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    Ondas Electromagnéticas PDF

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    Deiby Burbano

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES LEARNING GOALS + Ho of ight seated to Ihe fundamental constants of 4D Moat ony ts io waves, What aspect hat is Hight? This question fas beet asked by humans for eenturtes, . but there was no answer until electrieity andl magnetism were united unt, as described by Maxwell's equations, These ile field acts as a source of electric fiekd and that time electric field acts as a source of magnetic field These E and B fields can sustain each other, Forming an electronignerte wave space. Visible light emitted by the glowing filament of a r ample ofan elecitomagnetie wave: other kinds of electroma netic waves ae produced by TW and rad stations, x-ray machines, ad radioac= tive nuclei Hn this chapter we'll use Maxwell's equations as the theoretical basis for Understanding electromagnetic waves. We'll find that these waves eanry both cenorey and momentum. In sinusoidal cletromaenette waves the Band BF elds are sinusoidal functions of time and position, with a definite frequency and wave Visible ligit, radio, x rays, and other types of electromagnetic waves d= fer only an their irequeney and wavelength. Our study of optics mn the Following chapters will be based in parton the electromanetc nature of ight Unlike waves on a string or sound waves a Hui, electromagnetic waves do hot require & materia medium; the Hight that you see Comins etm the stars a night fay traveled without difficulty across fens oF hundreds oF light-years of ‘early empty space. Nonetheless, electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves have much in common a are described in much the same language, Before read- further im this chapter, you should review the properties of mechanical waves asuiscussed an Chapters 15 and 16. 1051 152 CHAPTER G2 Flecromagnctio Waves 82,4 James Chrk Maxwell (1831-1879) ‘sas the fist person to truly understate Tonlamental tine of ight, le also made rajor eantibations 3 hemoymames, ‘oes stones, andl eolar photos aphy Alber Einstein described Manwells cascomplistiments ay “the most profound andthe most Fen hat physi hs espe Fieneed since the time of Newon . — 32.1 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves In the last several chapters we studied various aspects of electric and magnetic fields, We Jearned dat when the tieds don’t vary with time, sul as an electric lield produced hy charges arrestor the magnetic Held of a Steady current, we ean analy e the eleetie and netic elds independently without considering inter the elds vary with time, they are no lon, Section 29.2) tells us thal time-varying sett tickd, as show by unduced ents in inductors factions between them, But wl independent, Faraday’s law #se hele eld acts. as a souree o aid uansformees. Ampere’s law includ by Maywwell (see Section 29.7), shows that a time-var sie Held, ‘Thais mt imarized in Masswell’s equations, presented in Seetion 29-3. ‘Thus, when evfgran electric or am ‘ofthe other kind 1s induced in adj lhe displacement current discovered octrie tel ets as souree of interaction bewween the hve fields 4s sum ie tcld is changing with time, a fel We are led (as Maxwell \was) to consider the possibilty of an elvetromagnehie disturbance, consisting of Jeciric and magnetic elds, that can propagate daroueh space trom fone region to another, even when there 1 No miler in the intervening region, ‘Such at disturbanee, iff exists, will have the propesties of avait, and an appa priate corm iseleet Such waves do exist: ntdio and television transmission, light, ¥ ays, andl many ober kunds of radiation are examples of electromagnetic waves, Our goal in this ‘chapter is to see how such waves av explained by the prmeiples of electromagnet: ism that we have studied thus far annd © examine the properties of Ukese waves, Electricity, Magnetism, and Light As often happens the development of scene, the theoretical understand ot electromagnetic waves evolved along a considerably more devious path than the one just outlined In the early days of electromagnetic theory the early 9th een- tury), (Wo different units of electric charge were used: one for electrostatics and the oter for magnetic phenomiena involving earents, Inthe system of unis used atha time, these to its of charge had diferent physical dimensions, "Their ato hd unis of veloc, and measurements showed that he ato ad numer ical value that was precisely equal tw the speed of light, 3.00 108mys. At the time, physicists regarded this as an extiordinary comeidence and had no sea toss to expan 1 In sarc 6 uverstand tis rest, Mawel ig, 32.1) proved in 1865 tha an electromagnetic disturbance should propagate i free space with a speed equal to that of light and hence that ight waves were likely o be elgtfomagnetic m nature. Ache same time, he discovered that the baste principles of elecieom: netism can be expressed im tems of the four eguations thal we now call Mayivel’s equations which we disused an Section 29.7, These four uations are (1) Gauss’s law for electric fields: (2) Gauss’s law for magnetic fields, show- in the absence of magnetic monopoles: (3) Ampore’s kaw, meluding displace- iment curren ad (4) Faraday’ fas Gent = éGauss's kaw) 123.18 (Ampore'slaw) es 1053 Maxwells Pquetions and Flectramagnetic “These equations apply o electric and magnetic fields ir vac, Wa material 82.2 cop Every mobil p is present, the permittivity «9 and permeability jo of free space are replaced by less modem, or natin transite emis the permittivity e ad permeability ge of the material. Hthe values ote and 2 are Senay the Forms cstramatitc sitfeent at diferent points in the reeions of imtewraton, thee and have w be se thatate mae by weceang transferred tothe kl sides of Eqs (29.18) and (29.20). respectively, and placed Seine alternating cura. hich tans inside the negra, ‘The € mF, (29.20 aso has to be micluded in the integral hata substan ameamt ot charset Uta gives aly, de by accelerating scclerating bask und forth aa lectromagnetic waves, These Waves cat Acco a Manel’ equations pont hage at res produes a ute BRITE NG. Tear field but no AB field: a point charse moving wilh a constant velocity tse Section PARNASADWZis soune Eon Yo bey pecs uth Fa Bis Masel! segtons an aso be sa to sho : thi ender fora point charge to prauee skctromaanetc waves, he chage ms 7 feleute Infact t's aera esto Navel seguatons hater ace | ated charge radiates electromagnetic energy (Pg. 32.2) 1 Generating Electromagnetic Radiation \ (One way in which a point charge can be made to emit electromagnetic waves is by makine i aseillate in simple harmonic moto. se thaw has a aeveleration at almost every mstant the exception is when the charee is passing through its equ Iibswum position, Figure 32.3 shows some of the electric felt lines produced by such an oscillating pomnt charge, Field lines are tot material objects, but you may honethcless find i helpful to think of them as behaving somewhat hke sti that estend from the pomt charge off to infinity. Oscillating the eharge up and down makes waves that propagate outward from the eharye alone these “st Note that the charwe dos not mit waves equally tn al difeetions; the waves are strongest al 90" to the axis of motion of the charge, while there are 6 waves along thisaxis. This is just what the “string” picture would lead you t conclude ‘There 1s also a cignetic disturtance that spreads outward trom the charge this is hot shown m Fig, 32.3, Beeause the electrie and maghiebc disturtanices spread or radiate away fom the source, the namie electromagnetic radiation is used inter cchangeably with the phrase “electromagnetic waves, Flecttomagnetie Waves with macroscopic wavelengths Were first produced in the laboratory im F887 by the German physicist [Teinrieh Hertz. AS a souree of waves, he used charges oscillating in ZC enreits of the sort discussed in Section 30.5: be detected the resulting clectromagtetic waves with other circuits tuned to the same frequency. Herta also produced electromagnetic stance wares amd measured the distanee between adjacent nodes (one half-wavelensth) to deter mine the wavelength, Knowing the rescmant frequetiey of his eincunts, he them found the speed of the waves tom the wavelength-frequeney celationship b= AF. Hic esiablished that thetr speed was the sume as that of light; this verified Maxwell's theoretical prediction directly. The SI unit of Hequemey is named mt honor of Hertz: One hertz (1 117) equals one eyele per seeond 82.8 Elects field lines ofa point charge esillating in simple harmonic motion. se atfise instants during an oscillation period 7: ‘The charges tajetory Ts inthe plane of the aa. AUP = O te Pint chars is ats maxim upward displacement The 0% slows one "kink nthe fines of Bas i propagates outs fiom the pont charge. The msgnette Held nes shown eompsises iles that ie planes perpendicular to these fsutes and concenitie with the axis of escilation roo wren rm @ro ane t 1 y 154 C)APTER 22 Plecromagactio Waves Table 32.1 Wavelengths of Visible Light 350m Violet $505 Bla 105-870 nm Gs i Yells ot Rel 82,4 The eleewom The modern value of the speed of light, which we denote by the symbol & is 209.792.458 mys, «Recall fom Section 1.3 that this value is the fasts of ou San= dard of length: One meter is defined 16 be the distance that Hight travels am 1/209,792,438 second) For eur purposes, ¢ = 3.00. 