Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Logic Details
Logic Details
• Al is attacked by HCl
• Orange is a good source of vitamin C
• Argentina is located in North America
• Napoleon prevailed over water loo.
• Ahmad was a painter, and Iqbal was a poet.
The first two statements are true, the second two false.
The last one expressed two statements, both of which
are true.
Unlike statements, many sentences can not be
said to be either true or false. Question,
proposals, suggestions, commands and
exclamation are not statements.
Murder is a crime
Premises
Conclusion
• Since
• in that
• seeing that
• as indicated by
• became
• for
• may be inferred from
• as
• give that
• for the reason that
• in as such as
• owing to.
Any statement following one of these indicators
can usually be identified as premises. E.g.
The challenger space craft exploded after lift off because an o ring failed In one of
the booster rockets.
The sky appears blue after the earth surface because light rays from the sun are
scattered by particles in the atmosphere.
Cows can digest grass, while human can not, because their digestive system
contains enzymes not found in humans.
or phenomenon to be explained.
EXPLANANS
STRONG WEAK
COGENT UNCOGENT
STATEMENT
True
False
DEDUCTIVE
ARGUMENT
VALID INVALID
SOUND UNSOUND