EE6301 DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

PART-A
UNIT -I

1. Convert 757.25
10
and 2356
10
to octal
.
2
.
Convert 757.25
10
and 2356
10
to binary.

3. Convert the following binary to decimal a) (1011011.1101)

2
and (b) 101110
2.

4. Convert (FACE)
16
to base 8 number.5. Find the decimal equivalent of (123)
9
.
6. Convert the following numbers with the indicated bases to decimal: (4310)
5
and(198)
12
.
7. Convert the Hexadecimal number 68BE to binary and octal.

8. Determine the base of the number for the following operations to be correct 14/2 = 5

9. Perform the hexadecimal addition of i) 1A6 and 4D3 and ii) 1A8 and 67B.

10. Express -67 in two’s complement form.

11. Using two’s complement perform the subtraction 1001101

2
– 110100
2.

12. Using two’s complement perform the subtraction 18

10
– 33
10
.
13. Obtain the 1’s and 2’s complements of the following binary numbers: (a) 01101011(b)00000000

14. Add the decimals 67 and 54 using BCD code.

15. Convert (1029)

10
to Gray code.

16. Convert 53
10
to excess – 3 code and show that excess-3 code is self complementing or reflecting code.

17. What are the characters that can be encoded using the most common 7 – bitalphanumeric code.

18. How is letter A coded in ASCII code? What bit must be complemented to change anASCII letter from lower
to upper case and vice versa?

19. Express 15 bit Hamming code in general.

20. Define positive and negative digital logic

21. What are the different classifications of binary codes?

1. Weighted codes
2. Non - weighted codes
3. Reflective codes
4. Sequential codes
5. Alphanumeric codes
6. Error Detecting and correcting codes.

22. What are the input and output characteristics of Logic Gates?
Fan out and fan in, current and voltage parameter, noise margin,
propagation delay or gate delay, power dissipation, figure of merit are the
input and output characteristics of Logic Gates.

23. What is fan out?

Fan out is defined as the maximum number of inputs of the same IC
family that the gate can drive maintaining its output levels within the
specified limits.

24. What is the difference between a totem pole and an open collector output?
The operating speed of totem pole output is high while that of a open
collector is low. An external pull up resistor in not required in a totem pole
output where as and external pull up resistor is required for proper
operation of gates in open collector output.

UNIT -II

1. What is consensus theorem?

` A simplified expression can be obtained from a given expression by
eliminating the redundant term. By using the consensus theorem.

2. State DeMorgan’s theorem.

DeMorgan’s theorem states that the complement of a product is equal
the the sum of the complements.
Also the complement of a sum is equal to the sum of the complements.

3. What are the two types of Boolean expression?

The two types of Boolean expressions are
Sum of Product (SOP)
Product of Sum (POS)

4. What is half adder and full adder.

The logic circuit which performs the arithmetic sum of two bits is
called as half adder.
The logic circuit which performs the arithmetic sum of three bits
including the carry bit from the previous addition is called as full adder.

5. What is half subtractor and full subtractor.

The combinational circuit that subtracts two bits is called as half
subtractor.
The combinational circuit that subtracts two bits taking into account
the borrow from the previous subtraction is called as full subtractor.

6. What is multiplexer?
Multiplexer is a digital switch which allows digital information from
several sources to be routed into a single output line. So a multiplexer has
several data input lines and a single output line.

7. What is a Demultiplexer?
Demultiplexer is a digital switch which takes one input and gives it to
many output devices. The selection of specific output line is controlled by the
value of the selection lines.
8. What are called don’t care conditions?
In some logic circuits certain input conditions should not occur,
therefore the corresponding output never appears. In such cases the output
level is not defined, it can be either high or low. These output levels are
indicated by ‘X’ or‘d’ in the truth tables and are called don’t care conditions
or incompletely specified functions.

UNIT –III

1. What do you mean by sequential circuit?

The circuit in which the output depends not only on the input but also on
the past history of the input variables is known as sequential circuit.

2. What is a synchronous sequential circuit.

A sequential circuit in which the change in input signals can affect
memory elements only on activation of clock signal is called as synchronous
sequential circuit. The memory elements in synchronous sequential circuits
are clocked flip-flops.

3. What is a flip flop?

A sequential device that samples its inputs and changes its outputs only at
times determined by clocking signal is called as flip flop. They are the
memory elements in synchronous sequential circuits.

4. What are the two models in synchronous sequential circuit?

1. Moore circuit
2. Mealy circuit

5. What is moore circuit?

When the output of the sequential circuit depends only on the present
state of the flip-flop, the sequential circuit is referred to as moore circuit.

6. What is Mealy circuit?

When the output of the sequential circuit depends on both the present
state of flipflop and on the input, the sequential circuit is referred to as mealy
circuit.

7. What are the different types of counters?

1. Synchronous counter
2. Asynchronous Counter

8. Define flip flop?

Flip - flop is a sequential device that normally. samples its inputs and
changes its outputs only at times determined by clocking signal.