10m as suliciently accurate The possible use of electromagnetic waves for long-distance communication aloes not soem to ured to Herz [owas left Mareant and others to make radio communication at familiar household experienc. Int radio secant cele trie charges are made to nscillate along te length of the conducting antenna, poe ducing oscillating field disturbances like those shown m Fig. 32.3. Sinee many charges oscillate together inthe antenna, the disturbances are mueh stronger than those of a single oscillating charge and can be detected at a much greater dis- taney, na radio recesverthe atenna is also a eonductor: the fields of the wave emanaling trom a distant transmitter exert forces on free charges with the receiver antenna, producing an oscillating cusrent that is Ueteced and amplified by the receiver eirentry For the remamder of this chapter our eoncem will be with elzetrom ‘waves themselves. nt ith the father complex problem of how they ate praluved wie The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electrom netic spectrum encompasses electromagnetic waves ofall frequen cies and wavelengths, Figure 32 shows approsimate wavelength and treguency S for the mks! commonly encountered portion of dhe spectrum, Despite vast dlicrences m their uses and means of production, these are all eketrom 2.458 mvs. Elec tromagnetic waves may difer in frequency and yavelengtt Ay but th ship ¢ = AP in vacuum holds for each, We can detect only a very small seement ofthis spectrum dizcctly Uiroush our sess of sight, We call tis fange visible light Is wavelengths ange from about 380) to 750) nm_ (3D 0 750 < 10m). with corresponding frequencies trom about 790 to 400 THy C9 t0-40> 10! Hy) Difierent parts of the visible spec trum evoke an humans the sensations of different colors, Table 32.1 gives the approximate savclenetis for colors in the visible speetsum Ordinary white cial sourees or filers, we cam select a marow band of wavele of a fe um Such light is approximately mionee nomatte (Single-color> light Absolutely monochromatic helt with only a single wavelength 1S an unattainable alization, When we use the expression “monoclrom Dom” with reference toa laboratory experiment, we really mean a smal wtie waves wilh the Same propagation speed (in vacuum) ¢ = includes all visible wavelen netic gyectrum, The frequencies ana wavelengths found in nature extend aver such a wide range that We have portant hans, The boundaries hetseen hand ae somesshat abe Wavelengths in m Tea 1 eT or Fao SF ——Sa IV Nisei > FeCl >< Cars rs 1 Pe i ee ree Frequencies in H Tam 60 HO 450 400mm] RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VDIST 12 2 Plane Electromagnetic ‘Wav of wavelengths around 580 mm, Light from af ctoromatie than i light abtainable n any other way lovisible foems of electromagnetic radiation are no less important than visible {Our ssstem of glofal communication for example, deperns om ral wases AM radio uses waves with frequencies trom 54x 10H z to, 1.6 x 10H, ‘while FM radio drokeasts are at frequencies trom 8.8107 to LO8 JOT, (Television broadcasts use frequencies that bracket the EM band Microwaves are also used for communication ¢or example, by celular phones ann! wireless networks) and for weather rar (at frequencies near 3% 10 7 Many cameras have a deviee that emits & beam of infrared radiation; by analyz- ing the propertics of the infrared! radiation fellectod from the subject, the camera determines the distance to the subject and automatically adjusts the focus. X rays are able to penettate through flesh, which makes them invalvabe in dentistry and medicine, Gamma rays, the shortestavelengih ype of electromanetic cali tion, are used im medicine to desteay cancer eels aris much more nearly mono Test Your Understanding of Section 32.41) s:cysitlewones un clei fell hut tio magnetic field? ¢h) What about a putsly magnetic nave -@ 32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light We are now ready to develop the basic ideas of electromagnetic waves and their relationship tothe prineiples of electromanetism Our procedure will be ko pe tulate a simple ek! configuration that has waveliky behavior. We'll assume a clectrie fied that has only yscomponent and a magnetic fel BE with only a S-comnponent ad we'lassume that both felis move together m the +hrection With a speed ¢ that 1s initially unknown, (AS we go along, it will become elear why we choose 2 and B to be perpendicular to the difection af propawation ay well as to each other Then we will test whether these fields ate physically posst- ble by asking whether they’ are consistent with Maxwell's equations, particularly Ampere’ law and Faraday’s lass: We'll tnd that the answer ts yes, provided that © has a particular value, We'll also show that the ion, which we encountered during our study of mechanical waves in Chapter 15, can be derrved from Manvel’ equations A Simple Plane Electromagnetic Wave Using an ex-coordinate system tig. 32.5), we imagine tha al space is divided into to regions by a plane perpendicular Wo the avis paral othe ¥=phne AL every point w the lett of this plane there are a uniform electric tiekd Ean tbe + ydirection and a uniform magnetic field Bin the +z-direchon, as shown, Pure thermore, we suppose thatthe bourdary pla, which we call the wi move’ tothe right inthe —elicton with constant sped ¢ the value of which sll leave unetemmined or now. hus the Band B elds tavel vo the right inte previously ildefee regions witha dette sped, This ia rudimentary magnetic wave. A wave such as thi. in which at any instant the lds ate uniform ‘over any plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, is called a plane wave. In the case shown in Fig. 32.5, the fields are zero for planes to the right of the wae front and have the same values on all pkanes tothe Flt of the wave front ter we will consider mone complex plate waves ‘We won't concem ourselves with the problem of actually proving such a field comigucation, Instead, we simply ask whether wis consistent with the ks of electron iat, with Maxwells equations, We'll consider each of these fu equations mn tum electtoe Application Ultraviolet Vision Mey than. Nate & sand the Speed of ight 1085 Th jee colt taken nth a ‘sor ireusig badges, cate thaie boc tha 32.5 Au The plane representing the save front imoves to the Hight Gi the positive ‘airetion) with speed sto OSE CHAE TLE G2 Plecsromagaetic Waves 82.6 Gaussian sorte fora ransvense Let us first verify that our wave satisfies Maxwell's first and. second pling elvetomienesie wit. ‘equations—-that 1s, Gauss’s laws for electric and magnetic fields. To do this, we lake as our Gaussian surface a rectangular box wath sides parallel (0 the 5.4%, baton sis ofthe Gasssian trace so fue ahd ¥= coordinate planes ¢Fig. 32.6). The box encloses no eleetric eharge. The toa lene fas sous the suriace sein total electric flux and magnetic flu through the bux are both zero, even part | Of the box is in the region where £= B= 0, This would not be the ease 10 or Bhad an component, parallel to the direction of propagation: if the wave 4 front were inside the box. there would be Hux throueb the lll-hand side of the [et box (atx = 0} but pot the right-hand side (atc > 0). Thus to satisty Maxwell's: tA first and second equations the electric and magnetic elds must be perpendict Jar to the direction of propagation: that is, the wave must be The next of Maxwell’s equations to be constlered is Faraay"s ke f “ efgh that is parallel to the .v-plane (Fig. 32.74), As shown in Fig. 32.7b, a eross 32.7 ()syphng Hristo tn pa th sal as ht ah 3 AUT Hs through the inthe x-plane Shown, the awave Hront has progressed partway throwsh the rectangle, and FE is ‘equals the flux through the shasled rectan- rectangle ef gh to be in the +=direetion, With this choice the right-hand rule se wal atcaae tha inal = requiees that Wwe inteseate E selorkviseagound the rectangle, At every Thus AP pidt = B point on side ef, E 1s zero, At every pomt on sides fy and fe, E is either zero or dist atin the +x-direction, Pace opposite, and we obtain | plaid = Ta 2a Hone, the lelt-hand side of Bg (22.1) 8 nonce, To satisfy Faralay’s las, Fy, 2,1), thete must be a component of Bin the iretton perpenliclar to 2) so tba here can be nonzero manele tus dp though aherectanse efgh and a nonzero derivative dD pd, I Bhasenty a -component, We have assumed tha this component ism the positive zairecton; let's see whether dhs assumption is consistent with Faraday’s la During a time inerval di the wave front moves a distance ¢ «© the Fight an Fig, 32,7, sweeping out an area ae dt of the retanele ef@lk During this interval the magnetic Hux Py theoush the recta ef increases by dP = Bae dh so the Fate of ban “iy l= 1 N Our wae dy - Now we substitute ys. (32.2) and (32.39 into Faraday’s law, Bg, (22.1: we get = he E= eB electromagnetic wave in vacuum) 1924 This shows that our wave is consistent with Faraday’s law only ifthe wave speed ¢ andthe maenitudes ofthe perpendicular vectors E and Bate eclared asin Bg, 22.49 Note that if we had assumed thal B was im the negate wainection, there would hhave bocw an adklitional minus sign in Fg, 32.4y singe Fc and B are all positive magnitudes, no solution would then have beet possible. Furthermore, any: com ponent of B in the »direetion (parallel E) would nox contribute (o the changin Imagnetie fx «by throug the rectangle ef gi (which is parallel (6 te ay. plane) and so would not be part of the wave 12 2 Plane Electromagnetic ‘Wav ss and the Spred of ight 1057 Finally, we eamy out similar calculation using Ampere’s fa, the remain member of Maxwell's equations, There 1S no conduction current Ampere’ law is Foveheck whether our wave is consistent with Ampere’ kaw, We move OU KEE BBB (@)Appling Ampere’ lew so that it Hes in the-«-plane as shown in Fig, 32.8, and we again ook at plane wae (Compare e Fig, 32.20 Htheraes @)ln-atimed toe slostre tx hrowsh fl the eotangie the had rule oun This merase ca Se sckwise around the rectangle. The B luxthtoush te sh We cake the vector area 4 in the y-direction, and so the 1 ate Be df counter requires that we i eozanae with ate field is zeno al every pomt along sie ef. anal each point on sides fe a fei is that i.e = Bac de Thus taither aero or perpendicular to df, Only side gh. where and a ane paralel, «He = Fae cconteibutes to the integral, and we find (lone the wave fant move Silistancec aia ths tte p Bell = Ba be y Hence, the let-band side of Ampere’s lass, Py. 32.5), is nonzero: the right-hand side must be nonzeno as well Thus £ must havea y-eomponentépespendicula to B) so that the electric ux aby through the rectangle and the time derivative ciabpai can be nonzero. We come tothe same conclusion that we mnerred from Faraday’s kaw: In an electromagnetic save, and B must be mutually pespend ear Ina time iterval d the eleetsie Mux dy through the rectangle wereases by siabye= Elac i}. Sinee we chose to be mn the FY-direction. this lux change is Posttives the rate of cha de () Top vow of station in @ Substituting Ey. (32.6) and (32.7) nto Ampere’s Haws Eg. (22.5), We find ha = equal B emecE — felectromagnetie wave in vacuum) Thhus our assumed wane obeys Ampere’s law only if B Ey (32.8) ‘Our electromagnetic wave must obey botl Ampere’ laws and Faraay"s ls soy Bgs. (324) and G2.8) must both be satistied, ‘This ean Happen ony af euuy = Vor and © are related as my (speed of electromagnetic waves m vacuum) (32 9) Ven uti, we find he numerical values of these qu L VISNS IO O New Jin 1 NIN) <1 my ‘Our assumed wave is consistent with all of Maxwell's equations, provided that the ‘wave front moves with the speed given above, wshich you should recognize asthe speed af light? Note that the eget value of ¢ is delined to be 299,792,458 mys the modern value of en is defined {0 agree with this when used in bq. (32.9) (see Section 21.3), 5B C}APTER 22 Flecromagnetio W 82.9 A right-hand rule for elecromas. gto saves relates the directions 2 Band the iveston of popasation Right-hand rule rain cetramaanctie wave: @roern oetyor son n @inwge wsing te hat the direction of teil Direction of propugation inetion aE XB. Key Properties of Electromagnetic Waves We chose a simple wave for our study im order to avoid mathematical complica tions, but this special ease illustrates several important Keatures oa electra netic wines 1. The wave is Wansversrs both & and Bate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, The electric and mt netic elds are also perpen. dicukir cach other. The direction of propagation is the dirgetion of the vector product BX B (his. 32.9 There isa definite ratio between the magitales of Band Be E The wave wavels im vacuum wath a definite sel wncha speed 4. Unlike mechanical waves, whieh need the oseillauns particles of a medium such as water or air € transmit a wave, electromagnetic waves require no medium We can generalize this discussion to a more realistic situation, Suppose we have several wave Irons mn the fom of parallel planes perpendicular t0 the ‘eatts.all of which are moving to the right with specd & Suppose that the F and B fields are the same at all points within a single region between two planes but that the fields vifer fom region to region, ‘The overall wave isa plane wae but ome in which the felds vary in stops along the axis, Such a wave could be cconsiructed by superposing several of the simple step wares we have just ise cussed (Shown in Fig. 32.5) This 8 possible becanse the B and B fields obey the Superposition principle m waves just as in staic situations: When two waves are superposed, the total # field af each point is the vector sun of the B telds of the individual waves, and simular for te total B file ‘We can extend the above development to show that a wave with fields that vary in steps is also consistent with Ampere’s and Pariday’s aves, provided that the wave Hots al move withthe speed ¢ given by Fg, (32.9), fn the limit that we make the midividual steps infinitesimally small, we have a wave in which the FE and B fields at any instant vary conainowsly along the axis. The entire tek Pattern moves to the right with speed c. In Section 32.3 we will consider waves mt ‘which and B are signsotdla? functions of and f Because at eaeh point the magnitudes of Band Beare elated by F = oR the periodic variations of the 60 fields many pertndic traveling wave must bed phase. Electromagnetic waves have the properly of polarization, In the above dis- cession the choice of the yifection for B was arbitrary, We could just as well have specited the Sais for BS then B would have been in the ~vdirecton, A wave in which 21s alway’ parallel toa eertain aris 1s said to be Hinearly polar= ined along that axis. Mote generally. cary wave traveling mn the direction can be represented) as a superposition of waves linearly polarized inthe ¥* and Hons, We will Sly polarization in greater deta mt Chapter 33 Derivation of the Electromagnetic Wave Equation Here is an allcmative derivation of Ey, (32.9) for the speed of electron waves. IH is more mathematical dhan our otlier trealmient, but it includes a derive tion of the wave equation for elec be omitted without loss of continuity in he chapter. During our discussion of mechanical waves in Section 15.3, we showed dat a function Yc 2) that represents the displacement of any: point in a mechanical wave traveling along the sts aust satisfy a differentia equaion, Ey, (15.12 xe waves, This part of the section cam This equation 1s called the wave equation, and ¢ is the speed of props the wave gation of 2 Plane Eictromegnetc Wives and the Speed of ight 1059 Ti derive the corresponding equation for an electromagnetic wave, we again ccomsider a plane wave, That is, we assume that a each instant, Zand Beare uni form over any plane perpendicular to the ass, the direction of propagation, But how we le Fy and Be vary continuously thers then each is function of wand £, We consider the values of Fan B- on two planes perpeni- cour to the ais, one alr and one at = A Following the same procedure as previously. we apply Faraay"s law to tree= tangle lying parallel to the splane, ay mn Pg, 32.40. This igure s similar to 32.7, Let the lett end gh of the rectanle be at postion 5 and fet the right end be at position (=e). At Aime & the values of Fy on these two ses are Fy we f)and £3 (c= Af) respectively. When we apply Lat this ree langle, we tind that mstead of f Hed = Faas before, we have pe F(a + E(t of Crt Xe = Fis] weet rectangle, we assume dial Are is Hb that Bis nearly uniform over the eectansle. In tat ease, Dy = Bef Meand Yo tind the mawnetie Mux dj, Uhrouel th sama enous Buty BAKO, ads We use partial-derivative notation because Bs a function of bowl ¢ and f, When \we substitute this expression and Ey, 32.11) nto Baraday’s ka Ey. 22.1) abe get Finally, imagine shrinking the rectangle down ta sliver so that Ave approaches zeta, Whett we fake the limit oF this equation as Ae, we get Bist) This equation shows tha if shore is time-varying component A of magnetic field, there must aso be a component Fol elecen Hild tha waves with.