Dofinition of terms Saturation Temperature : ‘Saturation temperature is the temperature at which liq- Uids start to boil or the temperature at which vapors begin to condense. The saturation temperature of a given substance depends upon ita existing pressure. It is directly proportional to the prossure, ie, it increases as the pressure is incre: ‘and decreases as the pressure is decreased. Examples: ‘& Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric condition (201.328 kPa) b, Water boils at 179.91°C at a pressure of 1000 kPa. © Steam condenses at 311.06°C at 10 MPa. 4. Stoam condenses at 39°C at 0.0070 MPa. Subcooled Liquid A subcooled liquid is one which has a temperature lower ‘than the saturation temperature corresponding to the exist- ing pressure. Example: Liquid water at 60°C and 101.825 is a subcooled liquid. Why? From the steam tables, the saturation temperature at 101.825 kPa is 100°C. Since the actual temperature of liquid water of 60°C is less than 100°C, therefore, it is a subcooled liquid. Compressed Liquid ‘A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher than the saturation pressure corresponding to the existing ‘temperature._ uestiont eet uld water at 110 kPa and 100°C a compre Fe eat oer ToD = LOL 8 i utd we remar o 110 KP than Peat 100°C Pherae a compreand te “8 guy Saturated Liquid ‘A natorated liquid is a liquid at the saturations (ay, tion temperature or anturation pressure) which has weet ture equal to the boiling point corrouponding to the eri pressure. Its a pure liquid, i,t has no vapor conten Bxamples: ‘a. Liquid water at 100°C and 101.325 kPa, Bb. Liquid water at 233,90°C and 3 MPa. fe. Liquid water at $24.75°C and 12 MPa, ‘From Steam Tables ‘ty at 101.825 kPa = 100°C. tZat $ MPa = 233.90°C tiiat 12 MPa = 924.75°C ee Vapor ‘Vapor is the name given to a gaseous phase that isin contact with the liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of, state where some of it might be condensed. Saturated Vapor ‘A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions (saturation temperature and saturation pressure). It is 101% | vapor, i.e., has no liquid or moisture content. Examples: a. Steam (water vapor) at 100°C and 101.325 kPa. b. Steam at 212.42°C and 2 MPa. ¢. Steam at 352.37°C and 17 MPa. Superheated Vapor tomporature ig to the i havin ‘A superheated vapor iv @ vapor MAYO in .uration tomperatu lee: 7 sn at 200°C and 101.328 KP. Ste ne Coat 101 326 kPa ® 100°C) ee _— botween the ‘The degrees of superhoat is the difference t acten! temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation {Smporature forthe existing pressure. In equation for a “SH = Actual superheated temperature ~ t,, at existing pressure Example: ‘Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam ‘at 200°C and 101.325 kPa. From steam tables: ty at 101.325 kPa = 100°C. 8H = 200 - 100 = 100 ¢* Degrees Subcooled, °SB ‘The degrees subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the differ- fence between the saturation temperature for the given pres- sure and the actual subcooled liquid temperature. °SB=t,, at given p—actual liquid temperatureBele: ‘Determine the degrees subsooled of liquid w: and 101.325 kPa. Hawid water at oor ‘From steam tables: te at 101.325 KPa = 100°C *SB = 1oo-e —90°S = 10 ce Wet Vapor A wot vapor is a combination of saturated liquid. ee an Quality, x ‘The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the weight that is saturated vapor. ieee Percent Moisture, ¥ ‘The percent moisture of wet vapor is the. i that is saturated liquid. sg ieee Let m = mass of wet vapor ‘m, = mass of the saturated vapor content of wet vapor m, = mass of the saturated liquid content of wet. vapor ‘Then, m=m, +m, Following the definitions of quality (x) and percent mois- ture (y), x = 200) y = Beco) For saturated liquid: y = 100% x = 0% For saturated vapor: x = 100% y = 0% Bute y21 in decimal form ‘Lotent Heat of Vaporization cof a pare substanes oe ntnt hea of vaporiation £4 Er btance : efor to sat amount of Beat ae ogg iquidisaturated oT ining fo convert it from Sot iid with the temperature (ature OF wiapyenrtes pra = Se example of water at: tion *Devermine the latent heat of vaporizat (a) 100°C, (b) 200°C, and () 300°C. From Sa sie epoumne Gihaieee - msnoune genes 2 eran critical it represents the highest pressure and highest teaperatare at wnich liquid and vapor can coexist ia ‘equilibrium. The state of water at critical conditions whether $i saturated liquid or saturated vapor is unknown. Hence, ‘the latent heat of vaporization of water at this conditions is either sero or undefined. Sensible Heat _Bostthat eats change intemperate without a change Examples: a. “Heat added in raising the temperature of steam from 100°C at 101.325 kPa to 150°C. b. Heat removed in lowering the temperati oe ring perature of waterLatent Heat Heat that causes change in phase wit temperature. phase without a change in Brample: Se sores alr i curing Lo mater at 1900 Change of Phase at Constant Pressure |_| Le ea Lz Fig. 1-1. Heating at Constant Pressure. Let the piston-ylinder arrangement contains subcooled liquid water at 30°C and 101.325 kPa (Fig. a). Then let heat ‘be added continuously at constant pressure. First, the water seis warmer, The addition of (sensible) heat causes an in- ‘creased in water temperature, say, from 30°C to 70°C (Fig. b). Further addition of (sensible) heat causes a further increased in water temperature until it reaches 100°C, the boiling a saturation temperature at 101.325 kPa. Water at this point is st saturated liquid state (Fig. c). Then as more (latent) heat is ded tothe now saturated liquid water causes same of it to converted to saturated vapor with the temperature re- maining at 100°C. Water is now a mixture of saturated liquid meaininseated vapor. Hence, iv is now in wet vapor state (YE. gra tahr addition of (tent) heat causes the transforma Define romaining saturated liquid water to saturated He ane mE 100°C. Water is now at the saturated vapor we Gia. Finally, as more (sensible) heat is added vo the sete eal rater vapor at 100°C ite temperature rio 68 sat rntttachoe 110°C, Water ia now at the superheated vapor state (Pig. 0. ori Fig. 1-2, The pv and To Planes for Wator Properties of Wet Steam Subseripts Used/Symbols Us f represents properties of saturated liquid & — represents properties of saturated vapor fg — represents to a change by evaporation y= specifie volume, m/kg 5 = spocific entropy, keg. & — specific internal energy, keg yey + wewc Bee hy + by me R= hy tet hy Sa hs aot a i 7Fig. 1-3. Specific Volume of a Wot Mixture. y= spocifie volume of its saturated liquid content + specific volume of ite saturated vapor content via yt, . —ketiquid .