) from brown to gray,
horizon A (10 YR 313 and 10 YR 314) and
horizon B (10 YR 6/8).
Physical Soil Fertility
Data recapitulation of analysis results
physical characteristics of mineral soil below
E. Pellita stands on the third rotation in
Perawang-Riau, presented in Appendix 2.
Interpretations of soil physical characteristics are presented
in the description below (Figure 2.).
Based on Figure 2. seen
decrease in magnitude of ground BD with
growing age of E. Pellita plants, good
in the upper layer (mean 1, 2l
dcc)
and lower layers (an average of 1.37
! cc).
Plant Age (th)
34
E
l!
E
g
(g
'€
c,
-
o
o.l.
o.2
o.3
o.4
o.5
o.6
4.7
o.8
o.9
1
E I lorizon-B
-
ll () rizon-A
Ilorizon-O
Figure l. Mineral soil profile under E. pellita stands in Perawang
26
J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
3 4 5 Rat.a-Z
Urnur Plant
Vol. 20, No.
b
o
co
70i
uol
50! -
1.6
1.4
L.2
1.O
o.8
o.6
o.4
o.2
o.o
Figure 2. Bulk density at each location
-.G.o-ls (s / cc \
-fl-2o-3o
(e / cc \
5 average HA
Nevertheless, compared to
natural forest, BD land in average plantations
average is still higher. That matter
indicates that there is an opening
land for plantations causing
the soil becomes denser, but
reforestation will gradually
make the soil loose again.
Figure 3. shows the presence
increased land and space permeability
soil pores with age
E. Pellita plant. That matter
shows that getting older
E. Pellita plant causes conditions
the ground beneath the stand grew more crumbs,
so that it can increase capacity
soil infiltration. Land permeability on site
l
l-234SR.rta-2HA1234
i
O-15 (nl
,
ls-fo cnr
Plant Age
/ Soil Depth (cml
-O-total
Pore Space (%)
#Air Tcrseclia (%)
-. <D-
Control (crrr / jarn)
Figure 3. Pore space, permeability and water available at each location
research is classified as very fast (on average
19.97
-21.96
cm / hour in plantations; and
29.84 32.44 cm / hour in natural forests)
However, water conditions are available
progressively decreases with increase
age of E. Pellita plants caused
water holding capacity
capacity) which decreases with increasing
soil macro pore space. The above phenomenon
too
supported by the results of texture identification
soil, which shows the percent clay fraction
which decreases with
plant age (Figure 4.)
Soil texture classes in plantations E
the average pellita is dominated by sand fractions
(> 60%) followed by the dust and clay fraction.
On soil under plant stands .E '.
March 2013 SUPANGAT, A.B., DKK .: STATUS KESUBURAN
27
sandy loam textured pellita, both in layers
top and bottom layers. Land in the forest
nature has a different texture viz
sandy clay loam, because it has percent clay
which is higher than in the forest
plant.
Soil Chemical Fertility
Analysis of soil chemical characteristics
intended to identify status
tr I i; rt (? d)
I Dclrrr (ol)
E P.r: 'ir
i% l
lC-org
E BOT
trpl-t
chemical fertility (nutrients) of mineral soils on
its use case as a growing medium
E. pellita plantations (ages I to 5
year) on the third rotation. Analysis results
Soil chemical characteristics are presented in
Appendix 3. Interpretation of chemical properties data
soil and soil fertility status.
each location is presented in the description
below (Figure 5.).
CI
c
o
tt
{t
0 \
F
o
! 0
J
c
|!
o!
?
v
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Figure 4. Soil texture at each location
1 "5-30 cm
il
ill ilililil
l
rn a {
r! J_
E,
I
r \ .1
(l
(!
E
I
I
i O-15cm
I
Age / Depth
Figure 5. C-organic, Soil Organic Material (BOT) and soil pH at each location
I
Age /
Depth (cml
28 J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
Soil Reaction (pH)
Land reaction indicated by value
Soil pH is an indication of availability
nutrient elements for plants (Binkley,
1987). Land at the research site is good at
E. pellita plantations and in
natural forests generally have degrees
acidity of the land which is classified as rnasam
(average pH 4.81). Ground reaction which is
rnasam is influenced by the nature of Typic soil
Kandiudults are sour.