« and ceansersely. We put this relationsinp on the shell for now we'll return to S600, Next we apply Ampore’s law to the reetangle shown i Hh The line inteeral f Boul becomes on Awain assuming that the rectangle sar, we approximate the electric Hux Py through tas p= Ey Cased = = Brean swe need for Ampere’s kas, is then 13) into Ampere’s a, Fg. 32.5 abn) Waals 82.40 Faalay’s lay appa ws weetane sls with hsightdcand width AY parallel te the spline 82.94 Amper’s faw applied wo a neta she with height and width Av pall thes (©) Top view ofthe stuston nf) WED c)Ae TCH G2 Flees mragnetia Waves Now comes the final slep, We take the partial dernvatives with respect to. of both sides of Fg. 2.1), and we ake the partial derivatives with respect 0 £ of both sles of Fg. 32.14). The results ane enetic wave mi This expression bas the same form as the general wave equation, Eq. (22.104 Because the electric field F must salisty this equation, ib behaves asa wave wid a pattern that wavels theoush space with a definite speed. Furthermore, compat: sont of Fys. (32.15) and (22.10) shows thatthe wave speed t is given by L Sey) oor pS v Vew This ageues with Eq, (32.9) for the speed Cot electron y slic waves. We ean show tha also rnust satisty de samne wave equaion as Fy Eq 22.15), lip prove dis, we take the partial derivative of Fp 3212) with respect 69 Fan be pptial dernanive of Eq, (32,14) with respeet wo rand combine the cesalls, We leave this derivation for you to carry out Test Your Understanding af Section $2.2 lor each ofthe following als Iagnetie waves, sae the dvgotion of the maghetic fel. ay The wave i propaga the ths positive direction, and Bs inthe negative weliretion: fe} the Wave is propagating in the negative yalitecton. and isin the positive wairecion 32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves Sinusoidal electromagnetic waves ate dirty analogous to sinusoidal transverse mechanical waves en a siete string, which we stulied in Section 15.3. In imu ok! Bia ay point in space ae sinusoidal fanetions the ypatia variation of the fields isalso snus Kl netic waves are plane waves: they share with the the property that at any instant he fields sme uni fon over any pane perpendicular tothe dizeetion of propagation. ‘The entite pat tem travels in the direction of propagation ith speed ¢. The directions of ankl B ace perpendicular w the direction of propagation Cankl 0 each other), so the wave is t Flectro point 32.3, are an example of sinusoidal waves that are nor plane vations toa relatively small at at distance front the source, even these yates are well approxi 32.12) In te same way the curved sme soda electromagnetic wave, E 82,42 Waves passing thomgh a small Of fine. and al any instant of Shovalasulivieith steatustnce hom. Seite sinusoidal eleetons Source can he rated plane waves waves describ in Section 22 wee waves produced by an oscilla charge, shown in waves. But if we rest our obs a sullicietly tnt by pla dawarly Spherical earth appears at to us because of dur stall size relative to the earth’ radius In tis section we" Il restrict our discussion © plane waves A. and dhe specd of propagation ¢ of any periodic wave ate related by the usual waveles © = Af Hehe frequency f is 10117 (100 MUL). «piel of commercial PM rab broadcasts the wa is on of spac waves (F ceo the The frequency f. the wavele h trequeney” relationship 2 108m rei 10° . Figure 32,4 shows the mverse proportionality between wavelength and frequency 3m 2.9 Srusoidel Fectromagnatic waves 1061 Fields of a Sinusoidal Wave ure 32.13 shows linearly polarized sinusoidal electtomagnetic wave travel in the -edirection, The B and BB yectors are shoe for only a few points on the positive tais, Note tha the electric and anagnetic field's ascllate in phase is magammunn ssbere Bs maximum and Bs zero where BPs zero, Note als that where A is in the -Fdirection, A is in the +24irections where A! is im the =ylrecton, Bis in the pdirecion, Atall points the vector product BX Bis in the dircetion in which he save 1s props the eirection). We men ihe list of characterises of electromagnetic waves tioned this in Section 32, and B are everywhere [gute 82.[3 any give gon the Jpoint a a particu time: the fields have the same values at all pints in tha plane, The ‘ales ane diferen on ferent planes. We ean describe electromagnetic waves by means of wave funetins, just as we ddd io Section 15.3 Jor waves on a string. One form of dhe wave function transverse wave traveling in the =sdireetton along a stretched stray is Fg. Acosikx = oot) where yf) fs the transverse displacement fron its equilibrium: position at time {of a point with coordinate con the sta. The quantity As the maximum ise placement, or carplitude, of the waves @ 1s ang times the fregueney f+ and A is the were asunber equal to ar/A. where A As the ‘wavelength Lec 1) and Be( 2) represent the instantaneous yalues ofthe ¥-eomponent of E and the =-component of B, respectively. m Fig. 32.13, and let Ejay aK! By represent the maximum values, 0 < es.of these fields. The wave Functions forthe wave are then ED = BCX of BLK = Bygcoska et) (sinusoidal electromagnetic phine wave, propagating im -edirection ‘We can also write the wave functions in vector form EU) = Hey cosh = oof) Bot) ByyCOS(hit = of) (ERUTION) The symbol has two meanings Nove ves. steven ss: the ona voor & in themsietion an she wave number. Don't ge these eons! B The sine curves in Fig. 32.13 represent instantaneous values of the elect and ie Helds as functions of ab bine f KI RCE 6). As time goes hy, the wave travels 10 the right with speed ¢, Equations ations of E and B (3216) ad (22,17) show that a any point the sintsoxdal ose esi pluise, From bq. (32 49 the amplitudes must he related by Fy = eBygy —_ feketrom netic wane in vacuum) — (3218 These amphiucle and phase relationships are also required for ECs) and G44) to saisty Eqs. (32.12) ant G2. whieh came trom Paraday"s law and Ampere”s las, respectively. Can you verty this saement? «Se Problem 32.38.) 82.413 Repyesentation of the elec and Imagnistie fekls as functions of fora in ceatly polarized sinusoidal phine eleettoe maghtic wave. One savelongth of the B Ezycomponsnt oly Be esoronat oh om MasteringPHYSi¢s PHET: Rs & Electromagnetic AclinPhysies10.1:Propertos of hice 162 CHAPTER 22 Flecromagnctio Waves 82.14 Representation ofone wave Tength of a Ine polarized sia plane elecimmagaetic wave waveling jr the negative direction f= 0, The Hilds ate shown only tor points slong the ais (Compare th = Ee) Ex le zk lations of the LIEN TEHA Electromagnetic Waves IDENTIFY he el apply 10 mechanical waves apply to elo concepts: Many of the sae ideas tha netic waves. One ference i that elestemagnste waves ate deseribes by twa qu nd mantis fil Bh rather than by a single quantity, sch a the displacement ofa sting SET UP she proto 1 Draw adi the directions of E and B 2. Mlenify the of wave propagation and EMECUTE she 1. Review the geatment of sinu ters 1S and 16. and particule the four problem-solving state ste thew. ind the basie relationships for pero ie waves: ure 32,14 shows the electric and (sinusoidal electromagnetic pine wave, prop As with the wave travelin inthe Ldirection, at any point the i E and B tields are the dizcetion of prop. The sinusoidal waves shown in Pigs, 32.13 and 92.14 ane bath linearly polar ied in the ytinection, the E field is alsays parallel to the Y-axis. Example 32.1 rs a wave that is linearly potarized in the pdirection, netic fields of a wave traveling in the ron, Bis in the Aiirection; where B ism the negative valinection, Bs in the positive aifectinn, ‘Phe wave functions for this wa ane manCOs(kx + Gf) BLE 1 = ~Byaycos(ky + af} (32.19) mn —ealirection) ase, and the vector product EX B points in (Oi Distinguish tween ondinary fequeney J. wsul egress mn her, a in rads Remeber thatthe 4. Congentate on basic rltonships ilar frequency «9 = 2a expressed between FE { Bi magnitude. divecion, aad vlative pase) bi EVALUATE your answer: Check that your resus reasonable co iae of nx th slostnie field in volls por meter. IF your answer field in teslas is muh smaller (by a factor of 3 than the magnitude suggests otherwise. y ship = of We is section tht dhe teationship betweoon and is different for electromagnetic waves in a mae (EEGRBEERD) rectric and magnetic fields of a laser beam A carbon dioxide laser emits a sinssoidal lost thar raves in vacmum in the negative Kaleo, rad the Ete pal LS MV/m. Write weetor xuations ime and position, is 1046 pms the afta soe Fig, 32.4 Tel tothe was, with F For Band Bs tune SOLUTION IDENTIFY and SET-UP: (yuatons (32.19) describe a wave trasel ing i the nogative.