9. List various types of flip flops.

1) S.R. latch
2) D latch
3) Clocked J.K. flip-flop
4) T flip-flop

10. What is race around condition?

In the JK latch, the output is feedback to the input, and therefore change
in the output results change in the input. Due to this in the positive half of the
clock pulse if J and K are both high then output toggles continuously. This
condition is known as race around condition.

UNIT –IV

1. Define asynchronous sequential circuit.

In asynchronous sequential circuits change in input signals can affect
memory element at any instant of time.

2. What are the different types of asynchronous sequential circuits?

Depending on the types of input variables to be given the
asynchronous sequential circuit can be classified in to two types viz.
fundamental mode circuit and pulse mode circuit.

3. What are the conditions for fundamental mode circuit?

Inputs for a fundamental mode circuit should be levels and not
pulses and they change only when the circuit is stable. Only one input can
change at a given time.

4. What are the conditions for pulse mode circuit?

The input variables are pulses and not levels. The width of the
pulse should be long enough for the circuit to respond to the input and it
should not be so long that it is present after the new state of the circuit.

5. What are the steps involved in the designing of asynchronous sequential

circuit?
i) Construction of primitive flow table and development of state
diagram.
ii) Reduction of primitive flow table by state reduction technique.
iii) State assignment is made
iv) Primitive flow table is realized by appropriate logic elements.
6. What are secondary variables and excitation variables?
In an asynchronous sequential circuit the present state variables
are called as secondary variables and the next state variables are called as
excitation variables.

7. When does a race condition occur in an asynchronous sequential circuit?

When two or more state variables change their value in response to
a change in an input variable race condition occurs in an asynchronous
sequential circuit.

8. What is a noncritical race?

The final stable state the circuit reaches should not depend on the
order in which the state variables change. Under such condition the race
condition in not harmful and it is called as noncritical race.

9. What is a critical race?

If the final stable state depends on the order in which the state
variables change the race condition is harmful and it is called a critical state.

10. What are the two techniques used to make a critical race free state
assignment?
The two techniques commonly used for making a critical race free state
assignment are
i) shared row state assignment and
ii) one hot state assignment.

11. Give the comparison between combinational circuits and sequential

circuits.
Memory unit is not required for a combinational circuit whereas memory
unity is required for a sequential circuit Parallel adder is a combinational
circuit Serial adder is a sequential circuit

11. Define ROM.

A read only memory is a device that includes both the decoder and the
OR gates within a single IC package.

12. What are the types of ROM?

1. Masked ROM.
2. Programmable Read only Memory
3. Erasable Programmable Read only memory.
4. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory.

13. What is PLA? How it differs from ROM?

When the number of don’t care condition is large it is economical to use
PLA. A PLA is similar to ROM in concept. but it does not provide full
decoding of the variables and does not generate all the minterms.
14. What is the function of an input buffer in a PLA?
Input buffers are provided in the PLA to limit loading of the sources that
drive the inputs. They also provide inverted and noninverted form of inputs
at its output.

15. What is the function of an output buffer in a PLA?

The driving capacity of PLA is increased by providing buffers at the
output. The output buffer may provide totem-pole, open collector or tri state
output.

16. What is difference between a PAL and a PLA?

PLA is a device with a programmable AND array and programmable
OR array. PAL is a device with a programmable AND array and a fixed OR
array. So a PAL is easier to program but it is not as flexible as the PLA.

UNIT –V

1. What are the steps involved in the design flow of automated design
environment?
The design flow of an automated design begins with specification of
the design at various levels of abstraction and ends with generating net list
for an Application Specific Integrated Circuit(ASIC), layout for a custom IC
or program for a Programmable Logic Device.

2. What is a test bench?

A VHDL module that performs the process of generating the test data
and observation of simulation results for verifying design errors and for
detecting the incompatibility of components used in the design is called as
test bench.

3. What are the VHDL operators used for synthesizing logic circuits?
Logical operators, Relational operators, Arithmetic operators,
concatenate operators, Shift & rotate operators and operator precedence are
some of the VHDL operators used for synthesizing logic circuits.

4. What is design entry?

The first step in the design of digital system is the design entry in which
the design is described in VHDL in a top-down hierarchical fashion.

5. What is the use of a VHDL sequential statement?

VHDL sequential statements are used for high level behavioral
descriptions. Some of the sequences in general are input conditions, setting
flags, waiting for event to occur, monitoring special signals like hand shaking
signals and issuing outputs.

6. What is the use of a VHDL signal assignment?

VHDL signal assignments are statements for representing logic
blocks, bus assignments and interconnect specifications of bus & I/O.
Combined with Boolean and conditional assignment these language
constructs can be used for describing components and systems in terms of
their register and bus assignment.

7. What is the function of a VHDL instantiation statement?

VHDL instantiation statements are for using lower level components
in an upper level design. Instead of describing behavior, functionality or
bussing of a system we can describe a system in VHDL in terms of its lower
level components. These sub-components can be as small as a gate or a
transistor or as large as a complete processor.