In the acid soil reaction,
affect the availability of macro nutrients
like a little P, K, Ca and Mg
so that it can cause weakness
nutrients for plants, vice versa elements
micro, such as Fe, Al and Mn more and more
available, thus causing poisoning
for plants (Tisdale et al., 1990). Increase
the age of the plant is not
clear
affect the increase in soil pH, however
deep soil (15-30 cm) shows
higher pH compared to
the top layer (Figure 5.)
Organic Ingredients
(Organic C)
Soil organic matter (BOT) functions
important in improving physical, chemical properties
and biology of mineral soils. BOT levels
will directly affect the level
soil fertility (Ali, 2005). Content of ingredients
organic (C-organic value) in the study area
Vol. 20, No. I
classified as moderate (2.43% on average at
E. pellita plants and 2.56
o / o
in the forest
natural). Soil in the lower layer
shows the C-organic content which
lower, which is influenced by presence
accumulation of organic matter and processes
decomposition of organic material that occurs in
topsoil. Getting older
E. pellita plant shows
tendency to increase organic matter
land, it is influenced by accumulation
litter and decomposition are also more
many on old plants. C-
more organic in E. pellita plantations
lower than in natural forests. Thing
it shows that accumulation
organic matter (litter, dead bush and
branches) more and more diverse
the type
in natural forests.
Nitrogen (total N)
Nitrogen (N) is a macro nutrient
the main thing that is important for growth
plant. Most of the plants
generally absorbs element N from the soil
in the form of NH4 * and NOr- (Mengel and
Kirkby, 1978). The existence of N inside
car land is easily lost
because it evaporates into the air, is washed, or
transported along with erosion. Availability of N
Soil is highly dependent on organic matter
land as its main source (Ruhiyat,
100.o
E
CL
C!
t
d-
1o.o
c
ao
'tt
.9
a!
b €
z.
L ''
o.1 driltdldldftdrdl
HM
ill ill dl
p] lillillilt
; il
-6 <f6
6!
6
&
L5-3O crrr
N
6
E
0-l5 cm
age / Depth
Figure 6. C-organic
N and CAll Ratios at each location
March 2013
1993). Average N (total) availability at
research location is classified as being at
top layer (average 0.23%) and low
in the lower layer (an average of 0.18%).
The condition is inseparable with
availability of soil organic matter (C-
organic) ones
too
is on. Increase N
not so total
clear
conjunction
with increasing age of the E. plant
Pellita (Figure 6.). N total in the forest
E. pellita plant does not show
difference with in natural forests. C / N
ratio
too
shows that phenomenon
similar to N total. C / N ratio at
the upper layer is bigger compared
bottom layer, because it's in the upper layer
there is more organic matter
that has not been fully decomposed.
However, not in nature
showing a similar phenomenon until
at a depth of 30 cffi, because of the coating
organic and horizon A very thick
so there is no difference in the value of C / N
ratio at the two observed depths.
Phosphorus (P)
Like the element N, the nutrient P
too
is an important macro nutrient. Element P
absorbed by plants from deep soil
bentuli H2PO4- and or HPO42-. Kadar
P nutrients available are high
SUPANGAT, A.B., DKK .: STATUS Fertility
29
beneficial for plants so
such lands tend to be fertile
(Leiwakabessy and Koswara, 1985).
The amount of P available in the soil is determined
by the magnitude of P in the sorption complex (P-
total) for which the mechanism is available
regulated by pH and
amount
organic matter
land (Susanto, 2005). P levels are available at
research locations included in the very category
low (value less than 10 ppm), both at
E. pellita plantations and in
natural forest (on
two depths are
observed).
The low availability of the P element
thought to be aside from the average pH in the area
classified as acid research (acid soil),
jrrgu
source of element P from material availability
organic ones too
low. Apart from that nature
high P element retention in soils
sour that makes the element
many are not available in the soil.
Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium
(Mg) and Sodium (Na)
In addition to nutrients N and P, elements
other important macro nutrients for
plant growth is the element K, Ca,
Mg and Na. These nutrient elements
absorbed from the ground in the form of ions
positive (base cations can be exchanged).
The existence of these nutrients
E C: r
B N4a
EIK
I fia
g
a
c,
o
E
a
5
=
t
e
t
cO
a
CA.
21.5 L-,
4.OO
3.5C '
3. OA
2.5L- '
2.OC.
1.5 C.
1.OD
o.5c '
o.oa
6qf
€
€
G.
O-L5 crn
rr / Kedalarnan
Figure 7. The concentrations of bases can be exchanged at each location
30 J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 20, No. I
l'lrnur / Depth
I CEC (nrcct / looa) El Kc'jcnLthon Rosa ('Zo)
Figure 8. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Base Saturation at each location
70
50
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aso
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240
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g
'3 So.
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-
10
o
JJilJJJJ
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a.o
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4.O
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o.o
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a, ** -; 1 - '* - E ----
- = '
----- E--
* -; -: -
,
-))
O Toial lvtikrc) orP'anisrrlc
, - 't
(sPK / Br .: Lo ^ 6)
---- o --- = -
o
- "- {'
-li; "i, ', i) ,, I? rio"' - * '-' o '
ttrc * ,, i.rpp '"l]
t 2 3 4 5 Average 2A
Plant Life
Figure 9. Total microorganisms and soil respiration at each location
320.O
310.O
3CO.O
290.O
280.o
z7Q.O
260.O
250.O
l 23245 Corc-2HA
UnrurTanarnan
Figure 10. Carbon microorganisms (C-mic) soils at each location
E
EI
CL
.c
c
sufficiently to balance
soil fertility. Based on the results
analysis, except for the element K which is classified
high, visible nutrient content
Ca, Mg and Na are relatively low to
in the E. Pellita plantations (Fig
7.). In the alarq forest Mg and K elements
relatively high, while Ca and Na
low. On topsoil
shows the concentrations of bases which
higher than in the soil layer
under. However, only the Na element
only that shows tendencies
increase with age
the E. pellita plant, while the bases
others don't
clear
the tendency.
March 2013
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and
Base Saturation (KB)
The exchange capacity of land cations is value
the maximum of the magnitude of the tanal-t ability
absorbs good cations maupull bases
the acid expressed in milli is equivalent
(me) per 100 grams of land. Base saturation
is the percentage of the number of cations
bases that are absorbed in 100 g of soil.
Base cations are absorbed on
The common colloidal soil complex is Ca,
Mg, K and Na, while cations
the sour ones are H and Al
(Susanto, 2005)
Figure 8. shows
CEC parameter conditions at the study site
which is low on average, except for soil
the upper layer in natural forests. The average CEC
the low mean indicates the level
fertility, which is low on the ground
acid like Typic Kandiudults on location
research. Fertility level indicator
the other can be seen from the magnitude of the parameters
base saturation.
At all age and layer locations
soil depth indicates level
base saturation is classified as moderate, yang
shows that fertility levels are
there is
too
is on. Based on analysis
seen an upward trend
base saturation with increasing age
E. pellita plant.
Soil Biological Fertility
Analysis of biological fertility characteristics
Mineral soil is based on parameters
total microorganisms, total carbon
microorganisms (C-mic) and soil respiration.
The results of soil biological analysis are presented in
Appendix 4. Characteristics of fertility
soil biology at each location
research is presented in the following description
(Figure 9.). Based on Figure 9.,
it appears that the older the plants E.
pellita then increases in total
microorganisms. However,
soil respiration capacity no
show a clear trend.
Thus
too
Figure 10., shows
carbon content of microorganisms that are
tend to get bigger with
SUPANGAT, A.8., DKK .: STATUS KESUBUR, A.N
31
increasing age of E. pellita plants.