¥aivection with E along the Yasis—that i, wave that is linearly polaized along the y-axis, By contrast, the swuve an this example is incaly py long the waxis, At ppsnts where sin the positive psiostion. Amst be inthe live yalteotion forthe vector product B > Bo be in the ne aivection ithe disstion af propagation), Figme 3218 shows a EXECUTE: A possible pair of wave functions that deseibe the how in Pig, 3215 32,45 Gur sketch for this problem, y -_ ™ 9 : z 3 Br yyoosthe 4 08) BLN = Myxcosthy + of 1063, 9 Sinusoidal Festromagnetic W nents of the eosine functions indicates ating nthe negative wa Thhe pls sign in the a that the wave is go (593 X 107 randy + (178 X 10" radi) Enna _ LS % 10 Vin _ r EVALUATE: As we expect, the magnitude Brus im teslas is much co 3px ms IT simaller than the magnitucle Ej, im volts per meter. To check the a AS MOSHE meso {eta tat Ohi expuessions foe BG 1) -and J 1) ae mt the only pos + ble solutions, We could always add a phase angle ¢ to the argu a T06x 10m Kx Of + dh Ta determine the value of we would need 10 8 m/s) (4.93 105 radsin) know # anel AB either as functions of ats given time ror as fe co = ch = 3,00 X 10% my/s}(5.93 105 rain) tions of fal a given conedinate x. However, the statement of the = 198 10 ras problom doesn + nehade this informatio. Suiting thse waluos nto the dive wave fanetions, we get KO} In Win} (us X eos (593% 1OF vamp + (1.78 10! rad/s] Electromagnetic Waves in Matter 6 far, our discussion of elvetromagnetic waves has been restricted (© waves 1m ei, But clectromaznetic waves can ao travel manater think of ight tray cling throwsh ait, water, oF eka, In this subsection We extend oUF analysis (0 celvelromagnetic waves it nonconklucting materials—that is diel Ina dicleetsie the wave speed is not the same as in vacuum, and we doe it by P instead of ¢, Faraday’s fav unaltered, but in Fg, (32.4), derived from Fara dlay’s law, the speed cis replaced by P, In Ampore’s kn the displacement current is given not by ey aAPpfadt, where Dyers the flux of F through a surface, but by eaPpjilt = RegcdD py dt. where K iy the dielectre constant and € isthe permit tivity of the dielecine. (We introduced these quaitities wn Seetion 24.4.) Also, the constant guy in Ampere’s kaw must he replaced by j= Kags where Ky is the relative permesblity of the dielectric and ye 1s its permeability (see Section 28.8), Houce Fs. 32-4) and (32.8) are replaced by Fsok ad B= ewe & Following the same procedure as for waves m vacuum, we find tha the wave speed Dis 82,16 ‘he disketrc constant Ror svar abot 18 fr sible Fah so the 7 sped of vise at water slower = bred ofelectromae = tgp 27) than aa vacuum ty a Rater of KR, Vey VRKy, Waves ina dielectric} LVR = WV VTRS 075. Vat For most dieleciis the relative permeability Ky is very nearly equal «uni {except for insing erro aerials), When Ky = 1 Because Kis alas in a dielectric is always feyy Uh unity, the speed 1 of eleetromasnenie waves the speed can vacuum by a factor of 1 VK {hig 42 tor The rat ofthe spade a acu ote spec ae known in ophes as the index of refraction of the material, When Ky, = 1, £4 VERee VE 3228 (Usually. we can’t use the values of Kin ‘Table 24.1 in dhis equation because those valu -consiaiteleettic fields. When dhe felds nseilte rapidly sae measured us 164 C)APTER 22 Flecramagnetio Waves there 1s usually noL ume for the reorientation of eleetne dipoles that eeeurs with steady fields. Values of A with rapidly: varying fields are usually much sinatier than the values inthe fable, For example, K for water is 80-4 For steady fields but only about 18 in the frequeney range af visible light, Thus the dielectric “eon stant” Kis actually a function of frequency tthe di [EEEREEEZ] Electromagnetic waves in different materials 2) Visiting jewelry store one evening. sow hold a dsamon! up 3.00% 108 mis the ight of a sodium-vaporsbeet lamp The ited scum vagor ano SSS Ea 1G ns sits yell Ist wih a foggy of 5.09% 10" Thx il the GSNC.on wavelenat in sacuum and the wave sped aa wavelength india 2x 108 mis tno for hich A= SSH Ky = LOD this frye (OA ee Sind) Mie rao wave Gin the EM rao hard) pasos rot aon x10" te ins a insating frit (a feromagnatie material ws in som 24x 107 m= 2 nim saci and the Wave Sp IDENTIFY and SET UP: In cach cose we fd the wavelength in sae Clem = tuum using @ = AY, Ti ase the eomespwnding equation | = Af t which R= 10.and Ky = 1 a this feaqueney 3 10" ay Sou Te 300 x 108 mys ENECUTE Te wel in aun oth ws Hs yALURTE The pt ihn tangent mero peal 1 cmos oy . seen 26 an our rest ipa a) S98 a. dn = in diamond ane netic waves in dense marerias like fertte (for Which fee = b1 fe can be farslower than in ¥asmum, Test Your Understanding of Section 32.3 The fistaf Box 15219) x evans For save as meastned a pols lo this plane wave, how does the elecine Hild at pointse 32.4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves Iisa familiar at that energy 1s associated with electromagnetic waves; think of the energy an the sun's adiation, Microwave ovens, radi transmitters, nd kasers yall make use of the enerey thal these waves carry. Toy understand how to uttlize thts energs. 1S helptul to derive detatled relationships for the energy in an electromagnetic wave We begin with the expressions derived in Seetions 24.3 and 3013 for the energy densities in cleciic and magnetic fields; we suggest you review those derivations niow, Equations 4.11) and 9,10) show that in a region of empty space where and B elds are present, the total energy density 1s given by for eve st a where eqatil pare, respectively the permittivity and permeability of free space For electromagnetic waves m vacuum, the magnitudes and Bare related by 3 4 Energy and Momentum in Flectrarragnetc = Veuok (2 24 Combining Es simple electrom 23) and (32.24, we eam also express the energy density 0m jlie Wave iM VacUUIN 3s Lipp eee eof? + SLC Vernank = (2025) “py ws This shows that in vacuum, the energy density assoetated with the fel in our simple wave is equal to the enerey density ofthe B field, In general the eleetric- fiekd magnitude fis function of position and time, as for the sinusoidal wave desorbed by Pgs. 22.16; thus the enerey density 1 of an electromagnetic wae ven by Lg, (32.25). also depends in general on pesition and time Electromagnetic Energy Flow and the Poynting Vector Electromagnetic waves sueh as those we have described are fraveding waves that transport energy from one region to atotler. We can describe this enerey tanser in terms of energy transferred pe i evoss-seetonal are, 0 iver nit ar. tor an area perpendicular tothe direction of wave travel Tivsee bow the energy flow is related (othe feds, consider a slaonary pane perpendicular io the eats, that coineides with the wave front ata ceria ime, In atime dt after this, the wave front moves a distance at = cf tn the right ofthe plane. Consklering an area Aon this stationary plane (Pig, 32.17), we note that the energy a the space t the right of this area must have passe Hbrough the are to reach the new location, The volume dVoF the relevant region isthe fase are times the length elt and the energy alin this region is the eneray density w times this volume dU =udV = (6 teat) This enerey passes through the area A m ume dt, The enerey How per unit ime por nit area sich we wall call Sis £0. yo _ EB E == finvacuum) 1322 Ves VM te We leave the derivation of Bq, (22,27) from Bq, 32.261 as an exercise for you, The units of Sare energy’ per unit time per amit afea, oF power por unit area The Slunicof Sis 1 J/ten? or Wine, We ean detine avector quantity that describes bovh the mag tion of the enerey flow rate janle and diree- Jectorim vacuum) 132 The sector $ 1s called the Poynting yeetors it yas inkeduged by the British physicist Johns Poynting (1852-1414), Its direction is inthe dieetion of pros tion of the wave (Pig, 2.18), Since B and B are perpendicular, the magnitude of Sis $= EB /pos ftom gs, 22.26) and 32.27) this isthe energy flow per unit ‘awa a per unit time through a erossseetional area perpendicular tothe propa ation direction. he total enerey Hos per uni me «power. P) out of any closed surkace is the intesral of $ over the surface = fisea 5 1065 32.17 A wave front at a time. tea. ert lo the staan’ pane with A timed the volume betes he station plane andthe wae fon contains ah anc Sfelectomagnstic nergy! ated 82,48 These rooftop solar panels ave Tied to be face to he st—that face on to the Poynting seetor of eles Imugntie waves from the si, so Soa the panels can absorb dhe maxima amor of WEE C)APTER 22 Flecromagnetio Waves For the sinusoidal waves studied in Section 32,3, as well as for other mone ccomples waves, the eleetrie and magnetic elds a any: point vary with nine, so the Poynting vector