__m*__s m? We" “Egimixture ° —Kgliquid— ~ “kg mixture ee ee i From v= yyt%¥, But y = 1-x Then v = (1-x)¥,43¥, = ytaty,-V) V+ 3¥q «oasis v= yy t(l-yNy = ¥-¥0,-¥) ames) Similarly, Mir hemy or ok = See eo goes re a ‘At anturated conditions, p at sett therefore, are. coneid = tty coul 1ot be lower than O%. Fig. 1-4. Specific Entropy of « Wet Mixture. (1-1) Specify whether the steam is wet, dry, or super heated for the following conditions: fa) t= 200°C, p= 1.44 MPa (o)t = 220°C, p= 2.318 MPa. (© p = LOMPa, s = 6.672 kifkgeK @p = 3.0MPa, (e)t = 250°C, v= 54.2x10° mi/kg (0 p = 11.0 MPa, h = 2805 kJ/kg () p = 4.0MPa, 8 = 5.897 kiskgeK (h)p = 15.0MPa, t= 310°C SOLUTION: t 1.44 MPa = 196.39°C Since 200°C > t,,, at 1.44 MPa, the steam is super- heated. (8) 9220°C. caret 2818 MPA, the steam ig g, saturated. anit MPa = 6.5865 kk" © tO NGTD kilkgrK > #, at 2.0 MPa, the a superheated. team ig (2) thy at 3.0 MPa = 289.90°C ato eG > t, at 3.0 MPa, the steam is eupy, heated. 50°C = 50.13x109 mike (e) vzatt= ae yu 54 2x107kg > v, at 250°C, the steam ig superheated. pe 4.0 MPa = 6.0701 ki/kg*K ‘Since # = 6.897 kifkg* K< is.a wot mixture. 16.0 MPa = 342.24°C Since t = 310°C aobes" ws = ONT my 2h 280424 = 2524S xy = 0.002; -v = 0.4077 + 0.002 = 0.4097 m/kg, w= 4% he 29579449 = 2062.8 Keg x, = 0.0004; = 7.1983 + 0.0094 =7.2077 kIKKE KO (1-7) A 0.0856-m* drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 370°C. (a) Find the mass of each if their Sélumes are equal. What is the quality? (b) Find the volume ‘occupied by each if their masses are equal. SOLUTION: LetV, = the volume of saturated vapor the volume of saturated liquid ‘mi, = the mass of saturated vapor m,= the mass of saturated liquid vat 370°C = 0.004925 milk vfat 370°C = 0.002213 mig 13o “ 7 ities i= my, = 0.004925m, Vo=my=0.002213m, substituting in equation (2), (0.004925m, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856 (9.001925m, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856 m= 11.99 ke m= 11.99 ke vz = my, = (1.90)(0.004925) = 0.05905 8° Vi = my, = (11.99)(0.002218) = 0.02659 =” (1-8) A.60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided sore ran parts A and B by a partition. On one S48 i steam inte Mia, 170°C; on the other side is ston? esved and thorough mixing Occurs: Sng the thick- 310°C. The partition is re Determine the equi Dpeas of the partition. jorium state (P, t) neglecting From Steam Tables: hh, = hat 0.68 MPa and 170°C = 2777 ki/kg vi = wat0.68 MPa and 170°C = 2582.9 kk, Vat 0.68 MPa and 170°C = 285.5x10° m* hat 4MPa and 370°C = 3141.7 ki/kg hat 4 MPa and 370°C = 2864.6 kJ/kg hatd MPa and 370°C = 69.29x10° mg ‘ALaw of consorvation of mass tnitil stored mass = Final stored mass a Ms = 0.030. = 0.105 ke Ba a” 0.2885 Ma 2030-5 0499 y= 37 gagsns ” ONE = 0,105 + 0.433 = 0.538 ke, 'V, + Vy = 60 L = 0.060 m* 060. nes = OQ = 0.1115 ming ‘Therefore, Me Ver Specifie volume, Ve = for 111.5210? mks, First law of Thermodynamics: Initial stored energy = Final stored energy U,+ Uy= U, my + Maly = Melle ae me 10.105) (2582.9) + (0.433) (2864.6) ie = 2809.62 kg Heat balance: ‘Heat lost by Steam B = Heat gained by Steam A methyl) =m¢lty-t) mei, + met, = (m, + my) ety maby +mhy = mehy he = toe ate (0.433) 141.7) + (0.105) G77) = 3070.52 bike By definition, he= Uc + Poe Se = 2339.9 kPa = 234MPa From the Mollier Chart t= (t at 3070.52 kJ/kg and 2.34 MPa) = 324°C (1.9) Steadily flowing streams of steam A and B meet ‘and taix, then flow in a steady state in a pipe C, all under Adiabatic conditions, Stream A is at 5.5 MPa, 370°C and flows 145 ke/s; stream B is saturated vapor at 5.5 MPa and flows 160 kg/s. (a) Determine the state of the mixture Cif AKE = Oand APE = 0. (b) Ifthe speed of the fluid in C is 30 m/s, what is the pipe diameter? 7Law of conservation of ass: B= +m Be mgs 45+ 160= 205 kals Fint law of Thermodynamics: B= Ba B+ By= Be yt nAVat Us + PaVa=PeVe + Ue H,+Hy =H, mh, + mgby = Me mbt ay tee Br = 45)(3109.6) + (160) 2789.65 205 2850.88 kJ/kg Te nterin the ate of Compare h,with hg at, = 55 {fh,atp.=5.5 MPa] = 2789.65 kikg 8 since he > b, at Pe» therefore, the state of the mixture is superheated "From the Superheat Tables 55 MPa ‘ ts . abs aashs saade10* ‘ este 280 388° ssiboxi0 (0) By interpolations: 4, = 2er300 $1 BShb+ mine xc eed nate i 205) 0.003849) as Ome 0.02630 m* A= ED 3 AS (4) (0.02630) ® 0.183 m or 183 mm 19Fig. 15, Enthalpy-Entropy Steam. (Mollier) Diagram for The as a Mollior dingram, in m chart on which enthalpy ix 1 Stainnte and entropy the abscissa. This chart ean be found at the beck of Stam Tables by Keonan, Keyor, {tis prosented in skeleton form on Fig. 1.5. On t ‘of conatant prossure lines, m seri Moisture and superheat lines, and a series of constant tem- forature lines are plotted. The constant temperature lines co- Pecide with the constant pressure lines in the wet region {below the saturated vapor line) but bend toward the right (ray from the constant pressure lines in the superhoat re- ion. 801-10) Determine the h, #, °SH of stoam at 0.09 MPa and 10°C. SOLUTION: Locate the intersection of 0.09 MPa constant pressure line with 370°C constant temperature line, Their intersection rep- Tesents the condition/state of steam. aand temporature of sta cap bonis th ens inane um mosmon A cn th = 28 HE tw sete a cn 2 Set o = entrony PSE ‘Answers: p= 040MPa = 283°C (2:12) Dotormine the, t, and s of saturated steam at 0.10 MPa. SOLUTION: ‘Locate the intersection of 0.10 MPa constant pressure line with the saturated vapor line, 10 a 100/ gi ‘m0 Angvors: = 2675 xs/ t= Too 8 736 kingexe (2-19) Determine the p and h of steam at y = 49% and t = ‘The isothermal lines and isobaric lines coincide in the wet region. Answers: bh = 2515 kirk P = 0.020 MPa 23Problems ay Steam at a temperature of 250°C has a specific volume eat are the pressure, specific internal of 0.15436m'/ke- W! in 01 ialpy, and entropy? Ans. 148 MPa, 2606 ha/eg, oon kites, 6.717 Kllege K 2a nec a prosmure of 3.5 MPa is known to have q specie nelune of 0x10" mY, What sta specie enthalpy? ‘Ros 2581.59 See "a rigid vessel contains 2 kg of steam at 6.35 MPa ang Determine ts enthalpy in Bd sing wan tables only Ang, $208.15 ane exactly one kilogram of water conain. sng {iguid ane vapor in equilibrium at MPa. Ifthe liquig ad one ccupy one-half the volume of the tank, what and vaPet py of the contente of the tank? Ans. 7744 kalkg ae oo namt ata temperature of 210°C has a specific entropy or Lig? ktkge. Determine the pressure, internal energy, oe Talgy and volume. Ans. 0.49 MPa, 2877.3 kil/kg, 2659.7 lelikg, 0.4467 mV "és Gaturated steam vapor at 250°C moves along its ixoth. ‘era‘ntil the preseure becomes 1 MPa. Locate the end stato ccata on the Moller chart and for each kilogram of steam Doiteered determine (a the inital pressure, (b) the change of Prthalpy, and) the change ofentropy. Ans. (a)4 MPa, (b) 144 Ielleg, (6) 0.90 keg K ‘G) Steam undergoes an isentalpic (h = C) process from 1.5 MPa, 350°C to 10 MPa. Find the final temperature using the ‘Mollier chart. Ans. 418°C (8) Consider 1 kg of water that is heated at constant sure (0.50 MPa) from a wet state (x, = 85%) to 400°C. Locate the end state points on the Mollier chart and deter- mine (a) the change of enthalpy and (b) the change of entropy. ‘Ans, (a) 739 kg, (b) 1.70 kg 2 Processes of Vapors Introduction Although vapors and ideal gases have similarity in forma and in their proceaen all of te equations that are based on Se Seracerneenutn of etn avo ondoul instance, are aot generally applicable to vapors. But the general energy equation, fe PK, +U,+Wy+QaPys Uys Wye W patiaenhethtty tapeton, Q=u,-U,+W, are not based on any Tinitations concerning the substance ‘They are applicable, therefore, to processes of vapors as well tu of gsss, Therefor in Si chaplar; compare tno aqaatioDs obtained with analogous one for a gas. This way we can avoid. the improper application of a perfect gas equation to a vapor. Constant Pressure Process (a) The process on the pv and Ts planes.enna FY AEH an ad Ye ONIN Ny Pe gt Teer” hai WAR aie erent Sere Thee at, tein mate Tee Te ANNA an hom inte rtm ate Renae sani Sted Ae hm the ety pene oe an enpor cure A prea op oe cmon tht alae rneraly a Recon a eapeatare a pram Tie" nonitow cOnaLANL DreaRury Pant it or aned hy ne mR; The ork OF a rove pre W, «J pdv is the arva on tha py plane undor the constant proanirw procoaa, Ape, W,='p [ve piyy=y) funlt mass) or stendy low procs, the work W, la Wak + Q Woh, WR HS 6) Taint heats a oom the ste wien gy want a eat nna [Por atonity Mow and wonton pcennen, Qe eee w sucess soeN whereby = hy © hay my IFthe change in apecific intemal anergy te desired, we use ‘the relation, BoB y= Hd thy PV? (21) Steam with @ apecifle volume of 0.00600 m*Zkg ried a conatANE prosmtire procoae AL 170 MDa until dhe specie volume becomes 0.13706 m’7h. What are (a) the final tamperature, (b) Au, (e) W, (2) Aa, anid (e) Q? SOLUTION: Stoum at a prosure of 1.70 MPa and with a apecifie volume of 0.096015 m*/ky in a wot-mixtura, the xpucific volume of saturated stoum at 1.70 MPa in 0.11673 mig. Atp, = 1.70 MPa Yq * 9.0011634 up, = 870.09 hy = 872.06 my = 2.3718 Yq 91107 ug) = 727.2 hy, 3923.8 my, 40282 Vg 0.11673 up = 2807.9 hy’ 2796.7 ag! « 6.400 0.001634, 011667 = 0.8203 Ya «0.085 50 Uo %n. 00089 2“ea70.00 + (0.8208) 1737.2) = 2206.9 beg 1 gr2.06 + (0.6208) (1923.6) = 2450.0 kiveg os 4c) = BATE MES of 70¢Paand a pecte lume of 13706 sat. tbe oben i wy tn ae arate aqme yo abr adr ayn OAR; ty = 280 + 642 = 26SEC oer aye 11077 + 0.86 = 2717.6 beg spe 1284; by 25903 6 1284 = 2962.1 KIN sex 002389; 4 = 66849 + 0.02380 « 6.7008 IKKE) TO (a) = 288.40 ayn 27176-22069 = 490.7 Ie =) = 1700 (0.13796 ~ 0.09606) = 71.4 keg ) dus Weply, ose 24,0, = 6.2088 - 5.6761 « 1.0827 Khe) EO (e) Q hb, = 20821 - 2450.0 502.1 big KE (2-2) Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.6 ki/kg undergoes 2 constant pressure process at 0.9 MPa until the enthalpy becomes 2056.1 kikg. What are (a) the initial temperature OF quality, (b) 4u, (€) W, (€) da, and (o) @. SOLUTION: ‘Stoam with an enthalpy of 2843.5 ki/kg at a pressure of 0.90 MPa is a superheated vapor. i Atp,=0.90 MPa jf imas “eld, ose hdg sonnet lg 2356.9 215!" orbea JS veda. 5 7 Tb + adie - Wy- wots 200+4.2 = 204.20 3,2 42:t, = 0.00259; v, = 0.2303 + 0.00259 = 0.2529 mikg x= 7.6; u,= 2626.3 +7.6 = 2633.9 ki/ke x, = 0.0206; 8, = 6.7522 + 0.0206 = 6.7728 kIAkg) (K) Steam with an enthalpy of 2056.1 ki/kg at a pressure of 0.90 MPa is a wet mixture, ‘Atp,=0.90MPa =0.0011212 hg = 742.83 5 = 2.09046 ug = 741.83 4g 702139 by 2031.1 = 4.5280 uy, = 1838.6 20215 bya 2779914,=66 0, = 25805 20661-74283. 9 6466 7 0 20a9.0011212 + (0.6468) (0.2199) = 0.1394 miteg eT a:8s + (0.6468) (1858.6) = 1990.7 ecg (0.6466) (4.5280) = 6.0224 kIMke) CK) ty tet te apenas BOE soy eure eo 703.2 kIkg (au = 0 — uy = 198027 2698.9 = ,) = 900 (0.1994 0.2529) = 84.15 keg (@) We Pry 1=5,0224 - 6.7728 = ~1.7505 kJMkg) (K) aseae = 2006.1 ~ 2649.5 = ~787.4 HIKE (Qeb- Constant Volume Process (a) The process on the pv and Ts planes. = Fig.2-8. Reversible Constant Volume (Isometric) Process. x ec ectah ithe seria recon i pet 8 a te wot YOY Mat Mie (b) Work of the nonflow process, Wn. W,=0 (©) Transferred heat, Q. Q=u,-u, + W, (unit mass] a= 4, (b, - Pv) (2-3) One kg of steam at 260°C and with an enthalpy of 1861 kJ/kg is confined in a rigid container. Heat is applied until the steam becomes saturated. Determine (a) @, (b) Ab, (@)4s, and (@) the final temperature. SOLUTION: | ys 2 i Sy ‘The enthalpy of saturated vapor at 260°C is 2796.9 kJ/kg, point 1 is a wet-nixture. 