8. What are the various ways in which a sequential circuit can be described in
VHDL?
Basic memory elements at the gate level, memory elements using
procedural statements, flip flop synthesis, synthesis of shifters & counters,
state machine coding , state machine synthesis are some of the ways in which
a sequential circuit can be described in VHDL.

9. What are packages?

In VHDL packages can be used for grouping components according
to their technology, physical characteristics, cost or complexity, or their
availability. VHDL package constructs can also be used for packaging
commonly used use defined types and sub programs.

10. What is package body and package declaration?

The package declaration contains the declaration of entities that are
to be accessible by entities using the package. The package body has the
description of sub programs declared in the package declaration, and sub
programs and types that are used local to the package body.

PART-B

UNIT -I

1. Write short notes on ASCII code.

2.Explain DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS families and their characters.

UNIT -II

1. State and prove idem potent laws of Boolean algebra.

2. Derive the state table for a serial binary adder.
3.Implement a 16:1 MUX using two 8:1 MUX.
4. Obtain an expression for difference and borrow outputs of a full subtractor?
5. Explain how multiplexer can be used to implement logic function directly
from a truth table without the need for simplification.
6. Using only MUX realize the following Boolean Expression
ab’c’+a’bc+abc
bc+a’d’+ab+a’bcd
7. Obtain the expression for SUM and CARRY outputs of a full adder and
implement the same.
8. Draw a BCD adder circuit and explain how it detects the need for a
correction and execute it?
9. Design a logic circuit for converting 8421 BCD to 5421 code.

UNIT –III

1. Design a counter using T flip-flop to count the sequence

0,1,2,3,0,1,2………………

2. Design a synchronous counter to count in the following random sequence

using J-K flip-flop 0,1,3,7,6,5.

3. Using SR FF design a parallel counter in the sequence

000,111,101,110,001,010,000….

4. a) Explain how a T flip-flop can be built using RS flip-flop.

b) Explain how MOD 6 and MOD 7 counter be built using flip-flops.

5. Show how a Shift registers with parallel load be used to convert serial input
to parallel output and parallel input to serial output.

6. a) With necessary diagrams describe decade counter.

b) Describe briefly a master slave JK flip-flop.

7. How do you construct D flip-flop and T flip-flop using JK flip-flop.

8. Explain about Moore circuit and Mealy circuit.

9. Design a synchronous counter with states 0,1,2,3,0,1…using JK flip flop.

10. Design a synchronous Gray code up counter. Derive the expressions for the
inputs of JK flip flops.

UNIT –IV

1. An asynchronous sequential machine operating in a fundamental mode

has two input lines x1, x2 and one output z. the output is zero whenever the
x2 is zero with the first change in x1 occurring while x2 is one z becomes a
one and remains one until x2 returns to zero. Write down the state table for
this machine.

2. A pulse mode asynchronous machine has two inputs it produces a output

when ever two consecutive pulses occur on one input line only. The output
remains at one until a pulse has occurred on the other input line. Draw the
State table for the machine.
3. A sequential machine has one input line where O’s and 1’s are being
incident. The machine has to product a output of 1 only when exactly two O’s
are followed by a ‘1’ or exactly two 1’s are followed by a ‘O’. Using any state
assignment and JK FF, synthesize the machine.

4. Draw the circuit of up-down counter and explain its working.

5. What are the steps for the design of asynchronous sequential circuit?

6. Write short notes on shared row state assignment and one hot state
assignment.

7. An asynchronous sequential circuit is described by the following excitation

and output function
Y=AB+(A+B)Y
Z=Y
i) Draw the logic diagram of the circuit
ii) Derive the transition table and output map
iii) Describe the behavior of the circuit.

8. Design a T flip flop from logic gates.

9. What is the significance of state assignment and what are the steps for the
design of asynchronous sequential cicuit?

10. What are the steps for the analysis of asynchronous sequential circuit?

11. How does the architecture of a PAL differ from a PROM

12.List the different types of memory and explain the same.

13.What is a PLA? Describe its uses.

14.How does the architecture of a PLA differ from a PROM.

15.Explain how multiplexer can be used to implement logic function directly from a
truth table without the need for simplification
using a 5 X 8 X 4 PLA.

16. What is the organization of a ROM?

17. Design a combinational circuit using a PROM. The circuit accepts 3-bit binary
number and generates its equivalent Excess-3 code.
18. A combinational circuit is defined by the functions
F1=Σm (1, 3, 5)
F2=Σm (2, 3, 5)
Implement the circuit with a PLA having 3 inputs, 3 product terms and two
outputs.

19. Illustrate how a PLA can be used for combinational logic with reference to the
functions
F1(a,b,c) =Σm (0,1, 3, 5)
F2(a,b,c) =Σm (1, 2,3,4, 5)
Realize the same assuming, that a PLA is available.

UNIT –V

1. Write a short note on the basic structure of VHDL?

2. Explain the various VHDL operators used for synthesizing logic circuits.

3. Write a VHDL code for representing a clocked D-latch.

4. How can you represent memory elements using procedural statements?

5. What is a test bench? Write a program to represent a memory array using a

test bench.