at any pont 1s alert fiction of tie, Because the frequen ccs of Iypieal electromagnetic waves are very high, the time variauon of the Poynting vector is so rapid that is most appropriate to look al ts verge value The magmtude of the average value of S at pom is called the intensity of the radiation a that ponnt, The SL-unit of intensity aS the same as for S, 1 Wim? (wat per square meter, [Let's work out the intensity of the Sinusoidal wave deseribed by Es, 32.17) We frst substiture Band BB into Bq, (22.28) Sen OX BLS A Gr, costhr = 0] X (RBaacost kr = ot) #9 ‘The vector product of the unit vectors 1s FX K =F and cos? (Kx = eet) is never nygative, $9 SGs4) always points in the positive etiretion (the dinsetion of wave propagation). The ecompenent ofthe Poynting vetor is Application Laser Surgery Lure sre uses win mpseine 9 ut Repo bly Sancs sonar Se) = SEM Cos ky at) =< SBETMALT 1 ens 2hx — a) aor ows he gna opt 2 Iypoaly bu ZC ese han Oe snvated a spot from 0.1 192 0 mn ree oo the tart of ve igh equal Val the everage ave o Ue Peng vector a boas ighaes "OW /™ The time average value of cos {kx — ea iy ero because al any point Is posi tive during one hall-cyele and negative during the other hall. So the average tof the Poynting sector over full eyele ISS RS y. where 2 Phat is. the magnitude of the aver intersity Ff the waved is $ dh Fx = Bye an ep = He leat forms value of S$ for a sinusoidal wave (tbe merximum value, By using the relationships we ca express the intensity in several equiv Fats — Find 2a) 2 cinonsty oa sinuseidal . wave in vacuum) = bf Sena? = Seortin’ he We invite you to verily that these expressions ae all equivalent For a wave traveling m the —edirection, represented by qs, (32.19), the Poynting sector is in the —editection at every point, but ats magmiqude is the same as for a wave traveling in the Tedirection, Veritymg these statements is left to you tse Exereise 32.24) (IERUTION) Poynting vector vs. intensity any pwint a the magnitude 0 the Poyming ‘eetoe varies with time, Hence. the Scanner appears steady al unvaryng inset, In Tact the Poynting vector rom these sommees does vary in time, hut the variation isn't notweable because the oscillation fre “ xy isso high (around S % 10-4 Fz for visible Hight) All that you sense isthe aver. aage value of 8) to describe the stwugth of elzetnagnetie radiation, THiroughout this discussion we have considered only clecimmagnette waves Propagating m vacuum, [the waves are traveling in dielectric medium, however the expressions for en 5 1067 4 Foergy an Momentum in Electromagnetic y Iq. (82.23)} the Poynting vector [Iq (32.28), and the mtensiy of a sinusondal wave (Fy, (22.29)] must be mealfed IC tums out that the required moxhtications are quite simple: Just replace €« with the pent ity € of the dielectric, replace ay with the permeability 4 of the dielectric, and replace ewi the speed © af electron atic waves inthe dileeine. Remarkably the eneray densities inthe and 2 teks are equal even ina dieletnic [EERE Energy in a nonsinusoidal wave For the nonsimisoidal wave deseribel in Section 82.2, suppose that E = 100 Vion = 160 N/C. Find the valve of Byte enorey dew sity and the ate of enatgy Bow per unit area ADENTHY and SEV UP nhs ns Fan APs min ead Theat ft enve heal ay Hees ue rate mem St une Raa wae fo Cee vague eet (2 oa ig 08.28) and 227 oot ecamte bp B5394 ahr EXECU 34 100 Wow NN aaa x rt six Pm From Ba We FE = BASIC IT = R859 108 Notre = 885 5 1078 The mia of thy Ponting vstr (1001 Win) (338 10°77 vot 7 Be aE EMA = 265 Ven = 265 Wha EVALUATE: We can chcsk S= eek? = (RSX 101 C/Nenr}(3.00 x 10% mys) X (100 NCP = 26.5 Wee Since E ‘our roslt for Sby using Fy. (32.26 onl Bh ave te same vals a points bein the wa Front, and STkewise have the same value every here behind the vvave from. In Fit ofthe wave ont, B= A and B=, ancl so = Oaind S = Os where there are no Fields there sn fick EGE Energy in a sinusoidal wave A radio station on the earth's surface emits a sinosoidal wave with aaserage total power 50 KW (Fig, 32.19), Assuming tha the tans Inte rsites equally i all directions above the ground (which i unliely au wal stuaions), nd the eleetie-field and magnetic fel aampliucks Egy ata Ryu dotected by a saelit 100 kan foes the IDENTIFY and SET UP: We we sion povker P. The intensity is just the ae to ind Fa 1 kr from the transmitter we divide Py the surface hemisphere shawn in Fig. 32.19. For Jal nave aga of sinus Tis Poynting vector so we (324) then sields Bp ital of the average value Sy. of the tse Fgs, (82.29) © find Ere? Ba 82,19 A rain station radates waves i the hemisphere shown Satelite The surtace a hemisphere of radius = 10% 1 mis EXECUTE io km A= Qn? = 2a 108 my? = 6.28 ¥ 10!" mn? All the vadied power passes chrough this stnface. so the average P__P_ sox imw fae TR 68x 10 me 196 ITT Wht From Eqs. (32.29), 7 = Eye (ees 0 Eqs = Vine VI 1 Pa RT TOOT WT SDs 102 Wine “Then from Eq, (324, Boy = BS = 8 IT 101 EVALUATE: Note that Eg 1s comparable t fields commonly seen inthe lauratory, but By is extremely smal in comparison to BE 4 precious chapters, For this reason, most detectors fof elgctiomagnetc radiation respond to the etfaet of the elect Field, ot the magnet ied. Loop ratio antennas area excepsion ndot {see the Bridging Problem atthe schapler WEB C)APTER 22 Flecromagnetio Waves Electromagnetic Momentum Flow and Radiation Pressure By using the observation that energy is required to establish electric and my netic fields, we have shown that electromagnetic waves tkansport energy. It ean also be shown thal electromagnetic waves eamy moments p, with a eorrespon- ding momentum density (anomentum dp per volume of magnitude dp _ ERS vi a i mee This momentum isa property of the il: isnot asocated with the mass oF Thor is also a eorresponains: momentum flow ra, The volume dV oecupied by an elecitomaenetie wave (spec thal passes theouet an area Ain im tis AV = Acalt, Whew e subsite this into Fg, 22 30) and rearrange, we tnd that the momenta Hl ae per unit aes Particle 1 le ust Sense This is the momentum transferred por unit surface area per unit me. We obtaa thedvestigeeate of momentum (ranster per uni area by replacms Sin Fg. G23 by Seah This momentum is responsible for ion pressure. Whett an eleciroma netic wave 1s completely absorbed by a surlace. the wave’s momentu transferred to the surtace, For simplicity we'll consider & surface perpendicular to the propagation dtecton, Us the kay deep Section 8.1, wesc tha he rate dpydta¢ which momentum is transferred tothe absorbins surtace equals the ‘eon the surface, The averane Force per unit area due 1 the wave, oF radiation PFESSHTE Page Hhe average Value of dpfdt divided by the absorbing aca A. We tuse the subscript “rad” to distinguish pressure from momentum, tor which the symbol isalso used) From Fg, 22.31) the radiation pressure is 82.20 At the conterof this interstellar gas elovkl s sronp of ners Iamnes no aut Stats thal exer tremens ration pros ‘radiation pressure, wave toally absorbed) (32 22 sane on their surroundings, Aided by ind” of patticles eusiating ftom the stats. over the past million years the ra tion pressure hs carved oot bub swith the clout 70 light-years ens IF the wave is totally rellected, the momentum change ts pwiee pressure is 1s eat, an the éradiation pressure, wave totally reflected) (32.23) For example, the value of (or S),) for direet sunlit, efone it passes through the earth's atmosphere. tsapproxiimately 1§ KW fn? Prom Eg. (32.32) the eomre= e pressun’ an a campletely absorbing suc is p_1Ax 108 Wind fa AA a7 x 10% Pa 5 RDN IP ma From Fg. 32.33) the average pressure ant toaly vee 2eor94 x 1™Pa, These are very smal pressures, oF the order of 10 but shey can be measured with sensitive instruments The radiation pressure of sunbight is much greater ide the sum can at the jerth (see Problein 32.45) Inside stars that ae’ much more massive ad luminous than che Sun, ramon pressure 1 so great hat i substantially augments the pressure within the slar and so helps to prevent the sla from collapsing under Hs own gravity, In some cases the radiation pressure of stars can have dramatic effects on the material sursounding them «Fig, 32.20) ne surface is twice this rtm, 22.8 Standing Flestromagnetic GEEEEES) Power and pressure from sunlight An eatth-erbiting satelite has solar energy-colcting panels with — points sbove the atmosphene, whieh is ahene the stellt: oats.) i Te the u's radiation is pespen-— Malliplyine ¢ shewlat tothe panels al is completely absorb fin! she aver wh alle hy the area of the solar panels gives the ENECUTE: The intensity f¢power per unit area) is 1-4 10 Wye Aitough be hg fo es m4 specail uth elit ta the ae IDENTIFY and SETUP: ths pole vss the sinusoidal wave we power P is the laionships among. intensity ies the area shove