31ig # 1128.89 by = 119487 y= 2.6838 7 1662.5, = 8.1181 6.0019 vq" 0.001278 vq # 0.0408848 -0.04221 gs 7 16708 Bae 4, #2500.0, hy = 27089 aye tg by #112889 + (04971) 1470.6) # 2771.2 cg 2.8888 + (0.4971) (3.1181) = 4.2467 Akg) (K) 85% Fi vgn = 0019168 meg wap, wine dso Soe ea otha’ alr 0.000125 20001 6 A= T= = oder 204; 4 =807+ 042 074°C = 25511 bale 207; u,= 2551.80. 209; by =2794.3-0.9 = 2733-4 kilkg 0.0082; 2, = 5.6479 ~ 0.0032 = 8.6447 kiJM{kg) (K) (e) Q=1,—u, = 2551.1~1771.2= 779.9 kalkg 2 (2-4) © Ove kg of steam at 121°C and 10% moisture undernoce 9 constant volume process until the pressure bo- comes 0.28 MPa. Determine (a) the final temperature and (b) @. (©) At what pressure was the final condition saturated? SOLUTION: y= 10% x, = 00% Att = 1210 Yq =0.0010612 ug = 607.74 gn = 0.8648388 = 2022.6 y= 0.8659 uf = 2530.3 Y12 Yn 4 2iqy = 0.0010612 + (0,90) (0.864838) = 0.7794 m*/kg 1 = Ug + ty = 807.74 + (0.90) (2022.6) = 2928.1 kag ‘Steam at a pressure of 0.28 MPa and with a specific volume of 0.7794 m’/kg is a superheated vapor. P,= 0.28 MPa nf S08 0.7794 mike ‘oon 0172) 0.794 0.7855 oon ‘oor * T* 65; t= 200+65 = 206.5°C x,= 10.1; u,=2651.4 + 10.1 = 2661.5 kilke (a) t, = 206.6°C (©) Q=uy—u, = 2661.5 - 2928.1 = 339.4 kileg (©) v,=0-7794 mig 3920s 07853 “| aces slp OTT 00139 0.0139 os arn BI 0.0139 ais * 001 Le 23, AOSD? tank cig sterated seam at 900 KPa Heian unt he pressure rate 100 KPa Deter a) the beat transferred, b) the final tem; (e) the final steam quality ee SOLUTION: = 030 MPa, saturated vapor 15,3030 MPa = 0.6058 hg. =U, at 030 MPa = 2543.6 kg y, we Le 050 ogy Wr * ease *O8%H be a 110 MPR, y= ¥, = O6058 me, thie in w wot = 00010432 ete Mat A736 kg veg 1008 mig agg = 2088.7 RIM vg 1604 mee agg = 2508.1 0.6058 - 0.0010432_ _ 9.3572 Scarred eS cariCatte y= 1163.4 kes ape tg Hale = 417.96 + (0.3672) (2088. = (0.6254) (1169.5 - 2543.6) = — 1159.2 Kd (e) Qe m(a,- 4) (o) t= 99.68°C (© x= 95.72% LS (2.6) To what temperature must a rigid tank contalran dry saturated steam at 127°C be cooled to yield a mixture of 25% quality? SOLUTION: yyayyat 120°C = 0.7277 ig 0.7277 meg x, = 25% yey yea Mee ath Yan") at Nahe(b) Work of a nonflow process, W., From the simple energy equation, W, = Q-4u (unit mass) (©) Transferred heat Q from the Ts plane. Q= TA (unit mass} = Te-0) and By n+ xi x, oom (@) Work of steady flow process, Wa T7010 20.22; t= 04 40.22 = 84.220 We = Q-ah—aK (2-7) There are 2.27 ke/min of steam undergoing an isothermal proces from 27 Sbar, 316°C to 6.8 bar, Determine Isothermal Process (a) 4S, (b) Q, (€) W for nonflow, and (d) W for steady flow wit the py and Ts planes AP = 0, 6K = 42 kJ/min, (1 bar = 100 kPa) (a) The process on the PY . SOLUTION: a ‘The initial and final conditions are superheated. The saturation temperature at a pressure of 2.75 MPa is 229°C and at 0.68 MPa is 164°C. » R : K SFR [S Fig. 24. Reversible Isothermal Process, * 37227748 + 11.2= 2786 KE 5 = 30404 kes (0.0247 = 6.6568 kIAkg) (1) x= 12 ayo 145; by = 9025.04 14 y= 00247; 0,» 66821 + Atp,= 068MPa 310 28155), oh ret), | 2 fae a | ee me 5 Ses sm ose} sora | 78896__| 6 taste = oof rier ay + vob. 6; wy = 2818.6 + 96 = 2625.2 bike x y= 125;h, = 9080.5 + 12.5 = 3098.0 bike 1, = 00013;4, = 73481 + 0.0219 = 7.9694 kA) ©) 6176 k/ (min) () 4S = mis,-1,) = 2.27 (7.3694 ~ 6.6568) «) (b) Q=T (AS) = (816 + 273) (1.6176) = 952.8 kJ/min #8 (© AU = m(uy~ a) = 2.27 (2828.2 — 2786) = au 88.98 ki/min 2.8 ~ 88.98 = 863.8 kmin (@ aH my) = 2.27 (2093 - 9040.4) = 119.4 kali W,=Q-aK-aH = 952.8 42-1194 = 791.4 kJ/min 4) Sint to tery a Bat cael sane ES ieeenaae es SOLUTION: ot angaim wrth an entropy of 5.6105 kftke) (K) at 200°C is a Steam under a pressure. : heated vapor. ‘of 0.515 MPa at 200°C is a super. KG Att, = 200°C Yq = 00011865 uy = 850.65 by = 85245 9, = 2.8309 Ye = 012620 y= 1744.7 hy, = 1940.7 Yq = 0.12736 Sq 2 4.1014 uy, = 2595.3 hy #27982 9, = 64323a2 Ut metre (0.001183 + (0: ake 880.65 + (0. 2 852.45 + pert ae » 2 0.20; = 26421 + 0.20 « 26423 bg ayn O%; y= 28543 + 03 = DHE RI * (a) 3S = mia, 1 0.0045; 4, «7.0094 + 0.00495 = 7.0444 kak) CK) = 57.0444 ~ 5.6105) = 7.1695 kK ‘BH = mh, by) = 42854.6 ~ 2404.2) = 2252 bd BU = ~w,) = 526423 ~ 2245.7) = 1983 (0) Q= TAS) = (473) (7.1698) = 3391.2 W,=Q-AU = 3991.2 - 1989 » 1408.21 to Qe30012bd « W,=Q-AH (AK = 0) W, = $091.2 ~ 2282 « 1139.2 kd 7996) (0.12620) = 0.30207 7996) (1744.7) = 2248.7 beg, (0.7996) (1940°7) = 2408.2 kg Adiabatic Processes of Vapor (a) The reversible process on the py and Ts planes. a EE Fig. 2.8. Reversible Adiabatic Process. Arve ihe proce pre ws te ono eet psa? in aninetope pn nee teafrred ‘the change in entropy of the sul ‘pals neva 20) iene iy ot wtans wae ma SO Q=au+W,=0 (unit mass) W,=-au Wau-a ‘and for steady flow process, with AP = 0 K+b,+Q=K obo W, with Q=0, W,=h,-h,-K with aK = 0, Wyehj-hy a726. ere te ibe oes os one ee eae re eS abate process (actual rcean Fw he reversle ‘expansion! = Ma a poaflow process with Q = 0, Qe one’ + W, (unit mass] W,=-30 hy — hy it known as proces internal reheat andy — lity of the process ee onpresion oa be ase Emecy of ompretion n= =P x 1008 (29) One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 Mpa and 374°C to 95°C. Find the final quality and the work for noo-flow and steady flow processes. SOLUTION: ‘The saturation temperature corresponding to a pressure of 2.1 MPais 214.9°C, therefore, the initial condition is super- heated. “a° fo ae) 8 [Shes mM | 10 : son) son.r_| 19000 petra ook aye ht wo 28907 668 = 26995 AE 9 91884 bike aye 85; = 91795 0B (0.0197 = 7.0154 kalAkg) ss 01ST; 2, = 70017 + ay=9,2 7.0158 uit ayes an eo eT ZS RING ote , 1014-12271 a aie eosin cee ayetigt y= 98946 + (0.9915) (2108-7) = 2953.7 king yah # hg = 389.54 + (0.9915) 2275.4) = 2509.1 keg W, = uu, = 28995 ~2355,7 = 545.8 kia W,=h, hy = 31884 - 2500.1 = 679.3 