The tendency is due increasingly
old plant E. pellita creates
increasingly conducive forest ecosystem
for the development of forest land biology,
both in terms of microstructure (temperature and
air humidity) that is created or
availability of organic material as a source
the food. Compared to land in
natural forest, soil biological parameters
flattened in E. pellita plantations
show lower value.
This shows that
the biological condition of natural forests is more fertile
compared to soil in E. plantations
pellita.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the study can
it was concluded that the lands on the site
E. pellita plantations in Perawang
the Ultisols. Specifically the research location
who entered the great soil group Typic
Kandiudults, shows the level
low fertility both physically,
chemical and biological, and lower
compared to land in natural forests.
Increase the age of E. pellita plants
forming increasingly forest ecosystems
great for improving physical, chemical and
biology in general, indicated by
improvement of most of the parameters
which was observed.
SUGGESTION
Based on the results of status identification
soil fertility above, in management
land for HTI land, is needed
careful and proper treatment. Various
attempts to manipulate the growth environment
such as fertilizing and weeding need
implemented precisely through trials and
more technical research both in
laboratory and field scale.
For this reason, research is recommended
advanced to find out the level
soil vulnerability in HTI land f. pellita
both hydrologically and financially
32
J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
to each other! plant age,
thus efforts to manage forest land
plants become even better.
REFERENCES
Ali, K.H. 2005. Fundamentals of Soil Science. PT
Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta.
Binkley, D. 1987. Forest Nutrition
Management A Wiley Interscience
Publication. New York Cheichester-
Brisbane-Toronto- Singapore.
Ministry of Forestry. 2004. Decision
Minister of Forestry No. l0llMlenhut-
ll / 2004 concerning Acceleration of Development
Plantation Forest for Fulfillment of Material
Pulp and Paper Industry Raw.
Hardjowigeno, S. 1992. Soil Science (Edition
Revision) Third Matter. PT. Mediyatama
Mighty Means. Jakarta.
Leiwakabessy, F. M. and O. Koswara. 1985
Collection Methods and Techniques,
Fertility Data Analysis and Interpretation
Soil. Department of Land Faculty of Agriculture
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Mengel, K., and E.A. Kirkby. 1978.
Principles of Plant Innovation International
Potash Institute
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Switzerland 593p.
Notohadiprawiro, T., S. Soekodarmodjo and
E. Sukana. 1984. Fertility Management
Soil and Efficiency Improvement
Fertilization. Lecture Paper on
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Central Java, Pati: August 20-22, 1984.
Ruhiyat, D. 1993. Nutrient Dynamics
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Plantation Forest; Biogeochemical Cycle
Forest. Rimba Indonesia, Vol. XVIII no .:
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Supangat A.B., and Y. Aprianis. 2009. Status
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March 2013 SUPANGAT, A.8., DKK .: STATUS OF Fertility 33
Appendix l. Soil horizon profile at each study location
Horizon
1th 2th 3th 4th 5th
in (cm) color
in
(cm)
color
in
(cm)
color
in
(cm),
Color
in
(cm)
color
0 0-2 Gray 0-3 Gray 0-5 Gray 0-7 Gray 0-5 Gray
A 2-10 1oYR 3/4 3-18 1oYR 3/4 5-20 1oYR 3/3 7-20 1oYR 3/3 5-18 1oYR 3/4
B
> 10 1YYR 6/8
> 19
1YYR 6/8
> 20 10YR 6/8
> 20 1YYR 6/8
> 19
1YYR 6/8
Attachment2. Soil physical characteristics at each study site
Age/
Location
Depth
(cm)
Bulk
Density
(g / cc)
Total
Pore room
(%)
Moisture content in pF
Water
Available
("/ r)
Permeability
(cm / hour)
Texture 3 fractions
2.U
(% Volume)
4.2
(% Volume)
Yo
Sand
To
Dust
ot
to
Look at that
I 0-15 1.41 58.1 6 36.82 22.66 13.90 19.99 71.04 9.98 18.98
15-30 1.48 51.86 40.08 25.64 14.69
'r6,3'r
59.32 18.35 22.33
2 0-15 1.23 57.29 37.56 24.30 13.60 15.68 60.60 20.59 18.81
15-30 1.37 47.06 41.28 25.60 16.38 14.27 54.56 23.36 22.08
3 0-15 1.17 55.53 33.71 25.38 8.91 25.57 78.42 10.15 11.43
15-30 1.35 52.58 35.41 23.28 1 1.99 24.50 76.98 11.58 11.44
4 0-15 1.11 58.54 32.88 23.38 10.39 22.15 64.45 22.48 13.07
15
-
30 1.34 41.77 30.27 22.60 10.09 23.35 70.38 21.78 7.84
5 0-15 1.11 58.65 23.54 22.54 11.43 26.54 70.54 19.43 10.03
15
-
30 1.32 50.65 24.87 24.65 12.43 21.43 68.24 20.43 11.33
HA 0-15 1.09 60.67 30.46 23.07 9.71 32.44 63.1 5 11.42 25.43
15-30 1.15 56.26 32.12 23.40 10.03 29.84 61.73 16.43 21, U
Appendix 3. Chemical characteristics of the soil at each study location
Age/
Location
Kedahman
(cm)
pH (1: 1)
C-org
To
BOT
ot
to
N-tot
o / o
c / N
ratio
P-tsd
(Bray l / ll)
(ppm)
CEC
(meq /
100g)
Saturation
Basa
(: / l
Base can get NH4
Acetate 1.0 N pH 7.0 (meql100g)
H20 KCr
Ca Mg K Na Tot
1 0-15 4.7 4.0 2.38 4.10 0.25 9.52 6.80 14.71 33.9 2.79 1.24 0.72 0.24 4.99
15-30 5, l 4,3 1,69 2,91 0,16 10,56 2,40 11,68 37,8 2,46 1,03 0,69 0,23 4,41
2 0-15 4.7 3.9 2.21 3.81 0.24 9.21 5.90 14.26 38.1 3.06 I, U 0.78 0.26 5.44
15-30 5.2 4.4 1.73 2.98 0.18 9.61 2.10 12, U 41.0 2.91 1.16 0.75 0.24 5.06
3 0-15 5.2 4.4 2.29 3.95 0., 22 10.41 8.30 16.21 45.9 4.28 2.06 0.81 0.29 7.44
15-30 5.7 5.0 1.91 3.29 0.18 10.61 2.70
'14, 50
49.7 4.13 1.93 0.84 0.31 7.21
4 0-15 5.0 4.2 2.36 4.07 0.21 11.24 6.40 14.44 46.3 3.29 2.18 0.82 0.39 6.68
15-30 5.5 4.8 1.92 3.31 0.19 10.11 2.90 1 1.46 53.0 3.12 1.87 0.76 0.32 6.07
5 0-15 4.5 3.8 2.92 5.03 0.25 1 1.68 6.50 15.01 47.2 3.77 1.18 0.63 0, M 6.01
15-30 5.0 4.2 1.87 3.22 0.19 9.82 2.50 12.29 58.8 2.88 1.07 0.61 0.42 4.97
HA 0-15 4.8 4.0 2.56 4.41 0.23 1 1.13 7.20 16.33 35.0 2.41 2.15 0.87 0.28 5.71
15-30 5.3 4.5 2.03 3.50 0, '18 11.28 5.40 13.29 40.8 2.29 2.03 0.84 0.26 5.42
34
J. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
Appendix 4. Profile of soil horizons at each study location
Vol. 20, No. I
Total Land Respiration
C -Mic
(ppm)
Age / Location of Microoroism
(mo
C-CO2 /
(SPl (9r.10 ^ 6) kg / day)
1 5.6 10.8 272.1
2 7.4 10.2 281.6
3 5.9 11.1 292.5
4 4.9 12.3 264.7
5 6.4 12.4 292.4
Averaging 6.0 11.4 280.7
Natural Forest 9.6 13.8 311.1