discus ens. posse, radiation pressure, ad Zone. In the P= IA = (AX 18 Wine }(40 me) = 56x 10 W= 56 WW sion we walled he imtensty Fier per nt atea) of sunlight as val) as the radiation prose fa (oe por unit ae) of sn nan absorbing susfave. (We ealeulsted these values for——The hton pressor of sunlight on easing Be = 47X10 Pa 47 XW NPP, The tot 82.24 Solarpnlson asthe Une pressme pes the area 4.7 x 1 Nine} me) = 1.9 KTS okexp panels fora NY oO EVALUATE: {he absorb power ts ite substan, Pes of ean he used to power the egmpment aboard the stellt: the rst gees oFis inur heating the panes, either cirect!y or ve to inetleteneies in Th tal radiation fosee is comparable to the weight fon arth) Pa single grin of sll, Over time, however. this small forse ean hase a noticeable effect on ti oahit ofa satellite Hike that 19 Fig, radstion presse must be taken inte accu ing fat salos of vis) the enongy densiy a maxim (hy enstey da masimum: (dhe magaituy of the instantaneous not average} Pagnring Vector 3 mii urn?) 8 = Ossih.w= AVAL CNE = AQIS = 3A, 1 32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves Fletromagnetic waves ean be selected the surface of a conduetor (ike pol inhed sheet of metal or of a dielectric (such as a sheet of rellector. The superposition principle holds for electromagnetic waves just as for 82,22 Reyresetation ofthe ees ad and magnetie elds, The superposition of ah incident wae and aeflected mages els of nel plaza ele Bard ral. In any plane peependicula ‘aul. Bis avium cyano) ss} CaM STV SA a elect ‘wave forms a standing wave. The situation is analogous to sanding waves on st sireiched string, discussed in Section 15.7; you should review ta discussion, Suppose a sheet of a perleet conductor (zero resistivity 1s placed in the whe is zero a ae al vie 4s se-plane of Pig, 32.22 and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave, travel Asim elapses, the pattern eoosior Move ing in the negative s-direction, strikes it, As we discussed im Section 23.4, can- sone the waxis, instead, at every pow the SL B scot simpy oveiliat not have a component pare to the surlace of perfect conductor. Therefore m the present situation, 4 must be era everywhere i the sz-plane. ‘The electric Peifect con fild ofthe incidenreleettomagnette wave ise zero at all imes inthe =-plane Bul this meklent wave induces oseilating currents on the surface oF the conduc tor, and these currents give rise 40 an aakiional electric fled, The net electric tiekd which 1 the vector sum of this field and the mcient inside and on the surtace ofthe conductor. ' The current induced on the surtaee of the conductor also produce aveflectedd ‘wave that travels out from the plane wn the -keirection, Suppose the ineklent wave is deseriped by the wae Tumetions of Eys. (32.19) fa sinusoidal wae tray= cling in the —e-direetion)aind the reflected wave By the negative of Fys. (32.16) {a sinusoidal wave tavelng in the ~\lirection), We lake the nega of the hvala plane tinal pane i Pine 0B is zemn everyhere line of WTO C)APTER 22 Plecroragaetio Waves Masterin $ SPHYSIES: PRET: Micrasines ‘wave give by Es. (32.16) so that the ineident and reflected eleciie fields cancel atx = Othe plane of the conductor, where the foal eleciric ek! must be zeta The superposition principle states that the total hell at any point 1s the vector sum of the 2 fields of the ineklent an reflected waves, and smilaly forthe Bb tiekl. Therefore the wave funettons forthe superposition of the two waves are E (50) = Eyal cosh + ot) — cask = or) BAC.) = Byaal “WOS{KX = ef) = COL 0] We can expand and simplify these expressions. using the identities cos © B) = eosdcosi © sindsinkt the results are F(a) = yy sinksinar (90.28 Beta) = —2ByyCOskrCoSeoh (32.38 Equation (32.34) is analogous to Bg. (15.28) fora stretched string, We sev that at ¢= 0 the electric fick! 2,0 = 0.1) is afivays zeray this is required by the tare oF the Weal conductor, whieh phays the sume role a a fed point at the tend of a string. Furthermore, F (4.4) is zero at af times at points tn those pkanes perpendicular to the axis for which sinkx = O—tha is, AU =O, m2 Since & = 2m) the positions of these planes re 3a . (nodal planes of) (98 38 These planes are called! the nodal planesof the # field; they are the equivalent of the nodes, or nodal points, of a Sanding wave on a strmg, Midway between any ‘ovo adjacent nodal planes isa phane om which sink = + L:on each such plane, the magnitude of 2%.) equals the maximum possible value Of pag O8iee per oscillation cycle. These are the antinodal planes of #, correspondine 10 the antinodes of waves on a slong The total magnetic Held 1s zemo a all umes a points am planes on whieh cosh.y = 0. This occurs where ABA SA 4S nodal planes ot B) 22.3) These ane the nodal planes of the B fils there isa antinodal plane of B midway between amy (wo adjacent nodal planes Figure 32.22 shows a standing-wave pattern at one instant of time. The mas heli eld is ne zero atthe conducting surface (x=), The surface curtemts that must be present fo make E exactly zeraat the surface cause magnet fics atthe surface "The nodal planes of each field are separated by one ball-wavelensta The nodal planes of one held are midway behween those of the ater: hence the nodes of E coincide with the antinodes of B, and conversely. Compare thi sit uation (© the distinetion hepseen pressure nodes and disphicement wesdes im Section 16.4 The total electri teld 1s a sine function oft and the total magnetic Held s a ccoyine Lunetion of 4, The sinusoidal yartations of the N80 fields are therefore 90) ‘out-of phase at cach point At times when sinat = O, the electric fild is zero here, anal the maxetic leks maximum, When coset =f, te magnehe cteie teld ig maximum, ‘This 18am conta 40 field is zero everywhere, and th wane (raveling mone direction, ay desertbed by Eqs, 32.16} of (32.19) sepa rately, in which the sinusoidal vanations of and B at any parieutar pont are ja phase You ean show that Eqs, (22.34) and (22,35) sastythe wave equation, Fg, G2.15), You ean also show that they satisty Pgs, (32,12) and (2,14) the equivalents of Faraday’ an Ampere’s laws «see Exereise 32,36) 22.8 Standing Flestromagnetic W! Standing Waves in a Cavity Ler’s now insert a second conducting pkane, parallel 10 the first and a distance 1 from i along the eas, "The cavity Petween the 10 phans 1 analogous Wo a stretched string licld at the points ¢ = 0 and.¢ = L. Both conducting planes must be nodal planes tor Ea standing wave can exist only when the second plane is, placed atone ofthe positions where £57) =O, so. must be a integer maltipe 61/2. The wavelets that satis ths canton are 92.23 A ypicalm Slnking eloetnomasnetie wae A= 123 em. a wavelength that is sto absorbed by the water food. Because the “The comesponding frequencies are wave has nodes spaced A/2 = 6.1 em part the Fool mst e rotated hike cook ing. Orhersse. the potion tha hes a nnol—swhote the elect fck! ampli is ‘x30. emai cold fetent on ‘Thus there is @ set of nota aude, each with a characteristic frequeney, wave shape, and tiode patom ¢Pig, 32.23), By measuring the node positions, we ean measure the wavelemeth, I the frequeney is known, the wave speed ca be deter= mined. This technique was fist used by Hertz an the 1880s an bis proneerims investigations of electromagnetic waves, Conducting surfaces are not the only relleetors of electromagnetic waves Reflections also occur at a interface between to insulating materials with dit= ferent dielectric of magnetic properties. The mechamieal analog 1S a junetion of ‘ovo strings with equal tension but different finear mass density ‘wave ineident on such a boundary sufface iy partly transmitted into the second material and partly reflected trick into the first.For example, Nght is transmitted through a slass windows, but is surfaces also retieet hight [EER otonsity in a standing wave Caleulate the intensity of the standing wave G2M) and 3225) ress by Fas. (Using the nlentity si = dsindensA.weean write 4% f) as Seda) = Eennamsin sine ST HO IDENTIFY and SET UP: The intensity Fof the wase is the dine “averaged Vale Sy of the magni of the Pasting veetorS. To Tin! Se ist me Pi. 82.2810 fn the insananits vale of Sand then averaze it over a whole numberof eyeles of he wae, The average value of a sine fametion over any whole number of cycles is Zoro, Thus the ime average of Sat any point is cere PHS. 0. EVALUATE: ‘This sesult sist we should expeet. The stdin ‘wave isa superposition af so waves withthe same Froqueey and sing the wave functions o Sy and 82.35) 8) forthe Poynting westorS, we tnd amplide, traveling mn opposite disetios. All the smeray tans Ferad by one wave fs eareelled by an equal amour tansiened eX BOD) the opposite direction by th other wave, When we use elect . ‘magnetic waves to