keg 210) Steam fows isentropically through a nozzle from 1500 kPs, 285°C to 960 kPa. For 454 gfs determine (a) ty) AV, (CW, and (@) aK. “4 SOLUTION: ‘Steam at a temperature of 288°C under a pressure of 1.60 MPa is superheated, ince the saturation tomporat 1,50 MPa ia 198°C. eee ACD, = 1.50 MPa, 280 o.t6z7i) |_ area.) ] 290077) >) ve gate 5 L290 oresa1_} aves} soss_| 627 * vodas ~ TPs ~ ais = volo x, = 0.0028; v, = 0.16271 + 0.0028 = 0,16551 mi/kg » 8 3,219.8; v= 27486 + 13.8 = 27624 kik x2 18.4; by = 2992.7 + 18.1 = 3010.8 kalkg 1, = 0.0923; 8, = 6.8381 + 0.0323 = 6.8704 kJMtkg) (1) ‘The final condition, p, = 0.960 MPa and s, = 6.8704 kJ(Tkg) B,, is superheated. The entropy of saturated vapor at a pressure of 0.960 MPa is 6.6005 ki(kg) (K). Atp, = 0.960 MPa 0.2374 J 2694.1 Uber "Ib 7 Wats © Te" “aa 0.04414 26 = 232.6700 sy226; 4 200 * 2 oo gc ogsin + 00016 = 02359 AE 20 ie = 2681.4 WIRE +45 1, = 26769 2455 y= 2s006 + = 20054 HIE 258 26°C @y= (0) V= mtv, —¥) = 0484 (0.2988 - 0.16581) = 0.0808 mits @w=o (@ aH = mth, hy) G=aH+ K+ W 454 (2905.4 ~ 9010.8) = -47.85 kis = 47.85 kis AK == AH = () (A785) (2-11) A steam turbine receives 0.52 MPa of steam at 300°C. Then expand in an irreversible adiabatic process to & pressure of 0.012 MPa. Ifthe exhaust steam is dry and satu- ‘ated, calculate (a) the work of an irreversible process and (b) ‘the efficiency of the proces. ry SOLUTION: AT p,= 0.52 MPa and t, = 300% #20026 Like bh, = 3065.7 kifeg 8, = 74411 king“ At py=0.012 MPa, dry and saturated hy =h, at 0012 MPa = 2591.1 kite (2) W, =, = 9068.7 - 2501.1 = 472.7 keg ® = 504 eee TAAL = 06923 + 5,(7.99) ~0913, y= bg + my = 208.82 + 0.913 2984.2) = 2388.6 ike W, = b,—hy = 9069.7 2988.6 = 680: kheg = We ~ ABE x 100% = 00.5% 47Polytropie Process (a) The process on the PY PANE Fig. 27. Reversible Polytropie Process, (0) Work ofthe nonflow process, W, Polytropic proces is defined by the equation, pr= = ¢ (©) Transtorred heat, Q Q= aur, Oa wane EE (d) Work of stoudy flow process, We . W, = Q-ah-aK Ase, Wye ofp « MBP « (Wry (2-12) Expand 2 kg of g recon to 100°C iy Sete st 1 bar, 200°, no the wt determine (a) yay (b) AH, (0) ads Oy een enere PVE = C, Bernina aS tic ay ey ae SOLUTION: For a pressure p, = 1.5 the steam is superheated. Th pressure of 1.5 MPa is 198°C, MPa and temperature t, = 300°C, turation temperature for a 16966 mig 1b, = 9087.6 kicg 8, = 6.9179 kite) (K) ‘At t,© 100°C, the saturation pressure, p, = 0.10135 MP: u, = 2783.1 kag Pvt mI th wey Bl = ss it * 1.5790 ming Att = 100°C Yq" 00010435 uy=418.94 hy = 419.04 5, = 1.9069 Ma 18719 y= 2087.8 yy = 22570 04, = 6.0480 a7 16729 uy = 25085 hy = 2676.1 94 = 7.3549 Y= Ya, 1.8790 - 0.0010855, tye Tew LTO Oe. w o.n402 Uy Ug + Xpyy * 418.94 + (0,9402) (2087.6) = 2381.7 Kikg. hy = hy + Kaba # 419.04 + (0.9402) (2267.0) = 2541.1 kJ/eg. By hy + %q™ 1.3060 + (09402) (6,0480) = 6.9992 kIKkg)(K) "9At p,=0.9 MPa 0.2839 2695.9] | 2904.4) | eons’) | 24d (a) y,= 5.98% ol 0.2564 tle. btle ‘lelg °F (py aH = m(h, — hy) = 22541.1 ~ 3037.6) = ~ 999 ae SS fee lea Te (o a5 (s,s) = 26.9992 - 6.9179) = 0.0753 RIK |_02596 anz7 | 20463 | eo7e7_| 250 _| S808 = aE = oly = aise = Sp x)= 745 Uy = 2695.9 + 7.4 = 2708.3 kirkg = 905.48 W, = (a) (W,) = 2.21) (905.4) = 1095.5 BI = 9.6; by = 2924.4 + 9.6 = 2934 kirkg. (e) AU = m(u, — u,) = 22981.7 - 2783.1) = -802.8 kT x, = 0.0186; 9364 + 0.0186 = 6.955 kIig.K x2 44; = 20444 = 244400 Is (y= 244.40 Q = AU + W, = ~ 802.8 + 905.4 = 1026 KI (2:18) Five kg per second of seam at 5.9 MPa and 500°C ‘expand to 0.9 MPa in a polytropic process where pV' = C, Find (a) x, ort, AH, AU, 4S, () W for nonflow, and (c) W for steady flow if 3K = 40 kis. (@) Find Q from steady flow and also from nonflow energy equation. SOLUTION: Ata pressure of 5.9 MPa and a temperature of 500°C, the steam is superheated. 05766 m,ke by = 3423.3 kilkg = 9088.1 kaleg = 6.8892 kiM(kg) (K) AH = m(h,-h) = (2934 - 3423.3) = -2446.5 kd/s st(yas = = 7.143 6.8331 = 0.81 kak moter receives 28m from i calieterheated by 10 dosrees ft Deir drum a¢ 0 11M Gp Pa, what the GUality op the ean generated bythe baler (2-15) A throttling eal SOLUTION: At p,= 0.11 MPa, t,, = 102.31°C 2 t+ °SH = 10231+10 1230 1h, = 2700 kJ/kg. (by interpolation) 2700 = 851.92 + x, 1941.2) X= 95.20% freer 01 Gea Set larneirrcsives stam fom a pipe st Othe quali or tne aageBi steam premure of SMP hat SOLUTION: Abb, = 0.1 MPa, hy = 2676.5 kukg hy = bg +6, (SH) = 2675.5 + (2)(20) = 27155 Atpy = 2MPa,hy = 908.79 ki/kg and hy, = 1890.7 ki/cg daha tay 2115.5 = 908.79 + x, (1890.7) x, = 95.56% 35sizam at 700 kPa ang inder containin’ 1s until the quali, 1, A Bitega a constant presets Pret done, (b) the hese sunderg0eo a Be Betonnin per Bloc) tT energy, ad (A) the transferred, () the change OT Ig; (b) B10 kg) 1420 SH ject 1973.39 and win eau, deleraine (a hit it et cane PIE wo, a eR am hn thy (rye twa final conditk tar ant pressure hn 6600 Ii ened a prenoure ofthe process and () 0 sare Fi iy tea. A. 0) 0:22 MPa, Segue one tained at 150 kPa and 99 4. Fro ket nl enlonue, Calculate the heat erent ay ede to jst proce 8 saturated Te swith remus ba ora pron Ans, 1015 ip kg of we oteam at O4 MPa, oe ee eas kd the scam has pressure of 20, hain of TOO. Deterine the initial intr. MPa and arc vole ofthe seam. Ans. 1859.3 ue Soa ee water mixture at 1.0MPais contained in an uievbe'task Heat is added until the pressure rises to ar Mite and the temperdture 1 400°C. Determine the heat added. Ans. 1978.71. a "7. Water vapor at 100 KPa and 150°C is contained in a i vaat temperature will the vapor start to a shen thecntainer icone low? How much heat. ‘wil have to be removed per kilotram in this cooling process? is a aya 5 MPs and 0070 ie heated at constant temperature up to 2 quality of 80%. Find (a) the quantity of heat received by the water, (b) the change in internal energy, ‘and (¢) the work of a nonflow process. Ans. (a) 2025.7 keg; ‘h) 1396.5 kif; (c} 629.17 kllkg. 6 9. ‘Three kilograms of steam temporature of 310°C have 2460 Ly erat 28 MPA and m zea per Kilogram? Ane, A steam engine isentropica steam from 0.68 MPs, 220°C. the amare nts ees of rated. Determine (a) the work of a nonflow process (b) the finaltemperature, and (c) the work of steady flow process ‘Ana, (a) 641.05 kJ/sec; (b) 131.9°C) (e) 888.98 10. 12 Three kg of steam has an initial enthalpy of 7200 kJ at 0.145 MPa, Isentropic compression gives a final pressure of 0.29 MPa. Find (a) the initial and final temperatures and (b) the work of a steady and nonflow processes, Ans. (a) 110,4°C, 132.4°C; (c) -288.5 kJ, ~295.8 ky. 13. Saturated steam at 0.16 MPa is compressed in an irreversible adiabatic process with an efficiency of 80.24%, For a final pressure of 0.45 MPa, determine (a) the final and fntial entropies and the ideal and actual temperatures of compressed steam. Ans. (a) 7.2 ki/kgeK, 7. °K; compressed WkgeK, 7.3 ki/kgeK; (b) 14. Wet steam at 200°C and 20% moisture is compressed in an irreversible adiabatic process to a pressure of 2.30 MPa and a temperature of 225°C. Determine (a) the work of com- pression, (b) the compression efficiency, (c) the irreversibility ‘of the process, and (d) the compression internal reheat. Ans. (a) ~413.49 kJ/kg; (b) 93.3%; (c) 0.71018 ki/kg*K; (d) 275.73 deg. 15 Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C expands polytropically to LOMPa according to pV"? C,Detoraiae the work ef nondiow and steady flow, the heat transferred, 4h, and As. Ans. 298.9 ‘Kdheg, 388.6 kJ/kg, ~7.6 kJ/kg, -396.2 kJkg, -0.0127 kJ/kg*K. 16, Determine the heat and the work of the polytropic expansion of steam from 2.8 MPa at 340°C to 0.76 MPa at 200°C. Ans, ~3000 kifkg, ~8012.5 ki/kg 17, Steam at 173.46°C and with a specific entropy of 6 kil/ ‘kgeK undergoes a polytropic process with n = 1.18 until the 7aera) What te ial tempera = eee Peay ott = an ence EM EP AE aes naam a nh Wet fet 01 ee ie a sa OG, what 8 the aa i 08 red to 02 MPs i 8 2 dearoe a ay of ote steam ity ta) Wha uate etaly oe roc Rio (a) 97.6%; (0) 2713 aS 8 3 Power Cycles — ‘The Rankine Cycle Fig. 8-1. Ding \grammatic Layout for Steam a Fig. 3-2, Rankine Cycle 59of steam leaving the ‘an te ideal exe, the sre the same a3 Well as the and entering the 08 a Roergy balance: EL, 7 d= ew s Wedan CCoosidering the changin kinetic energy, b+ K=h+K+w W = bb +K,-K, Webbe tiat D. Pump Work, W, os 2 s 1, Bxact Pump Work, Energy balance: a — tom ew = We hna ‘2 Approximate Pump Work ‘The state of feedwater leaving the pump is that of a compressed liquid. Very often, compressed liq- uid tables are not available, hence, the properties of ‘compressed liquid are noteasily obtainable. There- fore, the exact pump work is difficult to determine. ‘The following assumptions are made in the determination of the approximate pump work.ee sicaiy a7 neoprene Hguig. Sener it Delete, co Wate re ve change in iat ot ‘energy balance neh wee Wo 9 We ewer % w, = Wa“ Wo W,> Pare W, = 6(%4-P? we W-¥, Wat BM the net 1+ method of determining poof the Tigra ‘cycle work is ob taining it Rankine Cycle Woe ara ID Bel ‘+ ton (1-¢-b-B-1) ~ arva (2-S-b-e-2) = &-@ = Gb) -a,—ny = Boh thy ay = h-2,-W, F, Thermal Efficiency, , ‘Steam rate is the mass of steam used to perform a unit work or the mass flow rate of steam consumed to produce a unit of power. For good design, a lower value of steam rate is desired. A lower value of steam rate means that a smaller quantity of steam is needed to develop the desired power output. Let P = power output, kW 'W = work done by a kg of steam, kil/kg m = steam rate, kg/kwh By definition steam rate = BA8s flow rate ‘outpui PO . mass Tew rate teh power, kw but Power = (mass ow rate, 8) W, HD) ging = Limass flow rate) (W) jay 3600 Ke mass flow rate, ‘Thon, m * Grass Now rate) W), Ka 3600 6‘The Ideal Rankine Engine Rank either a steam turbine or ane engine is . sine det Tee erence between an dea! Rankine enging engine, The diferntie i that an ideal engine doca nee ie concerned only with al HP ey taause the engane On the other hand, the See pomp work because the pump it eal Ore che cumpleven a the eve AND FOR THE pee ORE IDEAL THE EXPANSION PROCESS SHOULD, BE ISENTROPIC. Engine Analysis A Work, W wWeb-b B. Thermal Efficiency. ¢, ‘The definition of thermal efficiency does not directly applies to an engine because no heat is added to it Instead its charged with the enthalpy of steam enter. ing the engine and credited with the enthalpy of satu. raed guid a the condensing temperature ‘When applied to an engine the thermal efficiency, ¢ =WQ, becozese « WE, where E, isenergy chargeable against the engine E, = enthalpy of steam entering the engine - enthalpy of saturated liquid atthe condensing temperature Ee AWA ~ throttle steam how rate ‘engine power output D. Heat Rate, HR, (mate Dow rate, 3 ce, 45 (ease tow rie, ow, ES. ag = (3500) (Be) my = m,(h, —b,) . Relation between e, and HR. ww a-¢ EB, = HRW) : 3600he Actual Rankine C7? can be sae 0 teat ata rch the mer ermal Tey jure drop in the steam geneTstey, Prev the condenser : ore grep ne erate line (B — BD. he tartans ene Meat loc Sanat expanuon an the turbine, Tnefficent PEBP Subcooied condensate Al (aa fy a = equation, = hy proportional te the anveratly PrPheat rate the hy he lower Upper the heat rate’ conditions will transform th Bi aos Hw Fig. 3-3. Actual Rankine System Cycle Analysis A Heat Added, Q, Qe bby B. Heat Rejected, Q. a2 bey c. Engine Work, W" 1, Irreversible adiabatic — Web ok oe ye < BE i home wea | Wah D. Pump Work, W, w, = ideal pump work chase aie pomp mcnaacal niece E, Actual Cycle Thermal Efficiency, e, ‘The Actual Rankine Engine If during the expansion process the steam undergoes @ process other than isentropic process, the engine is said to be ‘an actual one. osoon Ma a Works wee ben Be Chargeable Against the Engine, B, Ener Bye byw be cg, towrmal Bion, wks aE Definition of Terms - is a generator driven by a turbine, ‘Turbogenralr the work done by the steam di Ideal work, WS fgansion process in the turbine, t eerie a al uid work, W or W, i the work dong, se tan during an irreversible adiabatic expansion or