transit power, is important to avond elle Fal BFFs cos] X [-2kBhareoskosinar] —_onstat give rb to taning wares, Fra Fst (2 sink ent) 2sineaeoset) 1! Bun EERE] sstanuing waves in a cavity Eletomgnatic stunting waves ane setup in a cavgy with wo waves. tb) Fora sanding wave of this waneangth, wher in dhe poral highly comusting was 150 in apt fa) Cale the cavity oes have maximum mageitse? Whyte s Esto? Where Ingest wavelength Asan lowest fequeney fof those sting does Base mastman magoitde? Whore ize? Contnwed 1072 CHAPTER 22 rlectromagaetic Waves 0) atthe walls and ass maxi masta mabey SOLUTION: fo) With 77 = 1 ahve i a : IDENTIFY and SET sats thc Ha a ll es electromagnetic waves in a casny, just as only certain nosal Only esrtin formal modes are possible For between thom, The magnetic Hed hascitiedalpanes atthe wall we stad ca nodal plane midway between thet, modes ane possible possible wavelength and lonvest possible fregueney vortespord te them = Emode inp (2238) ainhe 82 8h se use hse nd A EUALURTE: One application of such standing waves is pestis onl f-Equtions 182.36) and (3237) en give the oeatons ofthe ah osilting BRs\ of definite frequency, eich is sd to probe tvaal pls of B arnt Be The ain panes of each fel are the behvio of «smal sample of materia placed in he cast. To inks Btw allasnt nol panes abject the same tothe stongest pole fick it soul be EXEDUTE ts bin Fas Paced net the entra the ct a he ain length and Fregueney at 1. = 26150 om) = 3.00. LOR mays 2 isi my 9, the H= 1 wave 10 ex Lan x 10!" a= 10 Giz Test Your Understanding of Section 32.5. In ie standing wave described in example 52.7. is chte any pout in the cavity where the energy densiy is eno at all times? IF 8, where? If not, why not 1 cawrren 32 SUMMARY Manwel's equations and electromagnetic waves: Kam Maxwell's equations predict the existence nf Iagretie waves that propagate m vacoum atthe speed R= Ec i ight o.The quences ftom at least | tig spveteum epsers fe "Fz and a eorespol selengts. Visible light. with fiom 380 t9 750 am, is only a Very small poarc of chs spectrom In plane wave, and BF are un + any plane perpendicular tothe propagation lection, Fataday' law and Ampere’s lab lashed betwee a ratllesof and rexuiring bth ofthese relationships to be satis gives an expression for €in terms of ad pow Electroma an B felds ate IE msvoxhs ~ 1) and (32.18) deseriby a simasoidal plane elestromagnetic wave taveling in saeuum inthe +Ydineetion, the M8) = By eons =o) ky — arbyky = or, (See Example = Bw Gate Electromagnetic waves in matte When an electromag is Jess than the speed of light in vacuum c, +See Exam Energy an im electromagnetic waves: ic ‘tery tale {power per unit ake) a electra tie Wave au vacuum is given by che Poynting veer S, The magnitude of the dine-averaged salne of the Poyatiag vector is called the iatensity Fo the wave Electromagnetic waves also carry momentum. Whew a clectromagnetic wave srkes a surface, i exerts raha tion pressure pi I the surface is pependiculr othe ‘wave propagation dtsetion ad is totally absorbs, Pass = Heit the surface isa porte Pos = Ae Soe Exam pine sie lator (32.31 Standing electromagnetic waves: I pric sllostne see is pass a rolls nas form astaning wae Noval plas for planes for Bat ka = 2. eA each pot the sinusoidal time are 90° out ofp v= 0.9% 2a and nodal isco of and B with 1073, 1074 CHAPTER 32 Flectromagnetic Waves CMAN ay (Tt soins, [Fan I8.9.em 95.0 Mlle sounce ith sttotal power of $5.0 RW, shat i the maxim et loopy? Assume that de plane ofthe aateuna lop is pexpendicuar tie field and thatthe sourse Acincular loop of wie ea he vs sh nis foate! 2.50 kr from the dzcetion of the raliation’s rales uniformly i all diretions SUTIN See IDENTIFY and SET UP: L. The ekcwomignetic wave has an oscillating sti Hus theols the I ‘aris simasotally with time, By’ Pataay’s Ia canemf equal i magnitude to the rte of ehange of the Mas, The im magnetic field Pater that his aduses sc vatlake isthe magnitude ofthis em feet the equations tal you will need to fn (2 the intensity 250k fof the wave tthe position ofthe bop. a distance from the somes of power P = $54) kWs (i the amplitage of ths sisoally wary Iagnetie Hux through them prodced by ENECUTE 3. Find the wave intensity tthe posigon of the he 44, Use your result ftom step 3 10 wike expressions for dhe time: inagnetic ie that position we loop as function of times and iv} ux dependent maguti field a this position andthe tise dependent magnetic flax thotsh the loop, 5. Use th results of stop to find the time-dependent induced emt inthe Joop. The amplitude of cis emf is your target variable EVALUATE 6. Ts the induced emf large enowgh to detect? (I 1, a receiver feonnectad 10 tis antenna will be able so pick ap sgnals tom the souree.} im For instructor-assigned hamawor, go to ww masteringphysics.cor (oy scte;eee Problams of noreaeny difieaty CPO reqquinng calculus, BID Biosciences prabiems DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 032.1 By measuring the electric and! magnets Hes at space where there is an electromagnetic wave, ean you determine Ike direction from which the wave came? Kaplan 92.2 Acenulin ccoralstion current ana eisplacerent cuenta he same tine? Is to Ampete’s la. is i possible © have bor 1 hwo kinds of eurrent to eaneel exh ‘her exacy so that magnetic fields produce? Explun, 823 Gise several examples af cletromagnetic Waves that te How are they all alike? Hw eo they it possible For the ests ot tecunioredin every lifter 1032.4 Sometimes neon signs Iocated nea a powerful radio station ane seen 0 glow fay at sb they are not turned fo, Wha ts happen 082.5 Is polarization it unique to visble I even tho property ofall electromagnotc waves, oF ut? Can sound waves be polarized? What fundamental distinction n wave properties is involved? Explain, 132.6 Suspie ogi intially at rest on the axis. inthe path ofthe sh in Section 32.2. Will he cls ie? Went hyn «pealitatsely. (Remember that Ppsnts behind the suave front) (082.7 The Ligh beam from a searchlight may have an elecuie ficld magnituse of 1001 Vm, eorvesponding o «potential die ‘nes af 1S00'V bersoon the hea nal foot aba 1S metal person on ‘who the Fight shines, Does this eause the person to eel a sing ran lane wave dnb the chaywe dows move. describe is meron ann) Bhave the same vale gall cloctie shock? Why oF why not? mmuletwe problems incargorating material from earlier chepters, CALC: Problems (032.8 For coruin sinusoidal wave of intensity £ the amplinale of the magnetic ied is. What sould be the ampli (in germs of Boin a sunslay wave of ie the inlensisy? 0828 The m: fom the 1 mes 2 sv the eaut's magnetic fed, Ifyou illuminate 44 compass with the light Irom this laser, would you expeet the ‘compass to deflect? Why or why not 082.10 Most automobiles five vestial anteunas for receiving radio bvadsast, Explain what this tells you about the nection of polarzasion of 82.11 IT fs ing a asl itis fved? Wh 4 this teal not actually observe? 082.12 A light source radiates «simisoidal electromagnetic wave e-ied amp ie of the elsetromagnetie wave sr described an Example 321 (Section 32.3) about nthe nado waves ts in broadcasting wil 19 the reo 0 3X hoatm eares momentum, shoul a person bold tuifrmlyin all dineetions. This wae exerts an average presi elle Reva thom it, What erage pressure (in Klis of p would this wave exett on a pe fectlysosorhing surface thal was rwice as far from the souree 082.43 Des an elects ry? Des ithave momentuz? Ate sour answers o these questions the sue as for atravefing wave? Why o1 why not? 1082.14 When datsing on the wpper level of the Hay Prise, west pa hhumber of tao stations on your ear Fao, But when diving east jevel of the bre fon a pentectly nfae a distan wwe have ct velista rn fo Oakland to San Franses, you ean easly pek Irn om the c,which has steel gins on site se to suppor the upper level the raiotessption is much swore, Why is there afer EXERCISES Section 32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light 324+ moon 10 the att, 2) How mmc time does it take light to travel fom the distance of 384.000 kat’? (Light ftom the stat Siits fakes 8.61 rhe garth, What the distance thom ear Sirins i kilometers 32.2 + Consider exh of tions given next. In gach ease, what isthe divection ff the wave? (a) E in the -sesliection, BE the in the ) CHALLENGE PROBLEMS 32.56 + CALE Electssgtic vases py cil in conductors than ty do dl resto the contr sully Tow it is ii as iienly good conductors the owing elect field of the wave tas the fon Fra electric field BQ 1) = Et NF propagating in the +¥-direction \ she cies oF in vacuum, [Tse ‘eonluction curent that is muh ka jgemett cue. In his ease the wave FECA ye ABC!) ny where sis the petmeabiliyof the eondueton ad p is ts resistivity:

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