py sitapansion process in the turbine. ror erPvrk W, is tho useful work, i.e, the available way 1 the es ork W, othe electrical energy availablest ie spoerta olla ‘Thermal Eficioncion 4, Weal Thermal Eficoncy, ¢ o- 8 z . Indicated Thermal Eaiency, oe ¢ Brake Thermal Eficiency, -e 4. Combined Thermal Efficiency, 0, e Note: > 9> > Steam Rates ‘& Tdeal Steam Rate, m m= 2600 Ww Db. Indicated Steam Rate, m, a ¢. Brake Stean Rate, m, a 4. Combined Steam Rate, m, 3600 me4. tubinoBagine Mechanical Efficioney,n,_ a ‘e. Generator Efficiency, My an We Hat Rates a. Téeal Heat Rate, HR BR (m)(E) 1b. Indicated Heat Rate, HR, HR = (mE) ¢ Brake Heat Rate, HR, HR, = (mE) 4. Combined Heat Rate, HR, HR, = (m) (Eo) (3-1) Stoam in generated a tion cccurs at 0-108 aby, “1° MPA and 440°C and (@) For # Rankine engino operating botwe compute the thermal efficiency and the hent rater (b) Considering that a Rankine cycle occurs between the sae Wat maa fa a Meme 828 © ase flow ie se a not ou 30,000 kW? required st output of SOLUTION: P, = 410MPa 1h, = 8908.7 hike = 440°C 8, = 6.8911 kikg) (K) Atp, = 0.105 MPa hy = 423.24 keg, Digg = 22544 ecg Sq = 18181 kI/kg) (K) qq = 6.0249 kiMtkg) (1) Senta, 68911-15181 _ ast Mois 0.925 hag + Hybyg = 428.24 + (0.925) (2254.4) bat 0.105 MPa = 423.24 keg 2508.6 keg vvpat 0.105 MPa = 0.010443 m¥kg n' opro4ssr 4400-208) = 4.27 . i atte gst (3600 = 4.516 ke/ewh, a Pe HT (4.516) (2882.5) = 13,0; ht Tk ee yobs # SORT ATTA = 2878.3 keg queh-by #286 42824 = 2085-4 Ig Wee Q- Qe 25783-20854 = 792.9 kag ¥, a2 = 0.2755 or 27.55% 130,000 KW_ 30,000 kl/s (0 Stam low te eg * 75 Tag = STAI (3-2) A turbo generator has a combined steam rate of 55 ofkwh titrated output of 20,000 kW. The steam is at ‘MPa, 300 C, and the exhaust is at 0.01 MPa. Calculate (a) the ‘combined heat rate,(b) the combined thermal efficiency, adic: the combined engine efficiency. n SOLUTION: pyehTMPa y= 90921 kik m= 5.85 kg/h 4-900 5, = 6.8528 kIMKg) 0) Atp,=0.01 MPa ig= 191.83 kag 9g = 0.6493 FaMtkg) (KD Iiye= 2392.8 1g yy = 7.5009 kag) (1) S=% . 68528 -0.6495 ar 7.5009” 877 Ihy= Dg + yg = 191.85 + (0.827) (2982.8) = 2170.7 hcg (@) Combined heat rate = (m,)(h,~hy) = (6:5) (9082.1 — 191.85) = 15,195 kifewh () W, = 3600. $800 = 672.9 kiMeg 2672.9 _ > mpohy tomar (mm ore (©) W=h —b, = 3092.1 -2170.7 = 861.4 kifkg(6109-07712 08 78.12% newt MPa, 400°C expands in q Ma kala of steam, deter ®*%k, os) sate ‘and the steam rate (2 ek roa ee an actual Surbine with hee team rat 80 ke/kwh ant en einey of Se peravre of actual EXRAUSt agg’, py=S2MPa b= 3192.0 kilkg jedi, = 66236 IM) CR) Atp,= 0036 MPa b= S705 kihg 9, = 0.9956 kiM(kg) (K) bys 2US6 kg y= 6.7104 Keg) CK) neice, — ‘= 0.8387 %e e104, a heoha + syhye= 0705 + (08987 (2525.5) = 2257.4 kTkg 4=hyat 0096 MPa = 307.05 kag Ya Vr8t 0.086 MPa = 0.0010249 ming W, = Va (Ps ~P,) = (0.0010249) 5200 ~ 36) = 6.29 kites yy + W, = 907.05 + 5.29.2 512.3 sag (a) Rankine cycle Wea = bby W, = 2192.0 2257.4 ~ 5,29 = 929.5 bag '= (929.3) (136) = 126,585 have or 126,385 kW Q = Bi—by= 192.0312.» 2679.7 sks 9293 0 = Yt = S285 = 03027 or s2.27% m= BD - 8800 3674 ketewh (&) Rankine engine W = h,—h,=3192-2957.4 = 934.6 bike. (934.6) (136) = 127,106 kale or 127,106 KW Sow igstgnai © Gta; arene sores 05é or 824 m = 3800 - 3600 . 595 keiewh ow 8k (© Actual engine -3600 . 2600 « 750 ea Wie a, 7480 sad Wy. _150_ 2 026 or 26% = Boh, Geno - 30705 oryMpc ie = 0.8005 oF 89.25% nee cn = 2009) 1) eno mee v= 94801 oF 360 = on) 1020-750 = 2442 bg we nb eM hyetg he 2440 = 108 4% (29255) xp 0st or 1.81% " at 10 MPa, 6o0 turbine resives steam 00 3, ea Aa ab. (0) For te ideal Ranking i a Oo gata rate, tbermal efficiency, ange ier evot ioe oats etic Fett diven generator eicicy is 93% ange wecfupuche generator ie 30 MW. Estimate he onthay the enerseare) of the exhaust. Compute sod ually ( ned heat ate, and the total Ubrtte qt forthe rated power. ‘SOLUTION: 1 = 9625.3 kag = 6.9029 keg) (K) Atp202Mr— Ye" 00010605 y= 50470 a, w1.5501 Yen 0844 hyn 22019 425.5970 Sz. sam. aa C70, Oe b= Ba + hae 504.70 + (0.959) (2201.9) = 2610.3 keg Ya= Yo Avqa= 0.000605 + (0.9500) 0.08464) = 0.8802 meg GW = bby = 36255-26183 « 1007 kang m = -3600 . 3600 | G00 = S600 = 3.575 ke/kwh = O.7 1017, Pa Voy ~ e502 ~ 44kPa, (©) Wy = (2) OW) = (0.84) (1007) = 845.9 kag 1h = hy — W, = 9625.3 ~ 845.9 = 2779.4 Ike Ts wl Le 160 2789.3 Atp,=0.2MPa, ty = 150 + 5:22 155.2°Csncy)= (845.9) (0.98) = 786.7 sor kn 24.576 kg/kwh ot (an) (Beg) = 4-576) (9625.3, = 14,280 bleh, 190000) (4.576) = 187,280 ke” 80474 coabines best a0 Fig.35. Rankine Cycle Fig. 346, Reheat Cycle ‘Moisture is harmful to the blades of the turbine. It causes, ‘erosion and cavitation of the turbine blades. As have been observed in the previous cycle (see Fig. 3-5), the moisture content increases during the later stages of the expansie ‘Process. One solution to this problem is by reheating the steam ‘after partial expansion in the turbine (see Fig. 3-6). Reheating the ecees ar etecontentand at ‘the same time increases iciency cycle. Steam is usually withdrawn and ‘beated few degrees before the saturation point. ® he Ideal Reheat Cycle ‘Fig. 3-8. Reheat Cycle With One stage of Reheating »with one stage O° reheating ig reat <7ee ‘To ee wring Poses pond piespanson i the Ling pa ant pie empuperheating in the = the —. gunn Mei net re heat in te Sees, molt Ce ee ofheat inthe bete, adi ydditic boil Pat se SB Seat Coyne Analysis ‘A. Heat Added, Qu yy Energy balance: B= Ea, Qrhy=h, « = hy-hy { steam Generator Energy balance: : s an + By = hy Qa = By ae Quah by + By —by For a given number of stages of reheating, A= Prat FQ where: n = number of reheaters B. Heat Rejected, Q, ‘Another means of determining engine work is by getting the sum of the work done by the steam during the different stages of expansion. We Wat Wy, We ba-heh-d 8B, Net Cycle Work, Waa wie, Engin work Pomp work = 8h,~by By hy ~ fh) by-b,+h,—b, ~(hy— hy) A-hehh-w, G. Steam Rate, m, 3600 a= I kent ‘The Ideal Reheat Engine ‘The ideal reheat engine ignores the pressure drop in the reheater. The engine is an ideal one whether there is or there {sno pressure drop in the reheater for as long as the expansion process is an isentropic one. Engine Analysis ‘AL Work, W We b-by+h,b, B. Steam Rate, m, = 3600 mW C. Energy Chargeable Against the Engine, E, 83sasion whieh is applicable to jy. oer 0 Pha Any prosence ofthe following conditions will male the idee ape 1am entering the bent eyeie an actual one, ’ steam entering of stforated liquid at one, = Paes ~ Pe # Ps

Pri Pet Dy 4. Presoure drop in the condenser. Pe* Pees Pe ©. Irreversible adiabatic ce ye ayande,# 6, Fig.39. Actual Reheat Cycle With (One Stage of Reheatingsasion whieh is applicable to jy. oer 0 Pha Any prosence ofthe following conditions will male the idee ape 1am entering the bent eyeie an actual one, ’ steam entering of stforated liquid at one, = Paes ~ Pe # Ps

Pri Pet Dy 4. Presoure drop in the condenser. Pe* Pees Pe ©. Irreversible adiabatic ce ye ayande,# 6, Fig.39. Actual Reheat Cycle With (One Stage of Reheating= bohat (ee Bhar Tees. = Bhat 508s Mogg . fee = 4278.4 king * °968- 2801 % OW = omen 2 Bartaan? si fisting 068-2020 : Wie 2 Wo 305-1906 wang He ain ou * % = FO = 05 or sas x +a no” dee sam at 8.0MPa and 485°¢ opmapemaaeriann tants in | yw = sake hrarine sod NIE ugh a reenter. It renters yt ibe wt Bread 720 Exrannion now cosas Pe ety —he ar eg ie Port oe ane "2 Shor 268i + foes 5185 condenser y (0) Wye 204 (©) &. For the enging = 4286.5 keg, eam ernie (Soo () te sen low for an eng W192 Ship o 0000 o. = = Ge - onsen acon, 3600 3600 (0m = 2000 = 3600 18 ketch steam flow = (40,000 kw) (1.88 kg/kwh) = 75,200 kg or 20.89 kg/s (3-6) Areheat cycle has the following data: Throttle, 85 MPa at 400°C ‘Turbine exhaust, 0.06 MPa = hetS0MPaand 487°C = 2961 bivkg {deal eyele, determine the (a) work, (b) thermal Re Rel 14 Ma anele equal ios, = 2801 ike ected alate tie as tematodcioe Me ERM ae cack Rising [| Sits smmepentiog Fanbinn esi Wns te perceek t: Nanneumecitaie? fe improvement in engine heat rate of the reheat cycle from the Tg = vat 006 MPa = 00010064 mk eae We 2(y-P) = 0001006 000 ~6) = 8.05 keg bus y+ W, = 151.53 + 8.05 = 159.58 kiskgi egies psn et ge ats ie ce ieee elie. ig Ferre. ze g 5 2 babys boy 3128-2800 $ 9246 ~ 2500 10742 bkg Wa, 2 WW, = 1072-87 = 1065.5 hig OQ * by=byg ty, So Haase Yate - 2800 = S056 ug a, = Yes IOS 5 0.9924 or 33.24% 3206. = B00, 3600. Ohm = A= Tg74g = 895 kar Heat rate = ih “be = 395 (3128-2 - 350.86) = 92789 Sewh 0 by = hat 0.05 MPa and, equal to 9, «2220 hues By = bat 0.06 MPa = 308.88 kaykg vp =v; at 0.06 MPa = 0.0010331 mig W,= va (@,~p)= 00010881 @.500~60) = 8.7 ekg Ie Hee, 26086487308 6g 2°), R= dize2 ~ 2000-9002 kame W,= 908.287 = 6085 hike by, = 9128.2 3686 = 2759.6 kitkg Wea» 899.5. e, = Yt = PRBS = 0259 or 32.50% snkine engine steam rate = 3600 . 3600 (©) Rat rate = 360. - 3600. = 8.964 kefkwh Rankine engine heat rate = m(h,—h,) = (3.964) (8128.2 - 359.86) = 10,974 kilhewh Difference or reduction in heat rate = Rankine HR - Reheat HR = 10,974 ~ 9273.9 = 1700.1 keg 0.1549 or 15.49% 91ath two stages of reheating ig, an arenas gon titi? From 20 MPA and bart, com areendng it, MPa and 0.97 MPa, qc,My vith ete rege at 640°C. Condensation oc te ene on rhea ange of team find Qe ah eae! ie se re gor tm find Wand e at 20 MPa and SAO°C = 9969.5 kag Peer ieeret net tr bat SBMPa and S40°C = 2538.8 lekg ‘hat O97 MPs ands, equal tos, = 3100 keg hatOS7 MPa and S40°C = 3565.9 kg +h at 0.01994 MPa and s, equal to 8, = 2604 kikg tab 60 = 251.19 kg yak 6O% = 00010172 meg ¥p(by~p))= 00010172 (20,000 — 19.94) what hey 1+ W,=25118 + 2052 = 271.45 lg = Bb ehby hb, 39685-27145 + 2698,8 -2916 + 3565.9 - 3100 410038 kg (4180.8 keg) (1 = donee PF Serrrrry. byob hobs hon 5863.8 "216% aodaa shee 8- ab10 Sota s* s100 (4848.2 470) Cg 1848.2 kJ/e sigs ‘W-W, = 1848.2 ~ 20,32 = 1827.9 Kile + 3565.9 - 2604 Wa __18279 = et = FRE - 0.4987 oF 43.37% 1848.2 hae bbe hohe hob, Roe Rohs hos 3363.5 — 2016 + 3588.3 - 100 + 2608.9 — 251.13 4201.1 ki/kg ee B, = (4201.1 kI/cg) (1 kg/s) = 4201.1 kis Ww 1848.2 = EETHIED: = 0.4990 or 43.99% venuue (-8) Anideal double-reheat steam turbine receives 300,000 kghhof steam at 10 MPa and 400°C. ARer expansion from high pressure turbine shell, it is reheated twice from saturated vapor condition back to its initial temperature. The steam tnteringthe condenser is 97% dry. Determine (a) engine work, (engine thermal efficiency, and (e) steam rate. (€) Consider- {ng a generator output of 100 MW with 97% generator eff- dency, what are the combined heat rate, brake work, brake thermal efficiency, and pump power requirement. SOLUTION:= 3096.5 keg and AO arated = 2804 kagy eu (08 00°C = 3282 bali a uel 0 Pao gaturated = 2730 kajy wor ca gr = 3274 kee weed atenm in at 1.9 Mi cavetpayand 97% aualily ~ 2510 ky, rC, For @ generator output of 100 MW at 94% efficiency, ‘Chart p,= 0.0086 MPa jeuiate (a) the combined thermal efficiency, (b) the actual 96 MPa = 1842 ie cofaition of exhaust steam, (e) the thermal efficiency of the 362,500 kg/h of steam Steam le ese ae ae revo Seal engine, (@) ne enn NE ~Piag gs 10.1 = 194.3 keg yat 0.1 hike ae nigh Moet sats ho + 8274 —2510 iessie batt aot sala Srs0 + 9274 ~ 1042 = 3384.3 bike = 0.4012 or 40.12% to - 3600 (o Sauna = BB S60 251 keer (Conia ate, m= STOO Ee = 8.0 hs -(991B) oleh 8864 kg Cabin work, = 2600. = 2600. Brake work, Wy * eras Smeanay —* 1200- = 12371 hike Bre thermal ete, = pt = 22371 «9 31950r amp power = (a) W) = (300,000, (000 Keafh) (10.1 kee) = son foo no 841.7 kw 1¢ combined engine efficiency, and (@) tho ial thermal ceney of the ecle without preeeure op {through reheat OLUTION: 1h at 8.70 MPa and 410°C = 9152.6 kJ/kg hat 2MPa and 220°C (212.42 + 7.58) = 2821.7 kikg, 1b at 1.90 MPa and 410°C = 9271.2 kJ/kg hat 0.04368 MPa (p,, at 78°C) and s, equal to 5, 2480 keg bat 78°C = 926.51 kilkg vat 78°C = 0,0010278 m*rkg ‘Vg (By ~ Pp) = 0.010278 (8,700 — 43.68) = 8.9 kdkg, y+ W, = 926.51 + 8.9 = 395.41 kikg (a) Combined steam rate, m, = 962,500 ke/h__ 5.695 kg/kwh '100,000 kw 95